The  Water,  Energy,  Food  Nexus:  Lebanese  Policy  and  Ins=tu=onal  

Analysis

Nadim Farajalla, Patricia Haydamous, Silva Kerkizian and Rana El Hajj

Climate Change and the Environment in the Arab World Program Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs

American University of Beirut

I- Nexus

Source: Holger Hoff, 2011, Understanding the Nexus, Bonn 2011 Background Paper

II – Stressors

Stressors:

n  Population (World Bank): n  ~ 0.7% annual growth (4, 400,000 currently, 5,200,000 by year 2030)

n  Urban Population growth rate 0.9%

n  Rural Population growth rate -0.2%

n  Urban Population 87%

n  Population density 397 persons/km2 – ranked 20th in the world (CIA Fact Book)

n  Increasing economic growth

+ II – Stressors n  Climate Change

n  Increase in temperature by 1°C along the coast and to 2°C in the mountains by 2040,

n  Increase in temperature by 3°C on the coast and to 5°C in the mountains by 2090

n  Reduction in precipitation of 10 to 20% by 2040 and 25 to 45% by 2090.

n  Drought season to start earlier by as much as one month

n  Snow might decrease by as much as 70%

n  Snow line could start from 1900 m by 2090

II – Lebanese Sectors

Water

•  Demand: •  60%agriculture •  29% domestic •  11% industry

•  Total annual renewable sources: 926m3/per. to drop to 839 m3/per. by 2015

•  Discontinuous Supply

•  Infrastructure - old or outdated in some areas and poorly maintained.

Energy

•  Total supply comes: •  85% thermal power

plants •  4.5%hydropower

plants •  10.5% neighboring

countries

•  Supply is 77% of total demand; the remaining 23% are supplied by private generators.

Food/Agriculture

•  Global Hunger Index <5 ( range from < 5 low hunger level to > 30 alarming)

•  The agriculture sector covers ~ 20% of the food demand

•  Lebanon imports: •  Cereals 80% •  Red Meat 82% •  Fish 75% •  Dairy 37%

•  Around 15 to 20% of people experiencing food insecurity

II – Lebanese Sectors

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.00

5,000.00

10,000.00

15,000.00

20,000.00

25,000.00

30,000.00

35,000.00

40,000.00

45,000.00

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Oil

Pri

ce ($

/bar

rel)

Wh

eat Y

ield

(Hg

/Ha)

Crude Oil Prices vs. Wheat Yield

Yield (Hg/Ha) Crude oil price

n  MOEW General Directorate

of Hydraulic and Electric Resources

Administration Planning

Planning Water Unit

Planning Electricity Unit

Programs Unit

Statistics Unit

Studies Water

Irrigation

Studies

Projects

Electrical Equipment Environment

III - Institutions

The Ministry is made up of three general directorates: •  Hydraulic and

Electric Resources,

•  Exploitation, and

•  Oil

Water

Municipalities

Water Establishments

Ministry of Energy and Water

- Water Policies and Strategies

- Action Plans

- Regulation

- Oversees the WEs

- Water resource management

Regional WEs:

-System operation and maintenance

-Irrigation plans

-Oversees local committees

Litani River Authority:

Planning

Operating

- WW collection

- Operation and maintenance

- Small irrigation schemes

III - Institutions

III - Institutions

Ministry of Energy and Water

Electricité Du Liban LCEC Private

Concessions

EDZ Jbeil Aley

Energy:

III - Institutions

Minister of Agriculture General Director Directorate of Studies and

Coordination

Directorate of Agriculture Resources

Directorate of Animal Resources

Directorate of Rural Development and Natural

Resources

Regional services

LARI

Green Plan

Higher Council for Agriculture

Planning and Coordination

Body

Agriculture

Minister of Environment

General Director

Service of Regional Departments and Environmental Policies

Service of Planning and Programming

Service of Environmental Technology

Service of Natural Resources

Service of Urban Environment

Service of Environmental Guidance

Registrar

Higher Council of the Environment

III - Institutions

III - Institutions Water Energy Food/Agriculture Climate Change

Direct Line Ministries and related agencies

•  Ministry of Energy and Water

•  Regional Water Establishments

•  Litani River Authority

•  Council of the South

•  Municipalities

•  Ministry of Energy and Water

•  EDL

•  Ministry of Agriculture •  Green Plan

•  Ministry of Environment

Councils •  Higher Council of Urban Planning

•  National Council for Quarries

•  Higher Council for Hunting

•  Higher Council of Urban Planning

•  CDR

Centers •  Lebanese center for water and wastewater management

•  Lebanese water conservation center

•  LCEC (Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation)

