Thesis Really Done

8/8/2019 Thesis Really Done

1/47

New Era University

College of Arts and Sciences

A Study on the Initiatives of the Arroyo Administration for AdvancingEfforts for Sustainable Development in Response to the Rio Summit of1992

A Thesis Presented to the

Faculty of School of Arts and Sciences

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirement

For the Course FS-Research 2

By:Angel May Anis

Krystal Cruz

Jerizza D. Nery


2/47

CHAPTER 1

A. Background of the Study

The researcher conducts this study to assess the study on the

Initiatives of the Arroyo Administration for Advancing Efforts for

Sustainable Development in Response to the Rio Summit of 1992. It

aims to develop awareness of the historical background of the

development of the national strategy for sustainable development also

to recognize the various efforts exerted by government to pursue

sustainable development before, during and after the Earth Summit at

Rio de Janeiro to familiarize the reader with the strategies formulated

for the countrys sustainable development efforts and to study in detail

the national plan for sustainable development and also to increase

awareness and better understanding on the issues address including a

systematic scrutiny of patterns of productions particularly the

productions of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or

poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals, also the alternative

sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to

global climate change, and the new reliance on public transportationssystems in order reduce vehicle emissions, congestions in cities and


3/47

The health problems cause by polluted air and smog. And another

agreement was not carry out any activities on the lands of indigenouspeoples that would cause environmental degradation or that would be

culturally inappropriate. The Earth Summit resulted in documents such

as Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21,

Convention on Biological Diversity Forest Principles, and Framework

Convention on Climate Change. Both Convention on Biological

Diversity and Framework Convention on Climate Change were set as

legally binding agreements.

The U. N Commission on Sustainable Development was then

established to coordinate the implementation of Agenda 21 and to

further develop the principles and practice of sustainable development.

From the Philippine perspective, sustainable development is not a

modern day concept. Many Filipino indigenous cultural groups have

been observing sustainable practices and principles as evident in their

traditions, beliefs and way of life. A number of factors, for instance,

years of foreign domination of the country, have significantly

influenced many of these practices eventually resulting in

unsustainable patterns of development. Hence, while sustainable

development derives meaning from the global discourse, it must be

rooted in the context of the Philippine reality and aspirations.Numerous initiatives have been undertaken in the Philippines

which attempted to address the related political, cultural, social

demographic human institutional and environmental problems plaguing

Philippine society in addition, the intensive national and regional


4/47

consultations on the Philippine Agenda 21 provide a mechanism for

and represent a critical part of the achieving genuine consensus onhow sustainable development should be conceptualize and

implemented. Therefore, Philippine Agenda 21 builds on the outcomes

of and provides an integrating conceptual and operational framework

for this consultations and initiatives in sustainable development. It also

builds on the Philippines commitments to the various global

conference called to focus on social development, population and

development, women and urbanization, all of each are inter related

with sustainable development. The objective of this economic

development is the improvement of human welfare. There is greater

recognition that the environmental and natural resources are scarce

economic resources which can impose severe constraints to economic

development if the natural environment is used at higher than socially

optimal rates. The natural environment serves several functions: it

renders waste disposal services, serves as an input to production and

consumption activities, either directly or indirectly and offers amenity

services. Spatial and temporal externalities characterize the use of

most environmental goods. The market may not fully reflect the social

value of an environmental resource. In particular, its indirect use

values in providing ecological services maintaining life-supportsystems and its non use values such as option values and existence

values may not be reflected in the price of environmental good. Due to

market failures and policy failures, some of the environmental services

are unpriced or priced below their social values; this economic


5/47

condition has led to environmental degradation. Optimality can be

restored through appropriate government policy intervention, settling ofproperty negotiations. By this study on the initiatives of the Arroyo

Administration for Advancing Efforts for Sustainable Development in

Response to the Rio Summit of 1992 people can be aware of what

they can contribute to a better quality of life for all Filipinos through the

development of a just, moral and creative, spiritual, economically

vibrant, caring, diverse yet cohesive society characterized by

appropriate productivity, participatory and democratic processes, and

living in harmony and within the limits of the carrying capacity of nature

and the integrity of creation.

B. Statement of the Problem

The researchers will pose on the question,

What are the strategies of the Arroyo Administration to advance

the goal of sustainable development in the Philippines in response to

the Rio Summit of 1992?

Furthermore, the researcher will also attempt to go into details of

the main problem by elucidating on the following sub-problems:

1. Are there any specific policies or programs implemented by

the Arroyo Administration relevant to sustainable development?


6/47

2. What are the indicators of the success of the programs

implemented by the Arroyo Administration to advance sustainabledevelopment?

C. Objectives

This study will be conducted in order to

1. Develop an awareness of the historical background of the

development of the national strategy for sustainable development

2. Recognize the various efforts exerted by government to pursue

sustainable development.

3. To familiarize you, the reader with the strategies formulated for the

countrys sustainable development efforts and to study in detail the

national plan for sustainable development.

D. Significance of the Study

This study will be value of Sustainable Development, to thefuture Policy Making, to the Body of Knowledge and to the Future

Researchers.


