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THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINEVolume 7, Number 5, 2001, pp. 405–515Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Therapeutic Plants of Ayurveda: A Review of SelectedClinical and Other Studies for 166 Species
SARAH KHAN M.S., M.P.H., C.N.S., and MICHAEL J. BALICK, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
This paper reports on the results of a literature survey involving 166 different species of plantsused in the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, based on a sampling of the literature available to us. Wefound a wide range of clinical and other in vivo studies for many of the plant-based therapiesutilized in the Ayurvedic system. Of the 166 plants investigated, 72 (43%) had at least one ormore human studies and 103 (62%) had one or more animal studies. These results appear to con-tradict the generally held notion that herbal remedies used in non-Western systems of botani-cal medicine have not been evaluated in human or in vivo trials. Some of these studies are notalways as large or methodologically rigorous as clinical studies reported in major medical jour-nals. Indeed, a critical assessment of the research according to the standards of evidence-basedmedicine would eliminate many of these studies for lack of rigor according to criteria of ran-domization, sample size, adequacy of controls, etc. However, the studies do suggest whichspecies might be appropriate for larger and better-controlled trials in the future. Accordingly, asynopsis of the plants, their therapeutic applications, and their clinical or experimental evalua-tions is presented.
405
INTRODUCTION
Non-Western healing systems that utilizebotanical medicines are often criticized be-
cause of a supposed paucity of in vivo studies tosupport the safety and efficacy of individualplants or plant mixtures. For example, Barrett etal. (1999) state that therapies outside the med-ical mainstream suffer from a dearth of researchand critical evaluation. From a biomedical par-adigm, rigorous studies include those that pro-vide randomized controlled data on efficacy aswell as information on toxicity, dosage, method
of use, and adverse reactions. Few herbals orother references available to practitioners ofbotanical medicine contain information about,or citations of, clinical trials or related studies.At the same time, billions of people around theworld have studied and utilized ancient med-ical systems such as Ayurveda (translated as the“science of life”) for centuries.
To evaluate the availability of studies onplants used in Ayurveda, we conducted asearch in two databases as well as other sourcesof information, using a list of 166 species thatare important to this system of medicine.
Institute of Economic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.
ORIGINAL PAPERS
KHAN AND BALICK406
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was conducted between Janu-ary 1996 and January 2000. The databasessearched were MEDLINE® and NAPRALERT.In addition, we collected literature on tradi-tional medicine and searched two Indian jour-nals not included in MEDLINE: Aryavaidyanand the Indian Journal of Medical Research. Thesepublications were selected, based on theiravailability to us, as examples of Indian jour-nals that report on studies of plants and theirtreatment of disease. There are many other In-dian journals that contain a great deal of valu-able information; however, they were not ac-cessible to us—we expect that, if access to thistype of traditional knowledge can be facilitatedin some way, much more information of inter-est could be located. In this paper, we only con-sider those studies that include individualplants or mixtures of plants consistent with thephilosophy of Ayurveda. We did not includesix species that have been reported on in manyjournals, in both human and animal studies: Al-lium sativum L., Cannabis indica Lam., Digitalispurpurea L., Papaver somniferum L., Rauwolfiaserpentina L., and Zingiber officinalis Roscoe.However, we did include these species in thecalculation of percentage of animal and humantrials of the 166 Ayurvedic medicinal plants.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Summary of human studies
A summary of the human studies and thespecies included in the plant mixtures are pre-sented in Table 1: Ayurvedic Plants and Hu-man Studies. The disease categories listed inTable 1 are graphically depicted in Figure 1 asbreakdown into eleven disease categories forthe 166 plants (minus the six species alreadydocumented) with human studies. The diseasecategories include: antimicrobial; antimuta-gens; cardiovascular; dermatology; Diabetesmellitus; gastrointestinal; liver dysfunction; nervous system; pain/inflammation; renal/blood/immune system; and other. There are atotal of 145 effects based on the 66 human stud-ies. In a few instances, when one plant demon-
strated more than one effect, i.e., reduction ofboth blood glucose and triglyceride levels, theeffect was counted in both the cardiovascularand Diabetes mellitus categories. For the sake ofcomparison, Figure 2 represents a breakdownof drugs used in the U.S. pharmacopoeia ac-cording to treatment category based on thework of Paul Cox (1994).
Table 2 is a detailed list of all the plants, or-ganized by genus and species, with the familynames. Information on common Sanskrit andEnglish names is also presented, as well asmention of the plant part used, preparation anddosage used in the study, design, model andsample size when known, results (negative andpositive), and the original reference that wasexamined. Forty-three percent (43%) (a total of72) of the species in Table 2 contain referenceto one or more studies with humans and 62%(a total of 103) of the species listed in this tablecontain reference to at least one animal trial.Careful examination of the studies revealed avariation in sample size, quality of research,and presentation of results. However, there isa great deal of interesting information con-tained in these studies, representing a signifi-cant accumulation of evidence supporting theefficacy of plant therapies used in Ayurveda.Although the table is quite long and detailed,there are a number of plants exhibiting im-pressive therapeutic effects in humans. At thesame time, this corpus of information serves topoint the way to species that deserve furtherstudy, both in animal models and at the clinic.Toward this end, we suggest the adoption of“Good Botanical Practices” (Balick, 1999) withproperly collected, vouchered materials usedto produce the phytotherapies under study.This is the only way that reproducibility of re-sults can be assured, should further testing bewarranted.
CONCLUSIONS
Plants have long been the principal tools oftraditional medical systems. Although ancientin origins, many traditional medical paradigmsand their pharmacopoeias have evolved intoquite sophisticated healing systems, usingthousands of plants and other natural materi-
THERAPEUTIC PLANTS OF AYURVEDA 407
als such as minerals and animal products. Inmany parts of the world, traditional medicineis still used to provide the major part of pri-mary health care. The World Health Organiza-tion has estimated that the majority of theworld’s population depends on botanical med-icines for basic health care needs (Akerele,1985). Reasons for this include the fact thatthese local systems are culturally acceptable,cheaper for many conditions as compared tobiomedicine, and efficacious in many of the cir-cumstances in which they are used.
In a recent editorial in the New England Jour-nal of Medicine, the editors cautioned against the
use of herbal medicines as “a reversion to irra-tional approaches to medical practice” (Angelland Kassirer, 1998). In this paper, we have at-tempted to dispel the all-too-commonly heldnotion that no clinical or other evidence existsto support the use of plants used in traditionalmedical systems. We acknowledge that someof the studies are not as rigorous as desired be-cause of resource or other limitations. How-ever, the work described in this review canserve to help guide future studies by pointingout promising therapies, and thus research av-enues, for specific conditions. In the case ofAyurvedic medicine, Indian journals, often re-
FIG. 1. Ayurvedic medicinal plant uses, classified according to the treatment categories. (Based on human studies,n 5 66).
FIG. 2. U.S. Pharmacopoeia drug uses, classified according to the treatment categories. From Cox, 1994.
gional or those published by individual re-search centers, are rich in experimental studiesas well. This exercise has also pointed out theneed for access to such publications, via greaterinternational cooperation involving informa-tion exchange.*
This study has been limited by our own ac-cess to information and there are numerous ad-ditional journals that contain information onplants and complex mixtures of plants pre-pared according to traditional formulationsused in the Ayurvedic medical system. Wehave undertaken this task in the hope that someof the initial studies presented may help to di-rect research on plants deserving of more in-tensive evaluation as clinical therapies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Scott Gerson, M.D., Ph.D.,medical director of the National Institute ofAyurvedic Medicine, Brewster, NY, for pro-viding us with a listing of the species ofAyurvedic medicinal plants discussed in thispaper. We would like to thank the following:the NAPRALERT staff for providing informa-tion on clinical trials, The New York BotanicalGarden Library (for interlibrary loans); JenniferCooper of Nature’s Herbs for providing refer-ences on some of the plants; The Asian Eco-nomic Botany Fund of The New York BotanicalGarden (for funding travel and SK salary); andThe New York Botanical Garden Institute of
Economic Botany, Bronx, NY, staff and interns:Jan Stevenson, Kate Armstrong (1998 EverettPublic Service Intern), Kelvin Chan (volunteer),with special thanks to Rebekka Stone (ResearchAssistant), and Roberta Lee M.D. We wouldalso like to express our gratitude to GerryBodeker, Ed.D., for his thoughtful commentson the piece, and to Jackie Wootton, M.Ed., andKim Jobst, M.A., D.M., M.R.C.P., M.F.Hom.
We are also grateful to The Philecology Trustand The Metropolitan Life Foundation for theirgenerous support of Michael Balick’s researchprogram in ethnomedicine.
REFERENCES
Angell M, Kassirer, JP. Alternative medicine: The risks ofuntested and unregulated remedies [editorial]. N Eng-land J Med 1998;339:839–841.
Akerele O. The WHO Traditional Medicine Programme:Policy and Implementation. International TraditionalHealth Newsletter. Geneva, Switzerland: World HealthOrganizations, 1985;1:1.
Balick MJ. Good Botanical Practices. In Eskinazi D (ed)Botanical Medicine: Efficacy, Quality, Assurance, andRegulation. Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.,1999:121–125.
Barrett B, Kiefer D, Rabago D. Assessing the risks andbenefits of herbal medicine: An overview of scientificevidence. Altern Ther Health Med 1999;5(4):40–49.
Cox, P. The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery:Strengths and limitations. In: Chadwick D, Marsh J(eds). Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs. JohnWiley & Sons, 1994:25–36.
Address reprint requests to:Michael J. Balick, Ph.D.
The New York Botanical GardenBronx, NY 10458
E-mail: [email protected]
KHAN AND BALICK408
*The Foundation for the Revitilization of Local HealthTraditions (www.frlht-india.org) founded by DarshanShankar in 1991 is one such pioneering organization ded-icated to the conservation of Indian biodiversity and lo-cal health traditions and cultures.
409
APPENDIX toTherapeutic Plants of AyurvedaTables 1 and 2 and Illustrations
410
TABLE 1. AYURVEDIC PLANTS WITH HUMAN STUDIES
Aegle marmelos Irritable bowel syndromeShigellosis
Allium cepa ColicHyperlipidemiaScar treatmentStomach carcinoma
Aloe barbendensis AntidiabeticBurn woundsPsoriasis
Andrographis paniculata Common cold (23)Fever, sore throatHepatocellular jaundicePyuria, hematuriaStenosis, restenosisViral hepatitis
Areca catechu Diphyllobothrium latum infectionInflammatory bowel disease
Artemisia vulgaris Postoperative blood loss, bacteriuriaAsparagus racemosus Calculi on kidney, urinary bladder
Gastric emptyingAzadirachta indica Congestive heart failure
Mosquito repellant (23)ScabiesVaginal contraceptiveVitiligo
Bacopa monnieri Irritable bowel syndromeBoerhavia diffusa Congestive heart failureBoswellia serrata Ulcerative colitis
OsteoarthritisRheumatoid arthritis
Butea monosperma GiardiasisWorm infestations, Ascaris lumbricoides
Capsicum annuum Cluster headaches (23)Diabetic neuropathy (23)Herpes zosterHerpetic neuralgia (33)Local stump pain due to amputationPost herpetic neuralgia (23) Postmastectomy pain syndromeSmall fiber function
Carum carvi ObstipationCedrus deodara Congestive heart failureCocos nucifera Coronary heart disease
ImmunotherapyOral rehydration therapy
Cuminum cyminum Diabetes mellitusCurcuma longa Cancerous lesions (external)
Gastric ulcersOsteoarthritisScabiesSerum lipid peroxides (decrease)Urinary mutagens (decrease)
Cyperus rotundus Intestinal metaplasia, atypical hyperplasia of gastricmucosa
Daucus carota Inhibition of endogenous nitrosationMalignant mesotheliomaMetabolic parameters (no adverse changes)Oxidation in copper-oxidized LDL (decrease)Risk of vulvar cancer (decrease)
Dolichos biflorus Binding to healthy oral mucosaEmbelia ribes Acne vulgaris
Worm infestation, Ascaris lumbricoidesEmblica officinalis Gastrointestinal disease
Serum cholesterol levelsViral hepatitis
Eugenia jambolana Decreases in mean blood sugar valuesFoeniculum vulgare Chronic nonspecific colitis
411
Glycyrrhiza glabra Acne vulgarisChronic duodenal ulcers (23)Chronic hepatitisHyperkalemia in Diabetes mellitus
Gossypium herbaceum Male antifertility (33)Gymnema sylvestre Mean blood sugar values (decrease) (23)
Serum lipids (decrease)Sweetness perception (decrease)
Holarrhena antidysenterica Facial acneHydrocotyle asiatica ShigellosisLinum usitatissimum N-3 fatty acids (increase)
Postprandrial glucose (decrease)Mallotus philippensis Worm infestations, Ascaris lumbricoidesMoringa oleifera Perceived pain relief, accelerated expulsion of wormsMucuna pruriens Parkinson’s diseaseMyristica fagrans Calculi in kidneys and urinary bladderNardostachys jatamansi Facial acneNelumbo nucifera HyperlipidemiaOcimum sanctum Non-insulin dependent Diabetes mellitusOryza sativa Oral rehydration therapyPaederia foetida ShigellosisPeucedanum graveolens Vitamin A/b-carotene contentPicrorhiza kurrooa Bronchial asthma
Congestive heart failureViral hepatitisVitiligo
Piper longum Bioavailability of certain drugs (increase)Disappearance of Giardia lamblia
Piper nigrum No damage to human gastric mucosaPueraria tuberosa Migraine headachesRaphanus sativus No adverse effects to metabolic parametersRheum emodi Prevent chronic renal failureRicinus communis Binding of healthy oral mucosaRubia cordifolia Cardiac functionSalvadora persica Peridontal diseaseSantalum album Facial acne
Urinary tract infectionSaussurea lappa Reduced frequency of anginaSesamum indicum WartsStrychnos nux-vomica Nonketotic hyperglycemiaSwertia chirata Decrease in mean blood sugar valuesTamarindus indica Bioavailability of drugs (increase) (23)
Decrease pain, accelerated expulsion of wormsTaraxacum officinale Chronic colitisTephrosia purpurea Decrease in mean blood sugar valuesTerminalia arjuna Severe refractory heart failure
Stable angina pectorisTerminalia bellirica Acne vulgarisTerminalia chebula Acne vulgaris
Congestive cardiac failureTinospora cordifolia Calculi on kidney or urinary bladder
Congestive heart failureManagement of obstructive jaundice
Tribulus terrestris Calculi on kidney and urinary bladderRemission of angina pectoris
Trigonella foenum-graecum Hypolipidemic effect (23)Postprandial glucose levels (decrease)Total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides (decrease)
Valeriana jatamansi Infantile rotavirus enteritisMild hypnotic actionMild insomnia, decrease sleep latencySleep quality
Withania somnifera Calculi on kidney and urinary bladderOsteoarthritisPsychomotor performanceRheumatoid arthritis
LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein cho-lesterol.
412
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Acorus calamus
L.
Alcoh
olic extract of dried
Rats
Decrease in sev
erity of m
axim
um
Martis G, et al. Neu
roph
armacolog
ical
ACORACEAE
rhizom
es: 1 kg
coa
rse
electric sho
ck ind
uced seizu
res in rats
activity of Acorus calamus
L.
Vacha
pow
der
was dem
onstrated.
Fitoterapia LXII, 1
991;4:33
1–33
7.Sw
eet Flat
Acorus calamus
Ethan
olic extract of Acorus
Rats, m
ice
Extract has sho
wn sedative, ana
lgesic,
Voh
ora SB
, et al. Cen
tral nervo
uscalamus rhizo
mes. H
ot
mod
erately hy
potensive an
dsy
stem
studies on an
ethan
ol
extract distilla
tion
33
resp
iratory qu
alities.
extract of Acorus calamus
L.
poo
led, c
oncentrated
rhizom
es. J E
thno
pharm
and dried
1990
;28:53
–62.
Aegle marmelos
Dried
unr
ipe fruit pow
der
Ran
domized
,Treatmen
t of shige
llosis with these
Haider R
, et al. Eva
luation of ind
ige-
(L.) Corrêa
of Aegle marmelos;
dou
ble-blind,
plan
ts did not sho
w any
clin
ical
nous plan
ts in the trea
tmen
t of
RUTACEAE
dried
pow
der plant of
clinical trial:
impr
ovem
ent or bacteriolog
ical cure
acute shige
llosis. Trop G
eogr M
edBilu
aHydrocotyle asiatica;
82 m
en w
ith
as com
pared to am
picillin.
1991
;43(3):266
–270
.Bael tree
dried
pow
der of Poederia
shigellosis
foetida
Aegle marmelos
Metha
nolic
extract of root
Mice
Extract inh
ibited
the
spo
ntan
eous
Kak
iuch
i N, et al. Effects of co
nstitu-
bark Aegle marmelos
beating rate of cu
ltured m
ouse
ents of Beli ( Aegle marmelos
L.) on
10
0 mg/
mL
myo
card
ial cells
by ap
proximately
spon
tane
ous be
ating an
d calcium-
50%.
paradox
of myo
card
ial cells
. Plan
ta
Med
199
1;57
(1):4
3–46
.Aegle marmelos
Ayu
rved
ic preparation:
Clin
ical trial,
In 57 pa
tien
ts, A
yurved
ic prepa
ration
Yad
av SK, e
t al. Irritable bo
wel syn
-Aegle marmelos
and
rand
omized
was effective
in 64.9%, w
hile stand
ard
drome: the
rapeu
tic ev
alua
tion
of
Bacopa monnieri
controlle
d:
therap
y (w
ith clidinium bromide,
indigen
ous dru
gs. Ind
ian J Med
Res
169 pa
tien
tsch
lord
iaze
poxide, isaph
aghu
lla) in
1989
;90:49
6–50
3.with irritable
60 patients was useful 78
.3%. L
ong-
bowel
term
follow-up sh
owed
both form
s of
synd
rome
therap
y were no
better than
placebo
in lim
iting the relaps
e.
Aegle marmelos
Plants lack
ing pyrroliz
idine
Feed
ing
To test tox
icity of plants, plants
Arseculeratne
SN, e
t al. Stud
ies
alka
loids: Aegle marmelos,
trials in rats
prod
uced
hep
atic lesions
tha
t included
of m
edicinal plants of Sri Lan
ka.
Hemidesmus indicus,
central ve
in abn
ormalities. Terminalia
Part 14:
Tox
icity of som
eTerminalia chebula,
chebulaan
d Withania somnifera
trad
itiona
l med
icinal herbs
. JWithania somnifera
prod
uced
marke
d ren
al lesions
.Ethno
pha
rm 198
5;13
(3):3
23–3
35.
413
( continued)
Aegle marmelos
Aqu
eous decoc
tion
s of
Lab
oratory
All plan
ts dem
onstrated significant
Karuna
naya
ke EH, e
t al. Oral hy
po-
Aegle marmelos,
anim
als
hypo
glyc
emic effect in the
ir ability to
glyc
emic activity of som
e med
icinal
Momordica charantia,
decrease the fasting bloo
d gluco
seplants of Sri Lan
ka. J Ethno
pha
rm
Salacia reticulata
leve
l an
d impr
ove gluc
ose toleranc
e.19
84;11(2):223
–231
.Momordica charantia
had the
highe
steffect w
hile Salacia reticulataha
d the
lowest.
Alangium
Extracted
with n-
Mice ex
tract
Sage
is a po
tent inh
ibitor of TPA-ind
uced
Oku
yama T, et al. Studies on
can
cer
salviifolium
(L.f.)
hexa
ne, ethy
l acetate
exam
ined
mou
se ear edem
a. A
ntitum
or
bioc
hemop
reve
ntion of natural
Wan
gerin
and m
etha
nol.
on TPA-
promoting activity guided
the
resources:X
. 1
inhibitory effect of
ALA
NGIA
CEAE
Alls
pice, b
asil, bay
induc
ed ear
separation of the
relatively active
spices onTPA
-enh
anced 3H-cho
line
Ank
ola
leav
es, card
amom
seed,
edem
asp
ices and
led
to the isolation of
inco
rporation in pho
spho
lipids of
Sage
leave
scinn
amon
, cu
min, d
illursolic acid from sag
e. A
ll plan
tsC3h
10T1/
2 cells
and
on TPA
-seed
, dry ginge
r,were high
ly poten
t inhibitors of TPA
-induc
ed m
ouse ear edem
a.
ging
er, h
orseradish,
induc
ed m
ouse ear edem
a.Chin Pha
rm J 199
5;47
(5):4
21–4
30.
marjoram, oreg
ano,
parsley, pink pep
per,
red pe
ppe
r, ros
emary,
sage
, tarrag
on, thym
e,turm
eric, w
hite pep
per
Allium
cepaL.
Allium
cepaintake
Mailed
To assess relations
hips am
ong
Lus
t KD, e
t al. Materna
l intake
of
ALL
IACEAE
question
naire:
compon
ents of the materna
l diet an
dcruc
iferou
s ve
getables and
other
Palan
du
272 mothe
rs:
presenc
e of colic sym
ptom
s am
ong
food
s an
d colic sym
ptom
s in
Onion
infants
527
3ex
clusive
ly breast-fed infan
ts. S
tudy
exclusive
ly breast-fed infan
ts. J A
m
reve
aled
initial eviden
ce tha
t materna
lDietetic Assoc
199
6;96(1):4
6–48
.intake
of on
ions
during
exclusive
breast-feeding is assoc
iated w
ith co
licsymptoms in you
ng infan
ts.
Allium
cepa
Allium
cepaan
d Allium
Nethe
rlan
ds
Strong
inv
erse assoc
iation
between on
ion
Doran
t E, et al. Con
sumption of onion
sativum
cons
umption
Coh
ort Study
cons
umption an
d stomach carcinom
a.an
d red
uced risk of stomach
on diet an
d
carcinom
a. G
asterolenterolog
y canc
er: n
519
96;110
(1):1
2–20
.12
0,85
2 men
an
d w
omen
55
–69 ye
ars
Allium
cepa
Aqu
eous
extracts of
Rats
Garlic
and
onion
can
be inge
sted
Bordia T
, et al. An ev
aluation of
Allium
cepaor Allium
freq
uen
tly in low
dos
es w
itho
ut an
yga
rlic and
onion
as an
tithrombo
tic
sativum
administered
side
effects, a
nd can
still pr
oduc
e a
agen
ts. P
rostag
land
ins Le
uko
Essen
torally or intrap
eri-
sign
ifican
t an
tithrombo
tic effect.
Fatty Acids 19
96;54(3):183
–186
.tone
ally, d
aily for
4 weeks
414
Allium
cepa
Con
tractube
x ge
lClin
ical trial: 3
8In C
ontractube
x grou
p, e
valuation of
Marag
akis M
, et al. Possibilities of
(Mertz 1
Co., D-
child
ren with
therap
eutic resu
lt w
as “go
od” an
dscar treatmen
t after thoracic
Fran
kfurt/Main),
scar formation
“very go
od” in 84%
of cases as
surgery. D
rugs
Und
er Exp
. Clin
containing
10%
onion
after thoracic
compared
to 59
% of untreated
cases.
Res 199
5;21
(5):1
99–2
06.
extract, 50
U sod
ium
surgery.
In treated
group
, scar size w
ashe
parin/
g of gel and
1%
Con
tract-
marke
dly low
er, q
uicke
r paling, and
allantoin
ubex
-treated
conv
ersion
to hy
pertroph
ic or ke
loidal
and 27
scars was less freq
uen
t. Sc
ar specific
untrea
ted
effects of C
ontractube
x persisted
after
compared
.the en
d of trea
tmen
t.Allium
cepa
S-methy
l cy
steine
Allo
xan-
Administration of SM-C
S sign
ifican
tly
Kumari K, et al. Antidiabe
tic an
d
sulpho
xide (SM-C
S)diabe
tic rats
controlle
d blood
gluco
se, lip
id serum
hy
polip
idem
ic effects of S-methy
l isolated
from onion
.an
d altered
the
activities of liver
cysteine
sulfox
ide isolated
from
Oral ad
ministration
hexo
kina
se, g
luco
se 6-pho
spha
tase
Allium
cepaLinn. Ind
J Bioch
emdaily at a dose of 200
and H
MG C
oA red
uctase toward
Biophy
sics 199
5;32
(1):4
9–54
.mg/
kg bod
y weigh
t for
norm
al. Effects of SM-C
S were
45 day
sco
mparab
le to those of glib
enclam
ide
and ins
ulin
.Allium
cepa
Allium
cepa, Allium
27 hea
lthy
Tolbu
tamide, Cucurbita ficifolia, Phaseolus
Rom
an R
R, et al. Antihyp
erglyc
emic
sativa, Brassica oleracea,
rabb
its
vulgaris, Opuntia streptacantha, Spinacea
effect of some ed
ible plants.
Cucurbita ficifolia,
oleracea, Cucum
is sativus,a
nd Cum
inum
J Ethno
pha
rm 199
5;48
(1):2
5–32
.Cum
inum
cyminum
, cyminum
sign
ifican
tly decreased
the
Cucum
is sativus, Lactuca
area und
er the
gluco
se toleran
ce cur
vesativa, Opuntia
and the
hyp
erglyc
emic pea
k. Brassica
streptacantha, Phaseolus
oleracea, Allium
cepa an
d Allium
vulgaris, Psidum guajava,
sativum
only decreased
the
Spinacea oleracea
hype
rglycemic peak. The
glycemic
decreases cau
sed by Psidum guajava,
Brassica oleracea
and Lactuca sativa
were no
t sign
ifican
t.Allium
cepa
Oral ad
ministration of
Allo
xan-
Diabe
tic co
ndition ch
aracterized by
Sheela C
G, et al. Anti-diabe
tic
onion su
lfox
ide am
ino
diabe
tic rats
glucose intoleran
ce, w
eigh
t loss,
effects on
onion
and
garlic
acids
dep
letion
of liv
er glyco
gen im
prove
dsu
lfox
ide am
ino acids in rats.
compared
to rats treated
with
Planta Med
ica 19
95;61(4):356
–357
.gliben
clam
ide an
d ins
ulin.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
415
( continued)
Allium
cepa
Allium
cepaaq
ueou
sMice
A significant inc
rease in the
weigh
t of
Al-Bek
airi A
M, e
t al. Tox
icity studies
extract give
n to m
ice for
testes and
epididym
us of the
treated
on Allium
cepa, its effect on
3 mon
ths at a dose of
anim
als was observe
d. Sp
erm cou
ntestrad
iol trea
ted m
ice an
d on
100 mg/
kg in the
was significantly inc
reased
, supp
orting
ep
ididym
al spe
rmatoz
oa.
drink
ing water
an aphr
odisiac poten
tial. Allium
cepa
Fitoterapia LXII, 1
991;4:30
1–30
6.did not sho
w an estrog
enic or
antiestrog
enic activity an
d w
as dev
oid
of spermatotox
ic poten
tial.
Allium
cepa
Ether extract of Allium
Albino rats
Extract sign
ifican
tly pr
even
ted an increa
se
Lata S, e
t al. Ben
eficial effects of
cepa
in serum
cho
lesterol and
triglyc
eride
Allium
sativum
, Allium
cepaan
d
leve
ls, c
aused by an
atherog
enic diet.
Com
mipho
ra m
ukul on
The
extract provided
significant
experim
ental hy
perlip
idem
ia and
protection ag
ains
t athe
roge
nic diet-
athe
rosclerosis—
A com
parative
induc
ed atherosclerosis.
evalua
tion
. JPostgrad Med
199
1;(3):1
32–1
35.
Allium
cepa
10–1
0,00
0 mg Allium
cepa
Mice
The
tum
or yield and
inc
iden
ce of
Belm
an S. O
nion
and
garlic
oil inhibit
oil an
d Allium
sativum
pho
rbol-m
yristate-acetate promotion
tumor production. C
arcino
gene
sis
oil, ap
plied 3
3per w
eek
were inhibited in a dose-dep
enden
t19
83;4(8):1
063–
1065
.man
ner ov
er the
ran
ge of 10
–100
,000
mg
of onion
oil. G
arlic
oil was also
inhibitory but was less effective.
Allium
cepa
Extracted
onion
or ga
rlic
Human
trial:
Onion
and
garlic
had
a significant
Bord
ia A
, et al. E
ffect of the
essen
tial
juice or equ
ivalen
t of
10 hea
lthy
protective action
aga
inst fat-ind
uced
oils of ga
rlic and
onion
on alim
en-
ethe
r-ex
tracted essen
tial
subjects
increa
ses in serum cho
lesterol and
tary hyp
erlip
idem
ia. A
therosclerosis
oils: a
dministered 4
plasm
a fibrinog
en and
a decrease in
1975
;21(1):15–
19.
rand
omly different day
sco
agulation time an
d fibrino
lytic
during 1 week
activity.
Aloe barbadensis
Aloe barbadensisa poly-
Rats an
d m
ice
Benz
o[a]pyren
e-DNA adduc
t form
ation
Kim
HS, Lee BM. Inh
ibition of
Mill.
saccha
ride fraction
extract.
was significantly inh
ibited
in
benz
o[a]pyren
e-DNA adduc
t ASP
HODELA
CEAE
Mice ad
ministered oral
variou
s orga
ns (p
,0.00
1) w
hen mice
form
ation by
Aloe barbadensis
Kumari
dose of 10 mg follo
wed
were pretrea
ted w
ith aloe
. The
se results
Miller. C
arcino
gene
sis 19
97;18(4):
Aloe ve
rawith 16
day
s of treatmen
t su
ggest a ch
emop
rotective effect.
771–
776.
at 50 mg per m
ouse
Aloe barbadensis
Aloe vera
juice prep
ared
Placebo
-Bloo
d suga
r leve
ls and
triglyc
eride
Yon
gcha
iyud
ha SV, e
t al.
from
aloe ge
l. 1 tablespoo
n co
ntrolle
dleve
ls w
ere decreased
significantly.
Antidiabe
tic activity of Aloe vera
2 3pe
r day
for at least
and single-
Whe
n give
n Aloe vera
juice.
L. juice. I. Clin
ical trial in ne
w2 weeks
blind trial:
cases of diabe
tes mellitus
.50
men
, 22
Phy
tomed
199
6;3(3):241
–243
.wom
en w
ith
diabe
tes
416
Aloe barbadensis
Aloe vera
gel ve
rsus
no
Phase III
Dermatitis sco
res were virtua
lly iden
tical
Williams MS, et al. Pha
se III
trea
tmen
tdou
ble-blind
on both trea
tmen
t arms dur
ing bo
th
dou
ble-blind eva
luation of an
rand
omized
the trials. T
his dose sche
dule of an Aloe
aloe
vera ge
l as a proph
ylactic
trial. Trial 1:
vera
gel doe
s no
t pr
otect ag
ains
t ag
ent for radiation
-ind
uced
skin
194 wom
en;
radiation
.toxicity. Int J R
adiat Onc
ol, B
iol,
Trial 2: 10
8Phy
sics 199
6;36
(2):3
45–3
49.
wom
enAloe barbadensis
Aloe vera
extract cream 0.5%,
Dou
ble-blind,
Patien
ts w
ith slight to mod
erate ch
ronic
Syed
TA, e
t al. M
anag
emen
t of
100 g of placebo
or active
placebo
-plaqu
e-type
psoriasis w
ere treated.
psoriasis w
ith Aloe ve
ra extract in
ingred
ient 3
3 daily for
controlle
d,
By the en
d of the study, 25/
30a hy
drophilic
cream
: A placebo
5 co
nsecutive
day
s pe
r study: 60
(83.3%
) were cu
red com
pared to 2/
30co
ntrolle
d, dou
ble-blind study.
week (m
axim
um 4 w
eeks)
patients with
(6.6%) in the
placebo
group, Pso
riasis
Trop Med
Int H
ealth 19
96;1(4):
psoriasis
and A
rea an
d Sev
erity Index
sco
re50
5–50
9.decreased
to a mea
n of 2.2.
Aloe barbadensis
CARN 750
is a po
lydispersed
Mye
losu
p-Su
bcutan
eous ad
ministration sign
ifican
tly
Egg
er SF, et al. Hem
atop
oietic
b(1,4)-lin
ked acetylated
pressed
(7 Gy)
increased splenic an
d periphe
ral bloo
d
augm
entation
by a be
ta-(1,4)-
man
nan isolated
from
C57BL/6 mice
cellu
larity, a
s well as hem
atop
oietic
linke
d m
anna
n. C
ancer Im
mun
ol
Aloe barbadensis
proge
nitors in sp
leen
and
bon
e marrow
Immuno
ther. 1
996;43(4):1
95–2
05.
(hem
atop
oietic aug
men
tation
).Aloe barbadensis
Aloe vera
gel
Clin
ical and
Patien
ts w
ere treated w
ith Aloe vera
Visuthiko
sol V, et al. Effect of
histolog
icge
l co
mpared
with va
selin
e ga
uze.
