Therapy Chapter 15. 2 Psychological Therapies 1.Psychoanalytic theory 2.Humanistic theory...
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Transcript of Therapy Chapter 15. 2 Psychological Therapies 1.Psychoanalytic theory 2.Humanistic theory...
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Psychological Therapies
1. Psychoanalytic theory2. Humanistic theory3. Behavioral theory4. Cognitive theory
Psychoanalytic Therapy
• Goal: to bring unconscious conflicts, traumas, worries into the conscious so they can be faced and resolved
Psychoanalytic Therapy
• Psychoanalysis: Freud’s Therapy• Free association • Dream interpretation• Transference • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oS_L8efaJ-E
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Psychoanalysis: Criticisms
1. cannot be proven or disproven.2. takes a long time and is very
expensive– http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Ss8fYIKlRdo
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Psychoanalytic Therapies
Interpersonal psychotherapy•effective in treating depression•focuses on symptom relief here and now•Relationships the patient has
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Humanistic Therapies
•client-centered therapy –Carl Rogers–Provide unconditional acceptance and high regard–Increase self-esteem–http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m30jsZx_Ngs&feature=related
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Humanistic Therapy
active listening - echoes, restates, and clarifies the patient’s thinking,
acknowledging expressed feelings
Michael Rougier/ Life M
agazine © Tim
e Warner, Inc.
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Behavior Therapy
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
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Operant Conditioning
•behavior modification –desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished–Successful in treating uncommunicative patients
•Autistic children
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Token Economy
•patients exchange a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.–institutional settings–schizophrenic patients
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Cognitive Therapy
Stress Inoculation TrainingMeichenbaum (1977, 1985) trained people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations.
“Relax, the exam may be hard, but it will be hard for everyone else too. I studied harder than most people. Besides, I don’t need a perfect score to get a good grade.”
Cognitive Therapy
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)– Therapists attempt to change the way people
think as well as their behavior – Highly structured and focused on concrete
problems– Clients have specific therapy goals– Clients are given “homework”
Group Therapy, Family Therapy• Group Therapy
– Several unrelated people meet with a therapist to discuss some aspect of their psychological functioning
– Often centers on a common difficulty– Help people realize that others have the same problem– People with the same problem exchange advice about how to deal with
things
© M
ary Kate Denny/ PhotoEdit, Inc.
Group Therapy, Family Therapy
• Family Therapy– Involves two or more family members, one (or more) of
whose problems led to treatment• Family is viewed as a unit so if one person has psychological issues,
the entire family needs therapy to improve the situation
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Is Psychotherapy Effective?
It is difficult to gauge the effectiveness of psychotherapy because there are
different levels upon which its effectiveness can be measured.
1. Does the patient sense improvement?2. Does the therapist feel the patient has improved?3. How do friends and family feel about the patient’s
improvement?
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Client’s Perceptions
1. Clients enter therapy in crisis, but crisis may subside over the natural course of time (regression to normalcy).
2. Clients may need to believe the therapy was worth the effort.
3. Clients generally speak kindly of their therapists.
Choosing the Right Therapist
• You should feel comfortable with your therapist• Therapists should have appropriate training and
credentials and should be licensed by appropriate state and local agencies
• You should feel that you are making progress after therapy has begun, despite occasional setbacks
• The therapist should be monitoring your progress and making sure that you are improving, adjusting treatment accordingly
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Clinician’s Perceptions
1. Clinicians are aware of failures, but they believe failures are the problem of other therapists.
2. If a client seeks another clinician, the former therapist is more likely to argue that the client has developed another psychological problem.
3. Clinicians are likely to testify to the efficacy of their therapy regardless of the outcome of treatment.
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The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies
Which psychotherapy would be most effective for treating a particular
problem?Disorder Therapy
Depression Behavior, Cognition, Interpersonal
Anxiety Cognition, Exposure, Stress Inoculation
Bulimia Cognitive-behavior
Phobia Behavior
Bed Wetting
Behavior Modification
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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
In EMDR therapy, the therapist attempts to unlock and reprocess previous frozen
traumatic memories by waving a finger in front of the eyes of the client.
EMDR has not held up under scientific testing.
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Light Exposure Therapy
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a
form of depression, has been effectively
treated by light exposure therapy.
This form of therapy has been
scientifically validated.
Courtesy of Christine Brune
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Commonalities Among Psychotherapies
Three commonalities shared by all forms of psychotherapies are the following:
1. A hope for demoralized people.
2. A new perspective.3. An empathic, trusting
and caring relationship.
© M
ary Kate Denny/ PhotoEdit, Inc.
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Drug Therapies
With the advent of drugs, hospitalization in mental institutions has rapidly declined.
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Double-Blind Procedures
To test the effectiveness of a drug, patients are tested with the drug and a placebo. Two groups of patients and medical health professionals are unaware of who is taking the drug and who is taking the placebo.
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Antipsychotic Drugs
Classical antipsychotics [chlorpromazine (Thorazine)]: Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation,
delusions, and hallucinatioAtypical antipsychotics [clozapine (Clozaril)]: Remove
negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration
difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with others.ns.
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Atypical Antipsychotic
Clozapine (Clozaril) blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Antianxiety Drugs
Antianxiety drugs (Xanax and Ativan) depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety
and tension by elevating the levels of the Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
neurotransmitter.
Drug Therapy
• Antidepressant Drugs– Medications used in cases of severe depression to
improve the moods of patients • Work by changing the concentration of specific
neurotransmitters in the brain– Tricyclic drugs– MAO inhibitors– Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
» Prozac
Effectiveness of Drug in Treating Mood Disorders
• Results are about the same with MAOIs, tricyclics, and SSRIs– About 50% improve, compared to 25% of controls
• do not prevent future episodes
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Antidepressant Drugs
Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting
reuptake.
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Mood-Stabilizing Medications
For Bipolar DisorderLithium Carbonate, a common salt, It moderates the levels of norepinephrine and glutamate neurotransmitters.
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Alternatives to ECT
Repetitive Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/george-uses-tms.html