7/47

To Future Policy Making

This paper is significant in future policy making because thecurrent wave of globalization is increasingly posing some threats to the

countrys sovereignty as the imperatives of global capital often cannot

be expected to attune the national interest. And for years, one of the

major problems of the Philippines was the continuous abuse of the

natural resources that one of the countrys engines and source of

employment, growth and national development. Philippines need

skillful diplomacy in dealing with those who can be responsible enough

to help attaining Sustainable Development for the future Generation.

To the Body of Knowledge

The importance of this paper to the body of knowledge is to

know the current concern about sustainability arises from the

recognition that environmental and natural resource degradation can

be a barrier to economic development. Holistic science and

appropriate technology and

the search for solutions to complex milieu of development problems

has to be undertaken with the perspective of specific problems in the

larger social and ecological context. This approach facilitates the

development and use of appropriate technology.

To Future Researchers

Through this paper, the future researchers will gain facts about

the capacity sustainability involve some form of conservation or


8/47

maintenance of the capital base by which the well-being of future

generations can be sustained. Self-determination, respecting the rightand relying in the inherent capacity of the country and its people to

decide on the course of their own development.

E. Scope and Limitations

The study is strictly limited to emphasis on the Initiatives of the

Arroyo Administration for Advancing Efforts for Sustainable

Development in Response t the Rio Summit of 1992. The study will

only concentrate on the Sustainable Development Indicators for the

Philippines. In order to develop public awareness of the

interdependence between environmental quality and economic

productivity and, in the process, create a strong constituency for

environmental protection.


9/47

Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework for sustainable development recognizes

the functional differentiation of modern society into three realms

interacting with, but independent from, each other. Those three

essential societal dimensions comprise economy, polity and culture

are the realms where business, government and civil society, the key

players in sustainable development. The issues address including a

scrutiny of patterns of production among global conditions. The

Republic of the Philippines and the U.N Commissions come up with a

plan to sustain the needs of society and this summit brings up the

Agenda 21, they established this to further develop the principle and

practice ofsustainable development within the country. On the whole,

the Philippine Agenda 21 does not merely look at sustainable

development in its broad dimensions and it leaves with an outcome of

positive and negative. Its implementation will address three distinct

objectives which, if attained simultaneously, will virtually ensure

sustainable development on all fronts, the reduction and elimination of

mass poverty and the promotion of equity, the preservation of

environmental resilience, the promotion of efficiency, or the ability ofthe market to price resources according to the structure of supply and

demand and the wider consequences of their depletion.


10/47

CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will present the Related Issues to be used by the

Researchers in order to support the research with sufficient data in

conducting the study

EARTH SUMMIT

The United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development, also known as the Rio Summit, Earth Summit was the

major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to

June 14, 1992. The issues address including a systematic scrutiny of

patterns of productions particularly the productions of toxic

components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including

radioactive chemicals, also the alternative sources of energy to

replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to global climate

change, and the new reliance on public transportations systems in

order reduce vehicle emissions, congestions in cities and the health

problems cause by polluted air and smog.

An important achievement was an agreement on the Climate

Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol._______________

*Wikipedia.com Earth Summit held by the U.N.C.E.D to promote sustainable development on climate change


11/47

Another agreement was to not carry out any activities on the lands of

indigenous peoples that would cause environmental degradation orthat would be culturally inappropriate.

The Earth Summit resulted in documents such as Rio Declaration on

Environment and Development, Agenda 21, Convention on Biological

Diversity Forest Principles, and Framework Convention on Climate

Change.

Both Convention on Biological Diversity and Framework Convention

on Climate Change were set as legally binding agreements.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS FOR THE

PHILIPPINES

Socio-economicWelfare

Indicators of well-being include measures of major determinants

of the standard of living: productivity, unemployment and income

distribution (Krugman, 1992); and measures of the level of satisfaction

of basic human needs: education, health, housing, safe drinking water,

sanitation and clean environment. The two well known indices of well

being are human development index and the World Banks wealth of

nation index. These two indices, as most indices develop at multilateral institutions, have been calculated to facilitate cross-country

comparison

_________


12/47

Sustainable Indicators,p.17

While they may be helpful in setting national aims and targets vis--vis

other countries, this indicators need to be supplemented by the other

indicators for more Hence, ad hoc simplifying assumptions have often

been used in their calculation. Specific policy making at the national

level.

