Thermal Mass Flow Meters
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Transcript of Thermal Mass Flow Meters
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Thermal Mass Flow Meters
Market and applications
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Geographic Sales
34% 23% 12%
3%6%10%
10%
3%
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Competition
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Competition
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Industry
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Applications
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Pipe Size
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TYPE
Technology
Location
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Sage Metering SalesRepresentative Sales
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Applications Green House Gases Natural Gas Combustion Air Compressed Air Flare Digester gas/Bio gas/Landfill gas
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Green House Gases 40 CFR 98
– Mandatory reporting of Green House Gas EmissionsCO2, CH4, N2O
– Subpart C – Stationary Combustion sources– Other subparts are Industry specific
Natural Gas IndustryLandfill operationsChemical PlantsRefineriesMore
Carbon Credits
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Natural Gas Flows Boilers/Combustion Process
– Reporting GHG (EPA requirements)– Reporting Emissions (Local requirements)– Combustion efficiency– Typical Conditions
2 – 3 inch pipe Temperatures 60 – 80F Pressures max 5 psig Flow rates:
– 2” = 10,000 SCFH– 3” = 20,000 SCFH (6,000 SFPM)
– Burner Size 20 MM BTU/hr
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Natural Gas Flow Sub-metering
– Internal cost allocation within a facility– Typical Conditions:
Pipe Size 6” Pressure – 20 psi Flow rate = 250,000 SCFH (20,000 SFPM)
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Natural Gas Flow “Check” meter
– Gas Company distribution center– Repeatable, relative flow measurements– Check relative time of day flow in different distribution sections– Typical operating Conditions
18” pipe 80 – 100 psig Flow Rate 65,000 SCFM (40,000 SFPM)
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Natural Gas Flow Avoid
– Transmission LinesPressure too high = 500 to 2,000 psi
– Custody TransferNot AGA approvedProvide entire meter run
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ISO 50001
Energy Management Systems Reduce Energy Usage
– Continually review and monitor energy usage– Goal of improve energy performance
Program supported by US Department of Energy (DOE)
Opportunities for Sage:– Improvement in combustion efficiency
Natural gas – Compressed air measurement to reduce leakage
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Stoichiometric CombustionTheoretical combustion of all the fuel when mixed with the correct amount of air
Fuel + air = Heat + CO2 + H2O + CO + Unburned Fuel + Waste Heat up stack
Does not occur in reality – some excess air is neededo Control Air Fuel Ratios
o Ratio based on the mass of fuel compared to the mass of air
Increases as Combustion
Air Decreases
Increases as Combustion
Air Decreases
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Stoichiometric Combustion Optimum ratio of combustion air to fuel flow
– Does not existSome excess air is required
– Want to minimize excess air– Amount of excess air dependent on boiler load
Proper Air to fuel control requires mass flow measurement of air and fuel flow rates.
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Combustion Air DP flow measurement typically used
– Flow element:Averaging pitot tubePressure drop around an obstruction in
the ductVenturi
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DP - Combustion Air Flow Limitations:• Require pressure and temperature
compensation to get mass flow• Loss of signal at low flow rates
Typical velocity in duct gives 1” w.g. pressure drop.
• Square root relationship between flow and signal
Limits turndown Advantages:– “Sample” multiple points or
“entire” flow
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Thermal – Combustion Air Flow Advantages:
– Measures mass flow without pressure or temperature compensation
Desired for combustion air to fuel ratio– Excellent low flow sensitivity– High turndown capabilities
Disadvantages:– Single point measurement
How representative is flow measurement Multi point averaging arrays
– Accuracy limitations due to straight run/flow profile However, repeatability is required
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Combustion Air - Conclusion Suitable for “small”
ducts
Not suitable for “large” ducts
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Compressed Air DOE estimates 30% compressed air produced
is lost due to leakage– ¼” leak at 100 psi = 100 CFM
$8,000 - $20,000 per year Cost Allocation Compressor efficiency
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Flare/Vent Varying gas composition
Natural Gas
Tank venting (Gas Production)
Process Operations (CPI/HPI)
– Refineries40 CFR part 60, subpart Ja (modified August 2012)
– Emissions on non-emergency flares
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Sage Selling Points Compact enclosure
– Prime - Smaller enclosure than other suppliers Insitu calibration verification Calibration on actual gas
– Ability to provide adjustment factors for varying gas composition
– Competitive calibration prices– Good delivery
Flow conditioner Great organization – good people to work with