1. Think Innovation Think RFID

2. Contents RFID Explained Introduction 4Where is RFID used?6Implementing/Deploying RFID7The Use of RFID9Research Activities Queens University Belfast18University of Ulster20Case Studies Ulster Carpets (Compete)24Kilpatrick (PPD)25Ashdale Engineering (SMART) 27Invest NI and R&D Financial Assistance START Programme 30Compete Programme 31Product and Process Development Programme 32Knowledge Transfer Partnership Programme33SMART Award 34Managment Information System Programme (MIS)35Business Improvement Training Programme 36 1 3. RFID Explained 3 4. IntroductionIntroduction to Radio FrequencyIntroduction to Microwave (RF) (MW)Radio frequency (RF) refers to electromagnetic The electromagnetic spectrum shown in the waves that have a wavelength suited for usefigure below covers a wide range of waves with in radio communication. Radio waves aredifferent properties depending on the frequency, classified by their frequencies, which are f, of the wave. The wavelength, is related to expressed in kilohertz, megahertz or gigahertz.frequency through the speed of propagation Radio frequencies range from very low frequency(c = f) where c equals the speed of light in (VLF), which has a range of 10 to 30 kHz,free space. to extremely high frequency (EHF) which hasMicrowaves are usually defined as electromagnetic a range of 30 to 300 GHz. RF Technology iswaves in the frequency region from 300 MHz used in many different applications, such asto 30 GHz. This means that the wavelength in television, radio, mobile phones, radar andfree space has the same order of size as the automatic identification systems.components used for generation and detectionof microwaves. 4 5. RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification.There are both active and passive tags. It uses radio frequency to identify objects. In itsPassive tags do not have their own energy source,most basic form, RFID requires two components: they are activated by the radio frequency field from the antenna of the RFID reader. These chips a Radio Signal Transponder, or tag, that isare intended for use in the consumer goodsattached to an object and contains identifyingindustry and the trade sector.information about the object to which it is attached and an antenna to communicate Active tags have a power supply, which means datathat information via radio waves;stored can be read at a much greater distance. a reader, which creates a radio frequency field Many toll systems, for example, function onthat detects radio waves to obtain information this principle. See Appendix 1 and 2 forin a tag.further information. In an RFID system, there is no line of sight requirement for product identification because the tags do not need to be seen by a scanner.Some form of number code is generally stored on the transponder. It encrypts information which is recorded in a database for access by authorised users. International organisations such EPCglobal are working to establish uniform worldwide standards for this number code. 5 6. Where is RFID used? RFID is already widely used across a broad range of industries. This table shows some RFID applications. Industry SectorSpecific Use ExamplesRetail Track and trace Product recalls Streamlined shipping and receiving Automated invoice reconciliation Shrinkage reduction Improved demand planningHealthcare Red Cross: monitoring blood banks Hospitals: monitoring medication routes from medicine cabinet to patient Pharmacy: drug recall (product pedigree) Prescription drugs: identifying counterfeit or falsely labelled medicationsLogistics Asset utilization: asset (e.g., containers, trucks, etc.) management, tracking and maintenance Improving operational efficiencies: volume planning and automated data capture through shipping route Safety and security: shipment route tracing and positive identification of package contents Automated customsAutomotive Capital asset management: container and tool management Part tracking: inventory management; assembly; theft control; brand authentication; distribution; recall; recycling Vehicle related: car identification; access control; tire pressureFood Industry Mad Cow Disease/Bird Flu: cow/bird pedigree, herd/flock history and details about the release into the food chain (Traceability) Restaurants: responding to outbreaks of food poisoningDepartment of Defence Supplies and materials management: track and trace; streamlined receiving; etc. Military assets management: asset utilisation, tracking and maintenanceSecurity/Policing Passport IDs Criminal trackingAirline Baggage handling 6 7. Implementing/Deploying RFIDRFID is a technology from which many uses To successfully implement/deploy RFID the and applications can be found that can addfollowing should be considered: value to a business. It also requires special skills. Planning Several companies in Northern Ireland haveCareful planning is essential to ensure that already adopted and implemented RFIDthe organisation benefits and to avoid risks. successfully. Success stories are includedIt will require creation of a new policy to adopt later in this document.the technology. Communication, education Both local universities have extensive experienceand training plans must also be in pace. in RFID ranging fundamental research and design Physics to application. Queens University Belfast andPhysics is a very important factor in the University of Ulster are the best source to supplyimplementation process. Selecting the right RFID skills to the local industry. Their laboratorieshardware (tags, reader, range of frequencies, can be used to analyse and characterise devices.number of reader etc) and designing the The first step in deploying RFID is to map out software are crucial. Therefore, the design requirements and to consider if other technologies stage and understanding the business model may be more suitable. A. SWOT analysis can are important factors for decision making help to tease out requirements.exercises. It is essential to identify/selectthe right partner to supply the hardware Some organisations will factor RFID into theirto provide the right solution. strategy, as RFID can be seen as part of the Six Sigma process of continuous improvement. Pilot The most important factor to any organisationThe pilot phase is critical. This phase is a test is Return on Investment. for project planning. It is important to carryout pilot trials before full scale implementation,in order to ensure that the hardware andsoftware works to plan. This phase can beused as a training step to familiarise staffwith the technology prior to full deployment.It is essential to review the design andspecification at this stage. 