Concepts of Sustainable Development

There is greater recognition that the environmental and natural

resources are scarce economic resources which can impose severe

constraints to economic development if the natural environment is

used at higher than socially optimal rates. The natural environment

serves several functions: it renders waste disposal services, serves as

an input to production and consumption activities, either directly or

indirectly and offers amenity services. Spatial and temporalexternalities characterize the use of most environmental goods. The

market may not fully reflect the social value of an environmental

resource. In particular, its indirect use values in providing ecological

services maintaining life-support systems and its non use values such

as option values and existence values may not be reflected in the price

of environmental good. Due to market failures and policy failures,

some of the environmental services are unpriced or priced below their

social values; this economic condition has led to environmental

degradation. Optimality can be restored through appropriate


13/47

government policy intervention, settling of property rights issues or

through Coaseian negotiations. There are various definitions ofsustainability concepts in the literature; a compilation of published

definitions is given by Pezzey (1992). It is helpful to first relate the

sustainability concept to those of economic growth and economic

development. Economic growth has been defined as increasing real

value of aggregate consumption or output; conventional measures of

economic growth are the GNP and GDP measures. Economic

development, on the other hand, has been associated with

improvements in human well-being. In the context of an optimization

with economic growth expanding the choice set of economic agents.

The basic model of optimal economic development posits the

maximization of the present discounted value of social welfare or

utility. Social welfare or utility sometimes referred to as quality of life-

may not be directly observable or easily measurable. Since the

concept of economic development requires a measure of aggregate

welfare, there are questions of interpersonal utility comparisons and

normative judgments on individual welfare weights. Whereas

economic growth can be based mainly on the concept of economic

efficiency, social welfare maximization depends on the distribution of

well-being. Hence, equity considerations have to be incorporated inthe formulation of policies for economic development.

_______________

*The Brundtland Commission (WCED) report Our Common Future (1987) when it defined sustainable


14/47

development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.

Moreover, since optimal economic development is an

intertemporal problem, there are intergenerational equity

considerations and the social discount rate is a key feature. A

definition of sustainable development is nondeclining per capital utility

(Pezzey, 1992), that is, the quality of life should not decline over the

long-term future. Dasgupta (1993) notes two alternative definitions

which can imply different choices of development paths. Sustainable

development may mean that the chosen consumption path should as

a minimum never fall short of some stipulated positive level. For poor,

natural resource-based economies, the stipulated level may be some

subsistence minimum in which case the sustainability criterion reduces

to that of survivability. Munasinghe (1993) summarizes the essence of

the concept of sustainable development as an approach that will

permit continuing improvements in the quality of life with a lower

intensity of resource use, thereby leaving for future generations as an

undiminished or even enhanced stock of natural resources and other

assets. Sustainability is then a constraining criterion in choosing the

sustainable development path. The problem of optimal economic

development is choosing the sustainable development path which

gives the greatest present discounted value. The current concern


15/47

about sustainability arises from the recognition that environmental and

natural resource degradation can be a barrier to economicdevelopment.. The economic perspective is based on the Hicks-

Lindahl concept of the maximum flow of income that could be

generated while at least maintaining the economys capital stock. The

ecological view focuses on the stability of biophysical systems to

preserve the resilience and dynamic ability of natural systems to

resists shocks and adapt to changes. The sociocultural aspect aims to

maintain the stability of social and cultural systems, for example, by

better use of knowledge of sustainable practices of indigenous groups

and the participation of community-based organizations and local

communities for a more effective decision making framework and

implementation of socially sustainable development plans. Variations

across countries in preferences and initial conditions suggest that

there is no universally correct approach to sustainable development

To obtain operational definitions and measurable indicators of

sustainable development, some salient elements in the sustainable

development debate are next identified. The interpretation of the

notion of maintaining the economys capital stock hinges on the

definition of capital. Generally accepted classifications are natural

resources, renewable and nonrenewable, man-made or physicalcapital (machines and structures), and human capital (stock of

knowledge). Renewable resources have been noted to be relatively

more important in developing countries than in developed countries.


16/47

The optimal development plan with respect to the use of an

environmental or natural resource will depend, among other factors________________*Pezzey (1992) Sustainable development can also mean that well-being must never be allowed to decline,

*Dasgupta(1993)

*Munasinghe(1993),Hicks-Lindahlconcept

,on the degree of substitutability among the different capital goods, the

state of technology and the rate of technical progress, the rate

of discovery of new sources of nonrenewable resources, the

regeneration rates of renewable resources, and the limits imposed by

the problem of irreversibilitys and uncertainties about the future. The

tradeoff between consumption and environmental quality can be a

function of the stage of economic growth, as illustrated by various

environmental Kuznets curves. Conditions required to satisfy

sustainability involve some form of conservation or maintenance of the

capital base by which the well-being of future generations can be

sustained. Through capital bequests, future generations are

compensated for any decrease in well-being caused by the activities of

the current generation. With respect to the optimal rate of extraction or

use of natural resources, sustainability paradigms vary according to

the assumed substitutability between different forms of capital

resources. At one end is the assumption of very weak sustainability

(Solow sustainability) which assumes perfect substitution between

natural and manmade capital; at the other extreme is the notion of very


17/47

strong sustainability (stationary state sustainability) which assumes

perfect complementarily or nonsubstitution among the various forms ofcapital. Under very weak sustainability, natural resources and the

environment are considered as additional forms of capital in the

neoclassical production framework. The focus under the very strong

sustainability assumption is on the scale effect, that is the scale of

human impact relative to the global carrying capacity. From this

perspective, significance is given to the existence of thresholds and

discontinuities in the ecological system that can result in large-scale

damage once thresholds are exceeded (as can occur with the

greenhouse effect and ozone depletion problems). The very weak

sustainability rule, which assumes perfect capital substitution, requires

that the overall stock of capital assets remain constant over time. This

result has been modified under assumptions of more limited

substitution possibilities and the presence of an upper bound on the

assimilative capacity of the environment and a lower bound on the

level of natural capital stocks necessary to ensure ecosystem stability.

