Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols...
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Transcript of Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols...
![Page 1: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Think-Aloud Protocols
February 5, 2010
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Today’s Class
• Probing Question• Think-Aloud Protocols• Assignments
![Page 3: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Probing Question for Friday, February 5
• Let’s say that the NSF has just given you a $100,000 grant to study student note-taking during classroom lecture– i.e. you can assign one minion to the task full-time for
a year
• Which qualitative method would you prefer to use, and why?– What factors would you be especially attentive to, to
ensure validity of your results?
![Page 4: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Today’s Class
• Probing Question• Think-Aloud Protocols• Assignments
![Page 5: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
I need a volunteer
• A fast typist
• To try to record things people say while thinking aloud
• Only record the person thinking aloud
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I need two more volunteers
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I need two more volunteers
• Volunteer #1: Will think-aloud
• Volunteer #2: Will run the think-aloud
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What should Volunteer #2 rememberwhile running the think-aloud?
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What should Volunteer #2 rememberwhile running the think-aloud?
• Use appropriate instructions• Prompt the subject• Write down interesting events• Focus on what the subject does and says, not
“why”• Don’t help the subject
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Long division
• Volunteer #1 will think-aloud
• Volunteer #2 will run the think-aloud
• So, Volunteer #2, give Volunteer #1 some instructions…
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Long Division
16, 429, 782, 6007140
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How did it go?
• Volunteer #1:
• How hard was the task?
• Did thinking aloud make it harder?
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How did it go?
• Volunteer #2:
• How hard was it to get him/her to think-aloud?
• Did you worry about disrupting him or her?
• Audience:
• Any (friendly and constructive!) criticism for Volunteer #2?
![Page 14: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Thoughts/comments
• From anyone
• On why this task might have been difficult/easy for the person thinking aloud, or the experimenter
• (or anything else)
![Page 15: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Two more volunteers!
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Drawing a scatterplot
• Volunteer #1 will think-aloud
• Volunteer #2 will run the think-aloud
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Draw a scatterplot of this fake data
City Population(in 1000)
Number of Brazilian Restaurants
Worcester 155 4
Fitchburg 65 0
Boston 650 6
Providence 150 0
Springfield 70 1
Manchester 130 2
Hartford 220 4
New Haven 120 0
New Bedford 55 3
Arapiraca, Brazil 140 80
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How did it go?
• Volunteer #1:
• How hard was the task?
• Did thinking aloud make it harder?
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How did it go?
• Volunteer #2:
• How hard was it to get him/her to think-aloud?
• Did you worry about disrupting him or her?
• Audience:
• Any (friendly and constructive!) criticism for Volunteer #2?
![Page 20: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Thoughts/comments
• From anyone
• On why this task might have been difficult/easy for the person thinking aloud, or the experimenter
• (or anything else)
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Two more volunteers!
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The 9-Dot Problem(Kershaw & Ohlsson, 2004)
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The 9-Dot Problem(Kershaw & Ohlsson, 2004)
Volunteer #2 will connect all 9 points with just 4 straight lines(you don’t already knowthe answer, right?)
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The 9-dot problem
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How did it go?
• Volunteer #2:
• How hard was the task?
• Did thinking aloud make it harder?
![Page 26: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
How did it go?
• Volunteer #1:
• How hard was it to get him/her to think-aloud?
• Did you worry about disrupting him or her?
• Audience:
• Any (friendly and constructive!) criticism for Volunteer #1?
![Page 27: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Thoughts/comments
• From anyone
• On why this task might have been difficult/easy for the person thinking aloud, or the experimenter
• (or anything else)
![Page 28: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Insight Problems• The biggest problem with thinking-aloud as a technique.
• When people are trying to figure something out, and it requires “insight”, thinking-aloud can be very disruptive.
• Therefore, if your participant is really baffled,• Now might not be exactly the time to push them to “KEEP
TALKING”
• In general, it’s best to avoid using think-aloud in these situations
• What else might you use to study process in these situations?
![Page 29: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Two more volunteers!
• One more time
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How did it go?
• Volunteer #1:
• How hard was the task?
• Did thinking aloud make it harder?
