These Are a Few of My Favorite Things - IHS Math-...

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Chapter 14 Skills Practice 921

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These Are a Few of My Favorite ThingsModeling Probability

Vocabulary

Match each term to its corresponding definition.

1. event d a. all of the possible outcomes in a probability experiment

2. outcome c b. a list of the possible outcomes and each outcome’s probability

3. probability model b c. one of the possible results of a probability experiment

4. sample space a d. an outcome or set of outcomes in a sample space

5. probability f e. contains all the outcomes in the sample space that are not outcomes of the event

6. complement of an event e f. the ratio of the number of desired outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes

Identify the similarities and differences between the terms.

7. uniform probability model and non-uniform probability model

Bothtermsarelistsofthepossibleoutcomesofaprobabilityexperimentandeachoutcome’sprobability.Auniformprobabilitymodellistsoutcomesthathaveequalprobabilities,andanon-uniformprobabilitymodellistsoutcomeswithprobabilitiesthatarenotequal.

Problem Set

Identify the sample space for each situation.

1. A number cube with sides labeled with 1 to 6 dots is rolled once.

Thesamplespaceis1,2,3,4,5,6.

Lesson 14.1 Skills Practice

Name Date

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Lesson 14.1 Skills Practice page 2

2. An ice cream shop has a sale for its most popular ice cream flavors. Customers can have one scoop of ice cream in a cup or a cone, and the flavors on sale are chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry. It can be served with or without sprinkles.

Thesamplespaceis:

cup,chocolate,withsprinkles cone,chocolate,withsprinkler

cup,vanilla,withsprinkles cone,vanilla,withsprinkles

cup,strawberry,withsprinkles cone,strawberry,withsprinkles

cup,chocolate,withoutsprinkles cone,chocolate,withoutsprinkler

cup,vanilla,withoutsprinkles cone,vanilla,withoutsprinkles

cup,strawberry,withoutsprinkles cone,strawberry,withoutsprinkles

3. You spin the spinner one time.

Z

Y

Z

WY

X

Y

X Y

YW

X

ThesamplespaceisW,W,X,X,X,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Z,Z.

4. A jar contains 3 red marbles, 4 blue marbles, 2 green marbles, and 1 yellow marble.

Thesamplespaceisred,red,red,blue,blue,blue,blue,green,green,yellow

5. An even number between 1 and 15 is chosen at random.

Thesamplespaceis2,4,6,8,10,12,14.

6. A ball is chosen at random from the box.

Thesamplespaceisa5shadedballs,7ballswithstripes,and8ballswithstars.

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Name Date

Construct a probability model for each situation. Then state whether it is a uniform probability model or a non-uniform probability model.

7. A box contains 4 plain bagels, 2 blueberry bagels, 1 sesame seed bagel, and 2 cheese bagels. A bagel is chosen at random from the box.

Outcomes PlainBagel BlueberryBagel SesameSeedBagel CheeseBagel

Probability 1__3,or0.33 1__

6,or0.17 1___

12,or0.08 5___

12,or0.42

Thisisanon-uniformprobabilitymodel.

8. Janet has 3 pairs of blue socks, 2 pairs of white socks, 4 pairs of green socks, and 1 pair of brown socks. She chooses a pair of socks at random from a drawer.

Outcomes BlueSocks WhiteSocks GreenSocks BrownSocks

Probability 3___10

,or0.3 1__5,or0.2 2__

5,or0.4 1___

10,or0.1


9. A shape is chosen at random from the set.

Outcomes Cube Cylinder Pyramid


3,or0.33 1__

3,or0.33

Thisisauniformprobabilitymodel.

10. There are 6 oranges, 4 apples, 3 kiwis, and 9 pears in your refrigerator. You randomly choose a piece of fruit to eat.

Outcomes Orange Apple Kiwi Pear

Probability 3___11

,or0.2 2___11

,or0.18 3___22

,or0.14 9___22

,or0.41


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11. You randomly choose a block from the set.

BC BD

AA AC

DC DC

DA BB

Outcomes ABlock BBlock CBlock DBlock

Probability 1__4

,or0.25 1__4

,or0.25 1__4

,or0.25 1__4

,or0.25

Thisisauniformprobabilitymodel.

12. A choral group consists of 5 sopranos, 3 altos, 4 tenors, and 3 bases. A group member is chosen at random to sing a solo at a concert.

Outcomes Soprano Alto Tenor Base


5,or0.2 4___

15,or0.27 1__

5,or0.2


Determine the probability of each event, P(E), and its complement, P(Ec).

13. You spin the spinner one time.

4

11

7

23

5

9

12 1

68

10

P(greater than 7) 5 5___12

P(not greater than 7) 5 7___12

14. You write the letters A to K on separate index cards. Then you choose a card at random.

P(vowel) 5 3___11

P(not a vowel) 5 8___11

15. You choose a ball at random from the box.

1 5 3 3

4 2 5 4

4 3 2 1

P(5) 5 2___12,or1__

6

P(not a 5) 5 10___12

,or5__6

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16. You have 5 quarters, 3 nickels, 2 dimes, and 6 pennies. You choose a coin at random.

P(a coin worth more than 5 cents) 5 7___16

P(not a coin worth more than 5 cents) 5 9___16

17. You choose a ball at random from the bag.

P(shaded) 5 15___31

P(not shaded) 5 16___31

18. Among the students in a class, 10 ride the bus, 3 walk, and 5 ride a car to school. A student is chosen at random.

P(walk) 5 3___18

,or1__6

P(not walk) 5 15___18

,or 5__6

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It’s in the CardsCompound Sample Spaces

Vocabulary

Write the term that best completes each statement.

1. A set is a collection or group of items.

2. Each item in a set is called an element .

3. Sets that do not have common elements are called disjointsets .

4. Sets that do have common elements are called intersectingsets .

5. Treediagrams and organizedlists are two types

of visual models that display sample space.

6. Events for which the occurrence of one event has no impact on the occurrence of the other event are independentevents .

