Thesis final Ch. 1-3

8/10/2019 Thesis final Ch. 1-3

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EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE

1

THE USE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE

SUPPRESSION OF CRIMES IN SELECTED

BARANGAYS IN TONDO MANILA

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

The School of Criminology

Emilio Aguinaldo College

Ermita, Manila

In

Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

GJENERRICK CARLO R. MATEOJOHN MAHATMAL.BARLAM

JOHN CLARKS.NAYREALYSSA CAMILLE R. BAUTISTA

KIMBERLY MARIAH JACQUELINE C. DOMINGO

October, 2014
http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=tMnCU8F5vpAIcM&tbnid=TTtYDGlKoZfc6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo_College&ei=J4P2UfrAI8W9kAXWzYDoBQ&bvm=bv.49784469,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNHr0soYGqgZ9MMLpjMkBWwYtqAO7w&ust=1375196316520542


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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

According to Walsh, the term criminal can and has been applied to many types of

behavior, some of which nearly all of us have been guilty of at some time in our lives. We

call think of acts that we feel ought to be criminal but are not, or acts that should not be

criminal but are. Paul Tappan in 1947 defined crime as an international act in violation

of the criminal law committed without defense or excuse, and penalized by the state.

A crime is thus an act or omission in violation of law for which punishment is prescribed;

the person committing it must have intended to do so and must have done so without

legally acceptable defense or justification.

Many studies have already been conducted since 18thcentury just to determine

the causes of criminality and criminal behavior. Because of this, many theories have

arisen from the minds of different scalars across the globe, they have different ideas, but

they share only one purpose, and that is to provide an answer.


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Some say that there are factors to be considered as reasons, like when some of

them explains that the non-existence of norms in a society encourages a person to

commit unlawful acts, some claimed that the body type of the person has something to

do with regards to his criminal behavior, others put emphasis on a persons set of needs

required for his survival and according to them, failure of a person to attain this needs

will result in criminality, others blamed the bad spirits, others said it is inherited, but there

is one theory that was appreciated by the majority and also accepted to stand as basis

for the explanation of the causes of criminality and criminal behavior. The differential

associational theory of Edwin Sutherland who is considered as the Dean of Modern

Criminology by stating that Criminal Behavior is Learned and NOT Inherited

Crime is learned through socialization of communication with other people. The

techniques of committing crimes are also learned by participation with other people or

group of people through verbal and non-verbal means Sutherland

Crime happens in the environment, and just like a contagious disease it affects

the members of society and just easily spread all throughout the world.Because of

Sutherlands brilliant explanation about crimes and criminality, it was universally

accepted even up until now. And since crime happens in the environment agencies all

over the world utilized Police visibility as means of crime prevention. A Proactive Law

Enforcement strategy that lessens the possibility of the occurrence of crimes by instilling

fear or deterrence in the minds of possible criminal offenders.


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Deterrence is the main key in the effectiveness of this method. However, there

are still some places in the Philippines wherein the utilization of Police Omnipresence is

nearly impossible, especially in rural areas or provinces, and even in the dark streets of

Metro Manila. The absence of deterrence might raise the possibility for criminality to

occur. Criminals might just evade the punishment provided for the crime which they have

committed especially when there is no witness.

So, what might be the possible measures to take to provide solution to a crime

that was committed because of the absence of deterrence on the part of the offenders?

What would be the possible steps to be considered as recourse by someone who was

victimized by a robber in one of the darkest allies in tondo? By the parents of a high

school student who was raped in the backyard of the school in which shes enrolled? Or

even by an Actor who was illegally detained, tied up and got beaten up by a group of

men in one of the most fancy condominiums in Taguig?

As we all know, on January 22, 2014 (Wednesday), Its Showtime host Vhong Navarro

was allegedly tied up and attacked by a group of men inside a condominium unit in Fort

Bonifacio, Taguig.


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His suspect is a businessman named Cedrick Lee together with its companion.

Lee admitted that he and his companions are the ones responsible for beating up

Navarro but just for purposes of defending his friend DenieceCornejo who according to

Lee is about to be raped by Navarro. Contrary to the statement of Navarro who denied

being a rapist, claiming that the incident was a setup.

However, Lee has his witnessed and on the other hand Navarro has no evidence

to prove his version of story. But on January 29, 2014 the National Bureau of

Investigation released video footages from Forbeswood Condominium that became a

turning point to the case providing what really happened. Because of this, it is evident

that utilizing modern technologies is an important method in elucidating the truth for the

proper administration of justice and to effectively suppress criminality.

The main objective of this study is to provide the public in general, the citizens, or

members of the community, law enforcement agencies, barangay officials, security

agencies, the different branches of the government, the local government of Manila, and

others nationwide, the knowledge regarding the benefits of utilizing modern technologies

in the suppression of crimes, to furnish them information that was scientifically acquired

through research with regards to its effectiveness, to propose the use of modern

technologies as security measures in both public and private establishments by stating

its importance and most of all to make our contributions by exerting our efforts as

responsible members or the society in the pursuit of total absence of criminality and to

support the continuous improvement of public safety.


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Theoretical Framework.

The continuous increase in crime rate and in improper administration of justice

became a major problem not only for law enforcement officers but also for every

responsible members of the community as well as for all the participants in the criminal

justice system. The utilization of modern technologies became a necessity for everyone

who is in pursuit for the total absence of criminality and criminal behavior as well as for

those who are trying to attain a safe place to live, invests and do business with.

The dissemination of information regarding the effectiveness of modern

technologies in the suppression of crimes and its contribution in the proper

administration of justice is the purpose of conducting this study. Various studies have

been conducted for assessing the effectiveness of modern technologies in the

suppression of crimes.