![Page 32: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
How did it go?
• Volunteer #2:
• How hard was it to get him/her to think-aloud?
• Did you worry about disrupting him or her?
• Audience:
• Any (friendly and constructive!) criticism for Volunteer #2?
![Page 33: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Thoughts/comments
• From anyone
• On why this task might have been difficult/easy for the person thinking aloud, or the experimenter
• (or anything else)
![Page 34: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
OK enough for now
• What have we learned about think-alouds from all of this?
• Bonus points for expressing your thought as a Beyer & Holtzblatt-style aphorism
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What could you do?
• If you want to do a think-aloud on some uninterruptable process?
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Example
• Take, for example, a helicopter pilot who needs to drop a ladder to someone while still flying
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Crashing computer OK,Crashing helicopter NOT OK
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What could you do?
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Task-splitting
• You might want to do a think-aloud of the pilot’s processes as (s)he does each of these tasks separately: ie, a think-aloud as (s)he lowers a ladder, and a think-aloud as (s)he flies the plane
• This would show you the pilot’s major sub-goals, decision-points, and evaluation criteria for each task
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Retrospective Think-Aloud
• Videotape the participant as they are doing the task
• Take a 10 minute break
• Then show the video to the participant and have them do colour-commentary.
• Take notes on their colour-commentary
• (Or even tape-record it)
![Page 41: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Retrospective Think-Aloud is Also Useful…
• When you are studying someone who is so expert at an action, that their actions are completely automatized.
• In this case, thinking-aloud can disrupt or change someone’s behavior.
![Page 42: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Two more volunteers!
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Volunteer #1
• Volunteer #1: Please tell me the cash value of the change you have in your pocket. Don’t think aloud.
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Volunteer #2
• Volunteer #2: Please THINK ALOUD while you determine the cash value of the change you have in your pocket.
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Volunteer #2
• Volunteer #2: Please THINK ALOUD while you determine the cash value of the change you have in your pocket.
• Volunteer #1, is this the procedure you used?
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Thoughts? Questions?
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Analysis
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Analysis
• Let’s take the longest of the protocols that our noble live transcriber has produced
• Can you email it to me?– I’ll put it up on the screen
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Segmentation
• It’s better to do segmentation from an audio recording than a transcript in general, but for this time…
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Segmentation
• Your thoughts on where we should segment?
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Cognitive Processes
• What are the cognitive processes found in these utterances?
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Cognitive Processes
• Do we have an “irrelevant to task” category?– Recommended by van Someren
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Coding
• Let’s code the whole transcript with regard to the list of cognitive processes
• For each segment, quickly write down your code, and then read it out loud– What level of agreement do we obtain?– Why do we disagree?
![Page 54: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Question
• Let’s think about the coding scheme we used
• How did the coding scheme in Gobert (1999) differ from this?
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Question
• Let’s think about the coding scheme we used
• How did the coding scheme in Gobert (1999) differ from this?
• Atheoretical .vs. theoretical
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Advantages/Disadvantages
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of– atheoretical coding schemes– theoretical coding schemes
![Page 57: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Thoughts? Questions?
![Page 58: Think-Aloud Protocols February 5, 2010. Today’s Class Probing Question Think-Aloud Protocols Assignments.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/551b0289550346f70d8b56dd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
What kind of participants could you involve in a think-aloud?
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What kind of participants could you involve in a think-aloud?
• Complete novice – to see learning• Expert – to see how “it should be done”• Recent learner – to see process of someone
who has just acquired skill (may be more applicable for designing instruction)
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For each think-aloud we did,what kind of participant did we have?
• Complete novice• Expert• Recent learner• Other
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Where do think-alouds fit on this diagram?
ENTITATIVE
HOLISTIC
ESSENTIALISTEXISTENTIALIST
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Janice
• Do you have anything you’d like to add, as one of the world’s foremost experts on think-alouds?
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Today’s Class
• Probing Question• Think-Aloud Protocols• Assignments
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Assignment #1
• Very high quality submissions overall!• Complete grading and commentary for
assignment #1 will be a little bit delayed
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Assignment #2
• Any questions?
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Assignment #3
• Will be handed out Monday (by email)