7. Events for which the occurrence of one event has an impact on the following events are dependentevents .

8. The CountingPrinciple states that if an action A can occur in m ways and for

each of these m ways, an action B can occur in n ways, then Actions A and B can occur in m ? n ways.


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Problem Set

For each situation, identify the following.

• What are the actions?

• What are the outcomes of each action?

• Do the outcomes of each action belong to disjoint sets or intersecting sets?

• What events are described?

• Are the events independent or dependent?

1. You randomly choose one shaded block and one unshaded block.

• Theactionsarechoosingashadedblockfromthefirstsetandchoosinganunshadedblockfromthesecondset.

• Theoutcomesofchoosingashadedblockarecylinder,pyramid,andcube.Theoutcomesofchoosinganunshadedblockarecylinder,pyramid,andcube.

• Theoutcomesofeachactionformdisjointsetsbecauseonesethadshadedblocksandtheotherhasunshadedblocks.

• Theeventsarechoosingashadedblockandchoosinganunshadedblock.

• Theeventsareindependentbecausetheoutcomeofthefirsteventdoesnotaffecttheoutcomeofthesecondevent.

2. A teacher randomly chooses 2 students from a class, Matt and Mia, to solve a math problem on the board.

• Theactionsarechoosingonestudentandchoosinganotherstudent.

• Theoutcomesofchoosingthefirststudentincludeallthestudentsintheclass.Theoutcomesofchoosingthesecondstudentincludeallthestudentsintheclassexceptforthefirststudentthatwaschosen.

• Theoutcomesofeachactionformintersectingsetsbecausethesetshavecommonelements.

• TheeventsarechoosingMattandthenchoosingMia.

• Theeventsaredependentbecausetheoutcomeofthefirsteventdoesaffecttheoutcomeofthesecondevent.


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3. You spin the spinner and flip a coin, resulting in a 3 and tails up.

4

11

7

23

5

9

12 1

68

10

• Theactionsarespinningthespinnerandflippingthecoin.

• Theoutcomesofspinningthespinnerare1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,and12.Theoutcomesofflippingacoinareheadsupandtailsup.

• Theoutcomesofeachactionformdisjointsetsbecausethesetsdonothaveanycommonelements.

• Theeventsarespinninga3andaflippingacointhatresultsintailsup.


4. You randomly choose a number between 1 and 50. Your friend chooses a number between 51 and 100. Your choice is 6 and your friend’s choice is 77.

• Theactionsareyouchoosinganumberbetween1and50andyourfriendchoosinganumberbetween51and100.

• Theoutcomesofyourchoicearethenumbers1through50.Theoutcomesofyourfriend’schoicearethenumbers51through100.

• Theoutcomesofeachactionformdisjointsetsbecausethesetsdonothaveanycommonelements.

• Theeventsareyouchoosingthenumber6andyourfriendchoosingthenumber77.



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5. A bowl contains numbered cubes. You randomly withdraw a cube from the bowl, and then your friend randomly withdraws a cube from the remaining ones. Your choice is a 3 and your friend’s choice is a 5.

3

2

51

68

81

3

257

23

6

1

• Theactionsareyouchoosinganumbercubeandyourfriendchoosinganumbercube.

• Theoutcomesofyourchoiceareallthenumbercubesinthebowl.Theoutcomesofyourfriend’schoiceareallthenumbercubesinthebowl,exceptforthenumbercubeyouchoose.


• Theeventsareyouchoosinganumbercubewitha3andyourfriendchoosinganumbercubewitha5.


6. The school lunchroom offers a choice of 5 different vegetable wraps. You randomly choose a different one each day. On the first day of the week your choice was a mixed vegetable wrap and on the second day your choice was a spinach and mushroom wrap.

• Theactionsareyouchoosingadifferentvegetablewraponeachdayoftheweek.

• Theoutcomesofyourchoicesareall5vegetablewrapsonthefirstdayoftheweek,4vegetablewrapsontheseconddayoftheweek,3vegetablewrapsonthethirddayoftheweek,andsoon.


• Theeventsareyouchoosingamixedvegetablewraponthefirstdayoftheweekandaspinachandmushroomwraponthesecondday.



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7. You randomly choose one numbered ping pong ball and then choose another numbered ping pong ball. Your first choice is an even-numbered ping pong ball and your second choice is an odd-numbered ping pong ball.

5 1 8 5

3 2 6 2

4 7 1 6

• Theactionsareyouchoosingonenumberedpingpongballandthenchoosinganothernumberedpingpongball.

• Theoutcomesofyourfirstchoiceareallofthenumberedpingpongballs.Theoutcomesofyoursecondchoiceareallofthenumberedpingpongballs,exceptfortheonechosenfirst.


• Theeventsareyouchoosinganeven-numberedpingpongballfirstandanodd-numberedpingpongballsecond.


8. At the local deli, you can have your choice of bread and cheese on every sandwich. Your randomly choose rye bread and Swiss cheese.

• Theactionsareyouchoosingonetypeofbreadandonetypeofcheese.

• Theoutcomesofyourfirstchoiceareallofthetypesofbread.Theoutcomesofyoursecondchoiceareallofthetypesofcheese.

• Theoutcomesofeachactionformdisjointsetsbecausethesetsdonothavecommonelements.

• TheeventsareyouchoosingwholewheatbreadandSwisscheese.


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Sketch a tree diagram and write an organized list to represent each sample space.

9. Show all of the different 3-digit numbers using the numbers 4, 5, and 6.

TreeDiagram:

54 6

6 5 6 4 5 4

5 6 4 6 4 5

OrganizedList:

456 546 645

465 564 654

10. Zack, Rick, Salim, and Sean race to the end of the field. Show all of the different ways of finishing in the top two spots.

TreeDiagram:

SalimRick Sean SalimZack Sean

Rick Salim SeanZack

RickZack Sean RickZack Salim

OrganizedList:

Zack,Rick Rick,Zack Salim,Zack Sean,Zack

Zack,Salim Rick,Salim Salim,Rick Sean,Rick

Zack,Sean Rick,Sean Salim,Sean Sean,Salim

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Name Date

11. Lunch includes a drink of your choice. The options are orange juice, apple juice, or cranberry juice. What are the possible outcomes for your choice of drink on two days.