Aloe ve
ra gel to he
aling of burn
study:
The
aloe trea
ted-group
hea
led
wou
nd and
clin
ical and
histologic
27 patients
sign
ifican
tly faster in 11
.98 day
sstudy. JMed
Assoc
Tha
iland
199
5;with partial
whe
reas petroleum
jelly
-treated
group
78(8):4
03–4
09.
thickn
ess bu
rns
healed
in 18
.19 day
s ( p
,0.00
2)Aloe barbadensis
Top
ical applic
ation of
Mice
Top
ical app
lication of gel impr
oved
Strick
land
FM, e
t al. Pr
even
tion
of
0.16
7–1.67
% aloe ge
lUV-ind
uced
immune
suppr
ession
by
ultraviolet rad
iation
-ind
uced
after each
irrad
iation
a mecha
nism
tha
t doe
s no
t invo
lve
supp
ression of con
tact and
delay
edDNA dam
age or rep
air.
hypersens
itivity by
Aloe barbadensis
gel ex
tract. JInv
est Dermatol 199
4;10
2(2):197
–204
.Aloe barbadensis
Ethan
ol or water extracts
Rats orally
Aqu
eous or 90%
ethan
ol extracts of
Nath D, e
t al. Com
mon
ly used
of pow
dered
plant
dosed
for 10
the plants were studied
in rats for 10
Indian ab
ortifacien
t plants with
material: Adhatoda vasica,
day
sday
s after insemination with sp
ecial
special referenc
e to the
ir teratolog
ic
Abrus precatorius, Acacia
referenc
e to effects of fetal
effects in rats. J Ethno
pharm 199
2;arabica, Aloe barbadensis,
dev
elop
men
t. Leaf ex
tracts of
36:147
–154
.Anethum
sowa, Apium
Moringa oleifera
and Adhatoda
petroselinium, Banbusa
vasica
were 10
0% abo
rtive at doses
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
417
( continued)
arundensis, Blepharis
equivalen
t to 175
mg/
kg starting dry
edulis, Butea monosperma,
material. Only the flow
ers of Acacia
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,
arabicaan
d Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Lepidum sativum
, Mesua
appea
red to lack
teratolog
ic poten
tial
ferrea, Moringa oleifera,
at the
doses tested.
Mucuna pruriens,
Raphanus sativus, Sida
cordifolia, Trachyspermum
ammai
Aloe barbadensis
Aceman
nan, the
USA
NMice, rats,
No sign
ifican
t sign
s of intox
ication an
d
Foglem
an R
W, e
t al. Tox
icolog
ic
accepted
nam
e for the
and dog
sno
dea
ths oc
curred
in an
imals trea
ted
evaluation of injectable acem
anna
n long
-cha
in polyd
ispe
rsed
with
the
single injection of A
ceman
nan
in the
mou
se, rat an
d dog
. Vet
b-(1,4)-acetylated
at dosag
es of 80
mg/
kg IV or 20
0 mg/
Hum Tox
icol 199
2;34
(3):2
01–2
05.
polyman
nose w
ith
kg IP in m
ice, 15 mg/
kg or 50 m
g/kg
interspersed o-acetylated
IP in rats, an
d 10 mg/
kg IV or 50
mg/
grou
ps, extracted
from
kgIP in dog
s.Aloe barbadensis. 1 m
g/mL
solution
eithe
r as a 1
dose or rep
eated at
4-day
interva
ls for 8
doses by IV
or IP rou
tes
Aloe barbadensis
Aloe barbadensis,
Mice: m
urine
Sarcom
as grew in 10
0% of the co
ntrol
Peng
SY, e
t al. Decreased
mortality
Aceman
nan, lon
g ch
ain
sarcom
a cells
an
imals an
d resulted in mortality in
of N
orman
mur
ine sarcom
a in
polydispersed b
(1,4)-
subc
utan
eously
20–4
6 day
s dep
ending on
the
num
ber
mice trea
ted w
ith im
muno
-lin
ked m
anna
n polym
ers
implan
ted.
of cells implan
ted; 4
0% of an
imals
mod
ulator, Aceman
nan. M
ol
with rand
om O
-acetyl
trea
ted w
ith Aceman
nan su
rvived
.Biother 199
1;3(3):79–
87.
grou
ps give
n IP
Aloe barbadensis
Gastric administration of
Rab
bits
Results sho
wed
tha
t tolbutamide an
dRom
an-R
amos
R, e
t al. Exp
erim
ental
water, tolbu
tamide or a
studied plants, excep
t Aloe barbadensis,
study of the
hyp
oglycemic effect
plan
t preparation
decreased
significantly the
area un
der
of som
e an
tidiabe
tic plan
ts. A
rch
the gluco
se toleran
ce curve, in
Inve
st M
ed (Mex
) 19
91;22:87–9
3.relation
to the water con
trol group
.Aloe barbadensis
Exu
date of Aloe barbadensis
Allo
xan-diabe
tic
Hyp
oglycemic effects of aloe
on seru
m
Ajabn
oor MA. Effect of aloes on
leav
es and
bitter
mice
gluc
ose leve
ls w
ere insign
ifican
t bloo
d gluco
se lev
els in normal
principle. A
dministered
whe
reas the
bitter pr
inciple w
as
and allo
xan diabe
tic mice.
orally, 50
0 mg/
kg.
high
ly significant and
exten
ded ove
r a
JEthno
pha
rm 199
0;28
(2):2
15–2
20.
The
bitter pr
inciple w
asperiod of 24
hou
rs. The
max
imum
ad
ministered IP, 5 m
g/kg
decrease in plasm
a gluc
ose leve
l was
observed
at day
5 in bo
th cases.
Alpinia galanga
Ethan
olic extract of
Mice
Alpinia galanga
trea
tmen
t sign
ifican
tly
Quresh
i S, et al. Effect of Alpinia
(L.) Sw
.Alpinia galanga
decreased
the
effect of ind
uced
galangatrea
tmen
t on
cytolog
ical
ZIN
GIBERACEAE
rhizom
es. Minim
um
micronu
clea
ted polyc
hrom
atic
and bioch
emical cha
nges ind
uced
Malay
avacha
effective dose was 125
erythr
ocytes (MPE
) witho
ut altering
by cyc
lopho
spha
mide in m
ice.
Java
galan
gal
mg/
kg bod
y weigh
tcy
totoxicity. B
ioch
emical cha
nges
Int J Ph
armacog
199
4;32
(2):1
71–1
77.
caus
ed by MPE in the liv
er w
ere
also significantly inh
ibited
.
418
Alpinia galanga
Ethan
olic extract of
Rats
Sign
ifican
t decrease in the
inten
sity of
Al-Yah
ya M
A, et al. Gastric
Alpinia galanga
at a
muco
sal dam
age was gastric observe
d.
antisecretory, antiulcer and
dose of 500 m
g/kg
Alpinia galanga
prod
uced a significant
cytoprotective properties of
decrease in gastric secretion
in py
loru
s etha
nolic
extract of A. galanga
ligated
rats an
d a highly sign
ifican
t W
illd in rats. P
hytother R
es 199
0;cy
toprotective effect aga
inst ind
uced
4(3):112
–114
.cy
todestruction.
Alpinia galanga
Ethan
olic extract of
Mice
Tox
icities studies were don
e. N
oQuresh
i S, et al. Tox
icity studies on
rhizom
es of Alpinia
sign
ifican
t mortality co
mpared
to
Alpinia galanga
and Curcuma longa.
galangaan
d Curcuma
controls w
as noted
. The
gain in
Planta Med
199
2;58
(2):1
24–1
27.
longa. A
cute dos
ages
weigh
ts of sexu
al organ
s an
d0.5, 1.0, an
d 3 g/kg
bod
yincrea
sed spe
rm m
otility and
spe
rmweigh
t. Chr
onic dos
age
counts were ob
served
in bo
th groups
100 mg/
kg per day
The
se cha
nges w
ere high
ly significant
in the
Alpinia galanga-treated
group.
Both ex
tracts failed to sh
ow any
spermatotox
ic effects.
Ananas comosus
Bromelain, a proteolytic
Piglets
Administration of bromelain can
Myn
ott TL, e
t al. Oral ad
ministration
(L.) Merr.
extract ob
tained
from
inhibit Enterotox
igen
ic Escherichia
of protease inhibits enterotox
igen
ic
BROMELIA
CEAE
pine
apple stems
coli(ETEC) receptor activity in vivo an
dEscherichia colireceptor activity in
Ana
nas
may
be us
eful for preve
ntion of K
881
piglet small intestine. G
ut 1996;38(1):
Pineapple
ETEC-ind
uced
diarrhe
a.28
–32.
Ananas
Enz
yme fraction
s derived
12
rats with
Results ind
icate de
bridem
ent (the
Row
an A
D, et al. Deb
ridem
ent of
Comosus
from
the
stem of
full thickn
ess
remov
al of un
healthy tissue) of the
experim
ental full-thickn
ess sk
in
pine
apple
skin burns
injury cou
ld be effected
rap
idly
burns of rats with en
zyme fraction
s (w
ithin 4 ho
urs). Pineapple ha
sderived
from pinea
pple stems.
poten
tial as a no
nsurgical deb
riding
Burns 19
90;16(4):243
–246
.ag
ent.
Andrographis
Kan
Jan
g, herba
l extract
Ran
dom
ized
No sign
ifican
t differenc
e in the
occurren
ceCaceres D
D, et al. Preve
ntion of
paniculata
principle ing
redient is
dou
ble-blind
of colds be
tween the study grou
p an
dco
mmon
colds with Andrographis
(Burm.f.) Nees
Andrographis paniculata,
study; 107
the placebo
con
trol. In the third m
onth,
paniculata
dried
extract. A
pilo
tACANTHACEAE
approximately 2 tablet
healthy vo
l-there was a significant decrease in the
dou
ble blind trial. P
hytomed
icine
Kirta
per day
of 10
0 mg ea
chun
teers all
occu
rren
ce of co
ld in the stud
y grou
p19
97;4(2):1
01–1
04.
King of Bitters
approximately
compared
to the placebo
.18
yea
rs old
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
419
( continued)
Andrographis
Kan
jang
tab
lets, s
tand
ardized
Con
trolled,
A decrease of the
subjective
sym
ptom
s Melch
ior J, et al. Con
trolled clin
ical
paniculata
Andrographis paniculata
dou
ble-blind
and dur
ation of sym
ptoms of the
study of stand
ardized
Andrographis
extract
pilot study:
common
cold w
ere sign
ifican
tly
paniculata
extract in com
mon
cold—
50 patients
reduc
ed (p
,0.02
5)a pilo
t trial. Phy
tomed
icine 19
96/
1997
;3(4):3
15–3
18.
Andrographis
Aqu
eous ex
tract of
Spon
tane
ously
Dose-dep
enden
t hy
poten
sive
effect on
Zha
ng C
Y, T
an BK. H
ypoten
sive
paniculata
Andrographis paniculata.
hypertens
ive
systolic blood
pressur
e was studied.
activity of aq
ueou
s ex
tract of
Chr
onic IP infusion
s rats and
Plasm
a an
gioten
sin-co
nverting
Andrographis paniculata
in rats.
by osm
otic pum
ps
Wistar-
enzy
me activities as well as kidne
yClin
Exp
Pha
rm Phy
s 19
96;23(8):
Kyo
to rats
thioba
rbitur
ic acid lev
el w
ere
675–
678.
sign
ifican
tly decreased
in ex
tract-
trea
ted versu
s co
ntrols.
Andrographis
Adrographis paniculata
Dog
mod
elFind
ings
ind
icate that Andrographis
Guo ZL, et al. An ex
perimen
tal
paniculata
paniculata
may
decrease the ne
gative
study of the
mecha
nism
of
effects of ische
mic rep
erfusion
(by
Andrographis paniculata
Nees(APN)
decreasing the ha
rmful effects of free-
in alle
viating the Ca(2 1
)-ov
er-
radical dam
age).
load
ing in the
process of myo
- card
ial isch
emic rep
erfusion
. J.
Ton
gji Med
Univ 1995
;15(4):205
–208
.Andrographis
Andrographis paniculata
Clin
ical trial:
Results sho
w tha
t post Extraco
rporea
lMuan
gman
V, e
t al. The
usage
of
paniculata
tablets (250
mg),
100 patients
Shoc
k W
ave Litho
tripsy (ESW
L)
Andrographis paniculata
follo
wing
4 tablets tid 25 patients
with rena
lpyu
ria an
d hem
aturia in patients
Extraco
rporea
l Sh
ock W
ave
give
n co
trim
oxazole
ston
es and
receiving Andrographis paniculata
Litho
tripsy
(ESW
L). J Med
2 tablets bid, 2
5 patients
norm
al ren
alwere reduced to 0.69
and
0.55
Assoc
Tha
iland
199
5;78
(6):3
10–3
13.
received
norflox
acin
func
tion
compared
to pre-ESW
L value.
200 mg bid
Authors co
nclude Andrographis
paniculata
is ben
eficial for post-
ESW
L urina
ry tract infection
.Andrographis
Extract of Andrographis
Clin
ical trial:
Extract can
significantly alle
viate
Wan
g DW
, Hua
YZ. Prev
ention
of
paniculata
paniculata
patien
tsathe
rosclerotic sten
osis and
resteno
sis
athe
rosclerotic arterial steno
sis
with sten
osis
after ex
perimen
tal an
giop
lasty. A
4-
and resteno
sis after an
giop
lasty
week follo
w-up show
ed dila
ted ilia
cwith Andrographis paniculata
arteries in co
ntrol grou
p all ha
d sev
ere
nees and
fish oil. Chine
se M
ed J
resten
osis, b
ut Andrographis
(Eng
lish Ed) 19
94;107
(6):4
64–4
70.
paniculata-treated
group
had
no or
only m
ild resteno
sis oc
cur.
Andrographis
Andrographis paniculata
Ran
dom
ized
,Efficacy of paracetam
ol or high
dose
Tha
mlik
itku
l V, e
t al. Efficacy
of
paniculata
3 g/
d or 6 g/
d for
dou
ble-blind
of Andrographis paniculata
was
Andrographis paniculata, N
ees for
7 da
ys or Pa
racetamol
study
: 15
2sign
ifican
tly more effective than
low
pha
ryng
oton
sillitis in adults. J Med
ad
ults with
dose of Andrographis paniculata
atAssoc
Tha
iland
199
1;74
(10):437
–442
.ph
aryn
go-
day
3 in term
s of the
relief of fev
ertons
illitis
and sore throat.
420
Andrographis
And
rograp
holid
e, a
Rats
Andrographis paniculata
exhibited stron
g Tripathi G
S, T
ripathi Y
B. C
holeretic
paniculata
diterpe
ne, iso
lated from
choleratic action whe
n ad
ministered
action
of And
rograp
holid
e ob
tained
Andrographis
IP. The
sub
stan
ce ind
uced an increa
se
from
Andrographis paniculata
in
paniculata
in bile
flow and
a cha
nge in phy
sical
rats. P
hytother R
es 199
1;5:17
6–17
8.properties of bile secretion
.Andrographis
A m
ixture of Andrographis
Hum
an trial:
Herba
l mixture w
as administered to
Ram
ji, et al. E
ffect of K
almeg
ha and
paniculata
paniculata
and Emblica
35 patients
patients with Hep
atitis B
1, B
2, a
ndAmlaki com
pou
nd on viral
officinalis
hepa
titis B
1,
post he
patitis syn
drome. The
mixture
hepatitis (Kos
htha
-Sha
khashr
ita
hepa
titis B
2,
dem
onstrated efficacy in red
ucing
Kam
ala) A
ryav
aidya
n 19
92;5(3):
and post-
clinical sym
ptom
s, improving
liver
164–
169.
hepa
titis
func
tion
, an
d album
in.
synd
rome
Andrographis
Decoc
tion
of Andrographis
Hum
anHep
atoc
ellular jaund
ice was m
onitored
. Tom
ar G
S, Singh
RN. Treatmen
t of
paniculata
paniculata
of 60 ml/
trial: 60
Yellow color of the co
njunc
tiva
he
patoc
ellular jaund
ice with
day
(eq
uiva
lent to 40
gpa
tien
tsim
prove
d 100%, ten
der hep
atic
Kalmeg
h ( Andrographis paniculata).
of cru
de drug) in 3
with he
pato-
enlargem
ent decreased
in 96
% w
ithin
Aryav
aidya
n 19
90;11(3–
3):156
–162
.divided
dos
es. A
verage
cellu
lar
20 day
s of treatmen
t. Loss of
trea
tmen
t 23
1/ 2
4 day
sjaund
ice
appetite in 100
% w
as improve
d after
4–5 da
ys. S
everal tests w
ere high
lysign
ifican
t after trea
tmen
t: seru
mbilirubin, alkaline pho
spha
tase, s
erum
tran
sferase.
Andrographis
Alcoh
ol extract of
Guinea
pigs
Extract ex
hibited sign
ifican
t an
tidiarrhe
alGupta S, et al. A
ntidiarrho
eal activity
paniculata
Andrographis
and rab
bits
activity aga
inst Escherichia coli en
terotoxins
of diterpen
es of Andrographis
paniculata
in animal m
odels.
paniculata
(Kal-M
egh) aga
inst
Escherichia colien
terotoxin in in
vivo
mod
els. Int JCru
de Drig Res
1990
;(4):2
73–2
83.
Andrographis
Andrographis
Rats
Rep
eated administration of leaf
Cho
udhu
ry BR, et al. In vivoan
d
paniculata
paniculata
leaf extract
extract positively effected
microsomal
in vitro
effects of K
almeg
h an
d and
rograp
holid
edru
g metab
olizing en
zyme system
s of
( Andrographis paniculata) ex
tract an
dthe rat liv
er (he
patic m
icroso
mal
andrograp
holid
e on
hep
atic
aniline
hydroxy
lase, N
-dem
ethy
lase,
microsomal dru
g metab
olizing
and O
-dem
ethy
lase enz
ymes).
enzy
mes. P
lanta Med
198
7;53
:13
5–14
0.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
421
( continued)
Apium
graveolens L.
Aqu
eous celery extract
Rats
Seru
m cho
lesterol con
centration
was
Tsi D
, Tan
BK. E
ffects of celery
UMBELLIFE
RAE
administered
sign
ifican
tly decreased
(p
,0.05)
extract an
d 3-N
-butylphtha
lide
Ajm
oda
intrap
eriton
eally
compared
to co
ntrols. Celery ex
tract
on lipid lev
els in gen
etically
Celery
was effective
in prev
enting
the
rise of
hype
rcho
lesterolae
mic (RIC
O) rats.
cholesterol leve
l in rats.
Clin
Exp
Pha
rmacol Phy
siol
1996
;23(3):214
–217
.Apium
graveolens
Metha
nolic
extract of
Rats with
A significant hep
atop
rotective activity
Sing
h A, H
anda SS
. Hep
atop
rotective
the seed
s of Apium
paracetamol-
of the
metha
nolic
extract of the seed
sactivity of Apium
graveolensan
dgraveolens
and
induced
of both plants was rep
orted.
Hygrophila auriculataag
ains
tHygrophila auriculata
liver
paracetam
ol and
thioa
cetamide
dam
age
intoxication
in rats. JE
thno
pharm
1995
;15;49
(3):1
19–1
26.
Apium
graveolens
Aqu
eous celery extract:
Wistar rats
At the en
d of 8 weeks, a
significant
Tsi D
, et al. Effects of a aq
ueou
s 2 grou
ps fed high fat
decrease was fou
nd in total seru
m
celery (Apium
graveolens) extract
diets, 1
group also fed
cholesterol, LD
L ch
olesterol, an
d
on lipid param
eters of rats fed a
aqueo
us celery extract
triglyceride co
ncen
trations
.high
fat diet. Plan
ta M
ed 199
5;61(1):
18–2
1.Apium
graveolens
From
celery seed
oil, 3-
Mice with
After treatmen
t with co
mpou
nds,
Zhe
ng G
Q, et al. Che
mop
reve
ntion
n-bu
tylphtha
lide,
benz
o[a]
tumor inc
iden
ce w
as decreased
from
of ben
z-[a]pyren
e-induc
ed fore-
sedan
olide, and
pyrene
-68
% to 30% and
11%
. A red
uction in
stom
ach canc
er in mice by
natur
al
p-men
tha-2,8-dien-1-ol
induced
tumor m
ultiplic
ity of 67%
and
83%
phtha
lides from celery root seed
were tested
tumorigen
esis
was observe
d w
ith 3-n-bu
tylphtha
lide
oil. Nutr C
ancer 19
93;19(1):77–
86.
and sed
anolide. D
ata indicate bo
thwere active
in tumor inh
ibition.
Apium
graveolens
80% ethan
olic extract of
Rats with
Results sh
owed
tha
t the plan
tsAl-Hindaw
i MK, e
t al. Anti-
Achillea santolina,
carrag
eena
n-possessed
varying
deg
rees of an
ti-
inflam
matory activity of some
Apium
graveolens,
induced
inflam
matory activity in the follo
wing
Iraq
i plants using
intact rats.
Matricaria chamomilla,
paw edem
adescend
ing order: W
ithania somnifera,
JEthno
pha
rm 198
9;26
(2):1
63–1
68.
Myrtus communis,
Apium
graveolens, Achillea santolina,
Withania somnifera
and
Matricaria chamomilla, Myrtus communis.
Acetylsalicylic acid used
as stand
ard drug.
Areca catechu
L.
Betel nut ch
ewing
Mailed question
-11
6 resp
onses to question
naire
Lee CN, et al. Betel nut an
d sm
oking.
PALMAE
naire, 223
co
mpared
to he
althy mem
bers of the
Are the
y bo
th protective in
Poo
gapa
tien
ts w
ith
community. It ap
pears that smok
ing
ulcerative co
litis? A pilo
t study.
Areca nut
inflam
matory
and betel nut ch
ewing reduce the
risk
Arquivos de Gastroe
nterol
bowel disea
seof dev
elop
ing ulcerative
colitis
1996
;33(1):3–5
.Areca catechu
Betel nut ch
ewing
Con
trolled
A significant inc
rease in m
itom
ycin C
Trive
di AH, e
t al. Eleva
ted m
utag
en
clinical
(MMC)-induc
ed sister ch
romatid
suscep
tibility in cultured
trial: 40
exch
ange
(SC
E)/cell va
lues w
ere
lymph
ocytes of oral can
cer
oral can
cer;
observed
amon
g oral can
cer patients
patie
nts. A
ntican
cer Res 1995;15
(6B):
40 tob
acco
(betel nut ch
ewers) as co
mpared
to
2589
–259
2.ch
ewers; 40
healthy no
nche
wer con
trols.
healthy
individuals
422
Areca catechu
Betel quid che
wing
Hum
anRea
ctive ox
ygen
spe
cies, O
H rad
ical,
Nair UJ, et al. Ortho
- an
dcons
isting
of be
tel leaf,
trial: 5
are form
ed in the hu
man
oral cavity
metatyros
ine form
ation from
areca qu
id, catech
u an
dvo
lunteers
during
betel quid che
wing an
d m
ay be
phe
nylalanine
in hu
man
saliva as
slak
ed lim
e (w
itho
ut
implic
ated
in the ge
netic dam
age that
a marke
r of hyd
roxy
l radical
toba
cco)
has be
en obs
erve
d in oral epithe
lial
gene
ration
during be
tel qu
idcells
of ch
ewers.
chew
ing. C
arcino
gene
sis
(Oxford) 19
95;16(5):119
5–11
98.
Areca catechu
Che
wing an
d smok
ing
Case-controlle
dIncreased risk of oral su
bmuco
us
Mah
er R
. Role of areca nut in the
habits and
oral
clinical
fibros
is w
as obs
erve
d for areca nu
tcaus
ation of oral su
bmuco
us
subm
uco
us fibrosis
trial: 15
7ch
ewing. W
hen the ha
bit was
fibros
is: a case-con
trol study in
(OSF
)cases an
dpracticed
alone
, app
eared to ha
vePak
istan. JOral Patho
l Med
199
4;15
7 co
ntrols
high
est risk followed
by “p
aan”
with
23(2):6
5–69
.or w
itho
ut toba
cco. D
aily con
sumption
rates ap
pea
red to be
more im
portant
with resp
ect to risk than
lifetim
e duration
of ha
bit.
Areca catechu
Areca nut pow
der added
Mice
Areca nut decreased
mace-indu
ced
Sing
h A, Rao
AR. Mod
ulatory effect
to feed
increa
ses in hep
atic glutathione
-S-
of areca nut on
the
action of m
ace
tran
sferase an
d sulphh
ydryl leve
ls and
( Myristica fragrans, H
outt) on
the
elev
ated
fur
ther inc
reases in the leve
lshe
patic detox
ification sy
stem
in
of cytochr
ome b5
and
P-450
.mice. Foo
d C
hem Tox
ic 199
3;31
(7):
517–
521.
Areca catechu
Oral ha
bits
Retrosp
ective
Ana
lyses confirmed
an association
van W
yk C
W, et al. The
areca nut
study:
betw
een nu
t ch
ewing an
d che
ekch
ewing ha
bit an
d oral sq
uamou
s 14
3 men
canc
er. T
he data sh
owed
tha
t areca
cell carcinom
a in Sou
th A
frican
an
d w
omen
nut ha
bit with or w
itho
ut toba
cco use
Indians
. A retrosp
ective
study.
with oral
is important in the dev
elop
men
t of
South A
frican
Med
J 199
3;83
(6):
squa
mou
soral squ
amou
s carcinom
a.42
5–42
9.carcinom
aAreca catechu
Areca nut decoction
Case stud
yA case stud
y dem
onstrated the
Fu H
H, e
t al. Areca nut in the
effectiven
ess of areca nut decoc
tion
in
trea
tmen
t of diphy
llobo
thrium
the trea
tmen
t of Diphyllobothrium
latum infection
:Rep
ort of a
latum
infection
case study. C
hin Med
J 195
1;69
:40
7–40
9.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
423
( continued)
Artemisia vulgaris L.
Infusion
: Urtica dioica,
Human
An he
rbal infusion
used to irriga
te the
Dav
idov
MI, et al. Po
stad
enom
ectomy
COMPO
SITAE
Hypericum
trial: 22
blad
der after prostate ad
enom
ectomy
phy
toperfusion
of the blad
der.
Nag
adam
niperformatum
,pa
tien
ts post-
reduc
ed post op
erative bloo
d loss,
Urologiya
INefrologiya
199
5;0(5):
Mug
wort
Matricaria recutita,
pros
tate
bacteriuria, preve
nted
hem
orrh
agic
19–2
0.Plantaginis majoris,
aden
omectomy
and puru
lent inflammation.
Herba millefolii,
Betula, Artemisia
vulgaris, Fragaria vesca
Asparagus
Asparagus racemosus,
Mice
All plan
ts significantly inh
ibited
the
Dhu
ley JN
. Effect of som
e Indian
racemosus
Willd.
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
carcinog
en och
ratoxin-induced
herbs on
macroph
age func
tion
s ASP
ARAGACEA
ETinospora cordifolia,
supp
ression of che
motactic activity
in och
ratoxin A treated
mice. J
Shatau
ari
Withania somnifera
and the
produc
tion
of interleu
kin-1
Ethno
pha
rm 199
7;58
(5):1
5–20
.Asp
arag
us
and tumor necrosis factor- a
bymacroph
ages.
Asparagus
1 capsu
le 3
3pe
r day
30
patients
The
herba
l co
mbina
tion
was fou
nd to
Karnick
CR. Clin
ical eva
luation of
racemosus
with luke
warm w
ater
with calculi
alleviate no
t on
ly pain bu
t also in its
composite Ayu
rved
ic dru
gs, o
ncontaining
: Asparagus
on kidne
ys,
ability to slow
ly disintegrate bo
thcalculi, in the kidne
y an
d the
racemosus,5
0 mg;
ureters, or
calcium-oxa
late and
calcium
urina
ry bladder. A
ryav
aidya
n Bergenia ligulata,
100
blad
ders
carbon
ate crys
tals in a sp
an of 72
1992
;6(2):1
04–1
08.
mg; Eclipta alba,
100
hours and
com
plete disch
arging
of
mg; Myristica fragrans,
crystals w
ithin 15
–30 day
s. C
omplete
10 m
g; Tinospora
disch
arge
occur
red in grea
ter than
cordifolia,1
00 m
g;80
% of the patients.
Tribulus terrestris, 50
mg; Withania somnifera,
50 m
gAsparagus
2 g pow
dered
roo
t of
Clin
ical crossov
erBasal gastric emptying t1/2
was 159
.9Dalvi SS, et al. Effect of Asparagus
racemosus
Asparagus racemosus
study
: 8
that w
as red
uced by Asparagus
racemosus
(Sha
tava
ri) on
gastric
compa
red to stan
dard
norm
alracemosus
to 101
(p
,0.00
1) and
by
emptying time in normal hea
lthy
treatm
ent of 10 mg
healthy male
metoc
lopr
amide to 85.3 ( p
,0.00
1).
volunteers. J Postgrad M
ed 199
0;tablet m
etoclopramide
volunteers
Asparagus racemosus
and
36(2):9
1–94
.metoc
lopr
amide did not differ
sign
ifican
tly in the
ir effect.
Asparagus
Asparagus racemosus,
Mice
Whe
n co
mpared
with co
ntrol grou
ps,
Tha
tte UM, Dah
anuka
r SA
.racemosus
Tinospora cordifolia,
all four
dru
gs preve
nted
, to va
rying
Com
parative stud
y of
glucan an
d lithium
for
deg
rees, leuc
open
ia. Both indigen
ous
immuno
mod
ulating activity of
15 day
splants were poten
t im
muno
stim
ulants
Indian
med
icinal plants, lithium
with effects comparab
le to lithium
carbon
ate an
d glucan. M
etho
ds
and glucan.
Find
Exp
Clin
Pha
rmacol
1988
;10(10
):639
–644
.Azadirachta indica
Pur
ified ne
em extracts,
Rats, bab
oons
, Pr
egna
ncy was terminated
(with oral
Talwar G
P, et al. Ind
uced
termination
A. Juss.
orally delivered
and m
onke
ysne
em) su
ccessfully in roden
tsof pregn
ancy
by pur
ified extracts
MELIA
CEAE
and primates w
ith no
significant side
of Azadirachta indica(N
eem):
Arish
taeffects
Mecha
nism
s invo
lved
. Am J
Neem
Rep
rod Immun
ol 1997;37(6):4
85–4
91.
424
Azadirachta indica
Lea
f po
wder of
Male albino
rats
Results sugg
est a po
ssible rev
ersible
Joshi AR, e
t al. Effect of Azadirachta
Azadirachta indica
antian
droge
nic pr
operty of the leav
es.
indica
leav
es on testis and
its
reco
very in albino
rats. Ind
ian
JExp
Biol 19
96;34(11
):109
1–10
94.
Azadirachta indica
Neem oil in m
ixed
in
Con
trolled
Results rev
ealed 81%
–91%
mosqu
ito
Mishr
a AK, e
t al. Use of ne
em oil as
coconu
t oil (1%–4%)
field study:
repellant action during
12-ho
ur pe
riod
a mosqu
ito repe
llent in tribal
exposed
of observa
tion
from bites of
villa
ges of M
andla district, Mad
hya
body pa
rts
anop
helin
e mosqu
itoe
s.Pradesh. Ind
ian J Malariol 19
95;
of hum
an32
(3):9
9–10
3.vo
lunteers
Azadirachta indica
Neem cream
Con
trolled
App
lication of neem cream
to ex
posed
Dua
VK. Rep
ellent action of neem
field study:
body parts sho
wed
78%
, 89
%, a
nd
cream aga
inst m
osqu
itoe
s. Ind
ian J
exposed
94.4% protection ag
ains
t Aed
es,
Malariology
199
5;32
(2):4
7–53
.bo
dy pa
rts
Culex
, and
Ano
phe
les mos
quitoe
s,of hum
anresp
ective
ly. Sign
ifican
t differenc
evo
lunteers
was observe
d between ne
em cream
-trea
ted and
untreated
group for Aed
emos
quitoe
s.Azadirachta indica
Azadirachta indica,
Mice with
Infected
mice were prophy
lactically
Sohn
i YR, e
t al. Pr
ophy
lactic the
rapy
Boerhavia diffusa,
septicem
iaad
ministered postinfective
, preinfective,
of Salmonella typhi
septicemia in
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
from
sing
le and
multiple dos
es of ex
tract
mice with a trad
itiona
lly prescribe
d
Terminalia chebula,
Salmonella
and had
a significant the
rapeu
tic
crud
e dru
g form
ulation
. J
Tinospora cordifolia,
typhi
effect in reduc
ing septicemia.
