Anatomy & Physiology of Cells Chapters 3 & 4 Anatomy & Physiology
There are so many career opportunities in the field of Biology. Anatomy & Physiology will help you...
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Transcript of There are so many career opportunities in the field of Biology. Anatomy & Physiology will help you...
There are so many career opportunities in the field of
Biology. Anatomy & Physiology
will help you get there!
I.I. IntroductionIntroduction
A. Early ancestors were concerned about
injuries and illnesses – treated them with superstitions, magic, &
potions
B. Later, cadavers (dissected human bodies) were
examined for cause of death and
studied
C. Greek & Latin terms were coined to name body
parts, describe locations, and explain functions
and interactions
Pg. 2
II.II. Anatomy and Physiology (A & P)Anatomy and Physiology (A & P)
Anatomy – branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts, their forms and organization
Physiology – branch of science that is concerned with the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it
III.III. Levels of Organization Levels of Organization – all materials of the body are made of chemicals, which consist of:
A. Atoms – microscopic particlesB. Molecules – atoms joined togetherC. Macromolecules – molecules that
join together to make larger moleculesD. Organelles – small parts of a cell &
made of macromoleculesE. Cell
1. made up of organelles2. are the basic unit of structure
and function (the what & why)3. vary in size, shape, & function4. are microscopic
F. Tissue – cells organized into layers
G. Organ – group of interacting tissues
H. Organ System – group of organs that function closely together
I. Organism – group of organ systems working together
Pg. 4
IV.IV. Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life
* These are known as METABOLISM: all the chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up
Pg. 5
V.V. Maintaining LifeMaintaining LifeA. Requirements
1. Water – for metabolism; transports substances, regulates body temp
2. Food – provides chemical energy & materials to build new matter
3. Oxygen – releases energy from food
4. Heat – product of metabolic reactions (more heat = faster reactions)
5. Pressure
a. air pressure to get O2 to lungs & CO2 out
b. blood pressure to pump blood through blood vessels
B. Homeostasis –
tendency to maintain a stable internal environment with narrow limits, like a thermostat
(negative feedback)
1. Shivering – muscular
contractions produce heat when
cold
2. Sweating – blood vessels in skin dilate, heat moves to surface & evaporates
Only a few positive feedback mechanisms exist:
blood clotting – chemicals in a clot promote more clotting
milk production – with more force/duration during nursing, more milk is produced
Childbirth – contractions to expel baby produce more contractions until the baby is out
VI.VI. Organization of the Human Body Organization of the Human Body (pgs 9-10)
A. Body Cavities – spaces for organs
B. Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Membranes
* Parietal membranes line a cavity
* Visceral membranes cover organs
1. Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity
2. Visceral Pleura – covers lungs
3. Pleural Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral pleura
Pg. 10
4. Parietal Pericardium – outer covering of heart
5. Visceral Pericardium – inner covering of heart
6. Pericardial Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral pericardium
Pg. 10
7. Parietal Peritoneum – lines abdominopelvic cavity
8. Visceral Peritoneum – covers each organ of abdominopelvic cavity
9. Peritoneal Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral peritoneum
Pg. 11
VII.VII. Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology (see Lab 2)
* Anatomical Position – body is standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward
* Right & Left refer to the body in the anatomical position (as if it were your body)
A. Relative Positions – one part is compared with another (book pg. 14)
1. Superior (cranial) Inferior (caudal)
toward the head away from the head
2. Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal)
toward the front away from the front
3. Lateral – side Medial – midline
4. Superficial Deep
toward the surface away from the surface
5. Proximal Distal
toward the trunk away from the trunk
B. Body Planes & Sections (pg. 15)
1. Cuts made on the sagittal / median plane OR coronal / frontal plane result in a longitudinal section (c)
2. Cuts made on the transverse / horizontal plane result in a cross section (a) or oblique section (b)
Review your Anatomical Terminology!
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