Under weak sustainability (WS, modified Solow sustainability),

constraints on resource use are required for ecosystem stability and

resilience. The objective is not the preservation of specific attributes of

the ecological community but to manage the system the possibility ofirreversibility and uncertainty about the impact of economic activities

on ecosystem performance has led to the precautionary principle and

the concept of safe minimum standards.


18/47

Philippine Initiatives for Sustainable DevelopmentIt aims to develop awareness of the historical background of the

development of the national strategy for sustainable development also

to recognize the various efforts exerted by government to pursue

_______________

* Turner (1993) Meet human needs, support species and genetic diversity, and enable the system to adapt

(resilience) to changing condition

sustainable development before, during and after the Earth Summit at

Rio de Janeiro to familiarize the reader with the strategies formulated

for the countrys sustainable development efforts and to study in detail

the national plan for sustainable development. Augmented with a

social component, this interplay of objectives was succinctly captured

in Brundtlands Commissions (WCED) when it defined sustainable

development as development that meets the needs of the present

without comprising the ability of future generation to meet their own

need. This definition provided the backbone for the discussions and

conventions embodied at the United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development (1992). For this purpose, the UN

Commission on Sustainable Development was established to

coordinate the implementation of agenda 21 and to further develop the

principles and practice of sustainable development.


19/47

1977 otherwise known as the Philippine policy which legal

institutionalized an urgent mandate of formulating an intensive andintegrated program of environmental protection, the subsequent

issuance of Pd 1152. 1977 which established the administrative

system for environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), a process in

which likely environmental consequences of development projects are

studied and predicted in order to allow counter measures to migrate or

enhance negative or positive impacts, respectively.

Developing a National Strategy for Sustainable Development

In the Philippines, environmental movements had been felt as early as

the 1970s. With the initiatives were taken by the government to

ensure the interest of the environment among which were: (a) a

workshop on education and training needs for the Philippine

environmental programs in 1974; (b) Promulgation of Presidential

decree 1511,s. 1977 in which legal institutionalized an urgent mandate

of formulating an intensive and integrated program of environmental

subsequent issuance of Pd 1152 that stipulates the strategic

interventions needed to carry out these police protection; (c) issuance

of the Letter of Instructions 594, s. 1977 which established the

administrative system for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), a

process in which likely environmental consequences of development


20/47

projects are studied and predicted in order to allow countermeasures

to migrate or enhance negative or positive impacts, respectively.

THE PHILIPPINE STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The Philippines has drawn its own sustainable development strategy

even prior to the United Nations Conference on environment and

Development (UNICED). Its goals and strategies have in fact been

incorporated into the Philippine Agenda 21.

_______________

* Club of Romes Limits to Growth (1972), early stirrings of environmental consciousness triggered by the

bleak prophecies * Presidential decree 1511, s. 1977 otherwise known as the Philippine policy

* Pd 1152 or the Philippine Environmental Code

National and regional consultations were held to come up with a

common concept of sustainable development and how it should be

implemented in our country.

Although Philippine Agenda 21 (PA21) is an important part of our

commitment in UNICED, It also follows up on Sustainable

Development, the formulation of the Social Reform Agenda and the

Conference on Human Ecological Security. It also acknowledges

indigenous or traditional practiced as a heritage of sustainable

development in the Philippines. Balanced sectoral development can be

regarded as ultimate vision of sustainable development. This vision

adopts the development principal growth with equity among people,


21/47

generations and localities. Attaining the balanced development of

social, economic and environmental sectors in expected to result in astable growth and development of these three sectors. From the

Philippine perspective, sustainable development is not a modern-day

concept. Many Filipino indigenous cultural groups have been

observing sustainable practices and principles of evident in their

traditions, beliefs and way of life. Hence, while the sustainable

development derives the meaning from global discourse, it must be

rooted in the context of Philippine reality and aspirations.

_______________

*Philippine Agenda 21 or commonly known as the National Action Plan for Sustainable Development* This is

contained in the Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development (PSSD) adopted in the Cabinet Resolution on

November 29, 1989

In addition, the extensive national and regional consultations on PA 21

provide a mechanism for and represent a critical part of achieving a

genuine consensus on how sustainable development should be

conceptualize and implemented .

Therefore, PA 21 builds on outcomes of and provides an

integrating conceptual and operational framework for these

consultation and initiatives in sustainable development. PA 21

envisions a better quality of life for all through the development of a

just, moral, creative, spiritual, economical vibrant, caring, diverse yet

cohesive society characterized by appropriate productivity,


22/47

participatory and democratic processes and living harmony within the

limits of the carrying of nature and integrity of creation.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter will present the type of Scientific Techniques to be used

by the Researchers in order to support the research with sufficient

data in conducting the study.