Ethno
pha
rm 199
5;45
:141
–147
.Trichosanthes dioica,
Zingiber officinale.
Extracted
in 80%
aque
ous alco
hol etha
nol.
1% stock solution us
edto prepa
re dilu
tion
s.Oral or subc
utane
ous
administration
Azadirachta indica
Extracts of neem lea
ves
Rats
Neem dose dep
ende
ntly decreased
gastric
Garg GP, et al. The
gastric antiulcer
ulcer sev
erity in rats ub
jected
to stress
effects of the
lea
ves of the
Neem
and also decreased
ethan
ol provo
ked
tree. Plan
ta M
ed 199
3;59
:215
–217
.ga
stric muc
osal dam
age.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
425
( continued)
Azadirachta indica
Azadirachta indicaan
dPilo
t stud
y:In 97%
of the cases, a cur
e of scabies w
as
Cha
rles V
, Cha
rles SX. T
he use and
Curcuma longapa
ste
814 patients
obtained
within 3–
15 day
s of treatmen
t.efficacy
of Azadirachta indicaADR
with scab
ies
(“Neem”) and
Curcuma longa
(“Turm
eric”) in scab
ies:A pilo
tstudy. Trop G
eogr M
ed 199
2;44
:17
8–18
1.Azadirachta indica
A decoc
tion
of the follo
wing
14 cases of
All pa
tien
ts w
ere give
n the decoc
tion
and
Sati R
B, Sh
arma RK. Man
agem
ent of
herbs: Azadirachta indica,
cong
estive
Urgenic indica. Patients with isch
emic
cong
estive
cardiac failu
re w
ith
Boerhaavia diffusa, Cedrus
heart failu
rehe
art disease, card
iomyo
pathy
and
certain Ayu
rved
ic dru
gs.
deodara, Picrorhiza kurrooa,
cor pulmon
ale were give
n pow
der of
Aryav
aidy
an 199
0;4(2):123
–126
.Terminalia chebula, Tinospora
Inula racemosa, w
hile patients with
cordifolia, Trichosantes lobata;
rheu
matic heart disea
se w
ere give
nInula raceomosa2 g, 8
Commiphora mukul. A
fter 2 w
eeks
hourly; Commiphora mukul,
of treatmen
t all 10
patients were cu
red
1/2 g 8 ho
urly; Urgenic
completely, 2
had
bradyc
ardia and
indica 100 m
g 8 ho
urly
2 were refractory.
Azadirachta indica
Group I: Azadirachta indica
Ran
dom
Enc
ouraging
improve
men
t in treating
Nair RP, et al. Clin
ical eva
luation of
powder 4 g/3 3
day
, trial: 60
vitilig
o (app
earanc
e of w
hite patch
esAyu
rved
ic prepa
ration
s in vitiligo
. Pa
ste of Abrus precatorius,
patien
tson
the
skin) w
as noted
in bo
th group
s.JR
es A
yur Siddh 19
87;VIII(1–
2):
and Plumbago zeylanica
with vitilig
o30
–38.
applie
d externa
llyGroup
II:Pow
der of
Phyllanthus emblica,
Acacia catechuan
dseed
s of Psoralea
corylifolia
4 g/
3 3day
Azadirachta indica
Neem oil ap
plie
d w
ith
Human
and
Used intrava
gina
lly, ne
em w
as 100
%Sinh
a KC, e
t al. N
eem oil as a
an applicator
anim
aleffective in preve
nting pregn
ancy
in
vagina
l co
ntraceptive. Ind
ian
trial: rats,
subjects.
JMed
Res 198
4;79
:131
–136
.rhesus
mon
keys
,hu
man
sBacopa monnieri
Ayu
rved
ic prepa
ration
of
Dou
ble-blind,
Ayu
rved
ic preparation was effective
in
Yad
av SK, et al. Irritable bo
wel
(L.) Pe
nnell
Aegle marmelos
and Bacopa
rand
omized
64.9% w
hereas stand
ard the
rapy
was
synd
rome: the
rape
utic ev
alua
tion
SC
ROPH
ULA
RIACEA
Emonnierifor 6 weeks
trial: 16
9useful in 78.3%
. Placebo
patients
of ind
igen
ous dru
gs. Indian JM
edBrahm
ive
rsus
stand
ard the
rapy
pa
tien
ts w
ith
improve
d 32.7%
. The
rapy was
Res Sect A-Infect Dis 198
9;90
:Brahm
iof clid
inium bromide,
irritable
particu
larly be
neficial in the diarrhe
a-49
6–50
3.ch
lord
iaze
poxide, and
bowel
predom
inan
t form
of IBS.
isap
hagu
llasynd
rome
(IBS)
Bacopa monnieri
Con
stituen
ts of Bacopa
Rats
Bacosides app
eared to ha
ve a significant
Sing
h HK, et al. Effect of Bacos
ides A
monnieriaq
ueo
us
effect on men
tal retention capa
city of
and B on av
oidan
ce respon
ses in
susp
ension
of ba
cosides
rats by im
prov
ing resp
onses.
rats. P
hyto R
es 198
8;2(2):70–
75.
A and
B
426
Bacopa monnieri
Aqu
eous
susp
ension
of
Rats
In Sho
ck-M
otivated
Brigh
tness-
Sing
h HK, Dha
wan
BN.
an alcoh
olic extract of
Discrim
ination Reaction, the
treated
Effect of Bacopa monniera
Bacopa monnieri(40 mg/
kg
grou
p sho
wed
significant better
Linn. (brah
mi) extract on
orally) for 3 or m
ore day
sacqu
isition, improv
ed reten
tion
, an
dav
oida
nce resp
onses in rat. J
delay
ed extinction. In Active
Ethno
pharm 198
2;5(2):205
–214
.Con
ditione
d Flig
ht R
eaction, animals
show
ed a significant sho
rter reaction
time than
con
trols in flig
ht reaction.
Boerhavia diffusa L.
Aqu
eous
or po
wder roo
tRats
Extract exh
ibited
marke
d protection of a
Raw
at A
K, et al. Hep
atop
rotective
NYCTAGIN
ACEAE
of Boerhavia diffusa.
majority of serum param
eters. A
queo
us
activity of Boerhaavia diffusa
L.
Puna
rnau
aAqu
eous ex
tract (2 m
l/kg
) form
had
more he
patop
rotective
roots—
A pop
ular Indian ethn
o-Sp
read
ing
of roo
tseffect tha
n po
wder. T
his may
be
med
icine. J Ethno
pharm 199
7;56
(1):
hogw
eed
due to better ab
sorp
tion
of the liq
uid
61–6
6.throug
h ga
strointestinal tract.
Boerhavia diffusa
Boerhavia diffusa,
Golden
Form
ulation
had
a m
axim
um cure rate
Sohn
i YR, B
hatt R
M. A
ctivity of a
Berberis aristata,
hamsters
of 73%
as a dose of 800
mg/
kg per day
crud
e ex
tract form
ulation
in
Tinospora cordifolia
,with he
patic
in hep
atic amoe
biasis. The
ave
rage
expe
rimen
tal he
patic amoe
biasis
Terminalia chebula,
amoe
biasis
deg
ree of infection
to 1.4 co
mpared
to
and in im
mun
omod
ulation
studies.
Zingiber officinale.
4.2 for controls w
as red
uced.
J Ethno
pha
rm 199
6;54
(2–3
):119
–124
.Dried
and
pulve
rize
dplan
ts extracted
in
etha
nol toge
ther and
individually.
Metronidaz
ole
administered as stan
dard
therap
yBoerhavia diffusa
Boerhavia diffusa,
Rats with caecal
Form
ulation
had
a curative
rate of 89%
So
hni YR, e
t al. The
anti-am
oebic
Berberis aristata,
amoe
biasis
with av
erag
e deg
ree of infection
effect of a crude dru
g in
Tinospora cordifolia,
(cae
cal am
oebiasis) (A
DI) red
uced to
form
ulation
of he
rbal extracts
Terminalia chebula,
0.4 in a group dos
ed w
ith 50
0 mg/
kg
agains
t En
tamoe
ba histolytica in
Zingiber officinale
per day
as co
mpared
with ADI
vitroan
d in vivo. J Ethno
pha
rmDried
and
pulve
rize
dof 3.8 for con
trols.
1995
;45(1):43–
52.
plan
ts extracted
in
etha
nol toge
ther and
individually.
Metronidaz
ole
administered as stan
dard
therap
y
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
427
( continued)
Boerhavia diffusa
Azadirachta indica,
Mice with
Infected
mice were prophy
lactically
Sohn
i YR, e
t al. Pr
ophy
lactic the
rapy
Boerhavia diffusa,
septicem
iaad
ministered postinfective
, preinfective,
of Salmonella typhi
septicemia
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
from
sing
le, a
nd m
ultiple doses of ex
tract
in m
ice with a trad
itiona
llyTerminalia chebula,
Salmonella
and had
a significant the
rapeu
tic
prescribe
d crude dru
g form
ulation.
Tinospora cordifolia,
typhi
effect in reduc
ing septicemia.
JEthno
pha
rm 199
5;45
:141
–147
.Trichosanthes dioica,
Zingiber officinale.
Extracted
in 80
%aq
ueou
s alcoho
l etha
nol.
1% stock
solution us
edto prepare dilu
tion
s.Oral or subcutane
ous
administration
Boerhavia diffusa
Ethan
olic extract of
Pregn
ant
Extract w
as fou
nd to be
dev
oid of an
ySing
h A, et al. An ex
perimen
tal
Boerhavia diffusa
albino
rats
teratoge
nic effect as litter size and
evaluation of possible teratoge
nic
Daily dose of 250
mg/
kgdur
ing
survival rate of fetuses were same as
poten
tial in Boerhaavia diffusa
in
period
of
the co
ntrol an
d no fetal an
omaly
Albino rats. Plan
ta M
ed 199
1;57
(4):
gestation
could be detected.
315–31
6.Boerhavia diffusa
Alcoh
olic extract of
Rats an
d m
ice
Extract exh
ibited
hep
atop
rotective
Cha
ndan
BK, et al. Boerhaavia diffusa:
who
le plant of
activity aga
inst ind
uced hep
atox
icity,
A study of its hep
atop
rotective
Boerhavia diffusa.
and sho
wed
an increa
se in no
rmal bile
activity. J Ethno
pha
rm 199
1;31
(3):
500 mg/
kg at 48
, 24
, an
dflow
sugg
esting
a stron
g ch
oleretic
299–30
7.2 ho
urs before an
d 6
activity. N
o sign
s of tox
icity with an
hours after C
C14
oral dose up
to 2 g/
kg.
administration
Boerhavia diffusa
A decoc
tion
of the
14 cases of
All pa
tien
ts w
ere give
n the decoction
Sati R
B, Sha
rma RK. Man
agem
ent of
follo
wing he
rbs:
cong
estive
and Urgenic indica. Patients with
cong
estive
cardiac failure w
ith
Azadirachta indica,
heart failu
reisch
emic heart disease, card
iomyo
pathy
certain Ayu
rved
ic dru
gs.
Boerhaavia diffusa,
and cor pulm
onale were give
n pow
der
Aryav
aidya
n 19
90;4(2):1
23–1
26.
Cedrus deodara,
of Inula racemosa,
while patients with
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
rheu
matic heart disease w
ere give
nTerminalia chebula,
Commiphora mukul. After 2 w
eeks of
Tinospora cordifolia,
trea
tmen
t all 10
patients were cu
red
Trichosantes lobata,
completely, 2 had
bradyc
ardia, a
ndInula racemosa2 g, 8
2 were refractory.
hourly; Commiphora
mukul,1
/2 g 8 ho
urly;
Urgenic indica10
0 mg,
8 ho
urly
Boswellia serrata
Boswellia serrata
gum
Con
trolled
Patien
ts suffering from
ulcerative co
litis,
Gupta I, et al. Effects of Boswellia
Rox
b.ex
Coleb
r.resin prepa
ration
.clinical trial
all param
eters tested
improve
d after
serratagu
m resin in pa
tien
ts w
ith
BURSE
RACEAE
Dosag
e of 350 m
g 3 3
per
trea
tmen
t, the resu
lts be
ing simila
r ulcerative co
litis. Eur
J M
ed R
es
Shallaki
day
for 6 w
eeks or as a
to con
trols: 82%
treated
wen
t into
1997;2(1):3
7–43.
Indian oliban
um
control su
lfasalazine
remission
, for the su
lfasalaz
ine-
(1 g 3
3per day
)trea
ted group 75%
.
428
Boswellia serrata
H15
, a sp
ecial ex
tract of
Con
trolled
The
extract w
as effective
in reduc
ing
Etzel R
. Sp
ecial ex
tract of
the gu
m resin of Boswellia
clinical
symptom
s of rhe
umatoid arthritis in
Boswellia serrata
(H15
) in the
serrata3 3
2 or 3
33
trial: 26
050
%–6
0% of pa
tien
ts inv
olve
d. The
retreatm
ent of rhe
umatoid arthritis
tablets as a 400
mg
patients with
was a significant red
uction
in sw
ellin
g Ph
ytom
edicine 19
96;3(1):9
1–94
extract.
rheu
matoid
and pain co
mpa
red to the placeb
o.arthritis
Boswellia serrata
Boswellic
acids
Rats
Boswellic
acids were found
to po
ssess
Kap
il A. E
ffect of Boswellic
acids
sign
ifican
t an
ti-inflammatory an
don
com
plemen
t in adjuva
nt- an
dco
mplem
ent-inhibitory activities.
carrag
eena
n-induc
ed inflammation.
Inflam
mop
harm
acolog
y 1994
;2:
361–
367.
Boswellia serrata
Acetyl-bo
swellic
acids
Mice trea
ted
Mice were give
n the ex
tract 1 ho
ur before
Safayh
i H, e
t al. Pr
otection
by
(ac-BA
) isolated
from
with ga
lactos-
administration with ga
lactosam
ine/
bosw
ellic
acid aga
inst
gum resin of Boswellia
amine
endotox
in. T
he extract significantly
galactosam
ine/
endotox
in-
serrata
endotox
in to
reduced seru
m enz
yme activities. The
induced hep
atitis in mice.
induce
extract’s protection was interpr
eted
in
Bioch
em Pha
rmacol 199
1;41
(10):
hepatitis
term
s of its ability to inh
ibit the
15
36–1
537.
form
ation of leu
kotriene
s.Boswellia serrata
Withania somnifera
root
Dou
ble-blind,
Osteo
arthritis pa
tien
ts w
ere rand
omly
Kulkarni R
R, et al. Treatmen
t of
450 mg; Boswellia
placebo
-allocated to receive the placeb
o or the
osteoa
rthr
itis w
ith a he
rbal
serrataOleo gu
m resin
controlle
dhe
rbom
ineral formulation. A
significant
form
ulation:
a dou
ble-blind,
100 mg; Curcuma longa
trial: 42
drop was noted
in the seve
rity of pa
in
placeb
o-co
ntrolle
d, cros
s-ov
er
rhizom
e 50
mg; and
Zinc
patients
( p,
0.00
1) and
disab
ility sco
re
stud
y. JEthno
pharm 199
1;complex 50
mg
( p,
0.05
)33
(1–2
):91–
95.
Boswellia serrata
Alcoh
olic extract of salai
Rats an
d m
ice
To stud
y cellu
lar an
d humoral immune
Sh
arma ML, e
t al. E
ffect of salai
gugg
al w
as prepared
resp
onses an
d leucocy
tes migration
, gu
ggal ex-Boswellia serrata
on
as a fine ho
mog
enized
oral administration of the
extract
cellu
lar an
d hum
oral immun
e su
spen
sion
in 2%
gum
strong
ly inh
ibited
antibod
y pr
oduction
resp
onses an
d leuco
cyte
acacia and
administered
and cellular resp
onses, inh
ibited
the
migration
. Age
nts Actions
orally
infiltration
of polym
orpho
nuclea
r 19
88;24(1–
2):161
–164
.leuc
ocytes, a
nd decreased
the
volume
of pleural ex
udate.
Boswellia serrata
Alcoh
olic extract of
Rats an
d m
ice
The
extract display
ed m
arke
d anti-
Sing
h GB, A
tal CK. Ph
armacolog
y of
salai gu
ggal
inflam
matory activity in carrag
eena
n-an
extract of salai gu
ggal ex-
induced edem
a in rats an
d mice. It
Boswellia serrata, a
new
non
-was equ
ally effective
in
steroidal anti-inflam
matory ag
ent.
adrena
lectom
ised
rats.
Age
nts Actions 1986;18
(3–4
):407–4
12.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPH
ARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
429
( continued)
Butea monosperma
Pippali Rasay
ana, an
Con
trolled
Com
plete disappe
aran
ce of Giardia lamblia
Aga
rwal A
K, e
t al.
(Lam
.) Tau
b.Ayu
rved
ic dru
gclinical trial:
from
stools in 23/
25 (92
%) pa
tien
ts
Man
agem
ent of giard
iasis by
aLEGUMIN
OSA
Eprep
ared
from Butea
25 patients
resu
lted
. Sy
mptom
s of ill he
alth,
herbal dru
g ‘Pippali Rasay
ana’: A
Palasa
monospermastem
s an
dwith
abdom
inal disco
mfort, p
resenc
e of
clinical study
. J Ethno
pharm
Bastard
tea
kleav
es and
Piper longum
giardiasis;
mucu
s, pus cells
and
red
blood
cells
1997
;56(3):233
–236
.dried
fru
its. A
dministered
25 con
trols
sign
ifican
tly reduced. Sp
ontane
ous
orally at 1 g PO
3 3pe
r day
recove
ry in 20
% of the cases was
for 15 day
srecord
ed in the placeb
o co
ntrol grou
pButea monosperma
Pippali Rasay
ana prepa
red
Two grou
psMice infected
with Giardia lamblia
Aga
rwal A
K, e
t al. Man
agem
ent of
from
Butea monosperma
of m
ice with
trop
hozo
ites tha
t were trea
ted w
ith the
giardiasis by
an im
mun
omod
ulatory
stem
s an
d leav
es and
a control
herbal formula produced up to 98
%he
rbal dru
g Pippa
li rasaya
na.
Piper longum dried
fru
its
recove
ry from the
infection
.JE
thno
pha
rm 199
4;44
(3):1
43–1
46.
administered orally
Butea monosperma
Ethan
ol or water extracts
Rats orally
Aqu
eous or 90%
ethan
ol extracts of
Nath D, e
t al. Com
mon
lyof pow
dered
plant
dosed
for 10
the plants were stud
ied in rats for 10
used Ind
ian ab
ortifacien
t plants
material: Adhatoda vasica,
day
sday
s after insemination with sp
ecial
with sp
ecial referenc
e to the
irAbrus precatorius, Acacia
referenc
e to effects of fetal
teratologic effects in rats. J
arabicva, Aloe barbadensis,
dev
elop
men
t. Leaf extracts of
Ethno
pha
rm 199
2;36
:147
–154
.Anethum
sowa, Apium
Moringa oleifera
and Adhatoda
petroselinium, Banbusa
vasica
were 10
0% abo
rtive at doses
arundensis, Blepharis edulis,
equivalen
t to 175
mg/
kg starting dry
Butea monosperma,
material. Only the flow
ers of Acacia
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,
arabicaan
d Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Lepidum sativum
, Mesua
appea
red to lack
teratolog
ic poten
tial
ferrea, Moringa oleifera,
at the
dos
es tested.
Mucuna pruriens,
Raphanus sativus,
Sida cordifolia,
Trachyspermum
ammai
Butea monosperma
Crude pow
der mixture
75 patients with
The
cure rate in group
A w
as 80%
,Sa
rma BP, O
jha D. T
he m
anag
emen
t of equ
al parts of:
variou
s worm
grou
p B treated with meb
endaz
ole
of G
andupa
da krim
i ( Ascaris
Ailanthus excelsa, Butea
infestations
was 92%
, an
d group C
was 76%
.lumbricoides) w
ith indigen
ous dru
gs.
monosperma, Embelia
Cure rate sho
wed
neg
ative Ascaris
Aryav
aidya
n 19
92;5(3):1
70–172
.ribes, Erythrina indica,
lumbricoidesov
a in stool rep
ort for
Mallotus philippensis,
three co
nsecutive da
ys.
Orxylum
indicum
Butea monosperma
Alcoh
olic susp
ension
of
Albino rats
At the tw
o dos
es, Butea monosperma
Seth IN, e
t al. T
eratolog
ical eva
luation
Butea monosperma
show
ed abo
rtifactant activity 38
.46%
of seed susp
ension
of Butea
seed
s. D
ose of 175
and
an
d 65.78%, r
espe
ctively. In cases
monosperma in rats. Fitoterap
ia
359 mg/
kg bod
y weigh
twhe
re pregn
ancy
con
tinu
ed, b
irth
1990
;LXI(6):547
–550
.defects w
ere no
ticed 61
.54%
and
34.22%
, resp
ective
ly.
430
Butea monosperma
Butin isolated
from seeds
Adu
ltAnti-im
plantation activity in 40
%, 70
%,
Bha
rgav
a SK
. Estroge
nic an
d
of Butea monosperma.
female rats
and 90%
of the treated animals
postcoital an
tico
ncep
tive
activity
Oral ad
ministration to
resu
lted
. At lower doses, there was a
in rats of butin iso
lated from
rats at 5, 10, and
20 mg
dose-dep
enden
t term
ination of
Butea monospermaseed
. J
per rat day
1–5
of
pregn
ancy
and
a decrease in the
Ethno
pha
rm 198
6;18
(1):9
5–10
1.pr
egna
ncy
numbe
r of implantation sites.
Capsicum annuum L.
Rats fed the
following
Rats
Com
mon
spices or their active
princ
iples
Platel K
, Srinivasan
K. Influen
ce of
SOLA
NACEAE
plan
ts for 8 w
eeks
:were ex
amined
for the
ir pos
sible
dietary spices or the
ir active
Katuv
ira
Brassicasp
ecies,
influen
ce on the digestive
enz
ymes of
princ
iples on
digestive
enz
ymes
Span
ish Pep
per
Capsicum annum
,intestinal m
ucosa. D
ietary curcumin,
of small intestinal m
ucosa in rats.
Cum
inum
cyminum
,caps
aicin, piperine an
d Zingiber
Int J Fo
od Sci N
utr 19
95;47(1):55–
59.
Curcuma longa, Ferula
officinaleprominen
tly en
hanc
ed
foetida, Piper longum,
intestinal lipase activity and
also the
Piper nigrum,
disacch
aridases suc
rase and
maltase.
Trigonella foenum-
Dietary Cum
inum
cyminum
, Trigonella
graecum, Zingiber
foemum
-graecum
, Brassica sp
ecies an
d
officinale
Ferula foetida
brou
ght ab
out decreases
in the
lev
els of pho
spha
tases an
d
sucrase. The
positive influen
ces of a
good
num
ber of spices on term
inal
enzy
mes of the digestive
process cou
ld
be an ad
ditiona
l featur
e of species
that are gen
erally w
ell recogn
ized
to
stim
ulate digestion
.Capsicum annuum
Intran
asal cap
saicin
Dou
ble-blind,
Patien
ts w
ith cluster headache
sMarks D
R, e
t al. A dou
ble-blind
placeb
o-received
intrana
sal caps
aicin an
dplacebo
con
trolled trial of
controlle
dex
perien
ced a significant decrease in
intran
asal cap
saicin for cluster
trial
head
ache
sev
erity relative
to co
ntrols.
head
ache
. Cep
halalgia 199
3;13
(2):
114–
116.
Capsicum annuum
Top
ically applied
Ran
dom
ized
All efficacy
variables:related
to he
rpetic
Watso
n CPN, e
t al. A ran
dom
ized
capsaicin 0.075
% cream
vehicle-
neuralgia sho
wed
a significant
vehicle-co
ntrolle
d trial of topical
controlle
dim
prove
men
t at nea
rly all time po
ints
caps
aicin in treatmen
t of
trial: 14
3throug
hout the study for bo
th
postherpe
tic ne
uralgia. C
lin
patien
tspatient group
s: red
uction in pain,
The
r 19
93;15(3):510
–526
.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
431
( continued)
with ch
ronic
or cha
nges in pain seve
rity, pa
in relief,
post-herpetic
and func
tion
al cap
acity scale.
neur
algia
Capsicum annuum
0.07
5% cap
saicin cream
.Dou
ble-blind,
Cap
saicin cream
was app
lied top
ically
The
Cap
saican
Study Group
.App
lied 4
3pe
r day
for
vehicle-
to areas of pain in patients with
Treatmen
t of painful diabe
tic
8 weeks
controlle
ddiabe
tic ne
uropathy
. The
cream
neuropa
thy with topical cap
saican
: study
produced significant relief for patients
a multicen
ter dou
ble-blind, v
ehicle-
compared
to thos
e receiving a no
nactive
control-led study. A
rch Int Med
cream.
1991
;151
(11):222
5–22
29.
Capsicum annuum
Nasal cap
saicin
Hum
an trial:
Cluster headache
patients (11/
16) ex
peri-
Raloff J. Hot prosp
ects for que
lling
16
cluster
enced cessation of hea
dache
s after
clus
ter he
adache
s. Sci N
ews 19
91;
head
ache
treatm
ent with capsaicin solution
in the
13:20–
21.
patien
tsno
stril of the
sam
e side of the
hea
dache
. Ano
ther 2 patients ex
perienc
ed 50%
reduc
tion
in pa
in.
Capsicum annuum
0.02
5% cap
saicin cream
Dou
ble-
The
study indicates 0.025
% cap
saicin is
Walke
r FO
, Lew
is SF. Som
esthetic
blinded
a safe top
ical age
nt w
ith dem
onstrable
and electroph
ysiologic effects of
controlle
dclinical effects on sm
all fibe
r func
tion
topical 0.02
5% cap
saicin in man
.trial:
but no
t on
large
fiber or au
tono
mic
Reg
Ane
sth 19
90;15:61
–66.
10 subjects
func
tion
.Capsicum annum
Cap
saicin cream
0.025
%Case stud
y:After amputation, sev
ere pain dev
elop
ed
Ray
ner HC, e
t al. Relief of loc
al
4 3daily
47-year-old
in both stum
ps. A
pplic
ation of cap
saicin
stump pain by
cap
saicin cream
, diabe
tic
relie
ved the
pain co
mpletely after day
Lan
cet 19
89;25:12
76–1
277.
with be
low
7 with no
loc
al irritation. O
n stop
ping
the kn
eethe cream, p
ain returned
after 2 d
ays.
ampu
tation
Capsicum annuum
Spice princ
iples: cap
saicin,
Rats
The
se plants ge
nerally
stimulated
Samba
iah K, S
riniva
san K. Influen
ce
curcumin, p
iperine. Plants:
liver m
icrosomal cytoc
hrom
e P45
0-of spices and
spice princ
iples on
Brassica, Cinnamomum
dep
enden
t aryl hyd
roxy
lase.
hepatic m
ixed
func
tion
oxy
gena
se
zeylanicum
, Cum
inum
Cum
inum
cyminum
, Zingiber
system
in rats. Ind
ian J Bioch
emcymimum
, Ferula foetida,
officinale,
and Trigonella foenum-
Biophy
s 19
89;26(4):254
–258
.Tamarindus indica, Trigonella
graecum
also stimulated the
lev
els of
foenum
-graecum
,cy
toch
rome P45
0 an
d b5, Cum
inum
Zingiber officinale
cyminum
and Tamarindus indica
stim
ulated N
-dem
ethy
lase activity.
Capsicum annuum
Cap
saicin cream
or placebo
Dou
ble-blind
Sign
ifican
t increa
sed relie
f in
Berns
tein JE, et al. T
opical cap
saicin
trea
ted for a 6-w
eek
controlle
dcaps
aicin-treated group
com
pared
trea
tmen
t of chr
onic pos
therpetic
period
trial: 32
with ve
hicle was observe
d for all
neuralgia. J A
m A
cad D
ermatol
patien
tsefficacy
variables. A
fter 6 w
eeks
,19
89;21:26
5–27
0.with ch
ronic
80% of caps
aicin-treated patients,
post-herpetic
expe
rien
ced som
e pa
in relief.
neur
algia
432
Capsicum annuum
Cap
saicin cream
, 0.025%
2 case studies
Male, 67 ye
ars old, with Diabetes mellitus
Ross DR, Varipap
a RJ. Treatmen
t of
presented
with pa
in in the ou
ter
painful diabe
tic ne
uropa
thy with
aspe
cts of left thigh. C
apsaicin treatmen
ttopical caps
aicin. N
Eng
l JM
ed
3 3per day
resulted in total relief
1989
;321
(7):4
74–4
75.
of dys
esthesias within 5 day
s. M
ale,
57 yea
rs old, with diabe
tic ne
uropa
thy
was treated
with caps
aicin 4 3
per
day
. Within 2 weeks
he stated
pain
was relieve
d to a muc
h greater ex
tent.
Capsicum annuum
Top
ical 0.025
% cap
saicin
Human
trial:
After a variety of treatm
ent ap
proache
s W
atson CP, e
t al. T
he post-
18 patients
(to reduce pain) w
ere uns
atisfactory,
mastectom
y pain sy
ndrome an
d
with post-
12 of the 14
patients co
mpleting
the effect of topical capsaicin. Pain
mastectom
ytrea
tmen
t with caps
aicin sh
owed
19
89;38:17
7–18
6.pa
inim
prove
men
t after 4 weeks and
8 (57
%)
synd
rome
were judg
ed to be
goo
d or ex
celle
nt
resp
onses.
Capsicum annuum
Top
ical 0.025
% cap
saicin
Human
trial:
39% entering the trial achiev
ed at least
Watson CP, e
t al. P
ost-he
rpetic
33 patients
a go
od result and
55%
were im
prove
d
neur
algia an
d top
ical cap
saicin.
with post-
or better; 56%
of the 23
patients
Pain 19
88;33:33
3–34
0.he
rpetic
completing
the
study ha
d goo
d or
neuralgia
excelle
nt pain relie
f after 4 weeks; 78
%
of the
23 no
ted at least some
improve
men
t in pain.
Capsicum annuum
Cap
saicin cream
, 0.025%
. Case stud
yHealthy
male, 66 ye
ars old, p
resented
Haw
k RJ, Millikan
LE. Treatmen
t of
Stan
dard therap
y includ
ed
with he
rpes zos
ter. A
fter 18 mon
ths
oral postherpe
tic ne
uralgia w
ith
1.5 mL betam
etha
sone
of stand
ard treatmen
t, su
bject
topical capsaicin. Int JD
ermatol
sodium pho
spha
te, 1
.5 m
Linitiated cap
saicin treatmen
t.19
88;27(5):336
.triamcino
lone
acetonide
Discomfort decreased
within 2 day
s(4
3pe
r day
application). F
our weeks
after initiating
treatmen
t, patient
awok
e with no
pain.
Carum
carvi
L.
For ob
stipation, a
Human
trial:
The
lax
ative he
rb com
bina
tion
was
Matev
M, e
t al. Use of an
herba
l UMBELLIFE
RAE
combina
tion
of Rhamus
patien
ts w
ith
effective in 100
% of the pa
tien
ts.
combina
tion
with laxa
tive
action
Krish
najira
frangula, Citrus aurantium,
duod
enal ulcer
Daily defecation in 90.6%
of patients
on duod
enal pep
tic ulcer an
d
Caraw
ayCarum
carvi. F
or m
ain
or gastrod
uo-
and eve
ry secon
d day
defecation was
gastroduod
enitis patients with a
disea
se: a
com
bina
tion
of
den
itis,
obtained
9.4% of the pa
tien
ts.
conc
omitan
t ob
stipation
Symphitum
officinalis and
all with
synd
rome [Bulgarian]. Vutr
Calendula officinalis
obstipation
Boles 198
1;20
(6):4
8–51
.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
433
( continued)
Cassia fistula
L.
Aqu
eous fraction
of
Mice
Cassia fistula
prod
uced a sign
ifican
tAve
lla E, e
t al. Ev
aluation of tradi-
LEGUMMIN
OSA
Eleav
es of Cassia fistula.
decrease in glycemia and
in the
tion
al m
edicine:Effects of Cajanus
Aragh
ada
Dosag
es of 30
0, 500
, and
glucose toleran
ce test.
cajanL. an
d of Cassia fistula
L. on
Indian labu
rnum
100 mg/
kgcarboh
ydrate m
etab
olism in mice
[Span
ish]. R
ev M
ed Pan
ama
1991
;16(1):39–
45.