The theory underlying the effectiveness of public surveillance technology as a

crime control tool is based on the belief that, if potential offenders know they are being

watched, they will refrain from criminal activity. This belief is consistent with rational

choice theory, which posits that potential offenders make purposeful, rational (albeit

bounded) decisions to commit crimes after weighing the potential costs and benefits of

the crime in question. Also, Video footagedocumenting crimes that transpired and


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identifying perpetrators and witnesses may aid in investigations and prosecutions,

increasing police and prosecutorial efficiency, benefiting victims of crimes whose cases

are able to be closed through the use of video evidence, and incapacitating a greater

number of offenders from committing future crimes. -

(http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Publications/e071112381_EvalPublicSurveillance.pdf p4,5)

Millions of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras are installed in streets and

businesses throughout the world with the stated goal of reducing crime and increasing

public safety. The United Kingdom is one of the most enthusiastic proponents, with an

estimated 1.9 million cameras in 2011 one for every 32 U.K. residents and the

number continues to rise. Chicago reportedly has at least 15,000 cameras installed in

one of the largest U.S. networks which has prompted civil liberties groups to express

strong concerns while in New York, cameras are increasingly found both on public

transit as well as in businesses and even high-end residences. The 9/11 attacks led

many municipalities to start installing CCTV systems. - See more at:

http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/surveillance-cameras-

and-crime#sthash.feM704Zs.dpuf


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Here in the Philippines, several barangays and business establishments started

the utilization of modern technologies in the prevention of crimes by instilling fear of

apprehension in the mind of the would be criminal offender as well as to suppress crime

once it was committed by determining the perpetrator with the use of Closed-Circuit

Television (CCTV).

This study will determine the effectiveness of modern technologies in combatting

crime in the city of Manila and to disseminate the information to its benefactors by

collecting all the data and information from different barangays, law enforcement

agencies and business establishments and making an assessment after thorough

evaluation and scientific analysis.


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Figure 1.

Conceptual Paradigm

Effectiveness

of modern

technologies

in the

suppression

of crimes

Theory Conduct

surveys in

barangays

w/in the city

of Manila as

well as to ask

for datas

and

information

from Law

EnforcementAgencies.

Record and

Organize all useful

collected datas

and information.

Make a thorough

Interpretation of

collected datas

and information

by means of

statistics and

scientific analysis.

-Assessment of

the Effectiveness

of utilizing

modern

technologies in

the suppression

of crimes

-Effects in crime

control becauseof its utilization

-Information

regarding its

effectiveness

-Proposal of its

use by stating its

importance

throughpresentation

INPUT Process OUTPUT

Study basis

Data and

Information

Gathering

Evaluation of

collected datas

and information

Interpretation of

collected datas

and informationOutcome


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Statement of Problem

This study determines the use of Modern Technologies in the Suppression of

Crimes in the Selected Barangays in Tondo Manila.Specifically the following problem will

be answered in this study:

Specifically the following problem will be answered in this study:

1. The Personal Profile of the Respondents in terms of:

1.1.1. Age

1.2. Sex

1.3. Civil status

1.4. Educational Attainment

1.5. Length of stay in the locality

2. What are the common crimes committed within the community according to the

record of the police station?

3. What are the advantages of utilizing modern technologies relative crime prevention

and suppression?

4. What are the respondents recommended modern technologies necessary for the

enhancement of security in selected Barangays in Tondo Manila?


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Assumptions

1. the utilization of modern technologies will help the people in their pursuit for the total

absence of criminality.

2. The utilization of modern technologies will be an effective way to assist the state in

the proper administration of justice.

3. The utilization of modern technologies will not only prevent the occurrence of crimes

but also an effective method of suppressing it.

4. The utilization of modern technologies will also be an effective way to assure ones

feeling of safety and security.

5. The utilization of modern technologies was used to monitor and record images of

what takes place in specific locations in real time.

Significance of the Study

The ultimate benefactors of this study are:

The community the citizenswho lives in the City of Manila particularly in Tondo. will

be educated or be provided with knowledge regarding easy and efficient methods of

pursuing justice with the help of modern technologies.

Law Enforcement Agencies to inform them of the necessity of utilizing modern

technologies as a helpful method in fulfilling their duty particularly in criminal

investigation.


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Barangay Officials To propose the installations of cctv and other gadgets that can

increase the safety and security within their community.

Security AgenciesTo provide them information regarding modern technologies that

will enhance their capacity in providing security within the establishment they are

employed.

Branches of GovernmentTo inform them all the help that can be provided of modern

technologies particularly in security, crime prevention, crime suppression and even in the

effective, efficient and appropriate means of administering justice.

Scope of Limitation

The study will determine the effectiveness of Modern Technologies utilized in the

suppression of crimes in Tondo Manila. Covering Selected Barangays in Tondo Manila

and Police Stations 1 and 7. It encompasses all strategies in determining crimes inside

the City of Manila particularly in Tondo. However, in several places they have their own

techniques and different ways in detecting crimes which is not subject for furtherance of

study. It focuses on the strict and active monitoring of the conditions of the community so

as to suppress all the kinds of evil motive which result to wrongful acts. But it does not

help all the time to suppress the crime because the funds of local government of Manila

for public security is not sufficient, which the government should take proper action in

promulgating the safety of every person who lives in the City of Manila.


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Definition of Terms

For the purpose of better understanding, the following terms were defined

operationally:

Crime- An act or omission that is punishable by the law. (Criminology Memory Aid)

Criminality- The quality, state or fact about being criminal. (Websters New World

Dictionary)

Criminal Offender- A person that violates a law. (Criminology Memory Aid)

Deterrence- To keep of discourage from doing something by instilling fear, anxiety or

doubt. (Websters New World Dictionary)

Modern- Having to do with the latest styles, methods or ideas. (Websters New World

Dictionary)

Modern Technology- Characterized by using the most up-to-date machinery and

equipment developed from the application at scientific knowledge.