Research Design

The research utilizes an Ex Post Facto design, because the Strategy

on how the data will be gathered and analyzed is planned after the


23/47

occurrence of the events. In here, the researchers have no opportunity

in manipulating exposure to the independent variable. Particularly, theresearchers further uses explanatory method, which attempts to offers

the exact strategy on how the researchers will treat the data that will

be gathered with efficiency.

Types of Data

The researchers conduct a study and will use the primary data, we will

gather through conducting interviews to personalities who savvy in

issues are concerning on the Initiatives of the Arroyo Administration for

Advancing Efforts for Sustainable Development in Response to the Rio

Summit of 1992. We will visit the Department of Environmental and

Natural Resources and Department of Tourism to interview reliable

personalities who can give information on the Sustainable

Development of the Philippines and it includes about the Philippine

Agenda 21. However, the researchers also make use of the secondary

data as we will also visit the Libraries that may have filed unpublished

reports concerning the Efforts of the Arroyo Administration for

Sustainable Development in Response to the Rio Summit of 1992.The

researchers will also gather data mainly from the articles, journals,

news clippings and other archives related to the study available on theDepartment of Environmental Natural Resources and Department of

Tourism related to the Sustainable Development of the Philippines and

from other public libraries as further supports for the data foundation of


24/47

the study.. It can be drawn from annual reports, pamphlets, journals,

and articles for the updates on the status of the Summit. For thepurpose of updating the information gathered from non-field sources,

the researchers will cull that data from the readily available information

in the internet. Online articles that give sufficient current data that will

update the information incorporated in the study will be assessed and

eventually will constitute the data foundation of the study

Data Gathering Technique

After visiting the Department of Environment and Natural resources,

Department of Tourism and National Economic Development

Authority, the researchers, will allot ample time in visiting different

public libraries that have collection of written sources that can be a big

help in the pursuit of the study. Surfing the net will also be considered

as one of the option as a technique in data gathering especially in the

purpose of updating the information incorporated in the study.

Method of Analyzing Data

The different data was gathered by the researchers for this study willmainly concentrate on study on the Initiatives of the Arroyo


Response to the Rio Summit of 1992. Thus, the method of data


25/47

analysis that will be used by the researchers will be the case study

method because it gives intensive, integrated and insightful methodinvestigating social phenomena on the Initiatives of the Arroyo


Response to the Rio Summit of 1992 mainly on strategies that focuses

on promoting on political, cultural and economical issues. That will be

the main foundation of the study in order to explain how in particular

change can take place in terms of Sustainable Development.

CHAPTER 4

Presentation, Analysis & Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the data, which was collected from

Validated Questionnaire, interviews, observation and other reading

materials that were organized, classified and statistically treated. The

data presented analyzed and interpreted in the context of the problems

presented in chapter 1.


26/47

Results of the Study Conducted by the ResearchersTable 1: Strategies of the Arroyo Administration to advance the goalof sustainable development in the Philippines in response to the RioSummit of 1992.

Table 1.1

Areas of Concern

1. Conservation andManagement ofResources forSustainableDevelopment

Arroyo Initiatives/Agenda in the Implementation ofPhilippine Agenda 21

-WWF lauds PGMA initiatives on climate change

(Monday, 19 October 2009) The World Wide Fund forNature (WWF), an international non-governmentorganization with a mission to halt and reverse thedestruction of environment, lauded President GloriaMacapagal-Arroyo for calling attention to climate chargeand its effects on the environment. President Arroyo isadopting policies and initiatives designed to raise publicawareness on the issue. The President encourage theprivate sectors participation in support of the CoralTriangle Initiatives. The Coral Triangle is a geographicalterm that refers to the waters of Indonesia, Papua NewGuinea, the Philippines, Solomon Islands and Timor-Lestethat encompass 75 percent of all species known in theworld. President Arroyo, in May this year, signed the CoralTriangle Initiatives with the other five heads of state ofAsia-Pacific Nations to address threats to the marine,coastal, and small island ecosystems within the CoralTriangle region.

Areas of Concern

Country Initiatives/Agenda in the Implementation ofPhilippine Agenda 21

- Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) Summit (2007)-President Arroyo gives her remarks and signs the adoption

of the CTI Summit. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

continues the countrys commitment to preserve nature asshe goes international in protecting the marine resources and

coral reefs in the country.-The 2004-2010 Medium Terms Philippine DevelopmentPlan has devoted an entire chapter (Chapter 3) on thePhilippine Environment and Natural Resources. It describesthe rich bounty of our country being blessed with so much

natural resources yet also becoming vulnerable to bothman-made and natural factors. This covers the forest eco-system and its resources, the alienable and disposable landresources, biodiversity, coastal and marine ecosystem. Italso discussed the abundant minerals that can befound in our country yet still not maximized due to obstaclessuch as declining market price and policy inconsistencies.-Green Philippines Agenda (2009) puts an emphasis on asustainable economic model that brings economicopportunity and a concern for our environment, indeed, amodel of green industry. It is devoted to a sustainableeconomic model that allows for growth, job creation, and

environmental stewardship."