TreeDiagram:

AppleOrange Cranberry AppleOrange Cranberry

AppleOrange Cranberry

AppleOrange Cranberry

OrganizedList:

orange,orange apple,orange cranberry,orange

orangeapple apple,apple cranberry,apple

orange,cranberry apple,cranberry cranberry,cranberry

12. What are the possible outcomes for flipping a coin 3 times?

TreeDiagram:

Heads Tails

Heads Tails

Heads Tails Heads Tails

Heads Tails

Heads Tails Heads Tails

OrganizedList:

heads,heads,heads tails,tails,tails

heads,heads,tails tails,tails,heads

heads,tails,heads tails,heads,tails

heads,tails,tails tails,heads,heads

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13. The pizza shop offers a weekly special that includes one free vegetable topping and one free meat topping with every large pizza. The vegetable toppings are peppers, mushrooms, onions, and olives. The meat toppings are sausage and pepperoni.

TreeDiagram:

Sausage Pepperoni Sausage Pepperoni

Mushrooms Onions OlivesPeppers

Sausage Pepperoni Sausage Pepperoni

OrganizedList:

peppers,sausage mushrooms,sausage

peppers,pepperoni mushrooms,pepperoni

onions,sausage olives,sausage

onions,pepperoni olives,pepperoni

14. You just made it to the ice cream store before closing. The only remaining frozen yogurt flavors are strawberry, peach, and lemon. You can choose one scoop in a cup or one scoop in a cone.

TreeDiagram:

Cup Cone Cup Cone

PeachStrawberry Lemon

Cup Cone

OrganizedList:

strawberry,cup peach,cup lemon,cup

strawberry,cone peach,cone lemon,cone

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Name Date

Use the Counting Principle to determine the number of possible outcomes for each situation. Show your calculations.

15. There are 5 students scheduled to read their essays aloud in an English class one day. The teacher will randomly choose the order of the students. In how many different orders can the students read their essays?

Thereare120differentordersofthestudentspossible.

5?4?3?2?15120

16. A restaurant offers a special price for customers who order a sandwich, soup, and a drink for lunch. The diagram shows the restaurant’s menu. How many different lunches are possible?

CheeseChickenHam and Egg

MinestroneChicken NoodleVegetable

ColaTeaCoffee

Sandwiches Soup Drinks

Lunch Menu

Turkey Club

Thereare36possiblelunches.

4?3?3536

17. A website requires users to make up a password that consists of three letters (A to Z) followed by three numbers (0 to 9). Neither letters nor digits can be repeated. How many different passwords are possible?

Thereare11,232,000differentpasswordspossible.

26?25?24?10?9?8511,232,000

18. Letter blocks are arranged in a row from A to H, as shown.

C D E F G HBA

How many different arrangements in a row could you make with blocks?

Thereare40,320differentarrangementsfortheblocks.

8?7?6?5?4?3540,320

19. Gina has 12 favorite songs. She sets her audio player to continuously play songs, randomly selecting a song each time. How many different ways can Gina listen to 5 of her 12 favorite songs?

Thereare248,832differentwaysforGinatolistento5ofher12favoritesongs.

12?12?12?12?125248,832

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20. You spin the spinner shown in the diagram 5 times. How many different outcomes are possible?

5

6

3

2

4

1 Thereare7,776possibleoutcomes.

6?6?6?6?657,776

21. A photographer arranges 12 members of a soccer team in a row to take a group picture. How many different arrangements are possible?

Thereare479,001,600waystoarrangetheteammembersinarow.

12?11?10?9?8?7?6?5?4?3?2?15479,001,600

22. The travel lock shown in the figure requires users to move the spinners to a 4-digit code that will open the lock. Each spinner includes the digits 0 to 9. How many different codes are possible with the lock?

Thelockhas10,000possiblecodes.

10?10?10?10510,000

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And?Compound Probability with “And”

Vocabulary

Define each term in your own words.

1. compound event

Acompoundeventisaneventthatconsistsoftwoormoreevents.

2. Rule of Compound Probability involving “and”

Iftwoeventsareindependent,theprobabilitythatbotheventshappenistheproductoftheprobabilitythatthefirsteventhappensandtheprobabilitythatthesecondeventhappens,given thatthefirsteventhashappened.

Problem Set

Determine the probability of each individual event. Then, determine the probability of each compound event. Show your calculations.

1. The “shell game” consists of placing three opaque cups, representing shells, upside down on a table and hiding a ball under one of the cups, as shown in the diagram. A player, who has not seen where the ball is hidden, has to choose one of the cups. If the ball is hidden under it, the player wins. What is the probability that a player will win 5 times in a row?

Theprobabilitythataplayerwins5timesinarowis 1____243

.

IcalculatedtheanswerbyusingtheRuleofCompoundProbabilityinvolving“and.”

Theprobabilityofwinningtheshellgame1timeis1__3.

LetWrepresenttheprobabilityofwinningtheshellgame1time.

P(W)51__3

P(W,W,W,W,andW)5P(W)?P(W)?P(W)?P(W)?P(W)

51__3?1__

3?1__

3?1__

3?1__

3

5 1____243


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2. There are 24 students in a math class. Each day, the teacher randomly chooses 1 students to show a homework problem solution on the board. What is the probability that the same student will be chosen 5 days in a row?

Theprobabilityofchoosingthesamestudent5daysinarowis 1__________7,962,624

.


Theprobabilityofchoosingtheoneparticularstudentis1___24

.

LetSrepresenttheprobabilityofchoosingoneparticularstudent.

P(S)51__4

P(S,S,S,S,andS)5P(S)?P(S)?P(S)?P(S)?P(S)

51___24

?1___24

?1___24

?1___24

?1___24

5 1__________7,962,624

3. You spin each spinner in the diagram one time. What is the probability that the first two spinners land on a 1?

5

6

3

2

4

1 2

4 3

1

4

11

7

23

59

12 1

68

10

Theprobabilitythatthefirsttwospinnerslandon1is1___24

.