Police Omnipresence- The civil force of a national or local government (by instilling)

that ispresent in a place.

Suppression- An action suppressing something such as an activity. (Websters New

World Dictionary)

Technology- The science or study of the practical or industrial arts and applied science

(Websters New World Dictionary)

Utilize- Make practical and effective use of. (Websters New World Dictionary)


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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURES

In this chapter, the researchers will bring additional information and ideas related

to the topic which were taken from literatures and studies. The researcher also believes

that this would help to make this study more understandable and accurate.

Foreign Literature.

Modern Technology (sample-essay-modern-technology-paragraphs.pdf)

Accessibility to a wide range of options has been expanded through modern

technology. Never before could people cross a continent or an ocean in an afternoon.

Travel is not the only way technology has created accessibility. Software which types

from voice commands has made using computers more accessible for school or work.

People with special needs have many new options thanks to modern technology such

as special chairs or text readers. Actually, those people who need hearing aids as a

result of normal aging have access to continued communication and enjoyment of

entertainment they did not previously have. There are many ways technology has

improved lives through increased accessibility.


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Foreign Studies.

Data And Information Security In Modern Day Businesses(Festus Olubukunmi Ajibuwa)

All organizations require information for planning, controlling, recording

transactions, performance measurement and decision-making. And such Information

whether internal or external must be kept properly and well protected from intruders,

hackers and unauthorized individuals.

Organizations across the globe in every industry sector are under increasing pressure

and scrutiny to maintain the security and integrity of their data. Companies are faced

with an enormous liability if sensitive, business critical, or confidential information gets

into the wrong hands.

The field of information security has grown and evolved significantly in recent years. As

a career choice there are many ways of gaining entry into the field. It offers many areas

for specialization including Information Systems Auditing, Business Continuity Planning

and Digital Forensics Science, to name a few. Although information security has

traditionally been the responsibility of IT departments, some companies have made it a

business issue as well as a technological one. Companies are now adding strategic,

operational, and organizational safeguards to the technological measures they currently

employ to protect corporate information. But most companies continue to view


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information security as a technological problem calling for technological solutions even

though technology managers concede that today`s networks cannot be made

impenetrable and that new security technologies have a short life span as hackers

quickly devise ways around them. Delegating security to technologists also ignores

fundamental questions that only business managers can answer. Not all of a company`s

varied information assets have equal value, for instance; some require more attention

than others. One on-line retailer, Egghead.com, lost 25 percent of its stock market value

in December 2000, when hackers struck its customer information systems and gained

access to 3.7 million credit card numbers. Egghead, of course, had security systems in

place and claimed that no data were actually stolen, but it lacked the kind of coordinated

organizational response necessary to convince customers and shareholders that their

sensitive data were actually secure. Information security means the appropriate

protection of information, systems, services and data communications by administrative,

technical and other measures both in ordinary and exceptional circumstances. The

confidentiality, integrity and availability of information is protected against threats

and damage caused by faults in hardware and software, natural events and willful,

negligent or accidental events.

The central concepts of information security have the following meanings:

Confidentiality: information and systems are accessible only to those authorized to use

them. Third parties are not given a possibility to alter or destroy information nor to


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process it otherwise.

Integrity: information and systems are reliable, correct and up-to-date and they have not

been altered nor can they be altered in an uncontrolled way as a result of hardware or

software faults, natural events or human activities.

SECURITY ASPECTS IN MODERN WEB APPLICATIONS

(Jarkko Miettinen )

Ten years is a long time on software industry, especially in the field of web applications.

During that ten years, web technologies have advanced immensely and many

applications that simply were impossible in 1999 are now used every day by millions of

users. Unfortunately, new technologies have bought new attacks with them. Many of the

attacks that were effective against Effect were not even invented when development of

Effect started. During those then years of Effect development, the development process

at Effect has changed from unstructured development to structured Scrum-process with

proper code reviews, testing and education. Effects of this change were visible also in

this work as many of the vulnerabilities found were old and could not get to the code

base nowadays. Until this thesis work, however, security issues were not substantially

brought up.


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This thesis represented efforts of a security push at Effect similar to what Microsoft went

through in 2002 [HL03], except in smaller scale. Work on the thesis started with self-

education on the fundamentals of computer and information security. Fundamentals

were followed by small parts from the field of computer security that seemed to make

sense in the direction the thesis was going to although not all the knowledge found

direct application in the empirical part.

What found direct use in the empirical part was all the research into web technologies,

as knowing the problem domain is the first requirement for any successful analysis.

Thus, different web technologies used to build web applications and common

vulnerabilities in such applications were discussed and provided a good starting point to

later analyses. In the empirical part of this thesis, application of the security assessment

methods suffered some reversals, partly for lack of proper tools, partly for lack of

experience. Lack of tools made editing attack tree models cumbersome and proper

attack surface analysis well nigh impossible. Still the result were, if not the best, at least

good in the sense that new vulnerable areas in Effect were uncovered. Most of the

earlier work of Effect security had been, rightly so, focused on common web application

vulnerabilities and this thesis work demonstrated that an application is not made secure

just by fixing the most common vulnerabilities. In a way, the security push is still

ongoing. The knowledge gained in this thesis theoretical and experimental part has yet

to diffuse to other developers and not all devised enhancements for security are

implemented nor will they all ever be because of the trade off that need to made.


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In this thesis, two possibly very useful methods, attack trees and attack surface analysis

could not be applied in full because lack of tools and knowledge. Should there be

another security push, revisiting those analysis methods and tools should be a starting

point. Two large stones that were left completely unturned were use of static analysis

tools and of other programming languages.