7 8. ProductionThe production phase or full scale phase isthe methodical scaling up of a well designedsystem. If the Planning and Pilot phases werecompleted with clear objectives and goals inmind, the implementation process can bevery smooth. Project management coupledwith clear goals is a key factor. Contingencyand flexibility need to be built into the projectas this technology is new to most companies.ODIN technologies developed the following model to implement/deploy RFID solution. Figure 1, illustrates 4 Ps to deploy RFID technology - source ODIN technologies.8 9. The Use of RFIDThe Use of RFID and its applications inThe once obscure acronym RFID (Radio Frequency manufacturing, logistics and supply chainIDentification, the use of electromagnetic waves management, retailing etc. to identify a physical object) has recently beenin the news in many contexts. In this document, RFID is a flexible technology that is convenient,we will try to explain how that single acronym easy to use, and well-suited for automatic operation.is used for a number of different, but related, It combines advantages not available with othertechnologies with distinct characteristics, identification technologies. RFID can be suppliedand examine some of the unique analog and RF as read-only or read/write, does not requireproblems encountered in designing RFID systems. contact or line-of-sight to operate, can function under a variety of environmental conditions, Unlike the barcode where identification is and provides a high level of data integrity.limited by line-of-sight, RFID technology and In addition, because the technology is difficult to its reliance on radio waves does not require counterfeit, RFID provides a high level of security.a line-of-sight for identification or a straight- line alignment between the tags and readers. RFID is similar in concept to bar coding. Bar code As new applications develop, the technology systems use a reader and coded labels that are will continue to evolve. Growth beyond todays attached to an item, whereas RFID uses a reader user-specific systems will occur as RFID is and special RFID devices that are attached to deployed across the marketplace and the an item. Bar code uses optical signals to transfer related hardware and software achieve information from the label to the reader; a high degree of harmonization. RFID uses RF signals to transfer information from the RFID device to the reader.Opportunities Radio waves transfer data between an item to which an RFID device is attached and an As the technology matures and applications RFID reader. The device can contain data aboutproliferate, RFID will facilitate global commerce the item, such as what the item is, what time and spur innovation and competitiveness. the device travelled through a certain zone, RFID technology increases visibility and perhaps even a parameter such as temperature. accountability in the supply chain. RFID will RFID devices, such as a tag or label, can beallow manufacturers, retailers, and suppliers attached to virtually anything from a vehicle to efficiently collect, manage, distribute, to a pallet of merchandise. and store information on inventory, business processes, and security controls. 9 10. Challenges The collection and use of personally identifiableinformation through RFID technologies As is common with emerging technologies,represents a key public policy challenge toseveral challenges must be overcome for the deployment and use of RFID technologies.the technology to mature to its full potential.In the case of RFID, these challenges include:Much of this concern is with the collection, maturation of RFID technology, harmonizationuse, and storage of the data rather than the of standards for hardware/software andtechnology itself. Industry-driven solutions wireless spectrum operations, privacy and are beginning to include a combination of security concerns, and implementation operational guidelines, technical solutions, cost barriers. As these technical and policyand educational campaigns. challenges are addressed, RFID will likelyAn RFID system consists of tag, antenna and reader,become the system of choice forwhich is illustrated below.global commerce. Interoperability across various RFID systems,companies, and countries is critical to achievingwide-scale deployment of RFID technology.Development of technical standards for tags,readers, and interface systems; and allocationof operational limits for frequency andtransmission power will determine globalinteroperability. Initial system and implementation costsare still being refined; in the near-termAntennathis could prove to be an impediment to Each RFID system includes at least one antennalarge-scale adoption. Within small andto transmit and receive the RF signals. In somemedium-sized enterprises, although RFID systems, a single antenna transmits andprovides them with new opportunities to receives the signals; in other systems, onecompete in the global market, limited budgets,antenna transmits and one antenna receiveslack of in-house expertise, and a lack of accessthe signals. The quantity and type of antennasto new technologies could act as barriers used depend on the application.to adoption.10 11. Reader However, it has become common within theindustry to interchange the terminology and refer The RFID reader directs the RF transceiver toto these devices as either tags or transponders. transmit RF signals, receives the encoded signal For the purposes of this overview, an RFID device from the tag through the RF transceiver, that actively transmits to a reader is termed an decodes the tags identification, and transmitsactive tag; an RFID device that only reflects the identification with any other data from theor backscatters transmission from a reader tag to the host computer. The reader may alsois termed passive. provide other functions. The user can change or customise the readers operations to suit The tags are programmed with data that identifiesa specific requirement by issuing commands the item to which the tag is attached. Tags canthrough the host computer or a local terminal. be either read -only, volatile read/write, or writeone/read many (WORM) and can be either activeor passive. In general, active tags use batteries Tagto power the tag transmitter (radio) and receiver. RFID tags are tiny microchips, in some cases These tags usually contain a greater number as small as a grain of sand, which hold unique of components than do passive tags. data identifying the object tagged. These