Theprobabilityofthe1stspinnerlandingon1is1__6.

P(1on1stspinner)51__6

Theprobabilityofthe2ndspinnerlandingon1is1__4.

P(1on2ndspinner)51__4

Theprobabilityofthe3rdspinnerlandingonanynumberis12___12

,or1.

P(anynumberon3rdspinner)51

Idon’thavetoincludetheprobabilityofthe3rdspininmycalculationbecausemultiplyingby1willnotaffectthefinalanswer.

P(1on1stspinnerand1on2ndspinner)5P(1on1stspinner)?P(1on2ndspinner)

51__6?1__

4

51___24


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Name Date

4. You randomly choose a block from each set below. What is the probability of choosing a block labeled W from the second set?

CA BD

BA AB

BB DC

YX XZ

WX ZW

YZ WX

TheprobabilityofchoosingablocklabeledWfromthesecondsetis1__4.


Theprobabilityofchoosinganyblockfromthefirstsetis12___12

,or1.

P(anyblock1st)51

TheprobabilityofchoosingablocklabeledWfromthesecondsetis3___12

,or1__4.

P(W2nd)51__4

Idon’thavetoincludetheprobabilityofanyblock1stinmycalculationbecausemultiplyingby1willnotaffectthefinalanswer.So,thefinalanswerisP(W2nd)51__

4.

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5. You randomly choose a marble from each set. What is the probability that both marbles with have stripes on it?

Theprobabilityofchoosingtwomarbleswithstripesis7___34

.


Theprobabilityofchoosingamarblewithstripesfromthe1stsetis7___17

.

LetArepresenttheprobabilityofchoosingamarblewithstripesfromthe1stset.

P(A)57___17

Theprobabilityofchoosingamarblewithstripesfromthe2ndsetis9___18

,or1__2.

LetBrepresenttheprobabilityofchoosingamarblewithstripesfromthe2ndset.

P(B)51__2

P(AandB)5P(A)?P(B)

57___17

?1__2

57___34

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6. A store is having a grand opening sale. To attract customers, the manager plans to randomly choose one of the first 50 customers each day for a prize. The prize giveaway will occur each day for 5 days. If you and a friend are among the first 50 customers each day, what is the probability that one of you will win the prize every day?

Theprobabilitythataplayerwins5timesinarowis 1__________9,765,625

.


Theprobabilityofmeormyfriendwinningtheprize1timeis2___50

,or1___25

.

LetWrepresenttheprobabilityofmeormyfriendwinningtheprize1time.

P(W)51___25

P(W,W,W,W,andW)5P(W)?P(W)?P(W)?P(W)?P(W)

51___25

?1___25

?1__5?1___

25?1___

25

5 1__________9,765,625

Determine the probability that each event will occur. Then determine the probability that both or all of the dependent events will occur. Show your calculations.

7. A common deck of playing cards includes 4 aces. Altogether there are 52 cards. If you randomly choose 4 cards from the deck, what is the probability of choosing 4 aces?

Theprobabilityofchoosingall4acesis 1________270,725

.


Theprobabilityofchoosinganacefirstis4___52

,or1___13

.

Theprobabilityofchoosinganacesecondis3___51

,or1___17

.

Theprobabilityofchoosinganacethirdis2___50

,or1___25

.

Theprobabilityofchoosinganacefourthis1___49

.

P(ace1st,ace2nd,ace3rd,andace4th)5P(ace1st)?P(ace2nd)?P(ace3rd)?P(ace4th)

51___13

?1___17

?1___25

?1___49

5 1________270,725


Name Date

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8. A bag contains 8 red ribbons, 7 green ribbons, and 3 yellow ribbons. If you randomly remove 3 of the ribbons from the bag, what is the probability that the first two ribbons will be yellow?

Theprobabilitythatthefirsttworibbonswillbeyellowis1___51

.


Theprobabilityofchoosingayellowribbon1stis3___18

,or1__6.

Theprobabilityofchoosingayellowribbon2ndis2___17

.

Theprobabilityofchoosinganyribbon3rdis16___16

,or1.

Idon’thavetoincludetheprobabilityofchoosinganyribbon3rdinmycalculationbecausemultiplyingby1willnotaffectthefinalanswer

P(yellow1standyellow2nd)5P(yellow1st)?P(yellow2nd)

51__6?2___

17

51___51


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Name Date

9. A box contains discs with letters on them, as shown in the diagram. You randomly remove four of the discs, one at a time, and set them in a row on a table. What is the probability that the discs you remove will be, in order, A B C D?

C A B A

D C C A

A D A B

A B D D

Theprobabilityofchoosing4discsinalphabeticalorderis 9_____1820

.


TheprobabilityofchoosingadiscwithanA1stis6___16

,or3__8.

TheprobabilityofchoosingadiscwithanB2ndis3___15

,or1__5

.

TheprobabilityofchoosingadiscwithanD3rdis3___14

.

TheprobabilityofchoosingadiscwithanD4this4___13

.

P(A1st,B2nd,C3rd,andD4th)5P(A1st)?P(B2nd)?P(C3rd)?P(D4th)

53__8?1__

5?3___

14?4___

13

5 36_____7280

5 9_____1820

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10. Evan has 6 quarters, 4 dimes, 3 nickels, and 8 pennies in his pocket. If he randomly removes 3 coins from his pocket, what is the probability of choosing a quarter first?

TheprobabilityofEvanchoosingaquarter1stis2__7.


Theprobabilityofchoosingaquarter1stis6___21

,or2__7.

Theprobabilityofchoosinganycoin2ndis20___20

,or1.

Theprobabilityofchoosinganycoin3rdis19___19

,or1.

Idon’thavetoincludetheprobabilityofchoosinganycoin2ndortheprobabilityofchoosinganycoin3rdinmycalculationbecausemultiplyingby1willnotaffectthefinalanswer.So,the

probabilityofEvanchoosingaquarter1stis2__7.

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Name Date

11. The table shows the birth months of students in a class. If 4 students in the class are chosen at random, what is the probability that they will all have birthdays in June, July, or August?