Static analysis tools, such as CodeSecure based on WebSSARI [HYH+ 04], analyze the

code of the application without actually running it, hoping to find signs of vulnerabilities

such as insecure flow of data or unchecked memory accesses. If such tool could be

integrated seamlessly into development environment, benefits would be great. Warning

of security errors as modern development environments warn of syntax errors is one

thing but more importantly, such tool could most certainly analyze security issues in

third party libraries used.

Different programming languages could offer at least two benefits: better specification of

levels of trust for the data and a possibility to separate security concerns from other

concerns, making parts of a program easier to understand and use.

Ultimately, none of these methods and tools will be a silver bullet for the slaying beast of

security problems. Still, sometimes even grazing it will be worthwhile.


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Security Control Room Studies

Gill et al. (2005) evaluated 13 CCTV projects which were set-up under the Home Office

Crime Reduction Programme (comprising of 14 separate CCTV systems). At six control

rooms, surveillance video was recorded on the more traditional analogue S-VHS tapes,

six recorded video digitally on a computer hard drive, and one recorded video on digital

tape. Various aspects of the control room operations were examined such as:

ownership, design, management, work practices, communication, operator pay and

training, as well as the processing of CCTV evidence. The study did not examine the

impact of specific technologies on operator performance when carrying out tasks.

Despite this, a number of findings which related to the technical aspects of a control

room system which could have affected operator performance were identified:

1. At a majority of the control rooms, digital tools (e.g., intelligent CCTV, digital radio,

user interfaces etc.) were not used to support operators in their tasks.

2. In comparison to analogue CCTV systems, digital systems could be searched more

quickly, which saved police time when looking for evidence. The average search time

required to search digital CCTV was 18 minutes and 40 minutes to search analogue

CCTV video.


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control rooms recorded at 1 frame every 3-5 seconds. At vast majority of the control

rooms, Gill et al. found that the video quality was too low to aid the police in their

investigations or even be used as evidence in court.

7. Operators and management had limited knowledge of digital technology (recording

settings) in the case of two systems which consequently compromised the effectiveness

of the system.

Non-Security Control Room Studies

Luff and Heath (2001) carried out naturalistic observations within in one particular type

of control room: station control rooms in the London Underground. In-depth field work

which involved making audio-visual recordings were carried out in the major stations of

the London Underground. The study specifically examined how operators maintained

situation awareness: how they monitored their surrounding domain and the activities of

their colleagues. The results showed that operators made use of a wide range of

communication and information technologies: radios, passenger announcement

systems, train information, emergency control, and alarm systems. The technology most

used was the banks of video monitors that displayed CCTV video in real-time (4-12

monitors per bank with up to 80 CCTV cameras in total). These monitors displayed

video of various public areas within the London


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Underground such as train platforms, corridors, passageways etc. Control room

operators (station supervisor as described by the authors) were responsible for utilising

technology to monitor suspicious and troublesome behaviour within the station and

track targets smoothly from one camera to another.

The observations revealed that operators were not able to monitor platform scenes

effectively, and this was because the images were not always clear due to a number of

technical observational difficulties.

Operators struggled with their tasks due to the low-quality CCTV images observed on-

screen, and this was due to the following problems:

1. Limited lighting provided near to the CCTV cameras.

2. Dirty CCTV camera lenses from train break dust.

3. Dirty video monitors within the control room due to a lack of cleaning.

4. Monitors kept on the same view for long periods of time which caused a burnt-out

effect.

As a result of poor maintenance of the CCTV systems, operators struggled to monitor

scenes. For example, they were unable to distinguish whether a crowd was stationary

or moving. Furthermore, operators were unable to follow targets smoothly from one

camera to another due to camera blind spots created as a result of hundreds of years of

gradual station development. Luff and Heath believed that the problems operators faced


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when dealing with fragmented images was inevitable in the video coverage of a large

and complex station (p 158).

Operators reported that they found it difficult to visualize scenes at the end of train

platforms. In fact, certain individuals such as beggars and buskers discovered some of

the camera blind spots, and frequently placed themselves outside of the CCTV camera

views. The analysis of these tasks revealed that operators used various technologies to

monitor fragmented and difficult to see station scenes.

Given these problems with surveying scenes, it is not surprising that operators

struggled.

Following 12-months of field work, Luff and Heath made a number of general design

suggestions to improve operator task performance specifically when working on within a

London Underground control room:

1. Extend the existing London Underground systems so that they are more integrated.

This was proposed to reduce the need for: maintenance, need different

controls/connections, and information handling.

2. Configure the technology appropriately to: allow for a selection of a sequence of

images so that incidents can be easily tracked, monitored, and to support the invocation

of appropriate next actions.

3. Introduce automated surveillance technology to detect events such as crowding.

4. Make relevant information about the station accessible to operators in different

locations of the control room to improve the efficiency in locating scenes on CCTV.


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5. Implement a touch-screen interface allowing operators to quickly select camera views

on their video monitors without delaying the situation assessment and response.

Although these design recommendations can be applied to the design of all types of

CCTV control rooms, Luff and Heath fail to discuss an important aspect of carrying out

tasks within such a complex work environment: context and its impact on the design of

systems. CCTV owners and managers therefore could benefit with additional

recommendations which take into account the various contextual factors surrounding

the operators work system (see Chapter 3, Section 3.3.2.2, Table 3.1).