tags,Therefore, active tags are usually larger in which have a small antenna attached, are readsize and are more expensive than passive tags. remotely by an RFID reader. Depending on In addition, the life of an active tag is directly the radio frequency used and the type of tag,related to battery life. RFID tags can be read in some instances upPassive tags can be either battery or to several kilometres away, although it is morenon-battery operated, as determined by the typical for RFID to be used in situations whereintended applications. Passive tags reflect the shorter transmission distances are adequate.RF signal transmitted to them from a reader or Tags can be passive (activated when read)transceiver and add information by modulating or active, equipped with their own micro-batterythe reflected signal. A passive tag does not use a and a transmitter.battery to boost the energy of the reflected signal. An RFID device that did not actively transmitA passive tag may use a battery to maintain to a reader was known as a tag. An RFID device memory in the tag or power the electronics that that actively transmitted to a reader was knownenable the tag to modulate the reflected signal. as a transponder (Transmitter + responder).11 12. Passive Tag However, the resulting power received at the reader is dependent on the fourth rather than Passive tags have neither a battery nor a the second power of the distance: Prec ? (1/r4), radio transmitter. Power to operate the tag ICand falls off very rapidly, so that receive-limited is obtained by rectifying RF energy intercepted range may also be only a few 10s of meters. by the tag antenna. The IC power required is typically some 10s to a few hundred microwatts, The limited power available to the IC also limitsgreatly in excess of the threshold for detectionthe amount of information that can be storedfor a conventional radio link operating at similarand the amount of computational power available:data rates. Thus the forward-link-limited range passive tags cant be expected to deal withof a passive tag is a few meters to perhaps the array of methods used in conventional15 meters depending on the radiated power radios to ameliorate noise and fading,and antenna gain. such as interleaving, convolution coding, or phase-shift-keyed modulations. A parallel channel with shorter time constants rectifies part of the received signal to extractThe benefit obtained from all the sacrifices inthe amplitude-modulated information from theperformance is a considerable reduction in costreader. Since there is no coherent frequencyand complexity: commercial tags are availableconversion and limited amplification available, today at costs as low as US$0.20 in volume,tag receive sensitivity is also greatly inferiorwith a plausible path to costs of less than US$0.10.to that of a conventional radio, but expensivePassive tags are small and thin, and can beand power-hungry components required by a embedded in adhesive labels and other unobtrusiveconventional receiver (synthesizer, mixer, LNA, etc.) structures, and since they have no battery theyare avoided. Finally, the tag does not transmit its are maintenance-free and have long field lifetimes.own signal to the reader, but simply modulates the signal that its antenna backscatters by Active Tag changing the antenna impedance. Active tags are architecturally-conventional radios, In this fashion, the tag need only provide ausing a battery to power a transmitter and receiver switching function operating at a modest rate and well as the IC. The resulting performance comparable to the data rate (a few hundred Kbps), improvements allow for ranges of hundreds rather than requiring oscillators, amplifiers,of meters in unlicensed outdoor operation, and mixers operating at 900 MHz. 12 13. but size and cost are considerably higher thanSemi-passive tags can be integrated with passive tags, making active tags appropriatesensing capability. However, batteries must only for marking of expensive assets or be replaced periodically. Battery life of up to tracking of people. To minimize power usage,five years is achieved by careful design and active tags often transmit infrequent short bursts, low-power signal-present detection so that using pseudo noise-coded schemes similar to most of the circuitry is off when no interrogator code-division multiplexing (CDMA) techniquesis present. Semi-passive tags are much larger employed in cellular telephony. and more expensive than passive tags.These brief bursts allow for accurate time-of arrival Passive measurements and therefore precise location of the transmitter if multiple receivers are available; active tags are often used to provide both identity and location of valuable assets such as shipping containers in outdoor storage yards. Because they are powered, active tags can have large memory capacities and may also store shipping manifests and provide sophisticatedSemi-Active sensing and timestamp capability. Semi-Active TagSemi-passive (or semi-active) tags are equipped with a battery to provide power for the integrated circuit(s), but still use backscattered communications to avoid Activea radio transmitter. Semi-passive tags can achieve longer ranges, generally limited by reader receive sensitivity: 10s to as much as 100 meters are realistic. Read reliability is greatly enhanced, since the tag no longer depends on the reader to remain powered. 13 14. RFID System in Operationtechnology, further discussing how RFID and (System Integration)bar coding work together and introducing the steps required to meet RFID compliance. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a general term for technology that uses radio At its most basic, an RFID system consists of waves to automatically identify individual items. three components: a tag, an interrogator and RFID has been around since World War Two; software to control the data flowing through however, it was long considered too expensive the system. and too limited to be practical for many The tag, or transponder, generates electrical commercial applications until recently. signals that are interpreted by the interrogator, Mandates for its use from major retailers or reader. The interrogator not only receives and the US Department of Defense have the signals, but may also activate them within increased the awareness of RFID from the tag. Thats why an interrogator is a multi both vendors and users. component system: transceiver, RF antenna(s) This increased awareness will likely expand and computer chip. The transceiver activates the uses of RFID technology and, consequently,the