Cassia fistula
Leg
ume Cassia fistula
Albino rats
Administration of Cassia fistula produ
ced
el-Saa
dan
y SS
, et al. The
bioch
emical
a sign
ifican
t decrease in blood
and
role and
hyp
ocho
lesterolaemic
liver total lipids. Brain, s
pleen, kidne
ys
poten
tial of the legu
me Cassia
and heart followed
a sim
ilar tren
d but
fistula
in hyp
erch
olesterolaem
ic
with mod
erate effect. B
lood
, liver,
rats. N
ahru
ng 199
1;35
(8):8
07–8
15.
kidne
ys, sp
leen
and
hea
rt total
cholesterol sign
ifican
tly decreased
. The
lev
el of triglycerides w
as m
arke
dly
improve
d.
Cassia fistula
Who
le seed pow
der of
Rat, go
lden
Cassia fistula
was fou
nd to be
amoe
bicida
l,Sh
ukla SC
, Das SR. C
ure of
Cassia fistula
hamster and
cysticidal, a
nd cur
ed exp
erim
ental
Amoe
biasis by seed
pow
der of
human
scaecal amoe
biasis, he
patic am
oebiasis
Cassia fistula. Int JC
rude Dru
g Res
and intestina
l am
oebiasis of hu
man
s.19
88;26(3):141
–144
.Cedrus deodara
Extracts of Cedrus
Rab
bits
Extract w
as tried
aga
inst m
ixed
Sang
wan
AK, et al. Clin
ical efficacy
(Rox
b. ex D. Don
)deodaraan
d Pongamia
infestations
of Psoroptes cuniculi(ear
of a herba
l ge
l an
d ointm
ent
G. D
onglabra. Cha
rmil in the
cank
er) an
d Notoedres cati(m
ange
)(C
harm
il) aga
inst m
ange
in rabb
its.
PIN
ACEA
Etw
in formulation
s of gel
in a colon
y of lab
oratory rabb
its. Two
Indian Vet J 199
4;71
(9):9
25–9
27.
Dev
adaru
and ointm
ent
applic
ations
, 1 w
eek ap
art, cu
red the
Deo
dar
rabb
its completely.
Cedrus deodara
A decoc
tion
of the
14 cases of
All pa
tien
ts w
ere give
n the decoction
Sati R
B, Sh
arma RK. Man
agem
ent of
follo
wing he
rbs:
cong
estive
and Urgenic indica.
Patients with
cong
estive
cardiac failu
re w
ith
Azadirachta indica,
heart failu
reisch
emic hea
rt disease, card
iomyo
pathy
certain Ayu
rved
ic dru
gs.
Boerhaavia diffusa,
and cor pulm
onale were give
n po
wder
Aryav
aidya
n 19
90;4(2):1
23–126
.Cedrus deodara,
of Inula racemosa,
while patients with
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
rheu
matic hea
rt disease w
ere give
nTerminalia chebula,
Commiphora mukul. After 2 w
eeks
Tinospora cordifolia,
of treatmen
t all 10
patients were cu
red
Trichosantes lobata,
completely, 2
had
bradyc
ardia, a
ndInula racemosa2 g, 8
2 were refractory.
hourly; Commiphora
mukul,1
/2 g 8
hourly, Urgenic indica
100 mg, 8 hou
rly
Cedrus deodara
Him
acha
lol iden
tified
as
Cat
Intrag
astric administration of him
acha
lol
Kar K
, et al. Sp
asmolytic con
stituen
ts
the major antispa
smod
icor pap
averine (100
mg/
kg) pr
oduced
of Cedrus deodara (R
oxb.) Lo
ud:
cons
tituen
t in the
woo
deq
ual inh
ibition of ind
uced
spasm of
pha
rmacolog
ical eva
luation of
of Cedrus deodara
the intestine, lasting
abo
ut 2 ho
urs,
himacha
lol. J Pha
rm Sci 197
5;64
(2):
but the himacha
lol ha
d a faster
258–
262.
onset of action.
434
Cinnamomum
Aqu
eous
and
chloroform
Rats
Preg
nant fem
ale rats treated
with bo
thPe
llega
tti-Le
mon
ica I, Borro-M
aced
o zeylanicum
Blume
extracts Cinnamomum
extracts presented
an increa
sed num
ber
AMR. A
bortive an
d/or embryo
-LAURACEAE
zeylanicum
70 m
g/kg
of resorption
s. A
non
sign
ifican
tfetotoxic effect of Cinnamomum
Twak
numbe
r of abn
ormalities were
zeylanicum
leaf extracts in
Cinna
mon
observed
in liv
e fetuses.
pregn
ant rats. F
itoterap
ia19
94;65(5):431
–434
.Cinnamomum
Brassica, Cinnamomum
Rats
The
se plants did not sho
w any
Samba
iah K, S
riniva
san K. E
ffect of
zeylanicum
zeylanica, Cum
inum
cholesterol decreasing effect w
hen
cumin, cinn
amon
, ging
er, m
ustard
cyminum
, Zingiber
includ
ed in the no
rmal and
and tam
arind in induc
ed hyp
er-
officinale
hype
rcho
lesterolem
ia-ind
ucing
diet at
cholesterolemic rats. N
ahru
ng 199
1;ab
out five
fold normal human
intak
e35
(1):4
7–51
.leve
l.Cinnamomum
Brassica, Cinnamomum
Rats
The
se plants ge
nerally
stimulated
liver
Samba
iah K, S
riniva
san K. Influen
ce
zeylanicum
zeylanicum
, Cum
inum
microsomal cytochrom
e P450-de
pend
ent
of spices and
spice princ
iples on
cyminum
, Ferula
aryl hyd
roxy
lase. Cum
inum
cyminum
, he
patic m
ixed
func
tion
oxy
gena
se
foetida, Tamarindus
Zingiber officinale,
and Trigonella
system
in rats. Ind
ian J Bioch
em
indica, Trigonella
foenum
-graecum
also stimulated
the
lev
els
Bioph
ys 1989;26
(4):2
54–2
58.
foenum
-graecum
,of cytoc
hrom
e P45
0 an
d b5, Cum
inum
Zingiber officinale
cyminum
and Tamarindus indica
stim
ulated N
-dem
ethy
lase activity.
Clitoria ternateaL.
Alcoh
olic extract of
Rod
ents
No ab
stract ava
ilable
Kulkarni C
, et al. Effect of alcoh
olic
LEGUMIN
OSA
EClitoria ternatea
extract of Clitoria ternateaLinn. on
Apa
rajita
central ne
rvou
s sy
stem
in rode
nts.
Butterfly pea
Indian
J. E
xp Biol 1
988;26(12):957–960.
Cocos nucifera
L.
Hem
icellulose and
Rats
The
results indicate that hem
icellulose
Sind
hurani JA, R
ajam
ohan
T. Hyp
o-PALMAE
cellu
lose fiber from
rich
fiber from Cocos nucifera sho
wed
lip
idem
ic effect of hem
icellulose
Narikela
Cocos nucifera
a decrease co
ncen
tration of total
compon
ent of coc
onut fiber. Indian
Cocon
ut plant
cholesterol, LDL and
VLDL and
JExp
Biol 19
98;36(8):786
–789
.an
inc
rease in H
DL, w
hile cellulose
rich
Cocos nucifera
fibe
r sh
owed
no
sign
ifican
t alteration
.Cocos nucifera
Coc
onut ke
rnal
Animals
Coc
onut kerna
l, thus reduc
ed the
Nalini N, e
t al. H
istopatho
logical
mutage
nic an
d carcino
genic effect of
and lipid cha
nges in ex
perim
ental
chili and
1,2-dim
ethy
lhyd
razine
,co
lon canc
er: effect of co
conu
t resp
ective
ly.
kern
al (Cocos nucifera
Linn.)
and (Capsicum annum
Linn.) red
chili pow
der. Ind
ian J Ex
p Biol
1997
;35(9):964
–971
.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
435
( continued)
Cocos nucifera
Coc
onut an
d cocon
ut oil
Clin
ical Trial:
Con
sumption
of coco
nut or coc
onut
Kum
ar PD. T
he role of coc
onut and
32
coron
ary
oil was fou
nd to be
sim
ilar in both
coco
nut oil in coron
ary he
art
heart
grou
ps. The
group
s did not differ in
disease in Kerala, sou
th Ind
ia.
disea
sethe fat, saturated fat and
cho
lesterol
Trop D
oct 19
97;27(4):215
–217
.pa
tien
ts and
cons
umption. The
result im
ply no
16 m
atch
edsp
ecific role for coco
nut or coc
onut
healthy
oil in the
cau
sation
of co
rona
ry hea
rtco
ntrols.
disease in this set of patients.
Cocos nucifera
Diet cons
ists of tube
rs,
Human
o-3 fatty acids an
d linoleic acid sho
wed
Lind
eberg S, et al. L
ipop
rotein
fruit, c
ocon
ut, fish
, and
Trial: 15
1poten
tially ben
eficial effect w
ith lip
o-
composition an
d serum
cho
leserol
vege
tables w
ith a
subs
istenc
ean
d apolipo-pr
oteins
. Relations
of
ester fatty acids in non
western
ized
negligible influen
ce of
horticultur-
palmitic acid to seru
m lipids may
be
Melan
esians
. Lipids 19
96;31(2):
western foo
d and
alists, 20
–86
explained
in term
s of end
ogen
ous fat
153–
158.
alcoho
lye
ars
synthe
sis at a low
-fat intak
e, rathe
r than
reflecting its relative
intak
e.Cocos nucifera
Source of m
onou
nsatur
ated
Rab
bits
The
se findings
do no
t su
pport the view
Nielsen
LB, et al. Rep
lacemen
t of
fatty acids: oliv
e oil;
that rep
lacemen
t of dietary saturated
dietary saturated fat w
ith mon
o-So
urce of saturated fatty
fat with olive oil ha
s a major impact on
uns
aturated fat: effect on
acids: butter Exp
t A; lard
the dev
elop
men
t of atherosclerosis in
athe
roge
nesis in cho
lesterol-fed
Exp
t B; c
ocon
ut oil Ex
pt C
;ad
dition to tha
t acco
unted for by
rabb
its clam
ped at the same
and butter or lard
Exp
t D
chan
ges in plasm
a ch
olesterol leve
ls.
plasm
a ch
olesterol leve
l. Br J
Nutr 199
5;74
(4):5
09–5
21.
Cocos nucifera
Low
-fat cho
w diet or
Rats
Whe
reas saturated fatty acids are
Isen
see H, Jacob
R. D
ifferential
one en
rich
ed w
ith 10
%proarrh
ythm
ic, d
iets enr
iche
d w
ith n-
effects of various oil diets on
hydroge
nated coc
onut
6 or n-3 polyu
nsatur
ated
fatty acids
the risk
of card
iac arrhythm
ias
oil, co
rn oil, linseed
oil
both exe
rt antiarrhy
thmic effects.
in rats. JCardiova
sc R
isk 19
94;
or sardine oil
1(4):353
–359
.Cocos nucifera
Hyd
roge
nated coc
onut
Rats
Com
pared w
ith rats fed
hyd
roge
nated
Bouzian
e M, et al. Cha
nges in fatty
oil an
d salm
on oil
coconu
t oil diets, those fed salmon
oil
acid com
position
s of total serum
diets had
enh
anced LDL-H
DL1 an
dan
d lip
oprotein particles, in
HDL2-3 bu
t lower V
LDL total
grow
ing rats given
protein-
apolipop
roteins.
diets deficient w
ith either
hydroge
nated coc
onut or salmon
oils as fat sources. B
r J Nutr 1994;
71(3):3
75–3
87.
Cocos nucifera
Cocos nucifera
pollen
Clin
ical Trial:
The
clin
ical status of the
patients
Karmak
ar PR, et al. Placebo
-ex
tract im
mun
othe
rapy
96 patients
mea
sured by the symptom
-med
ication
controlle
d immuno
therap
y with
(CPE
-IT)
allergic to
scores dem
onstrated tha
t Cocos
Cocos nucifera
pollen ex
tract. Int
Cocos nucifera
nucifera
polle
n-allergic patients ha
dArch Alle
rgy Im
muno
l 19
94;103
(2):
polle
nsign
ifican
t ( p
,0.00
5) clin
ical
194–
201.
improve
men
t after CPE-IT com
pared
to placebo
treatmen
t.Cocos nucifera
200 g co
nsumed
12 or
Rats
The
re w
ere no
differenc
es amon
gSa
tchithan
andam
S, et al. Coc
onut oil
24% sesam
e oil or
grou
ps in the distribution of
and sesame oil affect lym
pha
tic
coconu
t oil diets or a
cholesterol an
d oleic acid eithe
r in the
absorp
tion
of ch
olesterol an
d fatty
control diet (14%
corn
lymph
lipop
roteins or in the lip
idacids in rats. J N
utr 199
3;12
3(11
):oil) ad libitum for 4
classes.
1852
–185
8.weeks
436
Cocos nucifera
You
ng coc
onut water
Hum
an trial
You
ng coc
onut w
ater can
be us
ed w
ith
Adam
s W
, Bratt D
E. Y
oung
coc
onut
early refeed
ing as a hom
e gluco
se
water for hom
e rehy
dration
in
electrolyte oral reh
ydration
solution
ch
ildren with mild
gastroe
nteritis.
in early stage
s of m
ild diarrhe
al
Trop G
eogr M
ed 199
2;44
(1–2
):disea
se. It sho
uld not be used in
149–
153.
patients with seve
re cho
lera, or w
ith
thos
e who
are deh
ydrated and
/or
in w
hom ren
al fun
ction is impaired.
Cordia myxaL.
Petroleum ether and
Rats
Results obtaine
d sho
wed
extracts ha
ve a
Ficarra R, et al. Lea
f extracts of some
BORAGIN
ACEAE
alco
hol extracts of
sign
ifican
t an
alge
sic, antiin
flam
matory
Cordiasp
ecies: ana
lgesic and
anti-
Sleshm
atak
aCordia francisci, Cordia
and antiarthr
itic activity in the
rat.
inflam
matory activities as well as
Sebe
sten
plum
myxaan
d Cordia
their ch
romatog
raph
ic ana
lysis.
serratifolia
leav
esFa
rmaco 19
95;50(4):245
–256
.Coriandrum
Plants include
: leav
es of
Mice
Treatmen
t with Agrimonia eupatoria,
Swan
ston
-Flatt SK, et al. Tradition
al
sativum
L.
Agrimonia eupatoria,
Medicago sativa, Coriandrum sativum
, plant treatmen
ts for diabe
tes.
UMBELLIFERAE
Alchemilla vulgaris,
Eucalyptus globulus
and Juniperus
Studies in normal and
Dha
nyak
abu
lbs of Allium
sativum
,communis
reduced the
lev
el of hy
per-
streptozo
tocin diabe
tic mice.
Coriand
erChelidonium majus,
glyc
emia during
dev
elop
men
t of
Diabe
tologia 19
90;33(8):462
–464
.Convallaria majalis,
streptozo
tocin diabe
tes in m
ice. This
seed
s of Coriandrum
was associated w
ith reduc
edsativum, Eucalyptus
polyd
ipsia (excep
t Coriandrum
globulus,roo
ts of
sativum) an
d a red
uced
rate of w
eigh
tGlycyrrhiza glabra,
loss (ex
cept Agrimonia eupatoria).
dried
berries of
Juniperus communis,
Medicago sativa, Rubus
fraticosus
Crocus sativusL.
Liposom
e en
caps
ulation
Mice
Saffron effectively en
hanc
edNair SC
, et al. Effect of saffron
on
IRID
ACEAE
of saffron
antitumor activity towards
Sarco
ma-
thym
ocyte proliferation, intra-
Kum
kana
180 an
d Ehr
lich ascites carcinom
acellu
lar glutathion
e leve
ls and
its
Saffron
solid
tum
ors. Significant inh
ibition in
anti-tum
or activity. Biofactors 19
92;
the grow
th of these tumors was
4(1):51–
54.
observed
com
pared
with co
ntrols.
Crocus sativus
Top
ical application of
Mice
Top
ical app
lication inhibited 2-stage
Salomi MJ, et al. Inhibitory effects
Crocus sativusan
dinitiation
/prom
otion sk
inof Nigella sativaan
d saffron
Nigella sativaex
tracts;
carcinog
enesis. O
ral ad
ministration
( Crocus sativus) on ch
emical
Crocus sativa: Oral dose
restricted
tum
or inc
iden
ce to 10
%carcinog
enesis in mice. N
utrition
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
437
( continued)
of 100
mg/
kg w
eigh
t; IP
compared
with 10
0% in 20
-Can
cer 19
91;16(1):67–
72.
dose; Nigella sativaIP
methy
lcho
lanthr
ene (M
CA)-treated
100 mg/
kg w
eigh
tco
ntrols. Both Nigella sativaan
dCrocus sativusrestricted
tumor
inciden
ce to 33
.3% and
10%
,resp
ective
ly, c
ompared
with 10
0% in
MCA-treated
con
trols
Crocus sativus
Saffron ex
tracted w
ith
Mice
Oral ad
ministration of saffron
Nair SC
, et al. Antitum
or activity of
etha
nol (95%
) an
dincrea
sed the
lifespa
n of sarco
ma-
saffron ( Crocus sativus). Can
cer
purified
. Dose of
180, Ehrlic
h ascites Carcino
ma an
dLett 19
91;1;57(2):109
–114
.20
0 mg/
kg w
eigh
tDalton’s lympho
ma ascites tumor
bearing mice to 111
%, 83
.5%, a
nd11
2.5%
, respe
ctively.
Cum
inum
Allium
cepa, Allium
27 healthy
Tolbu
tamide, Cucurbita ficifolia,
Rom
an R
R, e
t al. Antihyp
erglyc
emic
cyminum
L.
sativa, Brassica
rabb
its
Phaseolus vulgaris, Opuntia
effect of some ed
ible plants.
UMBEL
LIFERAE
oleracea, Cucurbita
streptacantha, Spinacea oleracea,
JEthno
pha
rm 1995;48
(1):2
5–32
.Jeerak
aficifolia, Cum
inum
Cucum
is sativus,an
d Cum
inum
Cum
in seed
cyminum
, Cucum
iscyminum
decreased significantly the
sativus, Lactuca sativa,
area und
er the
gluco
se toleran
ce curve
Opuntia streptacantha,
and the
hyp
erglyc
emic pea
k. Brassica
Phaseolus vulgaris,
oleracea, Allium
cepaan
d Allium
Psidum guajava,
sativum
only decreased
the
Spinacea oleracea
hype
rglycemic pea
k. The
glycemic
decreases cau
sed by Psidum guajava,
Brassica oleracea
and Lactuca sativa
were no
t sign
ifican
t.Cum
inum
cyminum
Rats fed for 8 w
eeks
the
Rats
Com
mon
spices or their active
Platel K, Srinivasan
K. Influe
nce of
follo
wing plan
ts:
principles w
ere ex
amined
for the
irdietary spices or their active
Brassicasp
ecies,
possible influen
ce on the digestive
principles on digestive
enz
ymes
Capsicum annum
,en
zymes of intestinal m
uco
sa. Dietary
of small intestinal m
uco
sa in rats.
Cum
inum
cyminum
,cu
rcum
in, caps
aicin, piperine an
dInt J Fo
od Sci N
utr 19
95;47(1):55–
59.
Curcuma longa, Ferula
Zingiber officinaleprominen
tly
foetida, Piper longum,
enha
nced
intestina
l lip
ase activity and
Piper nigrum,
also the
disacch
aridases suc
rase and
Trigonella foenum-
maltase. D
ietary Cum
inum
cyminum
,graecum, Zingiber
Trigonella foenum-graecum
, Brassica
officinale
species an
d Ferula foetidabrou
ght
abou
t decreases in the leve
ls of
phos
phatases and
sucrase. The
positive
influen
ces of a goo
d num
ber
of spices on
terminal enz
ymes of the
digestive
process cou
ld be an
addition
al feature of sp
ecies that are
gene
rally
well reco
gnized
to stim
ulate
digestion
.
438
Cum
inum
cyminum
Alternanthera sessilis,
Mice an
dCum
inum
cyminum
seed
s, Ocimum
Aru
na K
, Sivaram
akrish
nan VM.
Cum
inum
cyminum
,rats
sanctum
leav
es, Papaver somnifera
Anticarcino
genic effects of som
e Curcuma longa, Ferula
seed
s sign
ifican
tly inhibited neo
plasia
Indian plan
t produc
ts. Fo
od C
hem
asafoetida, Ocimum
alon
e. The
se plants may
prove
to be
Tox
ic 199
2;30
(11):953
–956
.sanctum, Moringa
valuab
le anticarcino
gens
.oleifera, Papaver
somnifera,Piper
longum
, Sylanum
nigrum
Cum
inum
cyminum
Brassica, Cinnamomum
Rats
The
se plants did not sho
w any
Samba
iah K, Srinivasan
K. Effect of
zeylanica, Cum
inum
cholesterol decreasing effect w
hen
cumin, c
inna
mon
, ginge
r, m
ustard
cyminum
, Zingiber
included
in the no
rmal and
and tam
arind in induced hyp
er-
officinale
hyperch
olesterolemia-ind
ucing diet at
cholesterolemic rats. N
ahru
ng 199
1;ab
out five
fold normal human
intak
e35
(1):4
7–51
.leve
l.Cum
inum
cyminum
Two capsu
les of 450 m
g/20
case studies
Administration of the
herba
l mixture
Karnick
CR. A clin
ical trial of a
each
: Coccinia indica,
with Diabetes
led to sign
ifican
t decreases in mean
composite he
rbal dru
g in the
Cum
inum
cyminum
, mellitus
bloo
d suga
r va
lues.
trea
tmen
t of D
iabe
tes mellitus
Eugenia jambolana, Gymnema
(Mad
humeh
a). A
ryav
aidya
n sylvestre, Momordica
1991
;5(1):3
6–46
.charantia, Phyllanthus
niruri, Swertia chirata,
Tephrosia purpurea
Cum
inum
cyminum
Cumin seeds
Swiss mice
Cum
in seeds increa
sed the
Aru
na K
, Sivaram
akrish
nan VM.
glutathion
e-S-tran
sferase activity by
Plan
t products as protective ag
ents
more than
78%
in stom
ach, liver and
agains
t canc
er. Ind
ian JE
xp Biol
esop
hagu
s, high en
ough
to be
1990
;28(11
):100
8–10
11.
cons
idered
protective ag
ents aga
inst
carcinog
enesis. Glutathione
lev
els
were also significantly inc
reased
in
the three tissue
s.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
439
( continued)
Cum
inum
cyminum
Spice pr
inciples: c
apsaicin,
Rats
The
se plants ge
nerally
stimulated
Samba
iah K, Srinivasan
K. Influen
ce
curcumin, p
iperine.
liver m
icrosomal cytochr
ome P45
0-of spices and
spice princ
iples on
Plan
ts: Brassica,
dep
enden
t aryl hyd
roxy
lase.
hepa
tic mixed
fun
ction ox
ygen
ase
Cinnamomum
zeylanicum,
Cum
inum
cyminum
, Zingiber
system
in rats. Ind
ian JB
ioch
em
Cum
inum
cyminum
, officinale,
and Trigonella foenum-
Biophy
s 1989
;26(4):254
–258
.Ferula foetida, Tamarindus
graecum
also stimulated the
lev
els of
indica, Trigonella
cytoch
rome P450 an
d b5, Cum
inum
foenum
-graecum
,cyminum
and Tamarindus indica
Zingiber officinale
stim
ulated N
-dem
ethy
lase activity.
Cum
inum
cyminum
Petroleum ether,
Female
The
alcoh
olic extract of Cum
inum
Garg SK
. Antifertility screen
ing of
alcoho
l, an
d aqu
eous
albino
rats
cyminum
seed
s sh
owed
100
%plants—
Effect of fou
r indigen
ous
extracts of cu
min seeds
antifertility effect at a dose of 150
plants of early pregn
ancy
in female
mg/
kg.
albino
rats. Ind
ian JM
ed R
es
1976
;64(8):113
3–11
35.
Cum
inum
cyminum
Cum
inum
cyminum
and
Matur
eCum
inum
cyminum
has a proliferative
Agraw
alaa
IP, e
t al. Galactogo
gue
Nigella sativapo
wders
female
action
on the brea
st tissu
e bu
t no
action
of Cum
inum
cyminum
and
albino
rats
galactog
ogue
(increa
se in milk
yield
Nigella sativa. Ind
JMed
Res 196
8;of lactating
mothe
r) action.
56(8):8
41–8
44.
Curcuma longaL.
Hyd
roch
loric acid
Human
trial:
A significant decrease in the
lev
els of
Ram
irez
-Bos
ca A
, et al. Antioxidan
t ZIN
GIBERACEAE
extracts of Curcuma
health
serum lipid perox
ides w
as
curcum
a ex
tracts decrease the
Haridra
longa. Equ
ivalen
t daily
human
sdem
onstrated.
bloo
d lipid perox
ide leve
ls of
Turm
eric
dose of 20 mg cu
rcumin
human
subjects. A
ge 199
5;18
(4):
167–
169.
Curcuma longa
Rats fed for 8 weeks the
Rats
Com
mon
spices or their active
Platel K
, Srinivasan
K. Influen
ce of
follo
wing plan
ts:
princ
iples were ex
amined
for the
irdietary spices or their active
Brassica sp
ecies,
possible influe
nce on
the
digestive
princ
iples on
digestive
enz
ymes
Capsicum annum
,en
zymes of intestinal m
ucosa. D
ietary
of small intestinal m
uco
sa in rats.
Cum
inum
cyminum
,cu
rcum
in, capsaicin, p
iperine an
dInt J Fo
od Sci N
utr 19
95;47(1):55–
59.
Curcuma longa, Ferula
Zingiber officinaleprominen
tly
foetida, Piper longum,
enha
nced
intestina
l lip
ase activity and
Piper nigrum,
also the
disacch
aridases suc
rase and
Trigonella foenum-
maltase. D
ietary Cum
inum
cyminum
,graecum, Zingiber
Trigonella foenum-graecum
, Brassica
officinale
species an
d Ferula foetida
brou
ght
abou
t decreases in the leve
ls of
pho
spha
tases an
d sucrase. The
positive influen
ces of a goo
d numbe
rof spices on term
inal enz
ymes of the
digestive
process cou
ld be an
additiona
l feature of sp
ecies that are
gene
rally
well reco
gnized
to stim
ulate
digestion
.
440
Curcuma longa
Curcuma longa1.5 g/
day
Clin
ical trial:
Curcuma longasign
ifican
tly redu
ced
Kalpa
gam P, et al. Effect of turm
eric
for 30
day
ssm
okers,
urina
ry excretion
of mutage
ns in
on urina
ry m
utage
ns in sm
okers.
nons
mok
ers
smok
ers. In no
n-sm
okers there was
Mutag
enesis 199
2;7(2):107
–109
.as con
trols
no cha
nge.
Curcuma longa
Ethan
olic extract of
Mice
Tox
icities studies were don
e. N
oQuresh
i S, et al. Tox
icity stud
ies on
rhizom
es of Alpinia
sign
ifican
t mortality co
mpared
to
Alpinia galanga
and Curcuma longa.
galangaan
d Curcuma
controls w
as noted
. The
gain in
Planta Med
199
2;58
(2):1
24–1
27.
longa.
Acu
te dos
ages
weigh
ts of sexu
al organ
s an
d0.5, 1.0, an
d 3 g/kg
bod
yincrea
sed spe
rm m
otility and
spe
rmweigh
t. Chron
ic dosag
ecounts were ob
served
in bo
th group
s.10
0 mg/
kg per day
The
se cha
nges w
ere high
ly significant
in the
Alpinia galanga-treated
group.
Both ex
tracts failed to sh
ow any
spermatotox
ic effects.
Curcuma longa
Azadirachta indicaan
dPilo
t stud
y:In 97%
of the scab
ies cases, a cur
eCha
rles V
, Cha
rles SX. T
he use and
Curcuma longapa
ste
814 patients
was obtaine
d w
ithin 3–
15 day
s of
efficacy
of Azadirachta indicaADR
with scab
ies
trea
tmen
t.(‘Neem’) and
Curcuma longa
(‘Turm
eric’) in scab
ies: A
pilo
tstudy. Trop Geo
gr M
ed 199
2:44
:17
8–18
1.Curcuma longa
Alternanthera sessilis,
Mice an
d rats
Cum
inum
cyminum
seed
s, Ocimum
Aru
na K
, Siva
ramak
rish
nan VM.
Cum
inum
cyminum
,sanctum
leav
es, Papaver somnifera
Anticarcino
genic effects of som
e Curcuma longa, Ferula
seed
s sign
ifican
tly inhibited neo
plasia
Indian plant products. Foo
d C
hem
asafoetida, O
cimum
alon
e. The
se plants may
prove
to be
Tox
ic 199
2;30
(11):953
–956
.sanctum, M
oringa
valuab
le anticarcino
gens
.oleifera, Papaver
somnifera, Piper
longum
, Sylanum
nigrum
Curcuma longa
Withania somnifera
root,
Dou
ble-blind,
Osteo
arthritis patients were rand
omly
Kulkarni R
R, e
t al. Treatmen
t of
450 mg, Boswellia
placeb
o-allocated to receive the placebo
or the
osteoa
rthr
itis w
ith a he
rbal
serrataOleo gu
m resin,
controlle
dhe
rbom
ineral formulation
. Aform
ulation
: a dou
ble-blind,
100 mg; Curcuma longa
trial: 42
sign
ifican
t drop was noted
in the
placebo
-con
trolled, c
ross-ove
r rhizom
e 50
mg; and
pa
tien
tsseve
rity of pain ( p
,0.00
1) and
study. JEthno
pha
rm 199
1;33
(1–2
):zinc
com
plex, 50 mg
disab
ility sco
re (p
,0.05
).91
–95.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
441
( continued)
Curcuma longa
Spice pr
inciples:
Rats
The
se plants ge
nerally
stimulated
Samba
iah K, Srinivasan
K. Influen
ce
capsaicin, cu
rcum
in,
liver m
icrosomal cytochr
ome P45
0-of spices and
spice princ
iples on
piperine. Plants:
dep
enden
t aryl hyd
roxy
lase.
hepa
tic mixed
fun
ction ox
ygen
ase
Brassica, Cinnamomum
Cum
inum
cyminum
, Zingiber
system
in rats. Ind
ian J. Bioch
em
zeylanicum
, Cum
inum
officinale,
and Trigonella foenum-
Biophy
s 1989
;26(4):254
–258
.cyminum
, Ferula
graecum
also stimulatd the
lev
els of
foetida, Tamarindus
cytoch
rome P450 an
d b5, Cum
inum
indica, Trigonella
cyminum
and Tamarindus indica
foenum
-graecum
,stim
ulated N
-dem
ethy
lase activity.
Zingiber officinale
Curcuma longa
50% extract of Curcuma
Rats
The
extracts increased H
DL-/total
Dixit V
P, e
t al. Hyp
olipidaemic
longaan
d Nardostachys
cholesterol ratio an
d also caus
ed a
effects of Curcuma LongaL and
jatamansi
(who
le plant)
sign
ifican
t decrease in the
ratio of
Nardostachys jatamansi, D
C in
total ch
olesterol/pho
spho
lipid.
triton
-ind
uced
hyp
erlip
idae
mic
Curcuma longaex
hibited better
rats. Ind
ian JP
hysiol Pha
rmacol
cholesterol an
d triglyc
eride
1988
;32(4):299
–304
.decreasing activity tha
n Nardostachys
jatamansi.
Curcuma longa
Ethan
olic extract
Human
trial:
A decrease in smell (90%
) an
d in
Kuttan R, e
t al. T
urm
eric and
Curcuma longaan
d an
62 patients
itch
ing in alm
ost all cases was noted
.cu
rcumin as topical ag
ents in canc
er
ointmen
t of curcumin
with
Dry lesions
were ob
served
in 70
%,
therap
y. Tumori 19
87;73:29
–31.
extern
alan
d 10%
had
a decrease in lesion size
canc
erou
san
d pain.
lesion
sCurcuma longa
1-phe
nyl-1-hy
drox
y-N-
Human
and
Both plasm
a an
d secretin co
ncen
tration
Che
w W
Y, e
t al. Effect of
pentan
e, a syn
thetic
anim
al trial:
and pan
crea
tic bicarbon
ate ou
tput
1-phe
nylpen
tano
l on
release of
derivative of Curcuma
Fasting dog
sincrea
sed significantly. S
ugg
ests usage
secretin and
exo
crine pa
ncreatic
longa
and human
sfor su
bjects w
ith achlorhy
dria, sev
ere
secretion in dog
s an
d human
s.hy
posecretory state, or total
Gastroe
nterolog
y 19
83;84(6):
gastrectom
y.15
78–1
584.