In another transport control room study (Chen, Choi, Ruiz, Shi and Taib, 2005), in-situ

observations, interviews and questionnaires were carried out within a traffic control

room to gain insights into how operators performed their work. The focus of the field

work was to understand how operators utilize multiple hardware equipment and

software applications when managing mobility and public safety related incidents within

a control room. The results were used to formulate use scenarios1 and then implement

a mock-up application to improve operator performance when dealing with traffic

incidents. The main limitation with this study is the lack of background given on the

research methodology and data analyses (this is discussed in more detail in Chapter 3,

Section 3.5). Furthermore, in review of the study findings, it is unclear what tasks

operators performed in the control room and what their work environment was like, as

no discussion is given on the field study observations. Chen et al. instead placed more

focus on the subjective findings gathered from the interviews and questionnaires and


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used this data to inform the design of a new mock-up system. Interviews with 14 control

room operators revealed a number of the subjective preferences with the regards to the

current information system they used to manage traffic incidents and specifically to

locate scenes:

75% of operators were happy with their working environment (p 2), but several said

that there should be a better way to integrate applications to allow critical data to be

retrieved more easily.

70% of operators would have liked a map-based search tool for accessing geographical

information.

33% of operators preferred a personalised way to filter information.

70% expected simpler procedures to login and log out of their systems.

60% thought a speech interface would be beneficial and 21% thought a multimodal

(speech, gesture, touch, and others) would be beneficial.

These findings were then examined with 11 control room operators using a

questionnaire. The two main issues reported in the questionnaire related to the


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problems with the contact pages (database), as the data was: 1) out-of-date and 2)

inconsistent. The third biggest issue was the slow search speed at which the system

operated; and this slow speed was potentially due to an indirect result of ineffective

navigation tools

Once the field research was complete, a mock-up user interface (web based) was

created to validate the findings. The aim of the mock-up system was to examine

whether operators could be better supported when handling incidents.

The design involved integrating a number of company policies into the flow of

information within the user interface. This integration was included in the design to

reduce operators cognitive load when performing tasks with the system. A browsing

navigation was proposed rather than a stand-alone search function so that entry point

information can be found using an advanced search function. Other features included

the use of: 1) expansion of fields when completing information (this reduced the need to

scroll excessively); 2) completion markers (in the form of checkboxes) to allow

operators to visualise completed actions; and 3) error handling (the checkboxes trigger

warnings when actions are incomplete).

The mock-up user interface was evaluated with six operators using a real-life traffic

incident scenario.


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Operators were timed in their tasks which required the retrieval and handling of contact

information with both the existing contact system and the mock-up system. In addition to

task performance, operators were asked to rate the system under several criteria using

a 5-point Likert scale. The results of the evaluation were described by the authors as

preliminary. The overall findings from the evaluation revealed that the mock -up system

was more efficient (37% overall improvement in task time completion), despite

operators receiving no training with the new system. Chen et al. believed this finding

was a result of introducing the process flow and progress markers within the user

interface. The subjective results were in line with the task performance data. Operators

preferred the mock-up system as they were able to enter specific geographical locations

and perform searches by entering specific criteria into the database system. There was

a strong preference for the new proposed system in terms of: easy to learn, ease of

use, intuitiveness, speed and accuracy of retrieval, helpfulness, level of comfort, and

overall its effectiveness. The integration of information sources was considered

important for improving operator performance in the London Underground control rooms

(Luff and Heath, 2001).

The study by Chen et al. (2005) examined task performance issues within a real-world

context, and like the study London Underground study by Luff and Heath (2001), both

studies examine one specific task: locating a scene. As both these studies examines

one specific task within one specific control room setting, the findings are limited and


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therefore do not provide a broader understanding of the task performance issues within

control rooms where CCTV and other related technology is heavily used.

For example, the interaction between different control room stakeholders was not

examined, nor was there a discussion of the interplay between users when using

communication devices such as radio and telephone.

In contrast to the study by Chen et al. (2005), McCarthy et al. (1997) carried out a 12-

month ethnographic study to compare two different systems currently being used by

operators within two ambulance controls rooms. The field research involved field

observations and open-ended interviews with operators at two different ambulance

control rooms. The main objectives of the field study were to: 1) understand how

operators performed a specific task (locating a scene of emergency in order to dispatch

an ambulance); 2) compare the effectiveness of tasks performed by operators at each

control room; and 3) use these findings to assess the potential usefulness of the

technology used at one control room if it was to be used at another control room (where

technology is not heavily used). The control rooms which were evaluated included:


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Ambulance Control Room 1 (ACC1):

o Located within an urban environment.

o Operators were supported by a high technology system.

o Tasks involved: receiving calls, entering jobs electronically into a system, locating

scenes using a database system, passing the information to a gazetteer (a reference

tool for information about places and place names), which identifies the possible

location, confirms the location to the caller, and then passes to the dispatch team

electronically.

Ambulance Control Room 1 (ACC2):

o Located within a rural environment.

o Operators were supported by a low technology system (a manual system to

locate a scene).

o Operators are given access to a database of telephone numbers of public

telephone boxes, local general practitioners, and other important landmarks and

locations.

o Tasks involved: receiving calls, locating a scene of emergency using a paper

map of the area, and then writing the job details down on note paper.


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The analysis of the field research revealed that the most critical activity operators

performed was identifying a scene of emergency. This task was described as highly

complex since postal addresses were difficult to identify (for e.g., some houses were not

numbered, some street names clashed etc).

McCarthy et al. described the nature and context of this scene locating task at each of

the ambulance control rooms in detail.

Similar to the study conducted by Chen et al. (2005), field research was carried out to

identify the problems operators experienced when locating a scene within a control

room environment. McCarthy et al. found that task performance was severely affected

as a result of ineffective communication between public callers (those requesting an

ambulance) and control room operators (those receiving calls from public callers to

dispatch an ambulance). Communication was ineffective for a number of reasons: 1)

pubic callers had strong regional accents; 2) public callers provided operators with

insufficient location descriptions; and 3) operators lacked experience in locating scenes

of emergency.