tag and receives the information from it via improve the economies of it thus overcoming the antenna. In some cases, one antenna transmits both earlier objections.the signals to activate the tag and a separate antenna receives the data from the tag. RFID technology in the manufacturing environment offers the potential to enhance the The chip decodes the data before it use of bar coding in several ways. RFID systems is transmitted to the host computer. can withstand extreme heat, cold and even The software transforms the data into information chemical exposure. The tag can be read describing the goods and orders that are through up to two inches of non-metallic debris, represented by the tags. Software also controls including paint, plastic, cloth, wood and concrete. whether data should be written, which tag should RFID tags also increases efficiency because contain the data and initiates the process of direct line-of-site between the tag and the writing data to the tag. reader is not required.Tags, themselves, can be divided into two groups This white paper expands on each of these active and passive. Active tags contain a battery, topics by providing a basic overview of RFID 14 15. which enables them to transmit data toidentify only the manufacturer and product, the transceiver. Passive tags do not containnot the unique item. The bar code on a bread a battery, so they depend on the transceiverwrapper is the same as every other; however, for activation. Both active and passive tagseach loaf of bread could have a unique RFID possess either read/write or read-only functionality. tag, making it easier to determine freshness. Read-only tags usually function like licence plates Another key advantage that RFID provides over by identifying the object and pointing to more bar codes is due to the inherent technology. specific information stored in a database. Radio waves travel through most non-metallic Read/write tags allow the information stored on materials, so RFID tags can be embedded in the tag to be edited, locked or completely erased, packaging or encased in protective plastic for which makes them re-usable. Read/write tags weatherproofing and greater durability. RFID also store more information on the tag and tags also have microchips that can store a may not require a database lookup or any unique serial number for every product contact with an external system. manufactured around the world.RFID versus Barcodes Radio Frequency Ranges RFID is not necessarily better than bar codes. Just as different radio channels have different The two are different technologies and have frequencies, RFID tags and interrogators have to different applications, which sometimes overlap. be tuned to the same frequency to communicate. The major difference between the two is thatRadio waves behave differently at different bar codes depend on line-of-sight technology. frequencies. The most common frequencies That is, a scanner has to have direct contact for RFID systems are low- (around 125 KHz), with the bar code to read it, which means the high- (13.56 MHz) and ultra-high frequency, bar code has to be oriented towards a scanner or UHF (850-900 MHz). Some applications in order to be read.even use microwave (2.45 GHz). Europe uses 868 MHz for UHF, and the U.S. uses 915 MHz. Alternatively, RFID tags can be read anywhere Japan currently does not allow any use of within range of a reader. Bar code labels are the UHF spectrum for RFID. also more fragile than RFID tags. If a bar code label is ripped, soiled or falls off, there is no Because RFID systems generate and radiate way to scan the item. Standard bar codeselectromagnetic waves, they are legally classified 15 16. as radio systems. The function of other radioTag and reader makers are also trying to services must under no circumstances bedevelop systems that can work at more than one disrupted or impaired by the operation offrequency to overcome the interference issues. RFID systems. It is particularly important Each frequency has different characteristics that to ensure that RFID systems do not interfere make it more useful for specific applications. with nearby radio and television, mobile servicesLow-frequency tags are ideal for scanning (police, security services, ambulance services,objects with high-water content, such as fruit, industry etc), marine and aeronautical radio at close range. services and mobile telephone.This is because they are less expensive than Governments regulate the power of theultra high frequency (UHF) tags, use less power interrogators to limit interference with other and are better able to penetrate non-metallic devices. The variety of interrogators availablesubstances. On the other hand, UHF tags might today reflects the variety of environments inbe better for scanning boxes of goods as they which they are installed:pass through a bay door into a warehouse. Portals: Dock doors and transfer tunnels, This is because UHF frequencies typicallyconveyors, palletisers, etc. that use fixedoffer better range and can transfer data faster.devices in which RFID labels are readHowever, they use more power and are less likelyto pass through materials. They also require Portables: Forklifts, mobile carts, hand-helds,a clear path between the tag and reader. etc. that provide mobility16 17. Research ActivitiesResearch activities in RF and its applications at the Queens University Belfast and University of Ulster. 17 18. Queens University BelfastThe Institutes 14,000 m2 headquarters buildinghouses state-of-the-art laboratories, officesand one of the largest RF (microwave andmillimetre wave) anechoic chambers in Ireland.It is staffed by 120 academics, senior research staff,post-doctoral fellows, research students andadministrators. Among them are 40 highlyqualified industrial and academic researchersrecruited from around the globe. In addition,TDK - the Japanese electronics company -has located a six person R&D unit in the building. Located at the Northern Ireland Science Parkin Belfast, ECIT has received funding from theEuropean Union, Invest Northern Ireland andthe Department for Employment and Learning, The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Northern Ireland. Information Technology (ECIT) was establishedECIT consists of four research clusters: in 2003 to commercialise world-level expertise in a variety of digital communications High Frequency Electronic Circuits/Antennas;technologies at the School of Electronics, System-on-Chip; Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Digital Communications; and at Queens University Belfast. Speech