Month January February March April May June

NumberofStudents 2 3 1 0 3 2

Month July August September October November December

NumberofStudents 6 1 3 5 2 0

Theprobabilityofchoosing4studentswithbirthdaysinJune,July,orAugustis 2____325

.


Theprobabilityofthe1ststudenthavingabirthdayinJune,July,orAugustis9___28

.

Theprobabilityofthe2ndstudenthavingabirthdayinJune,July,orAugustis8___27

.

Theprobabilityofthe3rdstudenthavingabirthdayinJune,July,orAugustis7___26

.

Theprobabilityofthe4thstudenthavingabirthdayinJune,July,orAugustis6___25

.

LetBrepresentchoosingastudentwithabirthdayinJune,July,orAugust.

P(B1st,B2nd,B3rd,andB4th)5P(A1st)?P(B2nd)?P(C3rd)?P(D4th)

59___28

?8___27

?7___26

?6___25

5 3024________491,400

5 2____325

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12. Alicia writes the numbers 1 to 45 on separate cards. She then randomly chooses three of the cards. What is the probability that the 2nd and 3rd cards will include the digit 9 in the number?

Theprobabilityofthe2ndand3rdcardshavinga9asoneoftheirdigitsis 3____946

.


Theprobabilitythatanynumberischosen1stis45___45

,or1.

Theprobabilitythatthe2ndnumberhasa9asoneofitsdigitsis3___44

.

Theprobabilitythatthe3rdnumberhasa9asoneofitsdigitsis2___43

.

LetNrepresentchoosingacardthathasa9asoneofitsdigits.

Idon’thavetoincludetheprobabilityofchoosinganynumber1stbecausemultiplyingby1willnotaffectthefinalanswer

P(N2ndandN3rd)5P(N2nd)?P(N3rd)

53___44

?2___43

5 6_____1892

5 3____946

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Or?Compound Probability with “Or”

Vocabulary

Answer each question.

1. In symbols, what is the Addition Rule for Probability?

P(AorB)5P(A)1P(B)2P(AandB)

2. When should you use the Addition Rule for Probability?

YouusetheAdditionRuleforProbabilitywhenyouwanttoknowtheprobabilitythatoneeventoranothereventwilloccur.

Problem Set

Use the Addition Rule for Probability to determine the probability that one or the other of the independent events described will occur.

1. You randomly choose a block from each set in the diagram. What is the probability that you will choose a block labeled with a T or a block labeled with a 6?

K

AT

C

ZK

D

R

6

24

2

14

5

6

TheprobabilityofchoosingablocklabeledwithaTorablocklabeledwitha6is11___32

.

IusedtheAdditionRuleforProbabilitytodeterminetheanswer.

LetTrepresentchoosingablocklabeledwithaT.

Let6representchoosingablocklabeledwitha6.

P(Tor6)5P(T)1P(6)2P(Tand6)

51__812__

82(1__

8)(2__

8)

51__812__

822___

64

58___64

116___64

22___64

522___64

511___32


Name Date

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2. The vegetable display at a market has exactly 48 apples and 36 oranges. Of these, 2 of the apples are rotten and 2 of the oranges are rotten. You randomly choose an apple and an orange from the display. What is the probability that the apple or the orange is rotten?

Theprobabilityofchoosingarottenappleorarottenorangeis41____432

.


LetArepresentchoosingarottenapple.

LetOrepresentchoosingarottenorange.

P(AorO)5P(A)1P(O)2P(AandO)

52___48

12___36

2(2___48

)(2___36

) 52___

4812___

362 4_____

1728

5 72_____1728

1 96_____1728

2 4_____1728

5164_____1728

541____432

3. The sides of a 6-sided number cube are labeled from 1 to 6. You roll the cube 2 times. What is the probability that it will land with a 1 facing up the first roll or the second roll?

Theprobabilityofaoneonthe1strolloraoneonthe2ndrollis11___36

.


LetOrepresentrollingaone.

P(O1storO2nd)5P(O1st)1P(O2nd)2P(O1standO2nd)

51__611__

62(1__

6)(1__

6)

51__611__

621___

36

56___36

16___36

21___36

511___36


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4. You spin the spinner 2 times. What is the probability that it will land on a number greater than 9 the first spin or a number less than 6 the second spin?

4

11

7

23

5

9

12 1

68

10

Theprobabilityoflandingonanumbergreaterthan9onthe1stspinoranumberlessthan6onthe2ndspinis9___

16.


Let“.9”representlandingonanumbergreaterthan9.

Let“,6”representlandingonanumberlessthan6.

P(.91stor,62nd)5P(.91st)1P(,62nd)2P(.91stand,62nd)

53___12

15___12

2(3___12

)(5___12

) 53___

1215___

12215____

144

536____144

160____144

215____144

581____144

59___16


Name Date

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5. There are 28 students in a math class and 24 students in a history class. In each of the classes, 7 of the students are members of the school band. A student is chosen at random from each class. What is the probability that the student chosen in the math class or the student chosen in the history class is in the band?

Theprobabilitythatthestudentchosenfromthemathclassorthestudentchosenfromthe

historyclassisinthebandis15___32

.


LetMrepresentchoosingastudentfromthemathclasswhoisintheband.

LetHrepresentchoosingastudentfromthehistoryclasswhoisintheband.

P(MandH)5P(M)1P(H)2P(MandH)

57___28

17___24

2(7___28

)(7___24

) 57___

2817___

24249____

672

5168____672

1196____672

249____672

5315____672

515___32

6. You randomly choose a block from each set of shapes. What is the probability of choosing a pyramid from the shaded set or a cylinder from the unshaded set?

Theprobabilityofchoosingapyramidfromtheshadedsetoracylinderfromtheunshadedset

is79____169

.


Letpyramidrepresentchoosingapyramidfromtheshadedset.

Letcylinderrepresentchoosingapyramidfromtheshadedset.

P(pyramidandcylinder)5P(pyramid)1P(cylinder)2P(pyramidandcylinder)

53___13

14___13

2(3___13

)(4___13

) 53___

1314___

13112____

169

539____169

152____169

212____169

579____169


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Name Date

Use the Addition Rule for Probability to determine the probability that one or the other of the dependent events will occur.