Curcuma zedoaria
Seve
n isolated
com
pou
nds
Mice
Extracts significantly inh
ibited
stress
Watan
abe K, et al. Antiulcer activity
(Christm
.) Rosco
efrom
8 Curcuma zedoaria
ulcer formation in restraine
d and
of extracts an
d isolated com
pou
nds
ZIN
GIBERACEAE
extracts. Oral an
dwater-immersed m
ice. Sugg
ests a
from
zed
oary (ga
jutsu) cu
ltivated
Sh
ati
subc
utane
ous
poten
t inhibition
of acute
in Y
akush
ima (Jap
an). Yak
uga
ku
Rou
nd zed
oary
administration
experim
ental ga
stric ulcers.
Zassh
i 19
86;106
(12):113
7–11
42.
Curcuma zedoaria
Pow
der from dried
Mice, rats
Powder significantly inh
ibited
the
Hatsu
yo M
, et al. Pha
rmacolog
ical
subterrane
an stem
intestinal trans
it of ch
arco
al in mice
effects of the
pow
der from
Curcuma zedoaria.Oral
and significantly inc
reased
the
bile
Curcuma zedoaria R
osco
e on
the
ad
ministration of the
secretion in rats an
d slig
htly inh
ibited
gastro-intestina
l tract of exp
eri-
powder
the stom
ach secretion in rats.
men
tal an
imals. Y
akuga
ku Z
assh
i 19
84;104
(6):6
40–6
43.
Curcuma zedoaria
Flou
r prep
ared
from
Rats, chick
sThe
high-protein flour prove
d highly
Latif MA, e
t al. T
oxicity of sho
ti
rhizom
es of Curcuma
toxic to 5-w
eek-old rats an
d cau
sed
(Ind
ian arrowroot: Curcuma
zedoaria
100%
mortality within 6 day
s whe
nzedoaria) for rats and
chick
s.
442
give
n 32
0 g/
kg diet.
Br JN
utr 197
9;41
(1):5
7–63
.Cyperus rotundus L.
Xiao W
ei Y
an Pow
der:
Ran
dom
ized
After 2–4
mon
ths ad
ministration, total
Liu X
R, et al. Treatmen
t of intestina
l CYPER
ACEAE
Mixture of seve
ral he
rbs
controlle
deffective rate of intestinal m
etap
lasia
metap
lasia an
d atypical hyp
erplasia
Mus
taka
including Bletilla
trial: 13
8an
d atypical hy
perplasia was 91.3%
of gastric m
ucosa with xiao
wei
Nutgrass
striata, Caesalpinia
with
and 92.16%, r
espe
ctively. The
yan po
wder [Chine
se]. Chu
ng-K
uosappan, Cyperus
intestinal
placebo
groups were 21
.3% and
Chu
ng H
si i C
hieh
Ho Tsa C
hih
rotundus, Glycyrrhiza
metap
lasia,
14.46%
, resp
ective
ly. Animal
1992
;12(10
):580
, 60
2–60
3.oralensis, Hedyotis
104 with
expe
rimen
ts rev
ealed no toxic side
diffusae, Paeonia alba,
atyp
ical
effect.
Smilax glabrae,
hype
rplasia
Taraxacum
mongolicum
.Oral dose 5–
6 g tid
Cyperus rotundus
b-sitosterol, IP
dos
e 160
Rats, m
ice
b-sitosterol was fou
nd to possess
Gupta MB, e
t al. Anti-inflam
matory
and 320
mg/
kgpoten
t an
ti-inflammatory activity,
and antipyretic activities of
oral dose 32
0 mg/
kg.
simila
r to hyd
roco
rtison
e an
db-sitosterol. JM
ed Plant R
es
Carrage
enan
-ind
uced
oxyp
hen-bu
tazo
ne. b
-sitosterol was
1980
;39:15
7–16
3.ed
ema, cotton pe
llet
also orally
effective
aga
inst ind
uced
implan
t an
d Brewer’s
edem
a an
d po
ssessed antipyretic
yeast induced pyrex
ia in
activity sim
ilar to acetyl-salic
yclic
rats
acid.
Datura metel
L.
Datura seed extract
Albino rats
Treatmen
t caused an increase in activity
Hasan
SS, K
ush
wah
a AKS. C
hron
ic
SOLANACEAE
1.2 mg/
kg IP
of brain lipid perox
idase an
d catalase.
effect of Datura seed extract on the
Dha
ttura
Datur
a caused a decrease in the
activity
brain of albino rats. Jap
an, J
Tho
rnap
ple
of f-dipho
spha
te aldolase an
d g-6-
Pha
rmacol 198
7;44
:1–6
.pho
spha
te deh
ydroge
nase enz
yme that
are related w
ith gluc
ose metab
olism.
Daucus carota
L.
Petroleum ether extract
Mice
The
extract arrested the
normal estru
sMajum
der PK, et al. Anti-steroidal
UMBELLIFERAE
and fraction 5 (fatty
cycle an
d cau
sed a significant
activity of the petroleum ether
Garija
raacids) of carrot seeds
decrease in the
weigh
t of ova
ries.
extract an
d fraction 5 (fatty acids)
Carrot
Cho
lesterol and
ascorbic acid con
tent
of carrot ( Daucus carota
L.) seed
s in ova
ries w
ere sign
ifican
tly increa
sed
in m
ouse ova
ry. JE
thno
pharm
due to the
treatmen
t with ex
tract an
d19
97;57(3):209
–212
.fraction
5 (fatty acids) of carrot seeds.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
443
( continued)
Daucus carota
Carrot co
nsum
ption
Hos
pital-
Dietary intak
e an
d m
esothe
lioma
Muscat JE, H
unc
harek M. Dietary
based case-
inciden
ce w
as studied. The
results
intake
and
the
risk of m
aligna
nt
controlle
dsu
pport the hy
pothe
sis that pro-
mesothe
lioma. Br J Can
cer 19
96;
trial: 94
with
vitamin A
or
b-caroten
e-co
ntaining
73(9):1
122–
1125
.maligna
ntfruits an
d veg
etab
les may
decrease
mesothe
lioma
mesothe
lioma.
and 64
controls
Daucus carota
Carrot ex
tract
Mice
Pretreatmen
t with carrot extract on
Bish
ayee A
, et al. Hep
atop
rotective
carbon
tetrach
loride-induc
ed acu
teactivity of carrot (Daucus carota
L.)
liver dam
aged
mice decreased
agains
t carbon
tetrach
loride
increa
sed serum enz
ymes lev
els
intoxication
in mou
se liver. J
sign
ifican
tly.
Ethno
pha
rm 199
5;47
(2):6
9–74
.Daucus carota
Vitam
in-free drink
for 3
Human
trial:
Vitam
in-rich food
supplem
ents
Abb
ey M
, et al. Dietary
weeks
the
n vitamin-rich
15 normo-
sign
ifican
tly increa
sed plasm
a leve
lssu
pplemen
tation
with oran
ge and
drink
of oran
ge ju
ice
lipidem
icof beta carotene
. Malon
dialdeh
yde,
carrot ju
ice in cigarette smok
ers
(145
mg vitamin C
) an
dciga
rette
one en
d product of ox
idation, w
aslowers ox
idation products in
carrot ju
ice (16 mg
b-
smok
ers
sign
ifican
tly lower in co
pper-oxidized
coppe
r-ox
idized
low
-den
sity
carotene
)with no
LDL after vitam
in supp
lemen
tation
.lip
oproteins. JAm D
iet Assoc
vitamin
1995
;95(6):671
–675
.su
pplem
ents
Daucus carota
Carrot co
nsum
ption
Case-co
ntrol
Risk of vulva
r canc
er w
as inv
ersely
Parazz
ini F, et al. Se
lected
foo
d
trial
related to green ve
getables and
carrot
intake
and
risk of vulvar can
cer.
cons
umption. D
ata indicated
the
risk
Can
cer 19
95;1;76(11
):229
1–22
96.
of vulvar can
cer was related
to a
numbe
r of nutritiona
l an
d dietary
factors.
Daucus carota
Water, green pep
per,
Con
trolled
After con
sumption of a diet low in
Helser MA, e
t al. Influen
ce of fruit an
dpine
apple, tom
ato,
clinical trial:
nitrate an
d ascorbic acid (18
day
s).
vege
table juices on the en
dog
enou
sstrawbe
rry, carrot, an
d16
men
Carrot sign
ifican
tly inhibited N
-form
ation of N
-nitrosoprolin
ecelery ju
ices: 4
6nitrosop
rolin
e form
ation relative
to
and N-nitroso
thiazo
lidine-4-
mg pe
r 10
0 mL in ascorbic
controls. Results dem
onstrated that
carbox
ylic acid in hu
man
s on
acid by ad
dition of
carrot ju
ice ha
s ab
ility to inhibit
controlle
d diets. Carcino
gene
sis
distille
d w
ater or
endog
enou
s nitrosation than
wou
ld be
1992
;13(12
):227
7–22
80.
ascorbate
expected based
solely on
ascorba
teco
nten
t.Daucus carota
Carrots and
Raphanus
Human
trial
Con
sumption
of plant products
Sivu
k AK. Effect of plant produc
ts of
sativustops
75 g/
d for
(rad
ish an
d carrot tops
) for as lon
g as
nutrition (rad
ish an
d carrot tops
) as lon
g as 28 day
s28
day
s did not produce any
adve
rse
on various
ind
icators of
chan
ges in protein, fat, an
dmetab
olism in hu
man
s [R
ussian
]. carboh
ydrate m
etab
olic param
eters
Kos
m Biol Aviak
osm M
ed 198
9;ex
amined
.23
(2):5
6–59
.
444
Daucus carota
Twelve
plants used for
Mice
Of the 12
plants, Agaricus bisporus
and Ilex
Swan
ston
-Flatt SK, et al. Glycemic
the trad
itiona
l treatm
ent
guayusash
owed
poten
tial antidiabe
tic
effects of traditiona
l Eur
opea
n of diabe
tes ad
ministered
effect.
plant treatmen
ts for diabe
tes.
as decoction
s or
Studies in normal and
infusion
s for 28 day
sstreptozo
tocin diabe
tic mice.
Agaricus bisporus,
Diabe
tes Res 198
9;10
(2):6
9–73
.Anacardium
occidentale, Arctum
lappa, Catharanthus
roseus, D
aucus carota,
Hum
ulus lupulus, Ilex
guayusa, Salvia
officinale, Sambucus
nigra, Taraxacum
officinale, Trigonella
foenum
-graecum
, Urtica
dioica
Dolichos biflorus L.
Lectins
: Arachis
Con
trolled
Dolichos biflorus, Glycine max,
Maz
umdar S, e
t al. Bind
ing pa
ttern
LEGUMIN
OSA
Ehypogaea, Dolichos
human
trial:
Lotus tetragonolobus, Ricinus
of eight different lectins
in he
althy
Kulitha
biflorus, Glycine max,
11 w
ith
communis, Ulex europaeussh
owed
subjects and
patients with
Horse gram
Lotus tetragonolobus,
norm
al oral
very stron
g to stron
g bind
ing in
dys
plastic an
d m
aligna
nt lesions
of
Ricinus communis, Ulex
muco
sa,
healthy oral m
ucosa bu
t no
or ve
rythe oral cav
ity. Int J O
ral
europaeus,
conc
anav
alin
5 with
wea
k bind
ing in squ
amou
s cell
Max
illofacial Su
rg 199
3;22
(5):
A, w
heat germ
leuk
oplakia
carcinom
a. O
ther lectins
inv
estiga
ted
301–
305.
with
may
be us
ed as probe
s to determine
dysplasia,
the dys
plastic and
maligna
nt status of
12 w
ith oral
the oral m
ucosal ep
ithe
lium.
muco
sal
squa
mou
scell
carcinom
aDolichos biflorus
Varying
extracts of
Female
All the plan
ts sho
wed
marke
d but
Prak
ash AO, e
t al. Anti-
Acrostichum
aureum,
albino
rats
varied
inh
ibition of pregn
ancy
and
implantation activity of some
Adhatoda vasica,
anti-implantation activity.
indigen
ous plants in rats. A
cta
Citrulus colocynthus,
Eur Fe
rtil 19
85;16(6):441
–448
.Codonopsis ovata,
Dolichos biflorus,
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
445
( continued)
Ferule orientalis,
Juniperus communis,
Kigelia pinnata,
Lepidum capitum
,Nerium odoratum,
Pueraria tuberosa,
Punica granatum
,Randia dumetorum
,Rubus ellipiticus, Ruta
graveolens
Eclipta alba(L.)
Eclipta alba, Ocimum
sanctum
, Hyp
erglyc
emic
The
herba
l form
ulation ha
d little
Bha
ttacha
rya SK
, et al. Effect of
Hassk
.Picrorhiza kurrooa,
rats
effect on bloo
d suga
r co
ncen
trations
Trasina
, an
Ayu
rved
ic herba
l COMPO
SITAE
Tinospora cordifolia,
but doses ind
uced
a dose-related
form
ulation
on pan
crea
tic islet
Bhr
inga
raj
Withania somnifera.
decrease in strep
tozo
tocin (STZ)
supe
roxide dismutase activity in
Bhr
inga
raj
Doses: 100, 200
mg/
kg
hype
rglycemia and
atten
uation
of
hype
rglycemic rats. Ind
ian JE
xp
PO 1
3 per day
for
SZT ind
uced
a decrease in islet
Biol 19
97;35(3):297
–299
.28 day
ssu
peroxide dismutase activity in
euglyc
emic rats.
Eclipta alba
Ethan
ol/water (1 ;
1)Rats
Eclipta albasign
ifican
tly co
unteracted
Saxena
AK, e
t al H
epatop
rotective
extract of Eclipta alba
induc
ed inh
ibition of the
hep
atic
effects of Eclipta albaon
sub
cellu
lar
microsomal dru
g metab
olizing en
zyme
leve
ls in rats. J
Ethno
pha
rmam
idop
yrine N-dem
ethy
lase and
19
93;40(3):155
–161
.mem
bran
e bo
und G
-6-pho
spha
tase.
Eclipta alba
1 caps
ule 3
3pe
r day
30 patients
The
herba
l co
mbina
tion
was fou
nd to
Karnick
CR. Clin
ical eva
luation of
with luke
warm w
ater
with calculi
alleviate no
t on
ly pain bu
t also slowly
composite Ayu
rved
ic dru
gs, o
n containing
: Asparagus
on kidne
ys,
disintegrated
both calcium-oxa
late
calculi, in the kidne
y an
d the
racemosus
50 m
g,ur
eters, or
and calcium
carbo
nate crystals in a
urina
ry bladder. A
ryav
aidya
n Bergenia ligulata10
0 mg,
blad
ders
span
of 72
hou
rs and
com
plete
1992
;6(2):1
04–1
08.
Eclipta alba100 mg,
disch
arging
of crys
tals w
ithin 15
–30
Myristica fragrans 10 mg,
day
s. C
omplete disch
arge
occurred
in
Tinospora cordifolia
100 mg,
grea
ter than
80%
of the pa
tien
ts.
Tribulus terrestris
50 m
g,
Withania somnifera
50 m
gEclipta alba
Eclipta albaair dried
and
Rats
Eclipta albawas fou
nd to co
unteract
Cha
ndra T, et al. Effect of Eclipta alba
powdered
. Oral dose
an inc
rease of liver w
eigh
t, he
patic
on inflammation an
d liv
er injury.
of pow
der of 50
0, 1000,
lipid perox
idation, liver g-glutamyl
Fitoterapia 198
7;LVIII(1):23–
32.
and 150
0 mg/
kg per day
tran
spep
tidase, serum alanine
tran
sferase activities, an
d serum
alan
ine pho
spha
tase. Impaired
seru
m A
/G ratio in induced C
CL4
hepatic intox
ication was normalized
by treatmen
t. Eclipta albash
owed
anti-inflammatory activity.
446
Elephantopus
Water extracts derived
Rats with
After treatmen
t with crude ex
tract,
Lin C
C, e
t al. The
eva
luation of
scaber
L.
from
the
entire plan
ts of
induc
edresu
lts indicated
tha
t the seru
mhe
patop
rotective effects of Taiwan
COMPOSITAE
Elephantopus scaber,
acute
glutamate-ox
alate-tran
saminase leve
lsfolk m
edicine ‘Ten
g-Kha
i-U’.
Gojihiva
Elephantopus mollis,
hepa
tic
caus
ed b-D-galactosamine an
dJ Ethno
pha
rm 199
5;45
(2):1
13–1
23.
Prick
ly lea
ves
and Pseudoelephantopus
dam
age
acetom
inop
hen to d
ecrease
spicatus
sign
ifican
tly.
Elephantopus
Decoction
of dried
Male W
istar
The
acu
te inc
rease of serum
Lin C
C, e
t al. The
pha
rmacolog
ical
scaber
Elephantopus scaber
albino
rats
tran
saminase can be
significantly
and patho
logical studies on
su
bspe
cies
with CCL4
reduced w
hen trea
ting
with
Taiwan
folk med
icine (V
I):
oblanceolata,
induc
edElephantopus scaber. H
epatic fatty
The
effects of Elephantopus scaber
Elephantopus mollis
and
hepa
totoxicity
metam
orph
osis and
necrosis of cen
tral
subsp. oblanceolata, E. mollis
and
Pseudoelephantopus
lobu
le w
ere im
prove
d by treatm
ent.
Pseudo-elephantopus spicatus.
Am J
spicatus
Chine
se M
ed 199
1;XIX
(1):4
1–50
.Elephantopus
Aqu
eous an
dMice, rats
Both ex
tracts ind
uced
writhing, loss
Poli A, e
t al. Prelim
inary pha
rmaco-
scaber
hydroalco
holic
extracts
of m
uscle ton
e, ataxia, prostration
and
logic ev
aluation of cru
de who
le
of w
hole plant of
dea
th. B
oth reduc
ed brewer’s yeast-
plant extracts of Elephantopus scaber.
Elephantopus scaber.
induc
ed hyp
erthem
ia but w
hen give
nPa
rt I: in vivo
studies. J Ethno
pharm
Dose: 0.3–6 g/kg
IP
orally did not affect it. Aqu
eous
1992
;37:71
–76.
extract reduced intestina
l tran
sit time
while the
hyd
roalco
holic
extract
increa
sed it. Given
IV, b
lood
pressure
and heart rate were reduced.
Elephantopus
Elephantopus scaber
Con
trolled
To ev
aluate the po
tential diuretic
Laran
ja SM, e
t al. E
valuation of acu
te
scaber
7.5 g pe
r 10
0 mL and
A.
human
effect of tw
o na
tural su
bstanc
es, 1
0ad
ministration of natur
al produc
ts
speciosa
0.8 g per 100
mL
trial:
volunteers and
the
effects w
ere
with po
tential diuretic effects, in
10 hea
lthy
compared
to thos
e of a placebo
. No
human
s. M
emorias do Instituto
volunteers
effect on electrolytes or rena
l func
tion
Osw
aldo
Cruz 19
91;86(Su
ppl 2):
and con
trols
param
eter w
as observe
d for
237–
240.
Elephantopus scaber.
Elettaria
Oil ex
tracted from
Male albino
Com
parative
study of seed ex
tract an
dal-Z
uhair H, et al. Pha
rmacolog
ical
cardamomum
(L.)
Elettaria cardamomum
rats, m
ice
indom
etha
cin ag
ains
t acute ind
uced
studies of cardam
om oil in animals.
Maton
seed
s. D
oses of 17
5 an
dplanter edem
a prove
d to be
marke
d.
Pha
rmacol R
es 199
6;34
(1–2
):79–
82.
ZIN
GIBERACEAE
280 mL/kg
and
Extract produced 50%
protection
Elach
hoti
indo
metha
cin 30
mg/
kgag
ains
t the writhing induced by IP
Cardam
omad
ministration of a 0.02%
solution
of
p-ben
zoqu
inon
e.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
447
( continued)
Elettaria
Cardam
om seeds
Mice
Each
extract w
as exa
mined
for
Oku
yama T, e
t al. Stud
ies on
can
cer
cardamomum
extracted with n-he
xane
,an
titumor-promoting activity.
bioc
hemop
reve
ntion of natur
al
ethy
l acetate an
dCardam
om seed w
as a highly po
tent
resources: X. 1
inhibitory effect
metha
nol
inhibitor of ind
uced m
ouse ear
of spices on TPA-enh
anced
edem
a.3H
-cho
line inco
rporation in
pho
spho
lipids of C
3H10
T1/
2cells
and
on TPA-ind
uced mou
seea
r ed
ema. C
hine
se Pha
rmaceu
t J
1995
;47(5):421
–430
.Elettaria
Dried
pow
der m
ixture
Con
trolled human
All three cytoge
nic en
dpo
ints
Dav
e BJ. C
ytog
enic studies rev
eal
cardamomum
containing
Areca
trial: pa
n-dem
onstrated a statistically significant
increa
sed gen
omic dam
age am
ong
catechunu
t, catech
u,co
nsum
ing
increa
se amon
g the ‘pan
masala’
‘pan
masala’ con
sumers.
lime, Elettaria
and hea
lthy
cons
umers as com
pared
with the no
n-Mutage
nesis 19
91;6(2):1
59–1
63.
cardamomum
and
nonc
onsu
ming
cons
uming co
ntrols.
flav
oring ag
ents used in
controls
prep
aration of ‘pa
n’Embelia ribes
Embelia ribes, Glycyrrhiza
Sing
le-blin
dEa
ch thr
ee treatmen
t grou
ps w
ere
Paranjpe P. Eva
luation of top
ical
Bru
m. f.
glabra, Holarrhena
rand
omized
administered different herba
lap
plic
ations
of he
rbal formulation
s MYRSINACEAE
antidysenterica,
compa
rative
mixtures. Successful treatm
ents in
in acn
e vu
lgaris: A single-blind
Vidan
gaNardostachys jatamansi,
stud
y: 49
grou
ps A
and
B prove
d effective
rand
omized
com
parative
study.
Vidan
gaPhyllanthus emblica,
adolescent
agains
t bo
th inflammatory (pim
ples)
J Med
Aromatic Plant Sci 199
7;19
:Santalum
album
,to you
ngan
d non
inflam
matory (black
head
s an
d41
4–41
8.Terminalia bellirica,
adults with
othe
r co
med
ones) lesion
s. T
heTerminalia chebula,
mild
to
mecha
nism
s of action remain
Zingiber officinale
mod
erate
unk
nown.
facial acn
eEmbelia ribes
Embe
lin (isolated
from
Male albino
rats
Whe
n em
belin
was administered to
Chitra M, et al. Protective action
of
dried
berries of Embelia
rats, s
ignificant tum
or reg
ression an
dem
belin
aga
inst lipid perox
idation
ribes) 50 mg an
dprolong
ed sur
viva
l time was rev
ealed
on tum
our be
aring rats. F
itoterap
ia
100 mg/
kg per day
1994
;65(4):317
–321
.orally for 20 day
sEmbelia ribes
Cru
de pow
der m
ixture
75 patients
The
cure rate in group A
was 80%
,Sa
rma BP, O
jha D. T
he m
anag
emen
t of equ
al parts of:
with va
riou
sgrou
p B treated
with meb
endaz
ole
of G
andupa
da krim
i ( Ascaris
Ailanthus excelsa, Butea
worm
was 92%
, an
d group C w
as 76%
.lumbricoides) w
ith indigen
ous dr
ugs.
monosperma, Embelia
infestations
Cur
e rate sho
wed
neg
ative Ascaris
Aryav
aidya
n 19
92;5(3):1
70–1
72.
ribes, Erythrina indica,
lumbricoidesov
a in the
stool rep
ort
Mallotus philippensis,
for 3 co
nsecutive
day
s.Orxylum
indicum
Embelia ribes
Oral ad
ministration of
Adult m
ale rats
Embe
lin administration caused a
Gupta S, et al. Effects of em
belin
, a
embe
lin 75 mg/
kg, daily
sign
ifican
t increase in the uptak
e of
male an
tifertility age
nt, o
n for 15
and
30 day
sD-gluco
se, L
-alanine
, L-leu
cine
, and
absorp
tive
and
digestive
fun
ctions
calcium in sm
all intestine segm
ents.
of rat intestine
. JEthno
pha
rmThe
autho
rs sugg
ested tha
t em
belin
1991
;33:20
3–21
2.works at the metab
olic lev
el on the
grow
th of intestines and
possibly the
numbe
r an
d divisions
of ep
ithe
lial
cells
.
448
Embelia ribes
Embe
lin administered
Male albino
rats
After administration, significant
Gupta S, et al. R
eversible ch
ange
s in
subc
utan
eous
ly 20 mg/
kg
impairm
ent in lipid m
etab
olism in
lipid m
etab
olism in testis and
or by ga
stric ga
vage
of
testis, liv
er, b
rain, kidne
ys and
othe
r tissue
s induc
ed by em
belin
. 75
mg/
kg for 15 or
chan
ges in liver func
tion
test
Fitope
rapia 19
90;LXI(4):297–3
05.
30 day
sparam
eters was noted
. The
se results
may
exp
lain the
antifertility/
anti-
spermatog
enic effects in an
imals.
Embelia ribes
Embe
lin administered
Male albino
rats
Embe
lin rev
eals significant impairm
ent
Gupta S, et al. Inh
ibition of
subc
utan
eous
ly 20 mg/
kg
in carbo
hydrate m
etab
olism in the
reproduc
tive
tissu
e carboh
ydrate
body weigh
t for 15 and
primary an
d secon
dary repr
oductive
metab
olism and
rev
ersibility of
30 day
stissues.
the effects of embe
lin, a
plant
benz
oquinon
e of antifertility
poten
tial. F
itoterap
ia 199
0;LXI(2):
133–
143.
Embelia ribes
Embe
lin 20 mg/
kg bod
yMale rats
Embe
lin cau
sed an increa
se in the up
take
Gupta S, et al. C
hang
es in gluc
ose/
weigh
t pe
r day
, daily for
of D-gluco
se, L
-alanine
, L-leu
cine
, and
am
ino acid/c
alcium uptak
e an
d
15 and
30 day
scalcium in the sm
all intestine
brus
h-bo
rder m
embran
e-associated
segm
ents. T
reatmen
t also cau
sed a
enzy
mes in rat sm
all intestine after
sign
ifican
t increase in the microso
mal
the ad
ministration of embe
lin
g-6-ph
ospha
tase and
the
cytosolic
(plant ben
zoqu
inon
e), a
nd
enzy
me, lactate deh
ydroge
nase.
antifertility age
nt. J
Nutr Sci
Vitam
inol 199
0;36
:153
–164
.Embelia ribes
Embelia ribes
dry be
rry
Rats, m
ice
Lack of any
adve
rse effects, high
Atal CK, e
t al. Non
-narco
tic orally
powder and
extracted
therap
eutic index
, and
absen
ce of the
effective, cen
trally acting an
alge
sic
with n-he
xane
.ab
stinen
ce syn
drome confers a long
-from
an Ayu
rved
ic dru
g. J
Potassium embe
late 200
term
safety on
potassium
embe
late for
Ethno
pha
rm 198
4;11
:309
–317
.mg pe
r 10
mL/kg
and
400
use as an
ana
lgesic com
pared
to
mg pe
r 10
mL/kg
morph
ine.
Embelia ribes
Embe
lin administered at
Rats
Imped
ed ability to impregn
ant was
Prak
ash AO. A
ntifertility
50 and
100
mg/
kgdem
onstrated. Embe
lin provo
ked anti-
inve
stigations
on em
belin
an oral
implantation activity w
hen
contraceptive of plant origin. Part
administered and
also reduc
edI-Biological prope
rties. Planta
sign
ifican
tly the nu
mbe
r of
Med
JMed
Plant R
esim
plantations
(p
,0.01
)19
81;41:25
9–26
6.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
449
( continued)
Emblica officinalis
Emblica officinalis
fresh
Atherog
enic
Seru
m cho
lesterol, triglyc
erides,
Mathu
r R, et al. Hyp
olipidaemic
Gaertn.
juice 5 mL/k
g bo
dy
rabb
its
pho
spho
lipid and
LDL lev
els were
effect of fruit ju
ice of Emblica
EUPHORBIA
CEAE
weigh
t for 60
day
sreduc
ed by 82
%, 6
6%, 77
%, a
nd 90%
,officinalis
in cho
lesterol-fed
rab
bits.
Amla
resp
ective
ly. T
he tissu
e lip
id lev
els
J Ethno
pharm 1996;50
:61–
68.
Emblic m
yrob
ala
show
ed a significant decrease
follo
wing Emblica officinalis
juice
administration. A
ortic plaqu
es w
ere
regressed.
Emblica officinalis
A m
ixture of Andrographis
Human
trial:
Herba
l mixture w
as administered to
Ram
ji, et al. E
ffect of K
almeg
ha and
paniculata
and Emblica
35 patients
patients with Hep
atitis B
1, B
2, a
ndAmlaki com
pou
nd on viral he
ptitis
officinalis
hepatitis
post he
patitis syn
drome. The
mixture
(Koshtha
-Sha
khashrita Kam
ala)
B1,
dem
onstrated efficacy in red
ucing
Aryav
aidya
n 19
92;5(3):1
64–1
69.
hepatitis B
2,
clinical sym
ptoms, improving
liver
and post-
func
tion
and
albumin.
hepatitis
synd
rome
Emblica officinalis
Dried
fru
it of Emblica
Human
Objective
impr
ovem
ent in m
ean
Sharma PK
, et al. Clin
ical eva
luation
officinalis
trial: 18
values of the free and
total acid
of amalak
i ch
urna
in the treatm
ent
patien
tsco
ncen
tration were grad
ually red
uced
of amlapitta. A
ryav
aidya
nwith ga
stro-
both in fasting an
d stimulated states
1990
;4(2):1
20–1
22.
intestinal
( p5
0.01
)tract disea
seEmblica officinalis
Haritak
i: Terminalia
Rab
bits
Whe
n ch
olesterol was fed
to all
Tha
kur CP, e
t al. The
Ayu
rved
ic
chebula, Emblica
grou
ps, ch
olesterol leve
ls w
ere
med
icines H
aritak
i, Amla and
officinalis, Terminalia
sign
ifican
tly reduc
ed in the 3
Bah
ira reduc
e ch
olesterol-induced
bellirica
trea
tmen
t grou
ps tha
n in the
con
trol
athe
rosclerosis in rab
bits. Int J
grou
p. The
sam
e was tru
e for
Cardiology
198
8;21
(2):1
67–1
75.
reduc
tion
in ch
olesterolemia.
Emblica officinalis
Emblica officinalis
raw
Con
trolled human
Treatmen
t with Emblica officinales
Jaco
b A, e
t al. Effect of the
fruit for 28 day
strial: 15
normal
reduc
ed cho
lesterol in bo
th normal
Indian go
oseb
erry (am
la) on
and 20 hy
per-
and hyp
erch
olesterolaem
ic subjects.
seru
m cho
lesterol lev
els in m
ench
olesterolemic
After 2 w
eeks
withd
rawal from
aged
35–
55 yea
rs. E
ur JC
lin N
utr
subjects
fruit, total ch
olesterol leve
l of the
1988
;41(11
):939
–944
.hy
percho
lesterolem
ic sub
jects
increa
sed significantly alm
ost to
initial leve
ls.
Eugenia jambolana
Extract of jaman
pulp
Rats
Emblica jambolana
pulp sho
wed
Ach
reka
r S, et al. H
ypog
lycemic acti-
Lam
.from
the
fru
it of
hypo
glyc
emic effect. Ficus
vity of Eugenia jambolana
and Ficus
MYRTACEAE
Emblica jambolana
and
benghalensis
bark extract cau
sed
benghalensis:mecha
nism
ofaction
.ex
tracts of ba
rk of Ficus
reduc
tion
in bloo
d sug
ar lev
el. O
ral
In V
ivo 19
91;5(2):1
43–1
47.
Blackbe
rry
benghalensis
administration of the
extracts resu
lted
in enh
ancemen
t in serum ins
ulin
leve
ls in no
rmog
lycemic and
diabe
tic
rats.
450
Eugenia jambolana
Two capsu
les of 450
20 case studies
Administration of the
herba
l mixture
Karnick
CR. A clin
ical trial of a com-
mg each
: Coccinia
with Diabetes
led to sign
ifican
t decreases in mea
nposite he
rbal dru
g in the
treatmen
tindica, Cum
inum
mellitus
bloo
d sug
ar value
s.of Diabetes mellitus
(Mad
humeh
a).
cyminum
, Eugenia
Aryav
aidya
n 19
91;5(1):3
6–46
.jambolana, Gymnema
sylvestre, Momordica
charantia, Phyllanthus
niruri, Swertia chirata,
Tephrosia purpurea
Eugenia jambolana
Olean
olic acid (C3-
Male albino
rats
The
extract decreased
fertiliz
ing
Rajasek
aran
M, et al. Antifertility
0H48
O3), isolated from
capacity witho
ut an
y sign
ifican
teffect in male rats of olea
nolic
acid,
flow
ers of Emblica
chan
ges in bod
y weigh
t or
a triterpe
ne from Eugenia jambolana
jambolana administered
repr
oduc
tive
organ
weigh
ts. T
heflow
ers. J Ethno
pha
rm 198
8;24
(1):
for 60
day
sex
tract arrested
spermatog
enesis but
115–
121.
did not cau
se any
abn
ormality to
spermatog
enic cells, Ley
dig
interstitial, a
nd Sertoli cells
.Ferula foetida
Rats fed for 8 weeks the
Rats
Com
mon
spices or their active
Platel K
, Srinivasan
K.