and Vision Systems. Its four research clusters cover areas suchIt plays a leading R&D role in both hardware and as broadband wireless communications,software in the areas of advanced digital and electronic data security, image and speech communications technology. It provides a rich processing, telecommunications software andmixture of blue-skies research and strategic antenna design for mobile communications.industrial related research and development.18 19. ECIT is already working with a number of Contact ECIT: local companies on RFID, offering expertise, consultancy and collaborative agreements.Enquiries about assistance with It is capable of providing a comprehensive product development contact: range of services customised to customers needs.Mr Conor Quinn MBABusiness Development Executive Facilities ECIT, Queen's University BelfastNorthern Ireland Science Park The facilities available are of the highestQueen's Road, Queen's Island industrial standard and include calibrated:Belfast BT3 9DT Vector Network Analysis to 110 GHzwww.ecit.qub.ac.uk Power and frequency to 110 GHz On wafer probing to 110 GHz On-Chip Temperature cycling from -65 to 200C Noise measurements to 26.5 GHz. Quasi Optical Measurements to 700 GHz Large Signal Time Domain Measurements to 40 GHz Vector Signal Analysis to 40 GHz 10m Far Field anechoic chamber 1.5m x 1.5m Near Field ScannerCompanies already making use of ECIT facilities include TDK Electronics Ireland, OMMIC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Astrium EADS and many others.19 20. University of Ulsterbio-inspired systems, intelligent wireless technologies and cognitive robotics.The research is being applied to topics as diverse as intelligent embedded systems, hybrid intelligent machine vision systems, re-configurable computing, hardware-software partitioning, design automation, self-repair of complex embedded systems, robot-robot cooperation, human-robotic collaboration and wireless sensory networks. The work of the group extends from theoretical studies of computational intelligent systems (computational neuroscience) through to the application of the research results in local and national industry. There is strong and fruitful interaction with a range of companies, and substantial emphasis on the exploitation RFID Work within the Intelligent Systems of intellectual property generated by the group. Engineering Laboratory, University of Ulster The group has attracted over 15 million research at Magee funding in recent years. The Intelligent Systems Engineering Laboratory The Wireless Technology Demonstration Centre (ISEL) is a research group within the Faculty of (WTDC), within ISEL, provides a centre-point Engineering on the Magee College campus of for wireless technology research, development the University of Ulster. The group was founded and demonstration. WTDC develops innovative in 1997 and is composed of approximately 45 applications which use wireless technologies academic staff, research associates and in areas within the medical, industrial, research students. commercial and educational domains: wireless ISEL focuses on intelligent systems in thesensory networks, supply chain management, widest sense; including research into a range location based services, positioning systems of intelligent and hybrid technologies, neuraland gaming. These demonstrations utilise networks, fuzzy systems, genetic/evolutionary technologies such as RFID, Zigbee, Bluetooth, algorithms, hybrid intelligent systems, reasoning,WiFi and GPS.20 21. The EpiCentre (Electronics Production andRFID projects include: Innovation Centre), also within ISEL, is a RFID and Zigbee internal multi-million pound cross-border technology positioning systems: utilises RFID, partnership to enable businesses in the Zigbee and WiFi technologies to implement north-west cross border region to tap intoan alternative method for indoor positioning, the expertise of academics, specialised achieved through an integration of Wireless equipment and research facilities.Sensor Networks and RFID technology.EpiCentre is a collaborative venture between the Active RFID long-range tracking: involves the University of Ulster at Magee, the North West tracking of assets and staff with long range Institute for Further and Higher Education andactive RFID technology. The positioning system Letterkenny Institute of Technology and isuses RFID readers and active tags running supported by the EU INTERREG IIIA Programme at 433 MHz. It can achieve read ranges of for Ireland/Northern Ireland. Partner institutionsbetween 30 100m depending on the type have invested heavily in facilities and dedicated of antenna used. Some of the benefits personnel at each of the three sites. include improved security and improved efficiency of asset management. The primary goal of EpiCentre is to help stimulate Consumer RFID & NFC: uses passive tags to innovation and growth by helping businesses in perform predetermined operations automatically the region overcome technological challenges by touching an RFID tag with the RFID and to develop new and innovative products. reader/writer on a mobile phone. Each tagTo date EpiCentre has supported over 50 contains data that enables a mobile phone,local client companies with hands on practicalwith an inbuilt RFID reader, to initiateassistance and technological expertise. a service, such as calling, messaging,Several of these client projects have involvedbrowsing or recording data.expertise in the general area of Wireless RFID supply chain management: this project Technology including RFID, Zigbee, WiFi and is investigating how RFID has and will continue wireless sensors. to improve industrial supply chain management (SCM) systems. Certain challenges exist in replacing current strategies such as barcode scanning technology with RFID.21 22. This includes various aspects of RFID SCM from For further details contact:the supplier, to manufacturing/warehousing,to distribution/ logistics, and finally to Prof. Martin McGinnity, Directorthe retailer.Intelligent Systems Engineering Laboratory, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, RFID Health Care: focuses on how RFID can University of Ulster at Magee, Northland Road,complement and improve access to hospital Derry, Northern Ireland, BT48 7JLinformation systems through passive RFID TM.McGinnity@ulster.ac.ukpatient tags. Specific challenges addressed +44 (0) 28 7137 5417include: cost-effective administration ofmedical assets, enhanced healthcare workflow,reduction of error-prone paper administrativeprocesses, real-time and accurate informationsystems, and increased productivity.RFID is an invaluable asset in ensuring the quality and safety of perishables by providing visibility into environmental conditions during shipment and storage. This work focuses on investigating how RFID can be utilised for monitoring the condition of temperature- sensitive objects during these stages. 