McCarthy et al. suggested that some technologies, such as the gazetteer and an

electronic map could compensate for operators lack of direct access to the knowledge

on the local geographical areas. This particular control room provided detailed insights


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into the nature of ambulance control room work; however the study findings are largely

task descriptive, and does not provide a detailed discussion on the implication of these

problems on operator performance and system effectiveness.

To conclude, there have been a number of field studies within control rooms which

examine the nature and context of operator tasks. These studies were carried out with

the aim of improving system design, apart from the security control room study by Gill et

al. (2005) which examined the overall effectiveness in terms of crime reduction. In

review of these studies, there is a common theme: all involved operators performing

what would be widely known (by operators and other researchers) a reactive task

whereby the operator is involved in locating a scene using CCTV cameras, video

technology, and maps based artefacts.

Reactive tasks are time critical tasks and the ability to perform these tasks effectively

and efficiently depends on two factors: 1) how well an operators work-system is set-up

and configured and 2) the effectiveness of communication (verbal and technical)

between operators and other users. The transport control room studies (Chen et al.,

2005 and Luff and Heath, 2001) did not examine the role and effectiveness of

technology in much detail across a wide range of control rooms. Instead, field research

was limited to 1-2 control rooms to examine a specific task with the aim of improving

system design. Furthermore, secondary tasks such as administrative paper work and


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making copies of CCTV evidence were not mentioned in these studies. Based on the

previous control room studies, a number of important research questions were identified

for further investigation in Study 1

1. What tasks are performed by CCTV operators where CCTV and other associated

technologies are used within a control room environment?

2. Do CCTV operators have a good understanding, knowledge, and experience in their

tasks and the surveillance areas?

3. What factors do CCTV operators use to aid their situational awareness?

4. How do CCTV operators communicate and collaborate with other CCTV control room

stakeholders, and is it effective?

5. Are operators provided with integrated (e.g., a geographical information system

linked to CCTV cameras) or segregated tools?

It is clear that, a better understanding is needed on the nature and context of CCTV,

what tasks are performed by operators and what problems they encounter, and it affect

on other stakeholders and the technical parts of the system thus the socio-technical


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impact. This understanding is important so that it can then be used to improve the

effectiveness of CCTV system design, configuration, and use.

Effective, Design, Configuration, and Use of Digital CCTV (Hina Uttam Keval )

The research carried out in this thesis was motivated by the need to understand how

CCTV is used in the management of security tasks, and the factors that reduce its

effectiveness. The overarching goals for this research were: 1) theoretical and 2)

practical. Firstly, an understanding of security observation tasks was needed as this

research does not currently exist. Secondly, by building an understanding of the context

and use of CCTV and other technologies used for security observation tasks, a practical

framework can be developed to support CCTV practitioners and owners. The purpose

of such a framework is to improve the design, configuration, and set-up of CCTV

systems to ensure they are fit for purpose. The field study in this thesis (presented in

Chapter 4) demonstrated the importance of taking into account and correctly configuring

the: CCTV system environment, CCTV users workstation set-up, task requirements

(number of video monitor displays, display type, video quality etc.), and stakeholder

communication (see Chapter 4, Section 4.4.2.5). The empirical studies (presentedin

Chapters 8 and 9) investigated the effect of using low-quality CCTV video for a face

identification and event detection task performed by human observers. The results from

these experiments provide minimum recommendations on video quality required for


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achieving effective task performance when using digital CCTV systems (in real-time via

a network or when in play-back mode).

This research was extremely timely as there is a lot of investment in CCTV deployments

and a large interest in using it for a growing range of security purposes. One of the key

reasons for the high interest in CCTV is because of events such as the terrorist attacks

in London (July 2005). In addition to terrorism, a number of changes led to people

investing more and more in CCTV deployments. Firstly, there was a change in the way

in which society perceived and utilized security systems (particularly CCTV). There

were also changes in peoples attitudes towards security in response to crime of all

types. The number of CCTV deployments and the overall interest in using CCTV for

security purposes was further encouraged by the rapid developments in the CCTV

technology market. Furthermore, there have been technical developments in video and

networking that transformed the way in which CCTV is being used. As a result, CCTV is

being applied to new application areas and there are a large number of CCTV owners

and a more heterogeneous group of users interacting with CCTV systems.

It has been a topic of debate for many years whether CCTV is effective or not. Several

studies in the field of criminology have examined the effectiveness of CCTV from a

sociological and political perspective - assessing whether CCTV has reduced, deterred

and/or displaced crime. Research has also been conducted to establish whether CCTV


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has made society feel safer and whether the technology works well enough to support

police activities (see the control room study by Gill et al., 2005: Chapter

2, Section 2.2). These studies are important, as they provide policy-makers (such as

Home Office and local authorities) with an understanding of CCTV and the key issues

which reduce the effectiveness of public surveillance systems. These studies do not

provide CCTV owners and consultants with meaningful guidance on how CCTV

systems can be improved in terms of effectiveness. Therefore, further research was

needed to examine both the social and technical factors surrounding CCTV design and

usage to develop objective and therefore quantifiable guidance.

A review of the research in HCI and security revealed that very few studies examine the

effectiveness of CCTV security from the CCTV users perspective and how their task

performance is affected by people and technology. The only study which looked at

performance to some extent was the CCTV effectiveness study by Gill et al., 2005. This

study identified a number of operator factors which reduced the effectiveness of CCTV:

low-quality equipment, too few operators, low operator to monitor/video display ratio,

insufficient operator training (these findings are discussed in more detail in

Chapter 2, Section 2.2).