Bung
e)Reg
elfollo
wing plan
ts:
princ
iples were ex
amined
for the
irInflue
nce of dietary spices
UMBELLIFE
RAE
Brassicasp
ecies,
possible influe
nce on
the
digestive
or the
ir active princ
iples on
Hingu
Capsicum annum
,en
zymes of intestinal m
ucosa. D
ietary
digestive
enz
ymes of sm
all
Asafoetida
Cum
inum
cyminum
,cu
rcum
in, capsaicin, p
iperine an
dintestinal m
ucosa in rats. Int J
Curcuma longa, Ferula
Zingiber officinaleprominen
tly
Food
Sci N
utr 199
5;47
(1):5
5–59
.foetida, Piper longum,
enha
nced
intestina
l lip
ase activity and
Piper nigrum,
also the
disacch
aridases suc
rase and
Trigonella foenum-
maltase. D
ietary Cum
inum
cyminum
,graecum, Zingiber
Trigonella foenum-graecum
, Brassica
officinale
species an
d Ferula foetida
brou
ght
abou
t decreases in the leve
ls of
pho
spha
tases an
d sucrase. The
positive influen
ces of a goo
d numbe
rof spices on term
inal enz
ymes of the
digestive
process cou
ld be an
additiona
l feature of sp
ecies that are
gene
rally
well reco
gnized
to stim
ulate
digestion
.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
451
( continued)
Ferula foetida
Alternanthera sessilis,
Mice an
dCum
inum
cyminum
seeds , Ocimum
Aru
na K
, Sivaram
akrish
nan
Cum
inum
cyminum
,rats
sanctum
leav
es, an
d Papaver
VM. Anticarcino
genic
Curcuma longa, Ferula
somnifera
seed
s sign
ifican
tly
effects of som
e Indian
plant
asafoetida, Ocimum
inhibited neo
plasia alon
e. The
sepr
oducts. Foo
d C
hem Tox
icsanctum, Moringa
plan
ts m
ay prove
to be
valuab
le19
92;30(11
):953
–956
.oleifera, Papaver
anticarcinog
ens.
somnifera, Piper
longum
, Sylanum
nigrum
Ferula foetida
Cuminum
cym
inum
Swiss mice
All these plants, leave
s, and
herbs
Aru
na K
, Sivaram
akrish
nan VM.
seed
s, Papaver
increased glutathione
-S-trans
ferase
Plan
t produc
ts as protective
somnifera seeds,Ferula
activity by more than
78%
in the
agen
ts aga
inst can
cer. Ind
ian JE
xp
foetida, Curcuma longa,
stom
ach, liver and
esoph
agus
, high
Biol 19
90;28(11
):100
8–11
11.
kand
athipili,
enou
gh to be
con
sidered
protective
Azadirachta indica
agen
ts aga
inst carcino
gene
sis.
flow
ers, m
anatha
kkali
leav
es, d
rumstick leav
es,
Ocimum
sanctum
leav
esan
d pon
naka
nni leav
esFerula foetida
Brassica, Cinnamomum
Rats
The
se plants ge
nerally
stimulated
Samba
iah K, Srinivasan
K.
zeylanicum
, Cum
inum
liver m
icrosomal cytoc
hrom
e P45
0-Influe
nce of spices an
dcyminum
, Ferula
dep
enden
t aryl hyd
roxy
lase.
spice pr
inciples on
hep
atic m
ixed
foetida, Tamarindus
Cum
inum
cyminum
, Zingiber
func
tion
oxy
gena
se system in
indica, Trigonella
officinale,
and Trigonella foenum-
rats. Indian JB
ioch
em Bioph
ysfoenum
-graecum
,graecum
also
stimulated the
lev
els of
1989
;26(4):254
–258
.Zingiber officinale
cytoch
rome P4
50 and
b5, Cum
inum
cyminum
and Tamarindus indica
stim
ulated
N-dem
ethy
lase activity.
Ferula foetida
Piper nigrum
powder in
Human
Results sh
owed
Piper nigrum pow
der
Desai H
G, K
alro R
H. E
ffect of black
dos
es of 0.2, 0.4 g/h
trial: 20
doe
s no
t dam
age the hu
man
gastric
peppe
r an
d asafoetida on
the
DNA
and Ferula foetidain
healthy
muc
osa, w
hereas Ferula foetidadoe
s,co
nten
t of gastric asp
irates. Ind
Jdos
es of 0.1, 0.2, a
nd 0.4
human
based on the rate of ex
folia
tion
of the
Med
Res 198
5;82
(1):3
25–3
29.
g/h on
different day
svo
lunteers
surface ep
ithe
lial cells
of hu
man
gastric muco
sa.
Ficus benghalensis L.
Dim
etho
xy ether of
Rats
Administration of the
extract sho
wed
Che
rian
S, A
ugu
sti KT.
MORACEA
Eleucope
largon
din-3-0-
abou
t a 12
% hyp
oglycemic action in
Insu
lin sparing action
of
Vata
alph
a-L rham
noside
norm
al rats. The
results indicate an
leuc
opelargo
nidin derivative
Ban
yan tree
from
bark of the
Ficus
insu
lin-spa
ring
action of the
isolated
from Ficus benghalensis
benghalensis
(100
leuc
opelargo
nin, if used in
Linn. Ind
ian JE
xp Biol
mg/
kg orally
)co
mbina
tion
with insu
lin.
1995
;33(8):608
–611
.Ficus benghalensis
Dim
etho
xy ether of
Diabe
tic
The
com
pou
nd sho
wed
significant
Augu
sti KT, e
t al. Effect
leucope
largon
din-3-0-
dog
shy
pog
lycemic and
serum
ins
ulin
of leu
copelargo
nin derivatives
alph
a-L rham
noside
increased action in normal and
from
Ficus benghalensisLinn. on
isolated
from the
bark of
mod
erately diabe
tic dog
s (ind
uced by
diabe
tic dog
s. Ind
ian JM
ed R
esFicus benghalensis
alloxa
n) during
a period of 2 ho
urs.
1994
;99:82
–86.
(100 m
g/kg
oral
administration)
452
Ficus benghalensis
Extract of jaman
pulp
Rats
Emblica jambolana
pulp sho
wed
Ach
reka
r S, et al. H
ypog
lycemic
from
the
fru
it of
hypo
glyc
emic effect. Ficus
activity of Eugenia jambolana
and
Emblica jambolana
and
benghalensis
bark extract cau
sed
Ficusbenghalensis:M
echa
nism
of
extracts of ba
rk of Ficus
reduction in blood
suga
r leve
l. Oral
action
. In V
ivo 19
91;5(2):1
43–147
.benghalensis
administration of the
extracts resu
lted
in enh
ancemen
t in serum
ins
ulin
leve
ls in no
rmog
lycemic and
diabe
tic
rats.
Ficus benghalensis
Isop
roteinou
s diets
Wea
nling
The
effect of inc
orporation of w
hole
Aga
wam
V, C
hatham
BM. E
ffect
containing
1%
rats
plants pa
rts in feed intak
e, w
eigh
tof feeding so
me plan
t food
s ch
olesterol an
d 10%
gain, feed efficienc
y ratio (FER), dry
as sou
rce of dietary fibre on
fibe
r derived
from
matter digestibility (D
MD), an
d tru
ebiolog
ical utilisation of diet in
Cappers deciduas, Ficus
protein digestibility (TPD
) was
rats. P
lant Foo
ds Hum
Nutr
religious, Ficus
studied. Inc
lusion
did not effect
1989
;39(2):161
–167
.glomeration, Ficus
weigh
t ga
in significantly but all othe
rbenghalensis,an
dparam
eters were influen
ced to a
Prsopsis cinceria
varying ex
tent. Fo
ods rich
in lig
nin
were fed for 40 day
sha
d relatively lower FER, D
MD, a
ndTPD w
hereas cellulose and
pectin-rich
food
s ha
d an increased D
MD
and TPD.
Ficus benghalensis
Dietary fiber con
tent of
Rats
Dietary fiber from the
se plants food
sAga
rwal V
, Cha
uha
n BM. A
study
Capparis decidua,
fed at 10
% dietary lev
el ind
uced an
of com
position
and
hyp
olipidem
ic
Ficus benghalensis,
increa
sed resistanc
e to hyp
erlip
idem
iaeffect of dietary fibre from som
e Ficus glomerata, Ficus
than
cellulose. The
dietary fiber
plant foo
ds. Plant Foo
ds H
um N
utr
religiosa,a
nd Prsopsis
influen
ced total lipids, cho
lesterol,
1988
;38(2):189
–197
.cinceria
varied
from
triglycerides, a
nd pho
spho
lipids of the
38.5% to 55.7%
liver to va
rying ex
tents.
Ficus religiosa L.
Isop
roteinou
s diets
Wea
nling
The
effect of inc
orporation of w
hole
Aga
rwal V
, Cha
uha
n BM. E
ffect of
MORACEAE
containing
1%
rats
plants pa
rts in feed intak
e, w
eigh
tfeed
ing so
me plan
t food
s as sou
rce
Asw
atha
cholesterol an
d 10%
gain, F
ER, D
MD, a
nd TPD w
asof dietary fibre on biolog
ical utilisa-
Sacred
fig
fibe
r derived
from
studied. Inc
lusion
did not effect
tion
of diet in rats. Plant Foo
ds
Capparis decidua, Ficus
weigh
t ga
in significantly but all othe
rHum N
utr 198
9;39
(2):1
61–1
67.
religiosa, Ficus
param
eters were influen
ced to a
glomerata, Ficus
varying ex
tent. Fo
ods rich
in lig
nin
benghalensis,an
dha
d relatively lower FER, D
MD, a
ndPrsopsis cinceria
were
TPD w
hereas cellulose and
pectin-
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
453
( continued)
fed for 40 day
srich
foo
ds ha
d an increased D
MD and
TPD
.Ficus religiosa
Dietary fiber con
tent of
Rats
Dietary fiber from the
se plants food
sAga
rwal V
, Cha
uha
n BM
. A study of
Capparis decidua,
fed at 10
% dietary lev
el ind
uced an
compo
sition
and
hyp
olipidem
ic
Ficus benghalensis,
increased resistanc
e to hyp
erlip
idem
iaeffect of dietary fibre
from
som
e Ficus glomerata, Ficus
than
cellulose. T
he dietary fiber
plan
t food
s. Plant Foo
ds H
um N
utr
religiosa,an
d Prsopsis
influe
nced
total lipids, cho
lesterol,
1988
;38(2):189
–197
.cinceria
varied
from
triglycerides, an
d pho
spho
lipids of the
38.5% to 55
.7%
liver to va
rying ex
tents.
Foeniculum
Ethan
olic extracts of
Mice
The
extracts caused no sign
ifican
tSh
ah A
H, e
t al. Tox
icity studies
vulgareMill.
Foeniculum
vulgare fru
it.
acute or ch
ronic mortality as
in m
ice of ethan
ol extracts of
UMBELLIFERAE
Short-term
doses 0.5, 1
.0,
compa
red to co
ntrols.
Foeniculum
vulgare fru
it and
Sa
tupus
pa
and 3 g/kg
; lon
g-term
Ruta chalepensisae
rial parts. J
Fenn
eldose was 100
mg/
kg
Ethn
opha
rm 199
1;34
(2):1
67–1
72.
per day
Foeniculum
vulgare
Aqu
eous ex
tracts of
Pentob
arbital-
Intrav
enou
s ad
ministration of the
Abd
ul-G
hani A
S, A
min R
. The
Foeniculum
vulgare
anae
sthe
tized
extract prod
uced a sign
ifican
t dose-
vascular action
of aq
ueo
us ex
tracts
leav
es tha
t were
rats
related red
uction
in arterial blood
of Foeniculum vulgare
leav
es.
lyop
hiliz
ed and
boiled
pressu
re, witho
ut affecting the he
art
JEthno
pharm 198
8;24
:213
–218
.rate or resp
iratory rate. T
he non
-boiled
aqueo
us ex
tract sh
owed
very little
hypoten
sive
activity.
Foeniculum
vulgare
Oral ad
ministration of
Male an
dIn m
ale rats, total protein con
centration
Malini T, e
t al. Effect of Foeniculum
aceton
e ex
tract of
female rats
was fou
nd to be
significantly
vulgareMill. seed
extract on the
Foeniculum
vulgare
decreased
in testes and
vas deferen
s,
genital orga
ns of male an
d fem
ale
seed
s for 15 day
san
d inc
reased
in seminal vesicles
rats. Indian J Phy
siol Pha
rmacol
and prostate glan
d. In fem
ale rats,
1985
;29(1):21–
26.
the ex
tract led to va
gina
l co
rnification
and estru
s cy
cle.
Foeniculum
vulgare
Herb co
mbina
tion
of
Human
trial:
As a resu
lt of the trea
tmen
t, sp
ontane
ous
Cha
kurski I, e
t al. Treatmen
t of
Calendula officinalis,
24 patients
and palpab
le pains
along
the
large
ch
ronic co
litis w
ith an
herba
l Foeniculum
vulgare,
with ch
ronic
intestine disap
pea
red in 95
.83%
of the
combina
tion
of Taraxacum
officinale,
Hypericum
perforatum,
nons
pecific
patien
ts by the 15
th day
of their
Hipericum
perforatum, M
elissa
Melissa officinalis,
colitis
admission
to the clinic and
treatmen
t officinalis, Calendula officinalis
and
Taraxacum
officinale
with he
rbal com
bina
tion
.Foeniculum
vulgare
[Bulga
rian
].Vutr Boles 198
1;20
(6):5
1–54
.Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
Embelia ribes,
Sing
le-blin
dEach three trea
tmen
t grou
ps were
Paran
jpe, P. Eva
luation of top
ical
LEGUMIN
OSA
EGlycyrrhiza glabra,
rand
omized
administered different herba
lap
plications
of he
rbal formulation
s Yashtim
adhu
Holarrhena
comparative
mixtures. Suc
cessful trea
tmen
ts in
in acn
e vu
lgaris:A
sing
le-blin
d
Licorice
antidysenterica,
study: 49
grou
ps A and
B prove
d effective
rand
omized
com
parative stud
y. J
Nardostachys jatamansi,
adolescent
agains
t bo
th inflammatory (pim
ples)
Med
icinal A
romatic Plant Sci 199
7;Phyllanthus emblica,
to you
ngan
d non
inflam
matory (black
head
s an
d19
:414
–418
.Santalum
album
,ad
ults with
othe
r comed
ones) lesion
s. The
Terminalia bellirica,
mild
to
mecha
nism
s of action remain
Terminalia chebula,
mod
erate
unkn
own.
Zingiber officinale
facial acn
e
454
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Chine
se m
edicine
Rats
Rats were injected
with this formula
Wan
g W
K, et al. Collective effect
form
ula of: Paeoniae
to obs
erve
blood
pressur
e ch
ange
s.of a C
hine
se formula—
A study
lactiforaeroot,
The
formula ha
d an effect on the
of xiao-jia
n-zh
ong-tang
. Am JChin
Astralagus,
Fourier com
pone
nts of the
blood
Med
199
5;23
(3–4
):299–3
04.
Cinnamomum
pressure w
ave simila
r to the
linea
rzeylanicum
, Glycyrrhiza
combina
tion
of the three he
rb group
sglabra, Fructus jujubae,
whe
n used separately.
Saccharum granorum
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhizine
: 150
Human
trial:
Glycy
rrhizine
in low doses on hy
per-
Muraka
mi T, U
chikaw
a T. E
ffect of
mg/
d8 no
n-insu
lin-
kalemia N
IDDM patients sh
owed
the
glyc
yrrh
izine on
hyp
erka
lemia due
dep
enden
tmea
n seru
m potassium con
centration
to
to hyp
oren
inem
ic hyp
oaldos-
Diabetes
decrease sign
ifican
tly to 4.4 m
Eq/
L
teronism
in Diabetes mellitus.Life
mellitus
with 15
0 mg/
d.
Sci 19
91;53(5):63–
68.
(NID
DM)
patien
tsGlycyrrhiza glabra
Plants includ
e: leave
s of
Mice
Treatmen
t with Agrimonia eupatoria,
Swan
ston
-Flatt SK, e
t al. Traditiona
l Agrimonia eupatoria,
Medicago sativa, Coriandrum
plant treatmen
ts for diabe
tes.
Alchemilla vulgaris,
sativum, Eucalyptus globulus
and
Studies in normal and
strep
to-
bulbs of Allium
sativum
,Juniperus communis
reduced the
lev
elzo
tocin diabe
tic mice. D
iabe
tologia
Chelidonium majus,
of hyp
erglyc
emia during
dev
elop
men
t19
90;33(8):462
–464
.Convallaria majalis,
of strep
tozo
tocin diabe
tes in m
ice.
seed
s ofCoriandrum
This was assoc
iated w
ith reduced
sativum, Eucalyptus
polyd
ipsia (excep
t Coriandrum
globulus,r
oots of
sativum) an
d a red
uced
rate of w
eigh
tGlycyrrhiza glabra,
loss (ex
cept Agrimonia eupatoria).
dried
berries of
Juniperus communis,
Medicago sativa, Rubus
fraticosus
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhizin
Ran
dom
ized
Results sho
wed
impr
ovem
ent of liver
Su X
, et al. Clin
ical and
lab
oratory
controlle
dfunc
tion
. Fo
r bo
th acu
te and
chron
icob
servation on
the
effect of
trial: 88
cases in the
sho
rt-term, glyc
yrrh
izin
glyc
yrrh
izin in acute and
chr
onic
patien
tssh
owed
statistically significant
viral he
patitis. JTrad C
hin Med
with ch
ronic
improve
men
t.19
84;4(2):1
27–1
32.
hepa
titis
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
455
( continued)
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Deg
lycyrrhizinize
dCon
trolled
After 4 w
eeks
, no
differenc
e was
Bard
shan
KD, e
t al. C
linical trial of
licorice or placebo
clinical
found
in ga
stric ulcers be
tween the
deg
lycy
rrhizinised liq
uorice in
trial: 96
placebo
and
treatmen
t grou
p.ga
stric ulcer. Gut 19
78;19:77
9–78
2.pa
tien
tswith ga
stric
ulcers
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Com
parison
of
Ran
dom
ized
Both are effective
in the treatm
ent of
D’Impe
rio N, e
t al. Dou
ble-blind
Cim
etidine an
ddou
ble-
duod
enal ulcers.
trial in duod
enal and
gastric
deg
lycy
rrhizinize
dblind trial:
ulcers:Cim
etidine an
d de
gly-
licorice
30 patients
cyrrhizinize
d liq
uorice. A
cta Gastro-
with
Enterolog
ica Belgica X
LI 19
78;
duo
den
al42
7–43
4.ulcers
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Deg
lycyrrhizinize
dRetrosp
ective
Healin
g of the
ulcerations
was
observed
La
rkworthy W
, Holga
te PFL
.lic
orice
survey
:in all pa
tien
ts. A
fter 16 weeks
, 78%
Deg
lycy
rrhizinized liquorice in
32 patients
had end
osco
pic ev
iden
ce tha
t the
the trea
tmen
t of chr
onic d
uoden
al
with ch
ronic
ulceration ha
d healed.
ulcer. P
ractitione
r 19
75;215
:787
–792
.duo
den
alulcer history.
Gossypium
Gossy
pol compou
ndDou
ble-blind
A m
ale an
tifertility drug was tested
Liu G
, et al. Trial of Gossy
pol as a
herbaceum
L.
isolated
from seed, stem
clinical trial:
and a 92%
efficacy rate w
as ach
ieve
d.male co
ntraceptive
. In Gossy
pol: A
MALVACEA
Eor roo
t of Gossypium
64 gos
sypol
The
inc
iden
ce of fatigu
e, decreased
Potential C
ontracep
tive
for M
en.
Karpa
sherbaceum
and 74
libido, and
gastrointestina
l distur-
Sega
l S, Ed. New
York:
Plenu
mIndian cotton
placeb
oba
nce of the
two grou
ps show
edPress, 19
85:9–1
6.no
statistical differenc
e.Gossypium
Gossy
pol acetic acid
Female rats
Gos
sypol acetic acid at a high
er dose
Lei HP, et al. S
tudies of G
ossypol
herbaceum
(80 mg/
kg) co
uld interru
pt early
on the
fem
ale. In: A
dv C
hine
se M
ed
pregn
ancy
in female rats. P
rolong
edMaterials R
es. C
hang
, H.M
. et al.
administration (30 mg/
kg) led to
Eds. W
orld Scien
tific, Philadelphia,
atrophy
of the rat en
dom
etrium
.19
85:639
–645
.Gossypium
Gossy
pol 20 m
g/d for
Human
Gos
sypol had
a profoun
d effect on
Frick J, Dan
ner, C
. 198
5. Effect of
herbaceum
3 mon
ths
trial: 5 men
spermatog
enesis tha
t was fully
Gossy
pol on
human
testicu
lar
reve
rsible after termination of
func
tion
: Eva
luation of sem
inal and
trea
tmen
t. Infertility lasted 4–6
horm
onal param
eters. In: G
ossy
pol:
mon
ths.
A Poten
tial C
ontracep
tive
for M
en.
Sega
l S, Ed. Plen
um Press, NY,
1985
;17–
23.
Gossypium
20 m
g/d gos
sypol
Human
trial:
Gos
sypol inh
ibited
spermatog
enesis
Cou
tinh
o EM
, et al. Bipha
sic action
of
herbaceum
mon
acetic acid for 4
12 m
enin m
en at a dose leve
l that in the
Gossy
pol in m
en. In Gos
sypol: A
mon
ths; the
nsh
ort-term
treatmen
t ap
pea
rs to be
Poten
tial C
ontracep
tive
for M
en.
60 m
g weekly for 4–
6free of side effects.
Sega
l S, Ed. New
York: Plenu
mmon
ths
Press, 19
85;25–
31.
456
Gymnema sylvestre
Gymnema sylvestre ex
tract
Rats
Gymnema sylvestreex
tract did not
Tom
inag
a M, e
t al. Effects of seishin-
(Retz.)S
chult.
120 mg/
kg per day
improve
ins
ulin
resistanc
e in
rens
hiin and
Gymnema sylvestreon
ASC
LEPIADACEAE
streptozo
tocin-induc
ed diabe
tic rats.
insu
lin resistanc
e in strep
tozo
tocin-
Mesha
sringi
induc
ed diabe
tic rats. D
iabe
tes Res
Gurm
arClin
Pract 199
5;29
(1):1
1–17
.Gymnema sylvestre
Two caps
ules of 450
20 case studies
Administration of the
herba
l mixture
Karnick
CR. A clin
ical trial of
mg ea
ch: Coccinia
with Diabetes
led to sign
ifican
t decreases in mea
nco
mposite he
rbal d
rugs
in the
indica, Cum
inum
mellitus
bloo
d sug
ar value
s.trea
tmen
t of D
iabe
tes mellitus
cyminum
, Eugenia
(Mad
humeh
a). Aryav
aidya
n jambolana, Gymnema
1991
;5(1):3
6–46
.sylvestre, Momordica
charantia, Phyllanthus
niruri, Swertia chirata,
Tephrosia purpurea
Gymnema sylvestre
Pep
tide
iso
lated from
Rats
Inhibitory effect on
the
sweet resp
onses
Imoto T, e
t al. A nov
el pep
tide
Gymnema sylvestre
appea
red after treating tong
ue surface
isolated
from the
lea
ves of
leav
es. Dosag
e: pep
tide
with Gymnema sylvestrepep
tide.
Gymnema sylvestre—
I. Cha
racter-
at a con
centration
more
ization an
d its sup
pressive
effect
than
1 3
10( 2
6)M
on the
neu
ral resp
onses to sweet
taste stim
uli in the
rat. C
omp
Bioch
em Phy
siol A
199
1;10
0(2):
309–
314.
Gymnema sylvestre
GS4
an ex
tract from
Hum
an trial:
Dur
ing GS4
sup
plemen
tation
, aBaska
ran K, e
t al. A
ntidiabe
tic
leav
es of Gymnema
22 typ
e II
sign
ifican
t de
crea
se in bloo
d gluco
se,
effect of a leaf extract from
sylvestre. 400
mg/
dpa
tien
ts w
ith
glyc
osylated
hem
oglobin an
d plasm
aGymnema sylvestre in non
-ins
ulin
-18–2
0 mon
ths as
diabe
tes
proteins was noted
. Con
ventiona
ldep
enden
t diabe
tes mellitus
su
pplem
ent to
dru
g dos
e co
uld be decreased
; 23
%patients. J E
thno
pharm 199
0;30
(3):
conv
ention
al dru
g(5/22
) disco
ntinue
d com
pletely
295–
300.
therap
y of glib
enclam
ide
conv
ention
al dru
g therap
y.or tolbu
tamide
Gymnema sylvestre
GS4
an ex
tract from
Con
trolled hu
man
Insu
lin req
uirem
ents decreased
with
Shan
mug
asund
aram
ER, e
t al. Use
leav
es of Gymnema
trial: 27
patients
fasting bloo
d gluco
se, as did
of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract
sylvestre. 400
mg/
dwith insu
lin-
glyc
osylated
hem
oglobin an
d plasm
ain the
con
trol of bloo
d gluco
se in
dep
enden
tproteins, and
serum
lipid lev
els.
insu
lin-dep
enden
t diab
etes m
ellitus.
Diabetes
J Ethno
pha
rm 199
0;30
(3):2
81–2
94.
mellitus—
trea
ted group
and non
treated
grou
p
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
457
( continued)
Gymnema sylvestre
GS3
and
GS4
extracts
Streptozo
tocin
Herba
l therap
y ap
pears to bring
abo
utSh
anmuga
sund
aram
ER, e
t al.
from
Gymnema
rats
bloo
d gluco
se hom
eostatis.
Possible rege
neration
of
sylvestreleav
esthe islets of Lan
gerhan
s in
streptozo
tocin-diabe
tic rats given
Gymnema sylvestreleaf extracts.
J Ethno
pha
rm 199
0;30
(3):2
65–2
79.
Gymnema sylvestre
GS4
extracted
from
Non
diabe
tic an
dResults sugg
est us
efulne
ss of Gymnema
Oka
baya
shi Y, e
t al. Effect
Gymnema sylvestre
streptoz
ocin-
sylvestrein the
treatmen
t of certain
of Gymnema sylvestre, R
.Br. on
leav
es 1 g/kg
bod
yinduc
ed m
ildly
classes of non
-ins
ulin dep
enden
t gluco
se hom
eostasis in rats.
weigh
tdiabe
tic rats.
Diabetes mellitus.
Diabe
tes Res C
lin Pract
1990
;9(2):1
43–1
48.
Gymnema sylvestre
Pow
dered
lea
ves of
Rats
Gymnema sylvestrepr
otected the
animals
Prak
ash AO, e
t al. E
ffect of feeding
Gymnema sylvestre
from
low
blood
gluco
se lev
els seen
Gymnema sylvestreleav
es on bloo
d
in rats receiving be
ryllium nitrate
gluco
se in be
ryllium
nitrate treated
alon
e.rats. J Ethno
pha
rm 198
6;18(2):1
43–
146.
Gymnema sylvestre
Oral ap
plication of
Clin
ical trial
Sweetness pe
rcep
tion
of the load
was
Brala PM, Hag
en R
L. Effects of
Gymnema sylvestre
factorial design:
reduced in 50
% of the su
bjects by oral
sweetness perception
and
caloric
extracts
118 hu
man
application of the
extract. L
ess total
value of a preload
on sh
ort term
vo
lunteers
and sweet calories w
ere co
nsum
ed by
intake
. Phy
siol Beh
av 198
3;30
(1):1
–9.
thos
e with a reduc
ed sweetness
perception
.Hemidesmus
Plants lack
ing
Feed
ing trials
All plan
ts produc
ed hep
atic lesions
tha
t Arseculeratne SN
, et al. Studies of
Indicus(L.) W
.T.
pyrrolizidine alka
loids:
in rats
includ
ed cen
tral vein ab
norm
alities.
med
icinal plants of Sri Lan
ka.
Ation
Aegle marmelos,
Terminalia chebula and
Withania
Part 14
: Tox
icity of som
eASC
LEPIADACEAE
Hemidesmus indicus,
somnifera
produced m
ark rena
l lesion
s.trad
itiona
l med
icinal herbs. J
Sariva
Terminalia chebula,
Ethno
pharm 198
5;13
(3):3
23–3
35.
Indian Sa
saparilla
Withania somnifera
Hemidesmus
Air dried
roo
ts of
Mice
Hemidesmus indicus
was tested on mice
Gupta PN. Anti-leprotic action
of
indicus
Hemidesmus indicus
infected
with M. leprae. The
dru
g may
an
extract from “Ana
ntam
ul”
simple distilla
tion
with
caus
e a delay
in multiplic
ation of
( Hemidesmus Indicus
R.B
r.). Lep
r.
water
orga
nism
s in the
mou
se foo
t pa
ds.
India 198
1;53
(3):3
54–3
59.
Holarrhena
Embelia ribes,
Sing
le-blin
dEach of the
thr
ee treatmen
t grou
ps were
Paranjpe P. E
valuation of top
ical
antidysenterica
Glycyrrhiza glabra,
rand
omized
administered differen
t he
rbal
applications
of he
rbal formulations
(R
oxb. Ex Fleing
) Holarrhena
comparative
mixtures. Successful trea
tmen
ts in
in acn
e vu
lgaris: A single-blind
Wall. Ex. A
. DC.
antidysenterica,
study: 49
grou
ps A and
B prove
d effective
rand
omized
com
parative study.
APO
CYNACEAE
Nardostachys jatamansi,
adolescent
agains
t bo
th inflammatory (pim
ples)
JMed
Aromatic Plant Sci 199
1;19
:Kutaja
Phyllanthus emblica,
to you
ngan
d non
inflam
matory (black
head
s an
d41
4–41
8.Kur
chi tree
Santalum
album
,ad
ults w
ith
othe
r co
med
ones) lesion
s. The
Terminalia bellirica,
mild
to
trea
tmen
t prepa
ration
s’ m
echa
nism
sTerminalia chebula,
mod
erate
of action remain un
know
n.Zingiber officinale
facial acn
eHolarrhena
Ethan
ol extract of
Mice
Holarrhena antidysentericaap
peared
Atal CK, e
t al. Im
mun
omod
ulating
antidysenterica
Holarrhena
to stimulate pha
gocy
tic func
tion
while
agen
ts of plan
t origin. I:P
relim
inary
antidysenterica
inhibiting
the
humoral com
pon
ent of
screen
ing. JEthno
pharm 198
6;the im
mun
e sy
stem
.18
(2):1
33–1
41.
458
Holarrhena
Bark po
wder of Holarrhena
Clin
ical trial:
Effects of Holarrhena antidysenterica
Cha
turved
i GN, S
ingh
KP. Sideeffects
antidysenterica
antidysentericain three
11 patients
is not tho
roug
hly atox
ic and
may
lea
dof a traditiona
l indigen
ous dru
g-divided
doses of 4 g for
with intestinal
to sev
eral sub
jective symptoms an
dKutaja (Holarrhena antidysentirica).
15 day
sam
oebiasis and
hypo
tens
ion.
Letter to the
editor:Ind
ian J
giardiasis
Phy
siol Pha
rmacol 198
3;25
5–25
6.Holarrhena
Plants screen
ed for
Rats
Feed
ing trials produced liv
er lesions
Arseculeratne SN
, et al. Studies on
antidysenterica
pyrrolizidine alka
loids
and histopatho
logy
in the lung
s an
dmed
icinal plants of Sri Lan
ka:
Crotalaria verrucosa,
kidne
ys com
patible with the action
of
Occur
renc
e of pyrroliz
idine alka
loids
Holarrhena antidysenterica,
pyrroliz
idine alka
loids.
and hep
atotox
ic properties in
and Cassia auriculata
some trad
itiona
l med
icinal herbs
. J Ethno
pha
rm 198
1;4(2):159
–177
.Hydrocotyle asiaticaL.