•  ALMEE (Lebanese Association for Energy Saving & for Environment)

•  Lebanese Association of Solar Industries

•  CEDRO •  Association of

Lebanese Industries

•  Industrial Research Institute

•  Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute

•  LCPC (Lebanese Cleaner Production Center)

Indirect Ministries

•  Ministry of Finance - Ministry of Agriculture - Ministry of Environment - Ministry of Finance - Ministry of Industry - Ministry of Social Affairs - Ministry of Public Health - Ministry of Interior Municipalities

• MOA • MOEW • MOE • CDR • MOF • MOET

Water Agriculture

Energy

• Green Plan • WE • MOPH • MoIM • LWCC • LARI

• LCEC • EDL • Private concessions • MOI

• Higher Council of Quarries

• MOSA

Institutional Integration

Water Agriculture

Energy

•  Irrigation(B) • Seed selection (A) • Reforestation Plan

(A) • Hill lakes (A) • National LU plan • HASAD project

Dams and hydropower

• Infrastructure • Wastewater

•  Transmission •  Infrastructure •  Gas and oil pipeline •  Encourage

Renewables •  NEEAP

•  Enhance product quality

Integration in Strategies

Sector Policies

n  National Water Sector Strategy

n  2011- 2015

n  Aims at providing continuous water supply for households and irrigation, and improving water treatment.

1. Water

Sector Policies

n  The EDL policy paper 2010

n  Aims at “….new sustainable, reliable, and efficient delivery of electricity”.

n  Policies presented cover infrastructure, supply/demand problems and the financial problems

n  The National Energy Efficiency Action plan (NEEAP)

n  Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC) and Ministry of Energy and Water

n  14 separate but related initiatives, covering suggested policies by the EDL such as geothermal, waste to energy, promotion of energy efficient equipment, hydro power for electricity generation, and electricity generation from wind and solar power.

2. Energy

Sector Policies

n  Ministry of Agriculture Strategy 2010-2014:

n  “Strategy for the Development of the Agriculture Sector”

n  Action Plans: n  National Reforestation Plan

n  Safeguarding and restoring Lebanon’s woodland Resources

n  Strategy for Forest Fire Management

n  Green Plan

n  Water reservoirs, Land Reclamation, Reforestation.

n  Hilly Areas Sustainable Agricultural Development Project.

3.Agriculture

Sector Policies

n  MOE; Climate Change unit

n  UNFCCC, Kyoto protocol

n  National Communications

n  NEEDS

n  TNA report

n  Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)

n  Country environmental analysis

n  UNCCD Convention

n  National Action Plan to Combat Desertification; subprojects dealing with land planning, water supply, demand management, promotion of sustainable agriculture, soil and natural resources conservation.

4.Climate Change

IV - Strategy Making Processes

n  Policy making process was inclusive

n  Most stakeholders and international donor community were invited at an early stage

n  A lot of suggestions and comments were taken into consideration

n  Contact initiated was based on a one to one relationship, not from an institution to institution.

Water

IV - Strategy Making Processes

n  The policy paper was led by advisers within the ministry of energy and water.

n  Stakeholders were brought in at a later stage.

n  The policy draft was circulated to the main stakeholders for approval and comments before finalization.

Energy

IV - Strategy Making Processes

n  Agriculture policy was internalized.

n  Formation of technical committees from within the ministry, representatives from the different directorates were assigned

n  “Multi-stake holder approach” (but within the ministry) n  4 directorates

n  Organizing decisions

Agriculture

V - Analysis

n Personnel: n Many Vacancies (ex. MoEW 15% of positions occupied 77 out of 505)

n Empowerment of personnel and freedom of expression

n Functionality: n Discontinuity: no institutional memory (reliance on donor personnel e.g.

UNDP’s role in many ministries)

n No coordination protocol between institutions

n No coordination within the same ministry

n No common method for setting strategies

n Legal: n Communications between ministries have to pass through DG/Minister

n Data: n Quality

n Sharing

n Uniformity

VI – Recommendations

n  Institutional n  Reorganize and empower the existing planning bodies within

ministries (through legal and institutional initiatives) to embark on a nexus approach to planning

n  Improve and decentralize communications between ministries

n  Create a planning body or develop the capacities of planning bodies such as councils and higher councils

n  Develop the capacities of concerned stakeholders in nexus planning

n  Policy n  Improve the level of integration of policies

n  Improve the resource efficiency factors in the different sector strategies

n  Undertake a sustainability assessment or SEAs for all sector strategies

Thank you