7. You decide to randomly choose two days this week to go jogging. What is the probability that the first day you choose will be Monday or the second day you choose will be Tuesday?

TheprobabilityofchoosingMondayorTuesdayis11___42

.


P(MondayorTuesday)5P(Monday)?P(Tuesday)2P(MondayandTuesday)

51__711__

72(1__

7)(1__

6)

51__711__

721___

42

56___42

16___42

21___42

511___42

8. You have 6 blue socks, 8 white socks, 4 green socks, and 2 brown socks in a drawer. You randomly remove 2 socks from the drawer. What is the probability that the first sock will be blue or the second sock will be green?

Theprobabilityofchoosingabluesockfirstoragreensocksecondis83____190

.


P(blue1storgreen2nd)5P(blue1st)1P(green2nd)2P(blue1standgreen2nd)

56___20

14___20

2(6___20

)(4___19

) 56___

2014___

20224____

380

5114____380

176____380

224____380

5166____380

583____190

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9. The figure shows number cubes in a jar. Without looking, you randomly remove two cubes from the jar. What is the probability that the first cube you remove will have a 2 on it or the second cube you remove will have a 3 on it?

Theprobabilityofchoosingacubewitha2firstoracubewitha

3secondis32____105

.


P(21stor32nd)5P(21st)?P(32nd)2P(21stand32nd)

52___15

13___15

2(2___15

)(3___14

) 52___

1513___

152 6____

210

528____210

142____210

2 6____210

564____210

532____105

10. You and a friend decide to sign up for soccer tryouts. Altogether, there are 42 people trying out. What is the probability that you will be chosen to try out first or your friend will be chosen to try out second?

TheprobabilitythatIwillbechosenfirstormyfriendwillbechosensecondis27____574

.


P(me1storfriend2nd)5P(me1st)?P(friend2nd)2P(me1standfriend2nd)

51___42

11___42

2(1___42

)(1___41

) 51___

4211___

422 1_____

1722

5 41_____1722

1 41_____1722

2 1_____1722

5 81_____1722

527____574

5 2

4

1

8 8

6

67

3

1

3

53 2

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Name Date

11. You choose two balls from the set in the figure and place both balls on a table. What is the probability that the first ball you choose will have stars on it or the second ball you choose will have stripes on it?

Theprobabilitythatthefirstballhasstarsorthesecondballhasstripesis 9____190

.


P(stars1storstripes2nd)5P(stars1st)1P(stripes2nd)2P(stars1standstripes2nd)

58___20

16___20

2(8___20

)(6___19

) 58___

2016___

20248____

380

5152____380

1114____380

248____380

5218____380

5 9____190

12. A standard deck of cards has 4 aces, 4 Kings, and 4 Queens. There are 52 cards altogether in the deck. One at a time, you randomly choose 2 cards from the deck and lay them on a table. What is the probability that the first card you choose is an ace or the second card you choose is a King?

TheprobabilityofchoosinganacefirstoraKingsecondis98____663

.


P(ace1storKing2nd)5P(ace1st)1P(King2nd)2P(ace1standKing2nd)

54___52

14___52

2(4___52

)(4___51

) 54___

5214___

522 16_____

2652

5204_____2652

1204_____2652

2 16_____2652

5392_____2652

598____663

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13. You randomly choose two different numbers in the box below. What is the probability that the first number you choose will be in a shaded box or the second number you choose will be in a shaded box?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

9

18

27

36

Theprobabilityofshadedboxfirstoranshadedboxsecondis2__5.


P(shaded1storshaded2nd)5P(shaded1st)1P(shaded2nd)2P(shaded1standshaded2nd)

58___36

18___36

2(8___36

)(7___35

) 58___

3618___

362 56_____

1260

5280_____1260

1280_____1260

2 56_____1260

5504_____1260

52__5

14. You have 26 songs on your music player. Of these, 4 are your favorite songs. Your player is set to randomly play different songs until all 26 are played. If you listen to 2 songs, what is the probability that the first song played or the second song played will be one of your favorites?

Theprobabilityofafavoritesongfirstorafavoritesongsecondis94____325

.


LetFrepresentchoosingafavoritesong.

P(F1storF2nd)5P(F1st)1P(F2nd)2P(F1standF2nd)

54___26

14___26

2(4___26

)(3___25

) 54___

2614___

26212____

650

5100____650

1100____650

212____650

5188____650

594____325

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And, Or, and More!Calculating Compound Probability

Problem Set

Determine the probability that each compound event will occur with replacement.

1. You randomly choose a number from the set, replace it, and then randomly choose another number. What is the probability of choosing a 2 first and a 3 second?

1 2 3

1 2 3

Theprobabilityofchoosinga2firstanda3secondis1__9.

P(21stand32nd)5P(21st)?P(32nd)

51__3?1__

3

51__9

2. A box contains 25 marbles. There are 6 blue, 2 green, 8 red, 1 yellow, and 3 orange marbles. You randomly choose 3 marbles, one after the other. Each time, you replace the marble back in the box before choosing the next one. What is the probability that the first marble is green, the second marble is red, and the third marble is blue?

Theprobabilityofchoosingagreenmarblefirst,aredmarblesecond,andabluemarblethird

is 96_______15,625

.

P(green1st,red2nd,andblue3rd)5P(green1st)?P(red2nd)?P(blue3rd)

52___25

?8___25

?6___25

5 96_______15,625


Name Date

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3. You choose a shape at random from the box, replace it, and then choose another shape at random. What is the probability that the first shape is a triangle or the second is a square?

Theprobabilityofchoosingatrianglefirstorasquaresecondis4__9.

P(triangle1storsquare2nd)5P(triangle1st)1P(square2nd)2P(triangle1standsquare2nd)

56___18

13___18

2(6___18

)(3___18

) 56___

1813___

18218____

324

5108____324

154____324

218____324

5144____324

54__9

4. You choose a blocks at random from the set, replace it, and then choose another block. What is the probability that you will choose an A block the first time or a D block the second time?