Field studies at non-security control rooms which examine operator tasks, found that

operator performance is reduced as a result of poor configuration and maintenance of

equipment within the control room and the CCTV camera environment (see Chapter 2,

Section 2.3). In addition, operator performance was reduced as a result of ineffective


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peer-to-peer communication (McCarthy et al., 1997; Luff et al., 2000). The implications

of these findings were not discussed in much detail and the research was not taken

further to improve the way in which CCTV and other technologies are used by operators

within control rooms and other security work environments. Consequently, subsequent

CCTV system deployments are being ignored, the various problems within CCTV

control rooms and their designs still exist, and stakeholders are not paying attention to

these problemssimply because they are not aware of the problems or solutions. The

field study carried out in this thesis identified a number of issues which were discovered

in the previous control room studies (see Chapter 4, Section 4.5.2), such as: 1)

operators being overloaded with too many CCTV cameras (Gill et al., 2005); 2) CCTV

video being recorded at low-quality (Gill et al., 2005); 3) an ineffective CCTV camera

environment (Luff and Heath, 2001); and 4) poor radio communication (McCarthy et al.,

1997). In addition to these findings, the field study presented in this thesis identified a

wider number of operator performance issues: operators being overloaded with audio

communication and other audio alerts; ineffective equipment set-up and layout;

ineffective camera and mapping systems; and various technical issues were identified

with CCTV cameras and operator radios. These findings are detailed in Chapter 4,

Section

4.4.2.5.

Prior to this field research (Chapter 4), there was a limited awareness and

understanding of what CCTV technology was being used for, and what security


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observation tasks were being performed by operators and other CCTV stakeholders.

The BS EN ISO 11064 standard (ISO, 2004) is the only guidance that considers the

human element of control room design. The standard is based on ergonomic principles

and provides guidance on the physical aspects of control rooms such as: workstation

arrangements, control room layout, use of displays and controls, and maintenance.

Additional guidance is needed which details human-centred guidance on the set-up of

digital CCTV and other technology used by human operators. Furthermore, greater

emphasis is required on the configuration of CCTV systems as a whole.

There has been little empirical research on the effectiveness of digital CCTV video for

security observation tasks performed by human observers. The guidance which does

exist (UK Home Office Operational Requirements: Aldridge, 1994; Cohen et al., 2007)

offers very limited guidance on digital and networked CCTV systems. A number of

empirical research studies have been conducted by human centered multimedia

researchers to assess the impact of video quality on human task performance with a

number of video applications. These studies were carried out to identify the minimum

video quality requirements for networked multimedia applications. In both Internet and

mobile applications and services, it is desirable to reduce the amount of bandwidth

needed without affecting the users perception and performance with the interface. This

type of evaluation has not been conducted for CCTV applications.

This thesis provides field and empirical research on the problems associated with CCTV

system design and specifically the performance limitations of digital CCTV video when


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used by human observers for security observation tasks. This research involved an

investigation which required reviewing a number of interdisciplinary areas related to

CCTV (HCI, psychology, computer science, sociology, human factors, as well as

legislation and guidelines). From the research findings, a number of substantive and

methodological contributions were made by applying HCI knowledge and methods to

improve CCTV practice, in particular the design and deployment of CCTV security

systems and their context of use.

These contributions have led to the development of a best-practice framework for CCTV

deployment (TEC-VIS), which provides guidance for a new CCTV deployment or a

redesign. Specific guidance isalso provided to CCTV owners on the configuration of

CCTV security systems (e.g., the users tasks, work environment and the technology

used to support their tasks).

Local Studies.

The maintenance of Peace and Order in Brgy 212 zone 19 Manila

(Jerome M. Mingo)

Base on the findings, the ff. conclusions were drawn

1.) The socio-demographic profile of the respondents which are the residents of

Brgy. 212 zone 19 Manila was good enough to obsereved the maintenance of


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peace and order to their barangay relatively with effective maintenance of peace

and order in the research locale of the study

2.) The maintenance of peac e and order in Brgy. 212 zone 19 Manila was effective

3.) The maintenance of the peace and order in Brgy. 212 zone 19 Manila was

meeting serious problem with regards to the implementation of the ordinances,

programs and campaigns.

4.) The is ni significant difference on the assessment of the respondents on the

extent of maintenance of peace and order of Brgy. 212 zone 19 Manila.

Recommendations

In the light of the above findings and conclusions, the ff. recommendations were

made:

1.) In the implementation of programs and campaigns the authorities should be more

responsible and serious so that the residents of the brgy should observe the

effort expert by the authorities.

2.) That those ordinances enacted and made the authorities are worth and for the

benefits or good of the members of the members of brgy. It should be effective to

maintain peace and order.

3.) The authorities in charge should be pro-active in for all violation and anticipation

of the elicit acts that would break and destroy the peace and order situation.


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4.) That those programs, campaigns and ordinances made by the authorities should

be versatile in making ordinances for the deterence to all offenders that the

desire is to break and destroy the peace and order situation.

5.) The authorities in charge should aware and observe if the ordinances are

productive and effective to maintain peace and order.

Crime prevention strategies in Roxas city: Impact to public safety

(Sebastian C. Caduco Jr.) 2005

Conclusion:

Based on the above findings, the following conclusions are drawn:

1.) Socio-demographic profile of police personnel

1.1) Functional assignment

The police personnel assigned in concerned police agency have not

distributed according to the 85 percent and 15 percent and office

distribution ratio as prescribed by the police organization to enhance

police visibility.

1.2) Police eligibility

All police personnel assigned at the concerned police agency were having

their appropriate eligibility, commensurate to their present ranks.

1.3) Educational Qualification


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Majority of the police personnel assigned in concerned police agency were

college graduates, and some from them are not yet completing the four

year baccalauretate course as required by the police profession.

1.4) Years in Police Service

Most of the police personnel assigned the concerned police station were

already acquired enough experience in policing activities, and very few the

considered novices in the police service.

