• Thick liquid consisting of hundreds of combustible hydrocarbons with small amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen

• Dead organic matter from plants and animals piled up on the sea floor hundreds of millions of years ago

• Who has it?

Middle East-Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, United Emigrates, Venezuela

OPEC-ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES

Types of Energy?

EnergyEnergy

Kinetic energy

(EK)

Potential energy

(EP)

Energy due to motion

Energy due to position (stored energy)

Energy is the Ability To Do Work

Electrical

What is Mechanical Energy?o Energy due to a object’s motion (kinetic) or position

(potential).

The bowling ball has mechanical energy.

When the ball strikes the pins, mechanical energy is transferred to the pins!

What is Light Energy?Light energy is electromagnetic radiation, particularly radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye. The movement

of photons.

Includes energy from gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared rays,

microwave and radio bands

What is Electrical Energy?

o Energy caused by the movement of electrons

o Easily transported through power lines and converted into other forms of

energy

What is Chemical Energy?Energy that is available for release

from chemical reactions.

The chemical bonds in a matchstick store energy that is

transformed into thermal energy when the match is struck.

What is Heat Energy?

o The heat energy of an object determines how active its atoms are. This causes a change in temperature.

A hot object is one whose atoms and molecules are excited and show rapid movement.

A cooler object's molecules and atoms will show less movement.

Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom.

Submarines, power plants, and smoke detectors all use nuclear energy. Nuclear power plants use uranium, a radioactive element, to create electricity.

THERMOCHEMISTRTHERMOCHEMISTRYY

The study of heat released or required by chemical reactions

Fuel is burnt to produce energy - combustion (e.g. when fossil fuels are burnt)

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + energy

ReactionsReactions

All chemical reactions either release or absorb heat

Exothermic reactions:

Reactants products + energy as heat

e.g. burning fossil fuels

e.g. photosynthesis

Reactants + energy as heat products

Endothermic reactions:

Endothermic and exothermic reactions

Step 1: Energy must be SUPPLIED to break bonds:

Step 2: Energy is RELEASED when new bonds are made:

A reaction is EXOTHERMIC if more energy is RELEASED then SUPPLIED. If more energy is SUPPLIED then is

RELEASED then the reaction is ENDOTHERMIC

Measuring HeatMeasuring Heat

reaction

reaction

Exothermic reaction, heat Exothermic reaction, heat given off & temperature of given off & temperature of

water riseswater rises

Endothermic reaction, Endothermic reaction, heat taken in & heat taken in &

temperature of water temperature of water dropsdrops

VaporizationVaporization

Energy has to be supplied to a liquid to enable it to overcome forces that hold molecules together

• endothermic process

Melting

Energy is supplied to a solid to enable it to vibrate more vigorously until molecules can move past each other and

flow as a liquid

• endothermic process

Freezing

Liquid releases energy and allows molecules to settle into a lower energy state and form a solid

• exothermic process (we remove heat from water when making ice in freezer)

Energy level diagramsEnergy level

Reaction progress

Activation energy

Energy given out

by reactionUsing a catalyst might lower the

activation energy

Reactants

Products

Exothermic vs endothermic:

EXOTHERMIC – more energy is given out than is taken in (e.g. burning, respiration)

ENDOTHERMIC – energy is taken in but not necessarily given out (e.g. photosynthesis)

Burning MethaneCH4 + 2O2 2H2O + CO2

Methane

Carbon dioxide Water

Oxygen

Bond EnergiesC-H = 435 Kj

O=O = 497 Kj

Total for breaking bonds = 4x435 + 2x497 = 2734 KJ/mol

H-O = 464 KjC=O = 803 Kj

Total for making bonds = 2x803 + 4x464 = 3462 KJ/mol

Total energy change = 2734-3462 = -728 KJ/mol

Drawing this on an energy diagram:

2734 Kj3462 Kj

More energy is given out (3462) than is given in (2734) – the reaction is EXOTHERMIC. The total (“nett”) energy change is –728 Kj. An endothermic reaction would have a positive energy change.

-728 Kj

ENERGY CONVERSIONSEXAMPLE-PRODUCING POWER from Coal

FOSSIL FUELS (POTENTIAL ENERGY) POWER PLANT (THERMAL ENERGY)

GENERATOR TURBINE (MECHANICAL ENERGY) ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES (ELECTRICAL ENERGY)

Law of Conservation of Energy-energy is not created nor destroyed