Dried
upr
ipe fruit po
wder
Ran
dom
ized
Treatmen
t with all these plan
ts did not
Haide
r R, et al. Eva
luation of ind
ige-
UMBE
LLIFE
RAE
of Aegle marmelos, d
ried
doub
le-blin
dsh
ow any
clin
ical improv
emen
t or
nous
plants in the
treatmen
t of
Zup
ha
powder plant of Hydrocotyle
clinical trial:
bacteriological cu
re as compa
red to
acute sh
igellosis. Trop Geo
rgr Med
Hyssop
asiatica; dried
pow
der of
82 m
en w
itham
picillin.
1991
;43(3):266–2
70.
Poederia foetida
shigellosis
Hygrophila
Metha
nolic
extract of
Rats with
A significant hep
atop
rotective activity
Sing
h A, Han
da SS
. Hep
atop
rotective
auriculata
the seed
s of Apium
paracetamol-
of the
metha
nolic
extract of the seed
sactivity of Apium
graveolensan
d (Sch
umach.)H
eine
graveolens
and
induc
edof both plan
ts w
as rep
orted.
Hygrophila auriculataag
ains
t parac-
ACANTHACEAE
Hygrophila auriculata
liver
etam
ol and
thioa
cetamideintoxi-
Kok
ilaks
ha,
dam
age
catio
n in rats. JEthn
opha
rmTalmak
hana
1995
;49(3):119
–126
.Juniperus communis
L.
Juniper decoction
at dosag
e Normog
lycemic and
Junipe
r decoc
tion
red
uced
glycemic
Sanc
hez de Med
ina F, et al. Hyp
o-CUPRESS
ACEAE
of 250 m
g/kg
and
125
streptoz
otocin
leve
ls in no
rmog
lycemic rats.
glyc
emic activity of ju
niper
Hap
usa
mg/
kgdiabe
tic rats.
Administration to diabe
tic rats for 24
“berries”. Planta Med
199
4;60
(3):
Juniper berry
day
s resu
lted
in a sign
ifican
t decrease
197–
200.
both in bloo
d gluco
se lev
els an
d in
the mortality index
, as well as the
preve
ntion of loss of bod
y weigh
t.Juniperus
Plants include
: leav
es of
Mice
Treatmen
t with Agrimonia eupatoria,
Swan
ston
-Flatt SK, et al. Tradition
al
communis
Agrimonia eupatoria,
Medicago sativa, Coriandrum
plant treatmen
ts for diabe
tes.
Alchemilla vulgaris,
sativum, Eucalyptus globulus
and
Stud
ies in normal and
strep
tozo
tocin
bulbs of Allium
sativum
,Juniperus communis
reduced the
lev
eldiabe
tic mice. D
iabe
tologia 1990
;Chelidonium majus,
of hyp
erglyc
emia during
dev
elop
men
t33
(8):4
62–4
64.
Convallaria majalis,
of strep
tozo
tocin diabe
tes in m
ice.
seed
s of Coriandrum
This was assoc
iated w
ith redu
ced
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
459
( continued)
sativum, Eucalyptus
polyd
ipsia (excep
t Coriandrum
globulus,roots of
sativum) an
d a red
uced
rate of w
eigh
tGlycyrrhiza glabra,
loss (ex
cept Agrimonia eupatoria).
dried
berries of
Juniperus communis,
Medicago sativa, Rubus
fraticosus
Juniperus
Varying
extracts of
Female albino
All the plan
ts sho
wed
marke
d but
Prak
ash AO, e
t al. Anti-im
plantation
communis
Acrostichum
aureum,
rats
varied
inh
ibition of pregn
ancy
and
activity of some indigen
ous plan
ts
Adhatoda vasica,
anti-implantation activity.
in rats. A
cta Eur Fertil 19
85;16(6):
Citrulus colocynthus,
441–
448.
Codonopsis ovata,
Dolichos biflorus,
Ferule orientalis,
Juniperus communis,
Kigelia pinnata,
Lepidum capitum
,Nerium odoratum,
Pueraria tuberosa,
Punica granatum
,Randia dumetorum
,Rubus ellipticus, Ruta
graveolens
Linum usitatissimum
L.
Ground
raw
flaxseed 50
Human
trial:
Autho
rs con
clude that up to 50
gCunn
ane SC
, et al. High alph
a-LIN
ACEAE
g/d for 4 w
eeks
healthy
high
- a-linolen
ic acid flaxseed/day
linolen
ic acid flaxseed (Linum
Uma Linseed
female
is palatab
le, safe, an
d m
ay be
usitatissimum
): some nu
tritiona
l vo
lunteers
nutritiona
lly ben
eficial in human
s by
prope
rties in hum
ans. Br JN
utr
increa
sing
n-3 fatty acids in plasm
aMar;199
3;69
(2):4
43–3
.an
d erythrocytes an
d by de
creasing
postprand
ial gluco
se respo
nses.
Linum
Freeze-dried
extracts of
Wistar albino
Linum usitatissimum
and Symphytum
Shipochliev T, et al. A
nti-inflammatory
usitatissimum
Calendula officinalis,
rats
officinaledid not inh
ibit inflammation
action
of a grou
p of plant extracts
Hypericum
perforatum
but they
did suppr
ess the leuk
ocyte
[Bulgarian]. Vet M
ed N
auki 198
1;Linum usitatissimum
,infiltration
at the third and
fou
rth ho
ur18
(6):8
7–94
.Matricaria chamomilla,
of the
ind
uced
inflammation.
Plantago lanceolata,
Calendula officinalis, H
ypericum
Symphytum
officinale
perforatum
, Matricaria chamomilla,
and Plantago lanceolata
suppressed
both inflammatory effect and
leuko
cyte infiltration
.Luffa cylindrical
Two glyc
oproteins with
Mice
The
proteins were capa
ble of ind
ucing
Ng TB, e
t al. T
wo proteins with
M. R
oem.
a molecular w
eigh
t of
midterm
abo
rtion in m
ice, inh
ibiting
ribo
some-inactiv
ating, cytotox
ic
CUCURBITACEAE
28,000
and
28,50
0protein syn
thesis in a cell-free system
and abo
rtifactant activities from
Dha
marga
raisolated
from seeds
of
and sup
pressing
thy
midine uptak
e by
seed
s of Luffa cylindricaRoe
m
Spon
ge gou
rdLuffa cylindrica
human
cho
rioc
arcino
ma cells
.(C
ucurbitaceae). Bioch
em Int 199
2;27
(2):1
97–2
07.
460
Luffa cylindrica
Bryon
olic acid iso
lated
Rats, m
ice
Bryon
olic acid inh
ibited
hom
olog
ous
Tan
aka S, et al. A
nti-allergic effect
from
the
cultured cells
passive
cutane
ous an
aphy
laxis more
of bryon
olic acid from
Luffa cylindrica
of Luffa cylindrica.
strong
ly tha
n glycyrrhetinic acid from
cell su
spen
sion
cultures. Planta
Administered to rats IP
licorice. Bryon
olic acid sho
wed
little
Med
199
1;57
(6):5
27–5
30.
600 mg/
kgtoxicity and
no visible side effects on
mice.
Mallotus
Dried
pow
der fruit of
Goa
tsMallotus philippensisfruit is no
tJost C
C, et al. Kam
ala ( Mallotus
philippensis(Lam
.)Mallotus philippensis
effective in elim
inating direct life-
philippensis) fruit is ineffective as
Mue
ll.(250
, 375
, 50
0 an
d 750
cycle ga
strointestinal nem
atod
es in
an anthe
lminthic aga
inst gastro-
EUPHORBIA
CEAE
mg/
kg com
pared
to
goats.
intestinal nem
atod
es in go
ats
Kam
pilla
fenb
enda
zole [10
mg/
kg])
indigen
ous to Baloc
histan
, Pa
kistan
. Rottlera
Small Rum
inan
t Res 199
6;20
(2):
147–
153.
Mallotus
Crude pow
der mixture
75 patients
The
cure rate in group
A w
as 80%
,Sa
rma BP, O
jha D. T
he m
anag
e-philippensis
of equ
al parts of:
with va
riou
sgrou
p B treated with meb
endaz
ole
men
t of G
andup
ada krim
i ( Ascaris
Ailanthus excelsa, Butea
worm
was 92%
, an
d group C
was 76%
.lumbricoides)
with indigen
ous dru
gs.
monosperma, Embelia
infestations
Cure rate sho
wed
neg
ative Ascaris
Aryav
aidya
n 19
92;5(3):1
70–172
.ribes, Erythrina indica,
lumbricoidesov
a in the
stool rep
ort
Mallotus philippensis,
for 3 co
nsecutive
day
s.Orxylum
indicum
Mentha arvensis
L.
Petroleum ether and
Mice
Interruption of nidation oc
curred
at 5
Garg P, et al. A
lteration in the
uterine
LABIA
TAE
benz
ene
mg per m
ouse per day
. A statistically
pho
spha
tase of the mou
se after
Puthea
chromatog
raphic
sign
ifican
t de
crea
se in the alka
line
administration of con
trag
estative
Corn mint
fraction
of the petroleum
and acid pho
spha
tase con
tent of the
dose of chr
omatog
raphic fraction
of
ethe
r ex
tract of Mentha
uteru
s on
day
12 postcoitum w
aspetroleum ether extract of mint
arvensis
leav
esno
ted. B
enzene
and
chloroform w
ere
( Mentha arvensis) leav
es. J A
dvan
ced
ineffective in altering alka
line an
dZoo
logy
199
5;16
(2):8
5–87
.acid pho
spha
tase.
Mentha arvensis
Essen
tial oils
of
Guinea
pigs
Five
essen
tial oils
by form
ulation
of
Kisho
re N
, et al. Fu
ngitox
icity of
Artemisia nelagrica,
ointmen
ts w
ere ab
le to cu
reessential oils aga
inst dermatop
hytes.
Caesulia axillaris,
expe
rimen
tal ring
worm in gu
inea pigs
Myc
oses 199
3;36
(5–6
):211
–215
.Chenopodium
within 7–
12 day
s. A
rtem
isia oil was
ambrosioides,
found
to be
the
mos
t effective
Cymbopogon citratus,
essential oil.
Mentha arvensis
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
461
( continued)
Mentha arvensis
50% ethan
olic extract of
Rats
Extract of Mentha arvensis
has be
enMathu
r R. Fruc
tolysis effect of
Mentha arvensis
leav
esfound
to decrease the fruc
tose
50% ethan
olic extract of Mentha
synthe
sis ve
sicles. A
s a resu
lt, the
arvensis
Linn. (leav
es) in sem
inal
viab
ility of sp
ermatoz
oa seemed
to be
vesicles of rat. Acta Eur Fertil
altered. F
ertility reve
aled
sterile
1991
;22(4):219
–220
.matings
until 30
day
s of last treatm
ent.
Mentha arvensis
Fraction
of Mentha arvensis
Rats
Subc
utane
ous ad
ministration of the
Kan
jana
pothi D
, et al. Postcoital
uterotonic fraction
to rats pregn
ant
antifertility
effect of Mentha arvensis.
from
day
1–1
0 caused a significant
Con
tracep
tion
198
1;24
(5):5
59–5
67.
interrup
tion
in pregn
ancy
.Mentha arvensis
Essential oils of Mentha arvensis,
Molds an
dThe
se oils
were fung
istatic or
Sarbho
y AK, et al. Efficacy of som
e Mentha piperita, Anethum
fung
us
fung
icidal to on
e or the
other m
olds
,essential oils and
the
ir con
stituen
ts
sowa, Cymbogopon winterianus,
dep
ending up
on the
con
centration
s.on
few
ubiqu
itou
s molds. Z
entralbl
Nardostachys jatamansi
Bak
teriol [Natur
wiss] 197
8;13
3(7–
8):
and Commiphora mukul
723–
725.
Moringa oleifera
Edible portion
s of
6 male wea
nling
The
exten
t of calcium absorption
from
Pank
aja N, Pr
akash J. Ava
ilability of
Lam
.Moringa oleifera
and
albino
rats
Moringa oleifera
and Amaranthus tricolor
calcium from kilk
eerai ( Amaranthus
MORIN
GACEAE
Amaranthus tricolor
and m
ilk w
as eva
luated
. Results
tricolor) an
d dru
mstick ( Moringa
Sigru
reve
aled
tha
t calcium abs
orption
and
oleifera) greens
in wea
nling rats.
Horseradish tree
calcium reten
tion
from m
ilk w
ere
Nah
rung
199
4;38
(2):1
99–2
03.
sign
ifican
tly increa
sed com
pared
to
Moringa oleifera
and Amaranthus
tricolor. The
presenc
e of oxa
lates
inhibited intestina
l ab
sorption
of
calcium.
Moringa oleifera
Lea
f ex
tracts of
Human
trial:
Top
ical app
lication resu
lted
in us
ers
Fabiyi JP, e
t al. Traditiona
l therap
y Adansonia digitata,
human
s with
perceived
relief of pain an
d
of dracu
nculia
sis in the
state of
Calotropis procera,
guinea
worms
accelerated exp
ulsion of w
orms
Bau
chi-Nigeria [Fren
ch]. Dak
arMoringa oleifera
and hea
ling pr
ocess.
Med
199
3;38(2):1
93–1
95.
Tamarindus indica,
Ziziphus jaozeiro
Moringa oleifera
Hot w
ater infusion
s of
Rats with induced
The
seed infusion
sho
wed
a signifi-
Caceres A
, et al. Pha
rmacolog
ic
flow
ers, lea
ves, roo
ts,
hind
paw
edem
acant inh
ibition of acetylcho
line-
prope
rties of M. oleifera
2:seed
s an
d stalks of bark
induc
ed con
traction
with an
ED
50of
Screen
ing for an
tisp
asmod
ic, an
ti-
of Moringa oleifera.
65.6 m
g/mL ba
th con
centration
,inflam
matory an
d diuretic activity.
Doses are exp
ressed
as
inhibition
of induced ed
ema, and
J Ethno
pharm 1992;36
(3):2
33–2
37.
equiva
lent of dried
diuretic activity at 10
0 mg/
kg.
starting
plant m
aterial
462
Moringa oleifera
Ethan
ol or water extracts
Rats orally dosed
Aqu
eous
or 90
% ethan
ol extracts of the
Nath D, e
t al. Com
mon
ly used
of pow
dered
plant
for 10
day
splants were stud
ied in rats for 10
Indian
abo
rtifacient plants with
material: Adhatoda vasica,
day
s after insemination with sp
ecial
special referenc
e to the
irAbrus precatorius, Acacia
referenc
e to effects of fetal
teratologic effects in rats. J
arabica, Aloe
dev
elop
men
t. Leaf ex
tracts of
Ethno
pha
rm 199
2;36
:147
–154
.barbadensis, Anethum
Moringa oleifera
and Adhatoda
sowa, Apium
vasica
were 10
0% abo
rtive at doses
petroselinium, Banbusa
equivalen
t to 175
mg/
kg starting dry
arundensis, Blepharis
material. Only the flow
ers of Acacia
edulis, Butea
arabicaan
d Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
monosperma, Hibiscus
appea
red to lack
teratolog
ic poten
tial
rosa-sinensis, Lepidum
at the
dos
es tested.
sativum, M
esua ferrea,
Moringa oleifera,
Mucuna pruriens,
Raphanus sativus, Sida
cordifolia,
Trachyspermum
ammai
Moringa oleifera
Alternanthera sessilis,
Mice an
dCum
inum
cyminum
seed
s, Ocimum
Aru
na K
, Siva
ramak
rish
nan VM.
Cum
inum
cyminum
,rats
sanctum
leav
es, Papaver somnifera
Anticarcino
genic effects of som
e Curcuma longa, Ferula
seed
s sign
ifican
tly inhibited neo
plasia
Indian
plant products. Foo
d C
hem
asafoetida, Moringa
alon
e. The
se plants may
prove
to be
Tox
ic 199
2;30
(11):953
–956
.oleifera, O
cimum
valuab
le anticarcino
gens.
sanctum, Papaver
somnifera, Piper
longum
, Sylamum
nigrum
Moringa oleifera
Biosy
nthe
tically
and
Albino mice
Based
on mutag
enicity tests in albino
Villasen
or IM, et al. Mutag
ens from
ch
emically related
mice, structur
e-activity correlation
roasted seeds of M
oringa
oleifera.
compo
und
s isolated
studies that 4 (
a-L-rha
mno
syloxy
)Mutat R
es 198
9;224(2):209
–212
.from
the
roa
sted
seeds
phe
nyl-aceton
itrile, 4-hy
droxy
-of Moringa oleifera
phe
nylacetonitrile
, and
4-
hydroxy
phe
nylacetamide ex
hibited
mutage
nic activity.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
463
( continued)
Moringa oleifera
Aqu
eous ex
tract of
Ova
riectomized
To assess the
histologic effect of the
Shukla S, et al. H
istoarch
itecture of
Moringa oleifera
roots
rats
antifertility m
ode of action it w
asthe ge
nital tract of ova
riectomized
found
tha
t the ex
tract stim
ulated the
rats treated
with an
aqu
eous
uterine
histoarch
itecture by an
extract of Moringa oleifera
roots.
increa
se in the he
ight of luminal
J Ethno
pha
rm 198
9;25
(3):2
49–2
61.
epithe
lium, well-dev
elop
ed gland
s,loose stroma, and
rich va
scularity. The
cervix sho
wed
metap
lastic cha
nges.
In the
vag
ina, cornification
was
prominen
t, ru
gae increased, an
dstroma was loo
se.
Moringa oleifera
Aqu
eous ex
tract of
Female rats
Initial ad
ministration of Moringa
Shukla S, et al. B
ioch
emical and
Moringa oleifera
roots
oleifera
stim
ulated
the
uterine
phy
siolog
ical alterations
in female
stru
ctur
es, c
aused m
etap
lastic cha
nges
reproduc
tive
organ
s of cyc
lic rats
in the
cervical ep
ithe
lium and
treated w
ith aq
ueo
us ex
tract of
provo
ked con
siderab
le cornification
Moringa oleifera
Lam
. Acta Eur
in the
vag
inal epithe
lium. At a later
Fertil 19
88;19(4):225
–232
.duration
, significant inh
ibition in the
histoa
rchitectur
e was obs
erve
d.
Bioch
emical observa
tion
s an
dhistolog
ic findings correlated w
ith
anti-implantation action
of the
aqueo
us extract.
Moringa oleifera
Aqu
eous ex
tract of
Ova
riectomized
The
roo
t was inv
estiga
ted for its
Shukla S, et al. A
ntifertility pr
ofile
Moringa oleifera
roots
rats
estrog
enic, a
ntiestroge
nic, proge
sta-
of the
aqu
eous ex
tract of Moringa
tion
al, an
d antiproge
stationa
loleifera
roots. JEthno
pha
rmactivities. T
he antifertility effect
1988
;22(1):51–
62.
appe
ars to be due to m
ultiple
attributes.
Moringa oleifera
Aqu
eous ex
tract of
Ova
ry of rat
Treated
rats remaine
d in the
cyc
licPr
akash AO. O
varian
respo
nse to
Moringa oleifera
roots
dur
ing early
cond
itions
as ne
wly formed
corpo
raaq
ueo
us ex
tract of Moringa oleifera
preg
nanc
ylutea were ob
served
. Non
treated
during
early pregn
ancy
in rats.
ovaries of con
trol rats sh
owed
well
Fitoterapia 198
8;LIX
(2):8
9–96
.dev
elop
ed corpora lutea. Sev
eral
othe
r features sh
owed
tha
t the ex
tract
could not ind
uce any
histologic
featur
es in the ov
ary as obs
erve
d in
pregn
ancy
.Moringa oleifera
Aqu
eous ex
tracts of the
Female ad
ult
Both ex
tracts are effective
in
Shukla S, et al. A
nti-im
plan
tation
roots an
d bark of
rats
preve
nting im
plantation. R
esults also
efficacy
of Moringa oleifera
Lam
. Moringa oleifera
and
show
ed anti-im
plan
tation
activity of
and Moringa concacensis
Nim
mo
Moringa concacensis
Moringa oleifera
root w
as con
sisten
trats. Int J C
rude Dru
g Res 198
8;26
:rega
rdless of its time an
d place of
29–3
2.colle
ction.
464
Moringa oleifera
Aqu
eous ex
tract of
Pregn
ant rats
Adm
inistration of extract to pregn
ant
Praka
sh A
O, e
t al. Uterine
histo-
Moringa oleifera
roots
rats cou
ld not stimulate the
uteru
s that
arch
itecture during
pre- an
d pos
t-remaine
d non
receptive throug
hout
implan
tation
periods of rats trea
ted
the period of treatm
ent, therefore, the
with aq
ueo
us ex
tract of Moringa
fertilize
d egg
s may
not be welco
med
oleifera
Lam
. Acta Eur Fe
rtil 19
87;
by the
unp
repared
uteru
s.18
(2):1
29–135
.Mucuna pruriens
Stab
le, stan
dardized
Multicenter
Using
the
Unified
Parkins
on’s D
isease
Man
yam BV, et al. An altern
ative
(L.) DC.
prepa
ration
from
clinical trial:
Rating Scale (U
PDRS), a sign
ifican
tmed
icine trea
tmen
t for Parkins
on’s
LEGUMIN
OSA
Een
doc
arp of Mucuna
60 w
ith
decrease in sco
res from
baseline to
disease: Results of a multicen
ter
Kap
ikachc
hha
pruriens
bean
s (H
P-20
0)Pa
rkinson’s
the en
d of the 12
-week study,
clinical trial. JA
ltern Com
plem
ent
Cow
-itch plan
tdisease
indicated
a significant improve
men
tMed
199
5;1(3):249
–255
.in the
ir Parkins
on’s con
ditions
.Mucuna pruriens
Ethan
ol or water extracts
Rats orally dosed
Aqu
eous
or 90
% ethan
ol extracts of
Nath D, et al. Com
mon
ly used Ind
ian
of pow
dered
plant
for 10
day
sthe plants were studied in rats for 10
abortifacien
t plan
ts w
ith sp
ecial
material: Adhatoda
day
s after insemination with sp
ecial
referenc
e to the
ir teratolog
ic effects
vasica, Abrus
referenc
e to effects of fetal
in rats. J Ethno
pharm 199
2;36
:precatorius, Acacia
dev
elop
men
t. Lea
f ex
tracts of
147–
154.
arabica, Aloe
Moringa oleifera
and Adhatoda
barbadensis, Anethum
vasica
were 10
0% abo
rtive at doses
sowa, Apium
equiva
lent to 17
5 mg/
kg starting dr
ypetroselinium, Banbusa
material. Only the flow
ers of Acacia
arundensis, Blepharis
arabicaan
d Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
edulis, Butea
appeared to lack
teratolog
ic poten
tial
monosperma, Hibiscus
at the
doses tested.
rosa-sinensis, Lepidum
sativum, Mesua ferrea,
Moringa oleifera,
Mucuna pruriens,
Raphamus sativus,
Sida cordifolia,
Trachyspermum
ammai
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
465
( continued)
Myristica fragrans
Ethan
olic extract of
Albino rabb
its
Total cho
lesterol, LD
L, triglycerides,
Ram
A, e
t al. Hyp
olipidae
mic effect
Hou
tt.
Myristica fragrans. 500
and con
trols
and cho
lesterol w
ere all sign
ifican
tly
of Myristica fragransfruit extract in
MYRISTIC
ACEAE
mg/
kg orally
daily for
reduc
ed. T
he extract also sh
owed
rabb
its. JEthno
pharm 199
6;55
(1):
Jatiph
alam
60 day
splatelet an
tiag
greg
atory ab
ility and
a49
–53.
Nutm
egsign
ifican
t decrease in lev
els of total
cholesterol in hea
rt and
liver.
Myristica fragrans
Myristica fragransseed
Hyp
erch
o-The
extract red
uced serum and
LDL
Sharma A, e
t al. Pr
even
tion
of hy
per-
extract
lesterolem
icch
olesterol by
69.1%
and
76.3%
,ch
olesterolemia and
atherosclerosis
rabb
its
resp
ective
ly. S
ignificant decrease in
in rab
bits after supp
lemen
tation
of
cholesterol/ph
osph
olipid ratio by
Myristica fragransseed
extract.
31.2% and
an increase in the HDL-
Indian J Ph
ysiol Pha
rmacol 199
5;ratio. The
extract preve
nted
39(4):4
07–4
10.
accu
mulation of cho
lesterol,
pho
spho
lipid and
triglyc
eride in the
liver, h
eart and
aorta. E
xtract
dissolved
atherom
atou
s plaqu
es of
aorta by
70.9–76
.5%. Fe
cal ex
cretion
of cho
lesterol and
pho
spho
lipids were
sign
ifican
tly increa
sed.
Myristica fragrans
Aril of the
plant
Mice proge
nyThe
possible tran
sfer of the active
Cha
bra SK
, Rao
AR. Trans
mam
mary
Myristica fragrans.
princ
iple of mace through
trans
-mod
ulatio
n of xen
obiotic metab
oliz-
Aqu
eous
susp
ension
at
mam
mary route and
its ability to
ing en
zymes in liv
er ofmou
se
dose of 0.025
or 0.1 g pe
rmod
ulate he
patic xeno
biotic
pup
s by
mace ( Myristica fragrans
anim
al per day
,metab
olizing en
zymes in the F1
Hou
tt.). JEthno
pha
rm 199
4;ad
ministered by oral
proge
ny w
as studied. O
nly 14-day
-old
42(3):1
69–1
77.
gava
ge to dam
s day
1 of
pup
s of dam
s receiving either m
ace
lactation an
d con
tinu
eddose sh
owed
significantly inc
reased
for 14
, 21 day
she
patic glutathion
e pe
roxidase leve
ls.
Myristica fragrans
Aril of nutm
eg. D
ose of
Mice
Mod
ifying
poten
tial of areca nu
t on
Sing
h A, R
ao A
R. M
odulatory effect
0.5%
or 1%
mace
the induc
tion
of the he
patic
of A
reca nut in the
action of m
ace
detox
ification sy
stem
in mice by
( Myristica fragrans, H
outt) on
the
mace was studied. At 0.5%
and
1%
hepa
tic detox
ification sy
stem
in
mace in the
diet, areca nu
t reduc
edmice. Foo
d C
hem T
oxicol 199
3;mace-induc
ed inc
reases in he
patic
31(7):5
17–5
21.
glutathion
e S-tran
sferase an
dsu
lfhy
dryl lev
els an
d eleva
ted furthe
rincrea
ses in lev
els of cytoc
hrom
e b5
and P45
0.
466
Myristica fragrans
1 caps
ule 3
3per day
30 patients
The
herba
l co
mbina
tion
was fou
nd to
Karnick
CR. C
linical eva
luation of
with luke
warm w
ater
with calculi
alleviate no
t on
ly pain bu
t also slowly
compo
site A
yurved
ic dru
gs, on
co
ntaining
: Asparagus
on kidne
ys,
disintegrated
both calcium-oxa
late
calculi, in the kidne
y an
d the
racemosus,50
mg;
ureters or
and calcium
carbo
nate crystals in a
urinary blad
der. Aryav
aidya
n Bergenia ligulata,
100
blad
ders
span
of 72
hou
rs and
com
plete
1992
;6(2):1
04–1
08.
mg; Eclipta alba,
100
disch
arging
of crys
tals w
ithin 15
–30
mg; Myristica fragrans,
day
s. C
omplete disch
arge
occurred
in
10 m
g; Tinospora
greater than
80%
of the pa
tien
ts.
cordifolia,10
0 mg;
Tribulus terrestris,5
0mg; Withania somnifera,
50 m
g.Myristica fragrans
Aril of nutm
eg. Oral
Mice with
Declin
e in the
inc
iden
ce of carcinom
as
Hus
sain SP, R
ao A
R. C
hemop
reve
ntive
administration of 10 mg
induc
edwas highly sign
ifican
t co
mpared
to
action
of mace ( Myristica fragrans,
per m
ouse per day
for 7
carcinog
enesis
controls.
Hou
tt) on
methy
lcho
lanthren
e-day
s be
fore and
90 day
sin uterine
induced carcino
gene
sis in the
after carcinog
en threa
dcervix
uterine cervix in mice. C
ancer Le
ttinserted
1991
;56(3):231
–234
.
Myristica fragrans
Aril of nutm
eg. Animals
Mice
A significant declin
e of skin pa
pillo
ma
Jann
u LN, e
t al. Che
mop
reve
ntive
received
diet of 1%
inciden
ce com
pared
to co
ntrols
action
of mace ( Myristica fragrans,
mace
was obs
erve
d.
Hou
tt) on
DBMA-ind
uced pa
pillo-
mag
enesis in the skin of mice.
Can
cer Lett 19
91;56(1):59–
63.
Myristica fragrans
Aril of nutm
eg. 1%
or
Mice
A significant inc
rease in glutathione
Kumari MV, Rao
AR. Effect of
2% m
ace diet for 10
S-tran
sferase activity and
in acid
mace ( Myristica fragrans,
Hou
tt)
day
ssoluble su
lfhy
dryl grou
ps in the
liver
on cytosolic glutathione
S-
was noted
.tran
sferase activity and
acid soluble
sulfhy
dryl leve
l in m
ouse liver.
Can
cer Lett 19
89;15;46
(2):8
7–91
.Nardostachys
Each tablet con
tains 10
039
patients with
Preparation was eva
luated
for clin
ical
Ran
i PU
, Naidu UR. S
ubjective an
djatamansi
(D.
mg of alcoh
olic extract
insomnia
efficacy
and
safety in ins
omnia by
polyso
mno
grap
hic ev
aluation of a
Don
) DC.
of roo
t of Rauwolfia
subjective
and
polysom
nograp
hic
herbal prepa
ration
in insomnia.
VALERIA
NACEAE
serpentina, 10
0 mg of
metho
d. The
prepa
ration
produc
edPh
ytom
edicine 19
98;5(4):2
53–2
57.
Jataman
sirh
izom
e pow
der of
sign
ifican
t im
prov
emen
t in sleep
Musk roo
tNardostachys jatamansi
parameters. The
preparation did not
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
467
( continued)
and 100
mg aq
ueou
sproduc
e an
y feeling of han
gove
r or
extract of roo
t, stem
,day
tim
e sleeplessn
ess, 11 pa
tien
tsleaf of Tinospora
complained
of mild
epigastric distress
cordifolia
; 2 tab
lets at
after the test dru
g. It can be
con
cluded
bedtime for 21
day
sthe prepa
ration
had
goo
d hyp
notic
activity and
can
be us
ed in insomnia.
Nardostachys
Embelia ribes,
Sing
le-blin
dEach of thr
ee treatmen
t grou
ps w
ere
Paranjpe P. Eva
luation of
topical
jatamansi
Glycyrrhiza glabra,
rand
omized
administered different herba
lap
plic
ations of he
rbal formulations
Holarrhena
comparative
mixtures. Successful trea
tmen
ts in
in acn
e vu
lgaris: A single-blind
antidysenterica,
study: 49
grou
ps A
and
B prove
d effective
rand
omized
com
parative
study.
Nardostachys jatamansi,
adolescent
agains
t bo
th inflammatory (pim
ples)
JMed
Aromatic Plant Sci 199
7;19
:Phyllanthus emblica,
to you
ngan
d non
inflam
matory (black
head
s an
d41
4–41
8.Santalum
album
,ad
ults with
othe
r co
med
ones) lesion
s. The
Terminalia bellirica,
mild
to
trea
tmen
t prepa
ration
s’ m
echa
nism
sTerminalia chebula,
mod
erate
of action remain un
know
n.Zingiber officinale
facial acn
eNardostachys
Alcoh
olic extract of the
Male albino
The
se data indicate an
ove
rall
Prab
hu V
, et al. E
ffects of Nardostachys
jatamansi
roots of Nardostachys
Wistar rats
sign
ifican
t increase in the leve
ls of
jatamansi
on bioge
nic am
ines and
jatamansi
central mon
oamines and
inh
ibitory
inhibitory amino acids in the
rat
amino acids.
brain. Planta Med
1994;60(2):1
14–117.
Nardostachys
50% extract of Curcuma
Rats
The
extracts increased H
DL-/total
Dixit V
P, e
t al. Hyp
olipidae
mic
jatamansi
longaan
d Nardostachys
cholesterol ratio an
d also caus
ed a
effects of Curcuma LongaL and
jatamansi
(who
le plant)
sign
ifican
t decrease in the
ratio of
Nardostachys jatamansi, D
C in
total ch
olesterol/ph
ospho
lipid.
triton
-ind
uced
hyp
erlip
idae
mic
Curcuma longaex
hibited better
rats. Ind
ian JP
hysiol Pha
rmacol
cholesterol an
d triglyc
eride decreas-
1988
;32(4):299
–304
.ing activity tha
n Nardostachys
jatamansi.