22 23. Case Studies 23 24. Ulster Carpets (Compete)The CompanyIt is the first company in Northern Ireland,perhaps in the UK, to apply an RFID solution Ulster Carpet Mills (Holdings) Limited is a family in manufacturing. Developed in-house by the owned group that has five manufacturingresearch and development team, PSYLO is a plants and a world wide sales, marketing and significant technological advancement. design network. The largest subsidiary, Ulster Carpet Mills Limited, (UCM) is based in The patented technology enables Ulster CarpetsPortadown, Northern Ireland and employs over to exceed the needs of the marketplace,500 people. It manufactures high quality woven focusing on surpassing colour and designAxminster and Wilton Carpet, and has becomecapabilities for woven carpets and providing anthe world's second largest Axminster producer. enhanced degree of service excellence to clients. Ulster Carpets production facilities are now at The Challengean unrivalled level of automation and efficiencyand allow the organisation to maintain a clear Reduce wasteand renewed focus upon the future direction Higher loom efficiency of investment to the local Portadown area. Removal of cost adding operationsIn essence this revolutionary developmentclearly illustrates Ulster Carpets commitmentInvest Northern Irelandto UK manufacturing and further enhancesIntervention the companys competitiveness on aninternational platform. RFID project was support by Invest Northern Ireland under the Compete Programme. The Benefits Reduce waste. Increase staff productivity. Better machine utilisation.Ulster Carpets developed an RFID solution in-house including both hardware and software.24 25. Kilpatrick (PPD)The Company During development, Kilpatrick discoveredthat Calor UK used barcodes as a means of Kilpatrick Ltd is a Cookstown based companytracking LPG cylinders and were unaware developing vending systems for use primarily that RFID was a superior alternative. Calor on filling station forecourts. The company isasked Kilpatrick to examine this technology continually seeking to improve its product range area on its behalf. and identify niche areas where the outcome of product development would prove successful. Invest Northern Ireland Intervention The Product / Service Invest NIs Technology Advisory Unit (TAU) The company has designed the 365 - a secure, worked with Kilpatrick on its CE Marking self-service 24 hour fuel vending system aimed programme and ensured that the 365 at automating the retailing of fuels (e.g. coal, system complies with EU health and safety charcoal, peat, LPG cylinders etc on petrol stationrules and environmental legislation. forecourts, convenience stores and holiday Detailed guidance on LPG storage regulations parks etc. It will help to eliminate shrinkage ofin France was researched and the findings then these theft-prone products as it adopts a rangeprovided to Kilpatrick and its French customers. of secure payment methods thus reducing theIn addition, Invest NI assisted in identifying reliance on staff-assisted sales.a local company to equip the 365 systemwith solar power capability, enabling the The Challenge365 to be sold into off-grid locations,such as European campsites To address export markets, Kilpatrick had TAU sourced information on current worldwide to demonstrate that the 365 system metRFID developments as applied to LPG cylinders. legislative requirements, particularly in theTAU also identified a number of potential area of product safety and especially in thetechnology partner companies in Europe EU regionand North America. Kilpatrick had to familiarise itself with LPG storage regulations in France in order to secure sales to this market region. 25 26. The Benefits The company can now CE mark its product and is familiar with the requirements for similar marking of any future systems. Concerns raised by their French customers were addressed and the associated market can confidently be targeted.Kilpatrick identified an RFID technology partner from Switzerland and implemented this technology within its product. This led to a significant business opportunity, which generated business worth many millions of pounds.26 27. Ashdale Engineering(SMART) The CompanyDevelopment of this has been kick-started bya Smart Award from Invest NI. Ashdale has Ashdale Engineering Ltd has emerged as developed Ashtrak as a multi- functional asset Northern Irelands leading company for industrialmanagement tool for use in any commercial automation solutions and is moving forward environment requiring timed auto identification with an ever improving and impressive arraywith task lists and user prompts. of services and products.One particular application has linked health and Formed in 1977 with two employees andsafety inspection and reporting requirements representing suppliers of photoelectrics,of local council play park maintenance to staff emergency lighting and fire alarms, the companymanagement and asset maintenance by using now represents some 30 principals and has addedRFID tags and hand-held terminals. The back a service and commissioning department,office function is automatically updated and a systems division, and an in-house training facility. easily configurable and can be modified bythe departmental manager to reflect daily Ashdale has been able to count on itsrequirements whilst retaining the integrity of established list of blue chip customers tothe information for possible future legal purposes. fuel natural expansion while basing its strategy on understanding customers problems and The data collected is easily synchronised providing a complete solution with continuingwith the central system on return to base. support and customer service.Auto identification provides full timed traceabilityas all pieces of equipment have been tagged The Productwith either RFID tags or barcodes. If theinformation collected indicates a need for Through the companys pro-active approach to further action such as a maintenance activity new technology, mobile computing was brought this can be automatically structured to generate to the forefront and bespoke applications have an action list. A full checking history is available been developed for customers. A need for anfor each item, or