27/47

Areas of Concern

2. Social andEconomicDimensions

Arroyo Initiatives/Agenda in the Implementation ofPhilippine Agenda 21

- The 2004-2010 Medium Term Philippine DevelopmentPlan has devoted an entire chapter (Chapter 3) on thePhilippine Environment and Natural Resources. Itdescribes the rich bounty of our country being blessed withso much natural resources yet alsobecoming vulnerable toboth man-made and natural factors. This covers the foresteco-system and its resources, the alienable and disposableland resources, biodiversity,coastal and marine ecosystem.It also discussed the abundant minerals that can befound

in our country yet still not maximized due to obstacles suchas declining marketprice and policy inconsistencies.- R.A 9593 or the tourism act of 2009 also known as theNational Tourism Policy Act 2009, was signed into law byPresident Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo during the culminationof the two-day One Visayas Summit on Climate Change.RA 9593 is an act declaring a national policy for tourism asan engine of investment, employment, growth and nationaldevelopment. The law will give a boost the countrystourism industry, strengthening the Department of Tourism(DOT) and its attached agencies to effectively andefficiently implement tourism policies.


28/47

Table 1.1 This section consists of two major areas of concern, namely:

Conservation and Management of Resources for Development and

Social and Economic Dimensions. It also presents accomplishments

not necessarily falling under the country's commitments to Agenda 21

by the Arroyo Government.

Table 2: Policies or programs implemented by the Arroyo

Administration relevant to sustainable development. The country made

significant strides in the development of policies, plans and programs

to fulfill its commitments in the UNCED. Most significant of thesestrides are:

Table 2.1

Category

Poverty,

Population,

NaturalResources(Fishery,Forestry,Mineral

resources)

Policies/Plans/Programs

1. the adoption and implementation of an integratedand comprehensive agenda for poverty eradication,underpinned by a commitment to social reform andthe sustainable management of the environment andnatural resources;

2. the development of a program on population within aPRE framework;

3. the development of a comprehensive action plan onsustainable human settlements;

4. the development of resource accounts in the fishery,forestry, and mineral sectors, and the developmentof an operational framework for a Philippine systemof economic and environmental accounts;

5. the enactment of an integrated protected areasystem and the implementation of a program for this;

6. the adoption of a biodiversity strategy;7. the adoption and implementation of a comprehensive

master plan for forestry development; and,8. the adoption of a National Marine Policy.


29/47

Table 2.1

These policies, plans, and programs are in various stages of

application. All these, in sum, represent substantial work put into

building the foundation for sustainable development in the country. On

top of these initiatives, a framework plan and action agenda has beenadopted by the Philippines to pursue its commitments to the Global

Agenda 21 and related international agreements more consistently

and systematically. Current initiatives by the country in the

development of policies, plans, and programs relating to sustainable


30/47

development suggest a shifting of the development framework toward

a more people-focused and ecosystem-based strategy.

Indicators of the success of the programs implemented by the

Arroyo Administration to advance sustainable development.

A. Productivity

Regardless of the state of development of a country,

productivity is a major, if not most significant, determinant of the

standard of living in the country. Hence, the productivity issue is

related to the efficiency aspect of sustainable development.

Economist have developed sophisticated multi factor productivity

indices which are basically ratios of an output quantity index to

an input quantity index (diewert, 1981; 1992)

__________

Sustainable Indicators,p.17

B. Income Distribution

Income distribution issue can be broken into the problems

of poverty and the problem of income inequality.

Underlying the analysis is the normative value judgment that

society wants the poor to be better off and the society with less

income inequality, all other things the same, is preferred. Hence,


31/47

indicators can be divided into measures of poverty and

measures of income inequality.

A. Indicators of poverty

The concerns of this set of indicators are the sources of

income and the role of the agricultural, forestry, and fishery

resources, the renewable resources, in income generation. The

analysis of these indicators can have the significant policy

implications of the implementation of the government Social

Reform Agenda. (SRA). The major source of income of 45

percent of families in 1994 is wages and salaries. Probably due

to increasing employment in the formal economy, there has been

a trend towards a greater proportion of a family having wages

and salaries as main source of income, away from

entrepreneurial activities. In absolute numbers, there I s a much

greater number of families in agriculture compared to fishing and

forestry; forestry has smallest number of families If the income

brackets are in constant pesos, then the figures indicate a

significant escape from the lowest income bracket to the middle

income bracket for rural families engage in these activities.