A B C C C D D D

A B C C C D D D

A B C C C D D D

TheprobabilityofchoosinganAblockfirstoraDblocksecondis29___64

.

P(Ablock1storD block2nd)5P(Ablock1st)1P(Dblock2nd)2P(Ablock1standDblock2nd)

53___24

19___24

2(3___24

)(9___24

) 53___

2419___

24227____

576

572____576

1216____576

227____576

5261____576

529___64


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Name Date

5. You have 4 quarters, 6 dimes, 3 nickels, and 9 pennies in your pocket. You randomly draw a coin out of your pocket, replace it, and then draw out another coin. What is the probability that the first coin is a quarter or the second coin is a dime?

Theprobabilityofchoosingaquarterfirstoradimesecondis49____121

.

P(quarter1stordime2nd)5P(quarter1st)1P(dime2nd)2P(quarter1standdime2nd)

54___22

16___22

2(4___22

)(6___22

) 54___

2216___

22224____

484

588____484

1132____484

224____484

5196____484

549____121

6. A box contains 6 blue blocks, 4 green blocks, 8 orange blocks, 12 yellow blocks, and 14 red blocks. You randomly choose 3 blocks from the box. Each time you choose a block, you replace it before choosing the next one. What is the probability of choosing a green block first, a yellow block second, and a blue block third?

Theprobabilityofchoosingagreenblockfirst,ayellowblocksecond,andablueblockthird

is 9_____2662

.

P(green1st,yellow2nd,andblue3rd)5P(green1st)?P(yellow2nd)?P(blue3rd)

54___44

?12___44

?6___44

51___11

?3___11

?3___22

5 9_____2662

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Determine the probability that each compound event will occur without replacement.

7. You randomly choose three shapes from the set, one after the other, without replacement. What is the probability that the first shape is a triangle, the second shape is a cube, and the third shape is a cylinder?

Theprobabilityofchoosingatrianglefirst,acubesecond,andacylinderthirdis 9____220

.

P(triangle1st,cube2nd,orcylinder3rd)5P(triangle1st)?P(cube2nd)?P(cylinder3rd)

56___22

?7___21

?9___20

53___11

?1__3

?9___20

527____660

5 9____220

8. A fruit bowl contains 6 apples, 2 pears, and 4 oranges. You randomly choose one fruit, and then without replacement, you choose another fruit. What is the probability that you choose a pear first or an orange second?

Theprobabilityofchoosingapearfirstoranorangesecondis29___66

.

P(pear1stororange2nd)5P(pear1st)1P(orange2nd)2P(pear1standorange2nd)

52___12

14___12

2(2___12

)(4___11

) 52___

1214___

122 8____

132

522____132

144____132

2 8____132

558____132

529___66


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Name Date

9. You randomly choose one ball from the bag without replacement, and then choose another ball. What is the probability that you will choose a white ball first or a shaded ball second?

Theprobabilityofchoosingawhiteballfirstorashadedballsecondis11___15

.

P(white1storshaded2nd)5P(white1st)1P(shaded2nd)2P(white1standshaded2nd)

57___15

18___15

1(7___15

)(8___14

) 57___

1518___

15256____

210

598____210

1112____210

256____210

5154____210

511___15

10. A teacher is dividing the 24 members of a class into groups to work on different projects. The letter A, B, or C is written on each of 24 cards, and the cards are placed in a box. There are eight A cards, six B cards, and ten C cards. Each student randomly draws a card from the box, without replacement, to determine the student’s group assignment. What is the probability that the first student will draw out an A or the second student will draw out a B?

TheprobabilityofchoosinganAfirstoraBsecondis35___69

.

P(A1storB2nd)5P(A1st)1P(B2nd)2P(A1standB2nd)

58___24

16___23

2(8___24

)(6___23

) 58___

2416___

23248____

552

5184____552

1144____552

248____552

5280____552

535___69

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11. You have 8 black socks, 6 blue socks, 2 green socks, and 4 white socks in a drawer. You randomly draw out two socks, one after the other, without replacement. What is the probability that you will draw out a black sock first and a black sock second?

Theprobabilityofchoosingablacksockfirstandablacksocksecondis14___95

.

P(black1standblack2nd)5P(black1st)?P(black2nd)

58___20

?7___19

52__5?7___

19

514___95

12. You draw a block at random from the set. Then, without replacing it, you draw another block at random from the set. What is the probability that the first block has a J on it or the second block has a K on it?

J

L

J

K

K

M

J

J

L

K

K

M

J

J

TheprobabilityofchoosingaJblockfirstoraKblocksecondis53___91

.

P(J1storK2nd)5P(J1st)1P(K2nd)2P(J1standK2nd)

56___14

14___14

2(6___14

)(4___13

) 56___

1414___

14224____

182

578____182

152____182

224____182

5106____182

553___91

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Name Date

13. A standard deck of 52 playing cards is composed of four cards each of aces, Kings, Queens, and Jacks, as well as four cards of each number from 2 to 10. You randomly draw out a card and, without replacement, then draw out another card. What is the probability that the first card is a numbered card or the second card is a King?

TheprobabilityofchoosinganumberedcardfirstoraKingsecondis158____221

LetNrepresentchoosinganumberedcard.

P(N1storKing2nd)5P(N1st)1P(King2nd)2P(N1standKing2nd)

536___52

14___52

2(36___52

)(4___51

) 51836_____

26521204_____

26522144_____

2652

51896_____3652

5158____221

14. The diagram shows the tee-shirts that you have in a drawer. You randomly remove two tee-shirts from the drawer, one after the other, without replacement. What is the probability that the first tee-shirt will be blue and the second tee-shirt will be blue?

GreenWhite Blue Blue Yellow Red

GreenWhite Blue Blue Yellow Red

Theprobabilityofchoosingabluetee-shirtfirstandanotherbluetee-shirtsecondis1___11

.

P(blue1standblue2nd)5P(blue1st)?P(blue2nd)

54___12

?3___11

51__3?3___

11

51___11

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Do You Have a Better Chance of Winning the Lottery or Getting Struck By Lightning?Investigate Magnitude through Theoretical Probability and Experimental Probability

Vocabulary

Write the term that best completes each statement.