1.5) Highest Training Completed

All the police personnel assigned in the concerned police station have

already completed the highest training prescribed by their ranks, and as

required for promotion and permanency in the said ranks

2.1) Community Counseling

The concerned police agency was responsive in this particular

category, which this requires use of discretion in attending non-criminal conduct,

disposing of minor complaints.

2.2) Indefference of the public

The concerned police agency was meeting slightly serious problems in relation with this

particular category, especially the traditional apathy and negative attitude of the public

with the things that the police are doing.

2.3) Inter-Relationship with Society


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The concerned police agency was meeting slightly serious problems in relation with this

particular, more commonly the conflict arising out in the strict enforcement of the laws.

Recommendations

In the light the above finding and conclusions, the following recommendations are

made:

1. Strictly observe 85 percent and 15 percent distributions of police personnel

assigned in field and office duties to ensure a more decentralized concept of

policing activities for more reponsive crime prevention strategies, and encourage

undergraduate police personnel to complete repective formal degrees.

2. Develop linkages with other concerned local government agencies, and the local

government unit as well, and to forestall participation in the police decision

making process.

3. Activation of more police community precinct(PCP), and community action

centers(COMPACT), and continiously advocate the concept and philosophy of

community oriented policing system(COPS)

4. Similar study be conducted in another time and setting which will focus on the

extent of responsiveness of the crime prevention strategies, purposely to confirm

or negate the findings of the present study.


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Research Synthesis.

Above enumerated studies and literature were focused more on law enforcement, crime

prevention and elimination of factors that contribute in criminality, which also are the

similar characteristics of this study, that makes it related to studies enumerated above.

This study (The use of Modern Technologies in the Suppression of Crimes in Selected

Barangays in Tondo Manila) focused more on the methods utilized in the total

abolishment of criminality, effect of modernity in the investigation of crimes by utilizing

new materials and other techniques in crime suppression which were not tackled or

discussed in those related studies mentioned above that were all conducted by scalars

in the same field of study and profession.


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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In this research, the researcher will use a descriptive type of research in gathering data and

information. This type of research can effectively and accurately acquire information needed to

support the current study which can also give suggestions to answer the problems and

questions stated before. This is a collective type of data gathering to ensure that every opinion

of respondents was clearly and completely gathered.

The subject of the study

Setting:

Tondo is one of the sixteen areas ofManila,Philippines.The locale has existed

prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, referred to as "Tundun" on theLaguna Copperplate

Inscription. One of the most densely populated areas of land in the world. Tondo is

located in the northwest portion of the city and is primarily residential-industrial in

nature. Many of the city's slums are found in this area.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=tMnCU8F5vpAIcM&tbnid=TTtYDGlKoZfc6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo_College&ei=J4P2UfrAI8W9kAXWzYDoBQ&bvm=bv.49784469,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNHr0soYGqgZ9MMLpjMkBWwYtqAO7w&ust=1375196316520542


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Figure 2

Research Locale
http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=tMnCU8F5vpAIcM&tbnid=TTtYDGlKoZfc6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo_College&ei=J4P2UfrAI8W9kAXWzYDoBQ&bvm=bv.49784469,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNHr0soYGqgZ9MMLpjMkBWwYtqAO7w&ust=1375196316520542http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=tMnCU8F5vpAIcM&tbnid=TTtYDGlKoZfc6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo_College&ei=J4P2UfrAI8W9kAXWzYDoBQ&bvm=bv.49784469,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNHr0soYGqgZ9MMLpjMkBWwYtqAO7w&ust=1375196316520542


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Respondents

This study aims to determine the advantages of utilizing modern technologies in

Tondo, Manila. The respondents will be composed of active members of community

(preferably of legal age) residing and constantly aware of events and happenings in the

locality, Personnel of Police Stations 1 and 7involve in the investigation, prosecution,

and suppression of crimes within the area of Tondo, Barangay Officialsin different

Barangay community in Tondo preferably those who are utilizing modern technologies

in their fight against criminality.

Sampling Technique.

Purposive sampling will be utilized in this research. Within the population

sample there would be sample representative, depending on his opinion or purpose,

thus being the representation subjective.

Sampling size

SAMPLES QUANTITY

1. A (Residents) 60

2. B (Law Enforcers) 203. C (Brgy Officials) 20

TOTAL = 100


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Research Instrument

This study will be utilizing a survey questionnaire made by the researcher and will be

validated by the experts. This is composed of four parts. The first partincludes items

that will determine the Profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status,

educational attainment and length of stay in the community. The second part involves

the Respondents assessment regarding the Common Crimes committed in the

community. The next part aims to determine the perception of the respondents relative

to the advantages of utilizing modern technologies relative to crime prevention and

suppression, and finally the last part will aim to determine the Modern Technologies as

recommended by the respondents which for them are necessary for the enhancement

of security in selected Barangays in Tondo Manila


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Data Collection Procedures

The researchers will conduct study in selected barangays in Tondo Manila to

obtain all details regarding crimes which are usually committed in the area of study, all

pertinent data of the respondents and also the respondents recommended modern

technologies necessary for the enhancement of security in selected Barangays in

Tondo Manila.

The questionnaires were the main instruments for data gathering which were

personally distributed by the researcher himself. They contained a covering letter

describing the study and indicating the confidentiality of the information that may be

given out by the respondents.


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STATISTICAL DESIGN

In the computation of the responses, percentage formula and weighted

percentage mean will be used in the tabulation of data.

Percentage Formula

P=F/N x 100

Where:

P = percentage

F = frequency

N = number of respondents

Weighted Mean Formula

WM = TWV/TF

Where:

WM = weighted mean

TWV = total weighted value

TF = total frequency/number of respondents

Thesis final Ch. 1-3

Documents

Transcript of Thesis final Ch. 1-3