each checker should it be off the shelf application to address all aspects necessary to confirm particular events possibly of equipment inspection has been identified. related to a health and safety issue or anemployee activity log.27 28. The Challenge Invest Northern Ireland Intervention Ashtrak can be paperless and still retain full reporting and accountability. It can be tailoredThe project was supported by Invest NI to suit any asset control requirement using under the SMART Award Scheme. the latest technology and integrated into most existing software. Development of this product was supported by Invest Northern Ireland under the SMART Programme.It can be configured to use a wide range of bar code and RFID technology ranging from conventional bar codes to the two dimensional info dot which contains up to 20 times the information of a traditional bar code. Equipment and communications have also progressed so that rugged scanners, signature capture (for acceptance or authorisation applications), Bluetooth (for remote applications), GPR/GPRS (for very remote applications requiring location information), and large screens (for lots of information) can all feature in a typical application to reflect specific requirements and improve the functionality of the software. 28 29. Invest NI and R&D Financial Assistance The following Invest Northern Ireland R&D assistance is available. Please contact your Client Executive prior applying to any assistance. 29 30. START ProgrammeThe Start programme aims to increase the shorter if required. Projects are usually either amount of industrial research undertaken 'company only' projects or partnership projects, by Northern Ireland based companies either involving a company and a local university on their own or in partnership with(or universities) and/or another company. Northern Ireland universitiesIn very exceptional circumstances, 'university only'projects can be supported if no Northern Ireland How it Works industrial partner can be found, the proposedA Start project is a planned period of researchresearch is relevant to Northern Ireland industrythat aims to:and the research is multi sector in its application. Gain new knowledge which will be used in thedevelopment of new products, processes or EligibilityservicesThe programme is open to Northern Ireland Bring about a significant improvement inbased companies, which are Invest NI clientsexisting products, processes or servicesand Northern Ireland universities.The programme is managed on an open call basis and provides financial assistance in the formSTART Support for RFID of discretionary grants, loans or investments.START support may be applicable to assist The rate of assistance will not normally exceedindustrial relevant research projects involving 50 per cent of eligible project costs and there isinnovative blue sky research on RFID technology. no maximum project size. A typical Start project will run for three years, but can be longer or30 31. Compete Programme The overall objective of the CompeteEligibility programme is to help local companies become more competitive by providingCompete is open to Invest NI client companies only. support for developing innovative marketIf you are not a client company please contact led products and manufacturing processes. your Regional Invest NI office. Compete is open to Northern Ireland businesses engaged in manufacturing - or about to engage How it Works in manufacturing, and to internationally Compete is run in two distinct phases:tradable service businesses.Phase I - provides an opportunity for Compete Support for RFID businesses to plan the project in some detail and present a complete proposal to Invest NI. Compete support may be applicable to assist new Support is at a rate of up to 50 per cent product or process development projects involving of eligible costs to a maximum assistance innovative applications of RFID technology. of 15,000.Phase II - support is up to 40 per cent of eligible costs to a maximum of 250,000 (less any phase I support). 31 32. Product and Process Development Programme The Product and Process Development (PPD) Sub-contract Programme is designed to support smaller Intellectual property (patents, trademarks etc) Northern Ireland businesses. This programme Materials (consumed during the production aims to encourage small businesses in developing of a prototype or during tests/trials) innovative new market-led products and/or manufacturing/production processes. Trials and testing The grant is dependent on the nature of Expertise is available within Invest NI tothe company and the product/process costs. assist companies to draw up a project planMaximum grant for this type of project will (including definition of project costs).not exceed 35,000.A grant of up to 40 per cent will be consideredPPD is open to Invest NI client companies on eligible project costs which may include:with 50 or less employees only. If you are nota client company please contact your Regional Market/technical researchInvest NI office. The programme is open to In-house costs (labour, production,Northern Ireland businesses engaged in technical, design)manufacturing - or about to engage in Consultancy manufacturing, and to internationallytradable service businesses.32 33. Knowledge Transfer Partnership Programme Knowledge Transfer Partnerships is EuropesBenefits for the knowledge base leading knowledge transfer programme, helping businesses improve their competitiveness and Through Knowledge Transfer Partnerships productivity through better use of the knowledge,academics are able to: technology and skills that reside within the UK Develop business-relevant teaching materials; knowledge base. Knowledge Transfer Partnerships is intentionally flexible in delivery, allowing Identify new research themes andprojects to vary in length between 12 and undergraduate and postgraduate projects;36 months and the knowledge base partners Publish high quality research papers; eligible to participate include universities, Contribute to the Research Assessment further education institutions, research andExercise (RAE) and rating of their department. technology organisations and public sector research institutes.Benefits for the AssociateBenefits for the company partner Knowledge Transfer Partnerships can:Business performance outputs vary considerably Help graduates enhance their career prospects from case to case, given the rich variety of projects,by providing an opportunity to manage a however the latest information shows that,challenging project central to a companys on average, the business