1. A(n) experimentalprobability is the number of times an outcome occurs divided by the total number of trials performed.

2. An experiment that models a real-life situation is a(n) simulation .

3. A(n) theoreticalprobability is the number of desired outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes.

Problem Set

Solve each problem using the multiplication rule of probability for compound independent events.

1. You spin each spinner once. What is the probability of spinning a number less than 7 followed by spinning either A or B?

E

F

C

B

D

A

4

11

7

23

59

12 1

68

10

Theprobabilityofaspinresultinginanumberlessthan7andanAorBis1__6.

Let,7representofaspinresultinginanumberlessthan7.LetLrepresentaspinresultinginthelettersAorB.

P(,71standL2nd)5P(,71st)?P(L2nd)

56___12

?2__6

51__2?1__

3

51__6


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2. A 6-sided number cube is rolled three times. What is the probability that the first time the number will be greater than 4, the second time it will be an even number, and the third time it will be a multiple of 2?

Theprobabilityofanumbergreaterthan4first,anevennumbersecond,andamultipleof2third

is1___12

.

Let.4representarollresultinginanumbergreaterthan4.

LetErepresentarollresultinginanevennumber.

LetMrepresentarollresultinginamultipleof2.

P(.41st,E2nd,andM3rd)5P(.41st)?P(E2nd)?P(M3rd)

52__6?3__

6?3__

6

51__3?1__

2?1__

2

51___12

3. An amusement park has job openings for high school students. Jake, Terrance, and Mia are each offered a job. They are allowed to choose two of the available types of jobs, and each will be randomly assigned one of the two types of jobs they have chosen. Jake chooses food service and custodial. Terrance chooses food service and operations. Mia chooses food service and merchandise. What is the probability that all three of the friends will be assigned the same type of job?

Theprobabilityallthreefriendswillbeassignedthesame

typeofjobis64____165

.

LetJrepresentJakebeingassignedafoodservicejob.

LetTrepresentTerrancebeingassignedafoodservicejob.

LetMrepresentMiabeingassignedafoodservicejob.

P(J,T,andM)5P(J)?P(T)?P(M)

5 64_________(64116)

? 64_________(64124)

? 64_________(64132)

564___80

?64___88

?64___96

54__5?8___

11?2__

3

564____165

TypesofJobsNumberofOpenings

Food service 64

Games 76

Custodial 16

Operations 24

Merchandise 32

Warehouse 44

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4. A website assigns a 5-digit password to you. Each digit is randomly chosen from 0 to 9. What is the probability that each digit in the password is less than 2?

Theprobabilitythateachofthefivedigitsislessthan2is 1_____3125

.

Let,2representchoosingadigitlessthan2.

P(five,2’s)5P(,2)?P(,2)?P(,2)?P(,2)?P(,2)

52___10

?2___10

?2___10

?2___10

?2___10

51__5?1__

5?1__

5?1__

5?1__

5

5 1_____3125

5. You randomly choose a ball from each group. What is the probability that you will choose a red ball from each group?

Green

Red

Purple

Red

Purple

Red

Purple

Purple

Green

Red

Purple

Green

Group 2

Blue

Red

Blue

Blue

Yellow

Yellow

Blue

Yellow

Red

Yellow

Blue

Yellow

Group 1

TheprobabilityofchoosingaredballfromGroup1andaredballfromGroup2is1___18

.

P(red1standred2nd)5P(red1st)?P(red2nd)

52___12

?4___12

51__6

?1__3

51___18

6. You flip a coin 10 times. What is the probability that it will land heads up all 10 times?

Theprobabilityofthecoinlandingheadsupforalltenflipsis 1_____1024

.

LetHrepresentaresultofheadsupforonecoinflip.

P(10H’s)5P(H)?P(H)?P(H)?P(H)?P(H)?P(H)?P(H)?P(H)?P(H)?P(H)

51__2?1__

2?1__

2?1__

2?1__

2?1__

2?1__

2?1__

2?1__

2?1__

2

5 1_____1024


Name Date

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Solve each problem by determining the experimental probability using a random number generator on a graphing calculator.

7. Using the random number generator on a calculator, you press ENTER 40 times to simulate 200 trials. A number that represents a successful outcome appears 12 times. What is the experimental probability of a successful outcome?

experimentalprobability512____200

53___50


experimentalprobability5 6____300

51___50



53___35



52___65



5 6____125



51__6

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Name Date

Compare the theoretical probability and the experimental probability in each situation.

13. A bag contains 36 red balls, 17 green balls, and 28 white balls. You randomly choose 25 balls and 4of them are red. Compare the theoretical and experimental probabilities of drawing a red ball out of the bag.

Thetheoreticalprobabilityisgreater.

theoreticalprobability536___81

<0.44

experimentalprobability54___25

50.16

14. You randomly choose a letter of the alphabet 30 times, and 5 of them are vowels (a, e, i, o, or u). Compare the theoretical and experimental probabilities of choosing a vowel.



<0.19


<0.17

15. You flip a coin 30 times and it lands on tails 18 times. Compare the theoretical and experimental probabilities of the coin landing on tails.

Theexperimentalprobabilityisgreater.

theoreticalprobability51__250.5


50.6

16. You roll a 6-sided number cube 25 times, and 15 of the rolls land on a number greater than 2. Compare the theoretical and experimental probabilities the cube landing on a number greater than 2.


theoreticalprobability54__6<0.67


50.6

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17. You spin the spinner 50 times, and 32 of those times it lands on a number greater than 5. Compare the theoretical and experimental probabilities of the spinner landing on a number greater than 5.

4

11

7

23

5

9

12 1

68

10



<0.58


50.64

18. A jar contains 12 silver marbles, 8 gold marbles, and 6 purple marbles. You randomly choose 10 of the marbles and 4 are purple. Compare the theoretical and experimental probabilities of choosing a purple marble.



<0.23


50.4

600013_Skills_Ch14_921-968.indd 968 21/03/14 10:11 AM

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