Table 1.19

Urban Median Income as A proportion of overall Median Income

1985, 1988, 1991 and 1994


32/47

1.60

1.55

1.50

1.45

1.40

1.35

Year 1985 1988 1991 1994

Figure I.20Urban Median Expenditure As A

Proportion of Overall MedianExpenditure

1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994


33/47

1.54Urban median

1.52expenditure as a1.50

proportion of

1.48average median

1.46expenditure

1.44

1.42

1.40

1.38Year 1985 1988 1991 1994

Figure I.21Savings to Median Income Ratio

1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994

Savings tomedian 0.16income ratio

0.14

0.12


34/47

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

Year 1985 1988 1991 1994

Total Urban Rural

Figure 1.22Percentage of Families By Main Source of Income

1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994

50.0045.0040.0035.0030.0025.00


35/47

20.0015.00

10.005.000.00

1985 1988 1991 1994

C. Employment

Employment generation or creation of jobs has been a

major concern to policy makers. Except likely for those in the top

income group, labor services are major source of income for mostpeople. The export of labor services through overseas contract

workers has also played a significant role in the Philippine economy

since the 1980s particularly during periods of poor economic

performance. The following are some indicators useful in analyzing the

labor institution.

Domestic employment statistics

The data for these set of indicators are given in tables 1. 31-

1.32 and illustrated in figures 1.51 and 1.52. Labor force participation

has increased from 61.7 percent in 1981 to 65. 6 percent to 1995; the

Wages and Salaries Entrep. Activities Other


36/47


37/47


38/47

also known to be the richest land ecosystems in biomass and

biodiversity. Major causes of deforestation are excessive logging andconversion of forest lands to agricultural and other uses.

Ecosystems

1.1 Economic Contribution

The data for this set of indicators are given in tables II.1-II.8 and

illustrated in figures II.1-II.9. Since 1991, the forestry sector has

contributed less than 1 percent to annual GNP. Partially, due to the log

in ban policy an old growth dipterocarp forests, the production volumes

of log, lumber, plywood and veneer have been declining since 1989;

the corresponding proportions of production that is exported have also

declining. With the decline in domestic production and increasing

domestic demand due to population and income growth, it is expected

that the export performance of the sector will also suffer. There have

been substantial increases in the imports of log since 1989 and of

lumber since 1993. By 1989, the Philippines have become a net

importer of logs. The behavior of the prices of forest product need to

be explained also it must be clarified with the department of

environment and natural resources (DENR) whether the performanceof the forestry sector is consistent with their master plan and an

anticipated outcome in line with their overall forestry strategy.

Illustrative data for 1992 and 1993 are given in table II.6 for this year


39/47

though there have been increases in value of output and value added,

employment and total compensation have decline.

As a source of fuel wood, the forest is a major energy source of

subsistence families in upland areas. Estimates of the quantity of fuel

woods gathered in upland areas are provided by the ENRAP accounts

(see table I.3) the economic contribution of the forest ecosystem

includes the provision of ecological services which are usually non

marketed or price below their social values. Hence, in addition to the

indicators above, indicators for the performance of the ecological

functions of the forest ecosystem are needed. Examples are indicators

for water supply, flood control, soil erosion, sedimentation and drought

control.

1.2 Tenure and Management

The data for this set of indicators are given in table II.18-II.25

and illustrated in figures II.17-II.18. Reforestation is a major problem of

the government in light of the perceived state of the forest ecosystem

using sampling scheme, the DENR can device a rating scheme toevaluate the state of areas reforested in the previous period of, say,

five or eight years. Because of the externality and public good aspect

of the services of the forest resources, the property rights issue is

important in addressing the problems of this sector. The management


40/47

of forest resources have various actors among which are the

government, the private sector and the community, includingindigenous people.

Low land/ Agricultural Ecosystem

The major function of the agricultural ecosystem is food

production. A national concern is food security which does not

necessarily means self sufficiency. The joining of Philippines in

the world trade organization is expected to expose the

agricultural sector to fiercer international competition: it is one of

the sectors expected to need substantial adjustment to greater

and freer global trade.

2.1 Economic contribution

The data for this set of indicators are given in tables III.1-

III.6 and illustrated in figures III.1-III.5. The shares of the various

sectors in GDP through their value added contribution indicate

the structure of the economy. By 1995, the renewable resourcesectors, agriculture, fishery and forestry, contributed 22 percent

of GDP while industry and services contributed 35 percent and

43 percent, respectively (table III.2). In 1993, the gross value

added of the agricultural sector was 18 percent of GDP, fishery


41/47

was 4 percent, and forestry was 0.5 percent. For the 1994-1996

periods, the per capita agricultural production (includinglivestock, poultry and fishery products) remained fairly constant.

2.2 Land use and Land Productivity

The data for this set of indicators are given in Tables III.7-

III.10 and illustrated in figures III.6-III.9. About 8.57 million

hectares, or 28.6 percent of the total land area of the country, is

suitable for cultivation or limited cultivation. The land use

percentage changes reported in Table III.8 are from the FAO

Production Yearbook. The BAS of the department of Agriculture

reports annual data on agricultural area, production and value by

kind of crop. Hence, changes in land area used for agricultural

crops can easily be monitored. Land productivity can be

indicated by the ratio of the quantity (measured in metric tons) of

a crop produced to the area used in its production (Figure III.8

and Table III.10). Since the crop classification cereals, major

crops, and other crops.