benefits that can be strategic development and long term growth; expected from a single KTP project are: Provide top class training and development in business management and leadership skills; An increase of over 290,000 in annual profits before tax; Offer an excellent chance of permanent employment at the end of the Partnership Creation of eight genuine new jobs; (over 75% of Associates are offered An increase in the skills of existing staff. employment on completion of their project and overall 60% accept).33 34. SMART AwardThe overall objective of Smart Award is to Smart stage 2 if you win a Smart stage 1 stimulate the creation of new, innovativeaward and successfully complete the project businesses and to help existing small businesses you may apply for a Smart stage 2 award improve their competitiveness by developingfor further support to assist with the new products and processes to the benefitdevelopment of a pre-production prototype. of the national economy. Smart stage 2 awards are non-competitive,and assistance is available at up to 40% of There are three types of assistance aimedthe eligible project costs, up to a maximum at supporting different types of researchof 150,000. Assistance is paid retrospectively and development projects:after expenditure is incurred and defrayed.Projects must take at least six months, Smart Micro is competitive and assistsand no more than 36 months, to complete.individuals or micro firms (up to 10employees) to develop a simple low costSmart stage 2 offers a streamlined applicationprototype of an innovative product orprocess to Smart stage 1 winners continuing theirprocess with the project lasting 6-12 months.product/process development, provided thatSupport is made available at 50% of eligible the application is made within 6 monthsproject costs. The maximum award isof completion of the Smart stage 1 project.10,000 and is normally paid quarterly Please note that assistance under Smartagainst claims submitted.stage 2 is not automatic and is dependent on a negotiated process of approval. Smart stage 1 is competitive and assistsindividuals and small firms (up to 50 employees)to carry out a technical and commercialfeasibility study lasting 6-18 months.Support is made available at 75% of theeligible project costs. The maximum award is45,000. If justification can be demonstratedone third is paid up front to the winners andthe remainder is normally paid quarterlyagainst claims submitted. 34 35. Managment InformationSystem Programme (MIS)The MIS Scheme aims to improve the qualityWhat are the costs? of management information through the use of Information and Communications Companies with up to 50 employees, Technology (ICT). Typically this requires the potential funding is up to 40%. implementation of ICT solutions to improve Companies with more than 50 employees business processes and automating the funding will normally be reduced to 25%. flow of information through the business. (eg. financial, CRM, production, ERP, MRP,Maximum MIS expenditure is 40% of document management, etc) 140,000 (56,000) for companies with up to 50 employees; 25% of 140,000 (35,000) How it Works? for companies with over 50 employees.Following an initial company visit, a nominated Eligibility ICT advisor compiles a report detailing the costs of the proposed project along withThe MIS programme is open to Invest NI recommendations as to its viability. If the clients only. application is successful, a letter of offer is issued to the company and Invest NI monitors RFID Support the spend once the project gets underway. MIS support may be applicable to a client wishing Software costs to implement an RFID system. The MIS support Implementation costscould cover the software, implementation and Training in the use of the software training (of the software) for an RFID system.(Hardware costs can not be funded) 35 36. Business Improvement Training Programme The Business Improvement Training Programme for significant improvement in performance. can help companies to improve businessCompanies seeking support for these projects performance by providing practical andmust undertake a Business Health Check within financial support for training and developmentsix months following agreement. The level of activities aimed at raising the skills levels support will be negotiated on an individual of managers and workforces. company basis. BenefitsWhat are the Costs?By improving the skills of managers and The costs involved are those associated other employees, companies can benefitwith the training and development activities. in a number of ways:Training needs are determined by the company and support available may be both practical Increased productivity and financial. Practical help includes advice Improved products and services and guidance on best practice, implementing Reduction in waste and overheads training infrastructures and training linked to national/industry recognised standards. Increased profit and turnover A more flexible and motivated workforceFinancial support is available towards the cost of: Course fees How it Works PAYE wages/salary costs agreed support Companies seeking support must have undertakenlevel applies to all eligible salary/wages costs an Invest NI Business Health Check and arefor companies with up to 250 employees. required to submit a training programme,For companies employing in excess of 250 together with costs, which is linked to improvement employees the support level applies to 50% projects contained in an integrated action plan of the salary/wages costs agreed with the company. Travel and subsistenceAssistance may be available for company Training materialsprojects which can demonstrate the potential Mentor support for small businesses 36 37. EligibilitySupport is aimed at companies involved in manufacturing or tradeable services that are engaged in exporting or import substitution, and, hotels and licensed guest inns certified by the Northern Ireland Tourist Board. Where/When Does the Programme Run?The Business Improvement Training Programme runs continuously and applications for support from eligible companies may be submitted at any time.37 38. If you require this brochure in an alternative format (including Braille, disk, audio cassette or in minority languages to meet the needs of those whose first language is not English) then please contact:Invest NIs Equality Team T : 028 9069 8390/8268 Textphone : 028 9069 8585 E-mail : equality@investni.com 39 39. Bedford Square Bedford Street Belfast BT2 7ES T : 028 9023 9090F : 028 9043 6536Textphone : 028 9069 8585www.investni.com