42/47

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents a summary of the findings established from the

data gathered in the study. It answers the specific problems


43/47

enumerate in Chapter 1. It also gives conclusions derived from the

summarized findings and recommendations.

Summary of Findings

The following are the summary of findings which are the answers to

the Statement of the Problems:

1. Arroyo administration builds projects and programs concerning of

Sustainable development such as north wind Bangui Bay project which

produce an annual electricity generation of approximately 86.7 GWh.

The project is expected to displace greed electricity generated from

fossil fuels, the ASIA CDM capacity building initiative which is posted

in Chapter 4.

2. Green Philippines Agenda is one of the programs implemented by

the Arroyo government that relevant to sustainable development.

3. Sustainable economic model that brings economic opportunity and

a concern for our environment, indeed, a model of green industry is

one of the indicators of the success of the programs implemented by

the Arroyo Administration.

Conclusions

This is the conclusion drawn by the researchers from the findings of

the researchers.


44/47

The objective of this study was to analyze the issues concerning

the Initiatives of the Arroyo Administration for Advancing Efforts forSustainable Development in Response to the Rio Summit of 1992. The

findings from the data gathered by the researchers were the

Conservation and Management of Resources for sustainable

development. Furthermore, the National sustainable development

action agenda with a perspective and framework that places people

and nature at the centre of development initiatives. Since it builds on

the existing and on-going initiatives, PA21 serves as the country's

mechanism for paradigm shift in the pursuit of a better quality of life for

the Filipino people.

Recommendations:

Following are our recommendation for Initiatives of the ArroyoAdministration for Advancing Efforts for Sustainable Development inResponse to the Rio Summit of 1992:

1. Use Waste Materials for New Products

2. Replace or convert carbon-intensive-generating technologies with

low-carbon, carbon-free, or high-efficiency technologies such as


45/47

combined-cycle natural gas, renewable sources, more advanced clean

coal and clean distributed generation in ways that ensure reliability ofthe electricity supply.

3. Enhance development, commercialization, and introduction of, and

capital flow towards new climate friendly technologies.

4. Enable and enhance markets for retail energy services that

encourage energy efficiency and the use low carbon and carbon-free

energy technologies.

5. Eliminate or lower grid exit fees for cleaner power sources

6. Recognize the environmental characteristics of existing carbon-free

power generation.

7. Increase Coordination within Government and BetweenGovernment, Public, and Private Stakeholders

Bibliography

http://nord.twu.net/acl/agenda21.html

http://pcsd.neda.gov.ph/

http://www.google.com/http://www.psdn.org.ph/agenda21/rio01.htm#socio

Pezzey, J. 1992. Sustainable Development Concepts: an

Economic analysis (World Bank Environment paper number 2).
http://nord.twu.net/acl/agenda21.htmlhttp://pcsd.neda.gov.ph/http://www.google.com/http://www.psdn.org.ph/agenda21/rio01.htm#sociohttp://nord.twu.net/acl/agenda21.htmlhttp://pcsd.neda.gov.ph/http://www.google.com/http://www.psdn.org.ph/agenda21/rio01.htm#socio


46/47

Bartelmus, P. 1994. Environment, Growth and Development: the

Concepts and strategies of Sustainability (Routledge,London).

Balisacan, A.M. and R.T.C. Bacawag.__. Inequality, Poverty, and

Urban-Rural Growth Linkages. In: Spatial development, Land use,

and Urban-Rural Growth Linkages in the Philippines (Intergrated

Population and Development Planning (IPDP)Project, National

Economic and Development Authority(NEDA)).

Dasgupta, P.1993.Optimal Versus Sustainable Development. In:

Serageldin, Ismail and A. Steer (eds.) Valuing the Environment:

Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on

Environmentally Sustainable Development held at the World

Bank, Washington, D.C., September 30-October 1, 1993.

Dasgupta, P. 1995. Optimal Development and the Idea of Net

National Product. In: Goldin, Ian and L. Alan Winters (eds.) The

Economics of Sustainable Development (Cambridge University

Press, England). Ch. 6, 111-143.

Krugman, P. 1992. The Age of Diminished Expectations (MIT

Press, Massachusetts).


47/47

Diewert, W.E. 1981. The Economic Theory of Index Numbers: A

Survey. In: Deaton, A. (ed.) Essays in the Theory andMeasurement of Consumer Behavior in honor of Sir Richard

Stone (Cambridge University Press, England). 163-208.

Diewert, W.E 1992 Fisher Ideal Output, Input, and Productivity

Indexes Revisited. Journal of Productivity Analysis 3, 211-48.

Munansinghe, M. 1993. Environmental Issues and economic

Decisions in Developing countries, world Development 21, 1729-

1748.

Philippine Council for Sustainable Development (Republic of the

Philippines). 1996. Philippine Agenda 21: A National Agenda for

Sustainable Development.

Republic of the Philippines. 1996. CY 1996 Budget of

Expenditures and Sources of Financing.

Environmental Management Bureau (DENR, Philippines). 199_.

The Philippine Environment in the Eighties.

Thesis Really Done

Documents

Transcript of Thesis Really Done