Nardostachys
Essen
tial oils
of Mentha
Molds an
dThe
se oils
were fung
istatic or
Sarbho
y AK, et al. Efficacy of som
e jatamansi
arvensis, M
entha
fung
usfung
icidal to on
e or the
other m
olds,
essential oils and
the
ir con
stituen
ts
piperita, Anethum
sowa,
dep
ending on
the
con
centration
s.on
few
ubiqu
itous
molds
. Zen
tralbl
Cymbogopon winterianus,
Bak
teriol [Natur
wiss] 197
8;13
3(7–
8):
Nardostachys jatamansi,
723–
725.
and Commiphora mukul
Nardostachys
Active princ
iple of
Rab
bits, d
ogs,
Antiarrhy
thmic action of Nardostachys
Arora R
B, M
adan
BR. A
ntiarrhy
th-
jatamansi
Nardostachys jatamansi
cats, mice
jatamansi
and quinidine were
mics. Part III. Antiarrhy
thmic
inve
stigated
. Com
pared
on the electro-
activity of Nardostachys jatamansi
card
iogram
, Nardostachys jatamansi
(an Indian indigen
ous dr
ug).
caus
ed a decrease in the
prolong
ation
Ind J M
ed R
es 195
6;44
(2):2
59–2
69.
of refractory period and
a decreased
slow
ing of con
duction, a distinc
tad
vantag
e ov
er quinidine. Nardostachys
jatamansi
may
be us
eful in cases of
auricu
lar flutter.
468
Nelum
bo nucifera
Metha
nolic
extract of
Rats
The
extract produced a significant
Mukh
erjee PK
, et al. Antipyretic
Gaertn.
Nelum
bo nucifera
dose-dep
enden
t decrease of normal
activity of Nelum
bo nucifera
rhizom
e NELUMBONACEAE
rhizom
e. D
oses of 20
0,bo
dy temperatur
e an
d a yea
st-
extract. Indian
J Exp
Biol 19
96;34(3):
Kam
al30
0, or 40
0 mg/
kgprovo
ked inc
rease of bod
y27
5–27
6.Sa
cred
lotus
temperature. The
effect produc
ed w
ascomparab
le w
ith the an
tipy
retic dru
gparacetam
ol.
Nelum
bo nucifera
Metha
nolic
extract of
Rats an
dThe
extract w
as fou
nd to cause a
Mukh
erjee PK
, et al. Studies on
rhizom
es of Nelum
bomice
reduc
tion
in sp
ontane
ous activity, a
psych
opha
rmacolog
ical effects of
nucifera
decrease in exp
loratory beh
avioral
Nelum
bo nucifera
Gaertn. rhizo
me
patterns, a decrease in m
uscle relax
ant
extract. JE
thno
pharm 199
6;54
(2–3
):activity and
it sign
ifican
tly
63–6
7.poten
tiated
the
pen
toba
rbiton
einduc
ed sleep
ing time.
Nelum
bo nucifera
Metha
nolic
extract of
Rats
The
extract-treated
animals sh
owed
Mukh
erjee PK
, et al. Antidiarrho
eal
rhizom
es of Nelum
bosign
ifican
t inhibitory activity ag
ains
tev
alua
tion
of Nelum
bo nucifera
nucifera
castor oil induced diarrhe
a an
drhizom
e ex
tract. Indian
J Pha
rmacol
inhibited significantly PGE-2induced
1995
;27(4):262
–264
.en
teropoo
ling in rats. It also sho
wed
sign
ifican
t decreases in ga
strointestinal
motility after a cha
rcoa
l mea
l.Nelum
bo nucifera
Decoction
of Crataegus
Human
sThe
decoc
tion
produced a red
uction
La Cou
r B, e
t al. Traditiona
l Chine
se
cuneata, Nelum
boof triglyc
eride an
d cho
lesterol.
med
icine in treatmen
t of hyp
er-
nucifera
and
lipidae
mia. J Ethno
pharm 1995;
Gynostemma
46(2):1
25–1
29.
pentaphylla
Nelum
bo nucifera
Pow
dered
sun-dried
Normal
Study of gluco
se toleran
ce cur
ves sh
ows
Hur
alikuppi A
B, et al. Anti-diabe
tic
flow
ers (test dru
g) and
albino
that duration
of hy
perglyc
emia w
as
effect of Nelum
bo nucifera
(Gae
rtn):
aqueo
us an
d alco
holic
rabb
its
notably reduc
ed com
pared
with co
ntrols.
Part I prelim
inary stud
ies in rab
bits.
extracts of Nelum
boThe
extracts effects were co
mpa
rable
Phy
tother R
es 199
1;5(2):54–
58.
nucifera
to tha
t pr
oduc
ed by 25
0 mg/
kg of
tolbutamide. The
extracts sign
ifican
tly
dep
ressed
hyp
erglyc
emia ind
uced
by
adrena
line hy
droch
loride.
Nelum
bo nucifera
Air-dried
flowers of
Normal rats,
Lon
g-term
administration of extracts
Hur
alikuppi JC, et al. Antidiabe
tic
Nelum
bo nucifera
diabe
tic
did not produce sustaine
d fall of fasting
effect of Nelum
bo nucifera
(Gae
rtn)
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPH
ARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
469
( continued)
fine
ly pow
dered
,rabb
its
bloo
d suga
r leve
ls altho
ugh
daily
extract: Part II. P
hytother R
es 199
1;aq
ueo
us an
d alcoh
olic
doses cau
sed hyp
oglycemia as an
5:21
7–22
3.ex
tracts
acute effect. The
extracts sh
owed
acute and
chron
ic effects in su
ppress-
ing hy
perglycemia, bu
t were less
potent tha
n stan
dard dru
gs. T
heextract sign
ifican
tly im
prov
ed gluco
setoleranc
e.Nelum
bo nucifera
Nefereine
, alkaloid extracted
Cats
The
results ind
icate that neferine an
dLi GR, e
t al. Effects of ne
ferine
on
from
the
green
seed
quinidine ha
ve sim
ilar effects on
heart
heart electrom
echa
nical activity in
embryo
of Nelum
bo
electrom
echa
nical activity.
anae
sthe
tized cats [Chine
se].
nucifera. D
ose of 1–1
0 Chu
ng-K
uo Yao
Li Hsu
eh Pao
-mg/
kg IV
Acta Pha
rmacolog
ica Sinica 199
0;11
:158
–161
.Nyctanthes arbor-
Water soluble fraction
of
Mice
Oral ad
ministraton
of the ex
tract sh
owed
Pau
l BN, Sa
xena
AK. Dep
letion
of
tristisL.
the etha
nolic
extract of
a co
nsistent dep
letion
of tumor necrosis
tumor necrosis factor-alpha
in
OLEACEAE
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.
factor- a
(TNF-
a) from
the
host plasma.
mice by
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.
Parijata
Varying
doses of 1, 10,
The
extract also reduced plasma
J Ethno
pha
rm 199
7;56
(2):1
53–1
58.
Night ja
smine
50, a
nd 100
mg
interferon
- g lev
el but the plasm
a im
mun
oglobu
lin M
(IgM) an
d immuno
-glob
ulin G
(IgG) leve
ls w
ere no
t affected
. The
extract m
ay be effective
in clin
ical disorders in the
man
agem
ent
of TNF-
a.
Nyctanthes arbor-
50% ethan
olic extract of
Mice
Strong
stimulation
of an
tige
n sp
ecific
Pur
i A, et al. Im
muno
stim
ulant
tristis
seed
s, flowers an
dan
d non
specific immun
ity was noted
.activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
leav
es of Nyctanthes
Max
imum activity foun
d in seed
s in
L. J. Ethno
pha
rm 199
4;42
(1):
arbor-tristis.Oral do
sewhich
the
active princ
iple app
eared
31–3
7.of 25 mg/
kg per day
for
asso
ciated
with lip
ids. In flow
ers an
d7 day
sleav
es, the
major activity was fou
ndin the
aqu
eous fraction
of the 50
%etha
nol ex
tract.
Nyctanthes arbor-
Water-solub
le portion
of
Rats
The
extract exh
ibited
significant asp
irin-
Saxena
RS, et al. A
nalgesic, a
ntipyretic
tristis
an ethan
olic extract of
like an
tino
ciceptive
activity bu
t faile
d
and ulcerog
enic activity of
leav
es of Nyctanthes
to produce m
orph
ine-lik
e an
alge
sia.
Nyctanthes arbor-tristisleaf extract.
arbor-tristis
The
ex
tract was also foun
d to possess
JEthno
pharm 198
7;19
(2):1
93–2
00.
antipyretic activity an
d produ
ced gastric
ulcers.
Nyctanthes arbor-
Water-solub
le portion
of
Rats
The
extract inh
ibited
acu
te inflammatory
Saxe
na R
S, et al. S
tudy of anti-inflam
-tristis
an ethan
olic extract of
edem
a induced in the hind
paw and
matory activity in the leav
es of
the leav
es of Nyctanthes
sign
ifican
tly decreased
acu
te inflam-
Nyc
tanthe
s arbo
r tristis Linn.
arbor-tristis
. Ex
tract
matory sw
ellin
g on
the
kne
e joint.
—An Indian med
icinal plant. J
administered orally
in
Acu
te and
chron
ic pha
ses of ind
uced
Ethno
pharm 198
4;11
(3):3
19–3
30.
doses ran
ging
from 0.5
arthritis an
d the
inflammation produc
ed
to 8.0 g/kg
by immuno
logic metho
ds were also
sign
ifican
tly inhibited.
470
Ocimum
sanctum
L.
Aqu
eous
extract of the
Mice
The
extract administered with radio-
Gan
asou
ndari A, et al. Mod
ification
LABIATAE
leav
es of Ocimum
therap
y ga
ve a highe
r stem
cell
of bon
e marrow rad
iosens
itivity
Tulsi
sanctum
survival rate ( p
,0.05
) co
mpa
red to
by m
edicinal plant extracts. Br J
Holy ba
sil
WR-272
1 an
d rad
iotherap
y. W
hile
Rad
iol 19
97;70(83
4):599
–602
.W
R-272
1 ha
d a tox
ic effect, Ocimum
sanctum
trea
tmen
t sh
owed
no su
cheffect.
Ocimum
sanctum
Ocimum
sanctum
fixe
dInduc
edOcimum
sanctum
oil an
d linoleic acid
Sing
h S, M
ajumdar D
K. E
valuation
oil
paw
edem
awere found
to po
ssess sign
ifican
tof antiin
flam
matory activity of
antiinflam
matory activity.
fatty acids of Ocimum
sanctum
fixe
d oil. Ind
ian J Exp
Biol 19
97;
35(4):3
80–3
83.
Ocimum
sanctum
Ethan
olic extract of
Rats
Treatmen
t with the extract preve
nted
Sembu
linga
m K
, et al. Effect of
Ocimum
sanctum
chan
ges in the
plasm
a leve
l of
Ocimum
sanctum
Linn on
noise
corticosterone
ind
uced exp
osur
e to
induced cha
nges in plasma
both acu
te and
chr
onic noise stress.
tico
steron
e leve
l. Indian JP
hysiol
Pha
rmacol 199
7;41
(2):1
39–1
43.
Ocimum
sanctum
Eclipta alba, Ocimum
Hyp
ergly-
The
formulation
had
little effect on
Bha
ttacha
rya SK
, et al. Effect of
sanctum, Picrorhiza
cemic rats
bloo
d sug
ar con
centration
s bu
t doses
Trasina
, an
Ayu
rved
ic herba
l kurrooa, Tinospora
induc
ed a dose-related decrease in
form
ulation
on pan
crea
tic islet
cordifolia, Withania
streptozo
tocin (STZ) hy
perglyc
emia
supe
roxide dismutase activity in
somnifera.D
oses: 1
00,
and atten
uation
of ST
Z ind
uced a
hyperglyc
aemic rats. Ind
ian JE
xp
200 mg/
kg PO
1 3decrease in islet sup
erox
ide dismutase
Biol 19
97;35(3):297
–299
.day
for 28 day
sactivity in eu
glyc
emic rats.
Ocimum
sanctum
Lea
f ex
tract of Ocimum
Mice
Ocimum
sanctum
extract sign
ifican
tly
Gan
asou
ndari A, et al. Protection
sanctum
reduc
ed the
gen
eration of hyd
roxy
lag
ainst radiation
-ind
uced chr
omo-
radical.
some dam
age in m
ouse bon
e marrow by Ocimum
sanctum
. Mutat
Res 199
7;37
3(2):271
–276
.Ocimum
sanctum
Ocimum
sanctum
leaf
Diabe
tic rats
Obs
erva
tion
s indicate a sign
ifican
tRai V
, et al. Effect of T
ulasi ( Ocimum
pow
der
hypo
glyc
emic and
hyp
olipidem
icsanctum) leaf pow
der supp
lemen
ta-
effect on diabe
tic rats.
tion
on bloo
d sug
ar lev
els, serum
lip
ids an
d tissu
e in diabe
tic rats.
Plant Foo
ds Hum
Nutr 19
97;50(1):
9–16
.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
471
Ocimum
sanctum
Fixe
d oil of Ocimum
Induc
ed paw
Oil of Ocimum
sanctum
was fou
nd to
Sing
h S, et al. Ev
aluation of anti-
sanctum
edem
a in rats
possess significant anti-inflam
matory
inflam
matory poten
tial of fixe
d oil
activity aga
inst carrage
enan
- an
d other
of Ocimum
sanctum
(Holy ba
sil)
med
iator-induced paw
edem
a in rats.
and its pos
sible mecha
nism
of
action
. J Ethno
pha
rm 199
6;54
(1):
19–2
6.Ocimum
sanctum
Extract of Ocimum
Con
trolled
Results indicated
a significant decrease
Agraw
al P, e
t al. Ran
domized
sanctum
sing
le blin
din fasting
pos
tprand
ial bloo
d gluco
se
placebo
-con
trolled, s
ingle blind
trial: hu
man
sleve
ls dur
ing trea
tmen
t with ho
ly basil
trial of holy ba
sil leav
es in patients
leav
es com
pared
to trea
tmen
t with
with no
nins
ulin
-dep
enden
t Diabetes
placebo
leave
s.mellitus. Int JC
lin Ph
armacol The
r 19
96;34(9):406
–409
.Ocimum
sanctum
Alcoh
olic extract of Ocimum
Mice
The
extract significantly inc
reased
Ban
erjee S, et al. M
odulatory
sanctum
leav
es. 40
0 an
d
cytoch
rome P45
0 an
d glutathione
influen
ce of alco
holic
extract of
800 mg/
kg bod
y weigh
t S-tran
sferase leve
ls tha
t are
Ocimum leave
s on
carcino
gen-
for 15 day
sim
portant in the detox
ification of
metab
olizing en
zyme activities and
carcinog
ens as w
ell as m
utag
ens.
reduc
ed glutathione
lev
els in m
ouse.
Nutr C
ancer 19
96;25(2):205
–217
.Ocimum
sanctum
Water and
aqu
eous
Albino mice
The
water extract w
as m
ore radio-
Dev
i PU, G
anasou
ndari A. R
adio-
etha
nolic
extract of
protective than
the
aqu
eous
protective effect of leaf extract on
Ocimum
sanctum
etha
nolic
extract and
less toxic.
Indian med
icinal plant Ocimum
sanctum. Indian J Exp
Biol 19
95;
33(3):2
05–2
08.
Ocimum
sanctum
Fresh leav
es of Ocimum
Albino rats
Sign
ifican
t redu
ction in serum
total
Sarkar A
, et al. Cha
nges in the bloo
d
sanctum
mixed
as 1 g
cholesterol, triglyceride
s, pho
spho
-lip
id profile after administration of
and 2 g in 10
0 g
lipid and
LDL, a
nd significantly
Ocimum sanctum
(Tulsi) leav
es in the
of diet for 4 weeks
increa
sed H
DL and
total fecal
norm
al albino rabb
its. Ind
ian J Ph
ysiol
sterol con
tents was obs
erve
d.
Pha
rmacol 199
4;38
(4):3
11–3
12.
Ocimum
sanctum
Ethan
olic extract of Ocimum
Mice with indu
ced
Sign
ifican
t redu
ction in tumor inc
iden
ce,
Prasha
r R, et al. Che
mop
reve
ntive
sanctum
leav
es. Top
ical
skin pap
illom
aav
erag
e nu
mbe
r of tumors/
tumor-
action
by an
extract from Ocimum
administration
gene
sis
bearing mice an
d cumulative nu
mbe
r sanctum
on m
ouse skin pap
illom
a-of pap
illom
as w
as observe
d.
gene
sis an
d its
enh
ancemen
t of skin
glutathion
e S-tans
ferase activity
and
acid solub
le sulfyd
ryl leve
l. Anti-
canc
er D
rugs
199
4;5(5):567
–572
.Ocimum
sanctum
Alcoh
olic extract of Ocimum
Diabe
tic rats
Marke
d lowering of blood
suga
r leve
l in
Cha
ttop
adhy
ay R
R. Hyp
oglycemic
sanctum
leav
es admin-
norm
al, gluco
se fed
hyp
erglyc
emic and
effect of Ocimum
sanctum
leaf
istered orally
streptozo
tocin induced diab
etic rats was
extract in normal and
strep
to-
noted. T
he extract poten
tiated
action of
zotocin diabe
tic rats. Indian
exog
enou
s insu
lin in no
rmal rats.
JExp
Biol 19
93;31(11
):891
–893
.Ocimum
sanctum
Extract of Ocimum
Rats
The
extract red
uced ulcer index
, free an
d
Man
dal S, et al. Ocimum
sanctum
sanctum
total acidity on
sho
rt-term and
lon
g-Linn—
A study on
gastric ulceration
term
administration.
and gastric secretion
in rats. Ind
JPhy
siol Pha
rmacol 199
3;37
(1):
91–9
2.
( continued)
472
Ocimum
sanctum
Alternanthera sessilis,
Mice an
d rats
Cum
inum
cyminum
seed
s, Ocimum
Aru
na K
, Sivaram
akrish
nan VM.
Cum
inum
cyminum
,sanctum
leav
es, an
d Papaver
Anticarcino
genic effects of som
e Curcuma longa, Ferula
somnifera
seed
s sign
ifican
tly
Indian plan
t produc
ts. Fo
od C
hem
asafoetida, Moringa
inhibited neo
plasia alon
e. The
seTox
ic 199
2;30
(11):953
–956
.oleifera, O
cimum
plan
ts m
ay prove
to be
valuab
lesanctum, Papaver
anticarcinog
ens.
somnifera, Piper
longum
, Sylanum
nigrum
Ocimum
sanctum
Ethan
ol extract of the
Mice an
d rats
Ocimum
sanctum
extract was screene
d
Sakina
MR, e
t al. Pr
elim
inary
leav
es of Ocimum
for its effect on the central ne
rvou
s ps
ycho
pha
rmacolog
ical eva
luation
sanctum
system
. Halop
eridol and
sulpride, D
2 of Ocimum
sanctum
leaf ex
tract.
receptor an
tago
nists whe
n give
n JE
thno
pharm 199
0;28
:143
–150
.with Ocimum
extract fully
block
ed
the effect of the latter sugg
esting
a po
ssible D
2 receptor mecha
nism
for Ocimum
extract.
Ocimum
sanctum
Metha
nol ex
tract an
d an
Albino rats
The
results of the
study
sugg
est a
God
hwan
i S, et al. Ocimum
sanctum
—aq
ueo
us su
spen
sion
of
immuno
stim
ulant cap
ability for
A prelim
inary stud
y ev
aluating its
Ocimum
sanctum
leav
esOcimum
sanctum
that m
ay be
immuno
regu
latory profile in
contribu
tory in ex
plaining
the
albino
rats. JEthn
opha
rmad
aptoge
nic action
of the plan
t.19
88;24:19
3–19
8.Ocimum
sanctum
Metha
nol an
d aqu
eous
Rats an
d m
ice
Both ex
tracts inh
ibited
acu
te as well
God
hwan
i S, et al. Ocimum
sanctum
:su
spen
sion
of Ocimum
as chr
onic inflammation in rats. The
An ex
perim
ental study ev
alua
ting
sanctum
anti-inflammatory resp
onse of 50
0its an
ti-inflammatory, ana
lgesic
mg/
kg of metha
nol ex
tract an
dan
d antipyretic activity in animals.
aque
ous su
spen
sion
was com
parab
leJE
thno
pharm 198
7;21
:153
–163
.to the
respon
se observe
d w
ith 30
0mg/
kg of so
dium salicylate.
Oryza sativaL.
Oryza sativa-water,
Rat m
odel of
All so
lution
s either decreased
cho
lera
Rolston
DD, et al. Fo
od-based
GRAMIN
EAE
Eleusine coracana
-secretory
toxin-induc
ed net w
ater secretion
solution
s are a viab
le alterna
tive
Sa
liwater, Maranta
diarrh
ea( Maranta arundinacea) or rev
ersed it
to gluco
se-electrolyte solutions
for
Sali
arundinacea, Cocos
to net absorption
. Eleusine coracana
oral hyd
ration
in acute diarrho
ea—
mucifera-w
ater, W
HO-
water produc
ed m
axim
um net w
ater
Stud
ies in a rat m
odel of secretory
oral reh
ydration
abso
rption
significantly greater tha
ndiarrho
ea. Trans
R Soc
Trop M
edso
lution
(ORS)
the W
HO-O
RS.
Hyg
iene
199
0;84
(1):1
56–1
59.
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
473
Oryza sativa
Water extract of Oryza
Mice
The
extract significantly red
uced the
Hikino H, et al. Isolation an
d hyp
o-sativa
bran
, IP
plasma su
gar leve
l. Fraction
ation an
dglyc
emic activity of oryza
bran
s A,
administration
mon
itoring the activity of furn
ishe
dB, C, an
d D
, glyc
ans of Oryza sativa
4 glyc
ans, oryza
-brans
A, B
, C, an
d D
bran
. Plan
ta M
ed 198
8;54
:1–3
.resu
lted
. The
se polysacch
arides
exerted marke
d hyp
oglycemic effects
in normal and
ind
uced hy
perglyc
emic
mice.
Oryza sativa
Rice pow
der
Con
trolled
Rice po
wder oral rehy
dration
solution
Moh
an M
, et al. Rice pow
der
ORS co
mpa
red to
rand
omized
is safe, effective
, and
an acceptable
oral reh
ydration
solution
as an
stan
dard gluco
se-
trial; 50
male
altern
ative to stand
ard W
HO gluco
se-
altern
ative to gluco
se electrolyte
electrolyte
child
ren
electrolyte so
lution
for the
treatmen
tso
lution
. Indian JM
ed R
es 198
8;of acu
te diarrhe
a in infan
ts and
87:234
–239
.ch
ildren.
Paederia foetidaL.
Butano
l fraction
of a
Rats
The
extract produ
ced a significant
De S, et al. Inv
estiga
tion
of the an
ti-
RUBIACEAE
metha
nol ex
tract of the
inhibition
of gran
ulation
tissu
e for-
inflam
matory effects of Paederia
Prada
rini
defatted lea
ves of
mation in cotton-pe
llet im
plan
ted rats,
foetida. J Ethno
pha
rm 199
4;43
(1):
Chine
se flower
Paederia foetida, 100
and inh
ibited
the
eleva
tion
of seru
m31
–38.
plant
and 20
0 mg/
kg IP
orosom
ucold lev
els. R
esults indicate a
injection daily for 7 day
sration
al for the
use of the ex
tract to
trea
t inflam
matory disorders.
Paederia foetida
Water soluble fraction
Rats an
d m
ice
Anti-inflam
matory activity obs
erve
dSing
h S, et al. Anti-inflam
matory
of Paederia foetida
in ind
uced
edem
a in rats an
d m
ice,
activity of Paederia foetida.
also in long
-term m
odels of adjuva
ntFitoterapia 199
4;64
(4):3
57–3
62.
and formaldeh
yde arthritis.
Paederia foetida
Dried
unripe fruit pow
der
Ran
dom
ized
Treatmen
t with all these plan
ts did not
Haide
r R, et al. Eva
luation of ind
ige-
of Aegle marmelos; dried
dou
ble-blind
show
any
clin
ical improve
men
t or
nous plants in the
treatmen
t of
pow
der plant of
clinical trial:
bacteriological cu
re as compared
to
acute sh
igellosis. Trop Geo
gr M
ed
Hydrocotyle asiatica;
82 m
en w
ith
ampicillin.
1991
;43(3):266
–270
.dried
pow
der of
shigellosis
Paederia foetida.
Peucedanum
Peucedanum graveolensan
dHum
an con
sump-
Loc
ally grown food
was studied for
Desai S, et al. Com
pen
dium of
graveolens
(L.)
Chenopodium
album
astion
its
b-caroten
e co
nten
t to preve
ntdietary sou
rces of vitamin A
in the
C.B. Clarke
a food
sou
rce
nutritiona
l blindne
ss. W
omen
of west
Tha
r desert. Indian JO
phtha
lmol
UMBELLIFERAE
Rajasthan
were interviewed
to
1992
;40(4):106
–108
.Misroya
,determine co
mmon
dietary items. O
fSa
tapu
shpi
food
s selected
, on
ly Peucedanum
Indian dill
graveolens
and Chenopodium
album
at 100
g provided
RDA for a 1–3
-ye
ar-old-child.
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Asparagus racemosus,
Mice
All plan
ts significantly inh
ibited
the
Dhu
ley JN
. Effect of som
e Indian
Roy
le ex. Ben
th.
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
carcinog
en och
ratoxin-indu
ced
herbs on
macroph
age func
tion
s SC
ROPH
ULA
RIA
CEA
ETinospora cordifolia,
supp
ression of che
motactic activity
in och
ratoxin A treated
mice. J
Katula, K
atki,
Withania somnifera
and the
produc
tion
of interleu
kin-1
Ethno
pha
rm 199
7;58
:15–
20.
Kuru
and TNF-
aby
macroph
ages.
( continued)
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Eclipta alba, Ocimum
Hyp
erglye
mic
Herba
l form
ulation
had
little effect on
Bha
ttacha
rya SK
, et al. Effect of
sanctum, Picrorhiza
rats
bloo
d suga
r co
ncen
trations
but dos
esTrasina
, an Ayu
rved
ic herba
l kurrooa, Tinospora
induced a dose-related decrease in
form
ulation
on pa
ncreatic islet
cordifolia, W
ithania
STZ hyp
erglyc
emia, an
d atten
uation
superox
ide dismutase activity in
somnifera.Doses: 100,
of STZ ind
uced a decrease in islet
hyperglyc
aemic rats. Ind
ian JE
xp
200 mg/
kg PO
1 3su
peroxide dismutase activity in
Biol 19
97;35(3):297
–299
.per day
for 28 day
seu
glyc
aemic rats.
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picroliv
(12
mg/
kg, P
O)
Rats
After exp
osur
e to alcoh
ol, Picroliv
Rastogi R
, et al. Picroliv
protects
an iridoid glyco
side
reduced the
deg
ree of cha
nge in m
ost
agains
t alco
hol-induced chron
ic
fraction
of Picrorrhiza
of the
param
eters induced by alco
hol.
hepatotox
icity in rats. Planta Med
kurrooa
1996
;62(3):283
–285
.Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picroside 1 an
d 2.
Ran
dom
ized
The
present study ha
s sh
own a
Vaidya
AB, e
t al. Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picrorhiza kurrooaroot
dou
ble-blind
biolog
ical plausibility of efficacy of
(Kutaki) Roy
le ex Ben
th as a
pow
der 375
mg 3 3
placebo
-Picrorhiza kurrooaas supp
orted by
hepatop
rotective ag
ent—
per day
was given
for
controlle
dclinical trial in viral he
patitis,
Exp
erim
ental &
clinical studies. J
2 weeks
(n
515
) or a
trial: patients
hepatop
rotection in animal m
odel,
Postgrad
Med
199
6;42
(4):1
05–108
.match
ing placebo
with acute
and an ap
proach for stan
dardizing
( n5
18)
viral he
patitis
extracts based
on picroside
con
tent.
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Azadirachta indica,
Mice with
Infected
mice were pr
ophy
lactically
Sohn
i YR, e
t al. Proph
ylactic therap
y Boerhavia diffusa,
septicemia
administered pos
tinfective
, pr
einfective
,of Salmonella typhi
septicem
ia in
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
from
Salmonella
sing
le and
multiple doses of ex
tract
mice with a trad
itiona
lly prescribe
d
Terminalia chebula,
typhi
and had
a significant the
rape
utic
crude dru
g form
ulation. JEthno
-Tinospora cordifolia,
effect in reducing
sep
ticemia.
pharm 199
5;45
:141
–147
.Trichosanthes dioica,
Zingiber officinale.
Extracted
in 80
%aq
ueo
us alco
hol etha
nol.
1% stock
solution
used
to prepare dilu
tion
s.Oral or sub
cutane
ous
administration.
Picrorhiza kurrooa
50% ethan
olic extract
Exp
erim
ental
The
extract w
as fou
nd to stim
ulate
Sharma ML, et al. Immuno
stim
ulatory
Picrorhiza kurrooa
anim
als
cell-med
iated and
hum
oral
activity of Picrorhiza kurrooaleaf
doses ran
ged from 25–
compo
nents of the
immune
system as
extract. J Ethno
pharm 199
4;41
(3):
200 mg/
kgwell as pha
gocy
tosis.
185–
192.
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picroliv. Iridoid glyco
side
Rats
Picroliv
can
rev
erse D-galactosamine- or
Dwived
i Y, et al. Perfusion
with
fraction
of Picrorhiza
thioacetam
ide-induced he
patic dam
age.
picroliv rev
erses bioc
hemical
kurrooa
chan
ges induced in liv
ers of rats
474
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
toxicated w
ith ga
lactos
amine
or thioc
etam
ide. Planta Med
199
3;59
(5):4
18–4
20.
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picroliv
. Irido
id glyco
side
Rats
Picroliv w
as given
to aflatoxin B1 toxicated
Dwived
i Y, e
t al. Picroliv
protects
fraction
of Picrorhiza
rats, the
majority of the
bioch
emical
against aflatoxin B1
acu
tehe
patotox-
kurrooa25
mg/
kg for 7
and histological ch
ange
s were sign
ifican
tly
icity in rats. Pha
rmacol R
es
day
sprotected
. 19
93;27(2):189
–199
.Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picroliv
. Irido
id glyco
side
Mice
Picroliv significantly inc
reased
immuno
-Pu
ri A
, et al. Im
mun
ostimulan
t fraction
of Picrorhiza
stim
ulant activity.
activity of Picroliv
, the
iridoid
kurrooa 10
mg/
kg
glyc
oside fraction
of Picrorhiza
for 7 da
yskurrooa, and
its protective action
ag
ains
t Leish
man
ia don
ovan
i infection in ham
sters. Planta Med
1992
;58(6):528
–532
.Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picroliv
. Irido
id glyco
side
Rats
Sign
ifican
tly pr
even
ted bioch
emical
Dwided
i Y, e
t al. Picroliv and
its
fraction
of Picrorhiza
chan
ges in liver and
serum of
compon
ents kutkoside an
dkurrooa12
mg/
kg for
galactos
amine-toxicated rats.
picroside I protect liver aga
inst
7 day
sga
lactos
amine-induced da
mag
ein rats. Pha
rmacol Tox
icol
1992
;71(5):383
–387
.Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picroliv
. Irido
id glyco
side
Rats
Pretreatmen
t with picroliv preve
nted
the
Ans
ari RA, et al. Antihep
atotox
ic
fraction
of Picrorhiza
hepatotox
ic effect of paracetam
ol and
properties of picroliv
and
active
kurrooa6–
12 m
g/kg
galactos
amine as eviden
ced by va
riou
s fraction
from rhizo
mes of Picrorhiza
bioc
hemical and
histopatho
logic
kurrooa. JEthno
pha
rm 199
1;34
:ob
servations.
61–6
8.Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picroliv
. Irido
id glyco
side
Rats
Whe
n picroliv w
as administered w
ith
Dwived
i Y, e
t al. Picroliv
protects
fraction
of Picrorhiza
mon
ocrotalin
e, alterations
in most of
agains
t mon
ocrotalin
e-induced
kurrooa25
mg/
kgthe bioc
hemical param
eters alon
ghe
patic dam
age in rats. Pha
rmacol
with histop
atho
logic ch
ange
s in
Res 199
1;23
(4):3
99–4
07.
liver cau
sed by mon
ocrotolin
e were
preve
nted
.Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picroliv
. Irido
id glyco
side
Rats an
d guine
a Picroliv sho
wed
a dose-dep
enden
tSh
ukla S, et al. C
holeretic effect of
fraction
of Picrorhiza
pigs
choleretic effect an
d possessed
aprico
liv, the
princ
iple of he
pato-
kurrooa1.5–12
mg/
kgmarke
d anticho
lestatic effect ag
ains
tprotective Picrorhiza kurrooa.
paracetam
ol- an
d ethyn
ylestrad
iol-
Planta Med
199
1;57
(1):2
9–33
.induc
ed cho
lestasis. Picroliv
was
found
to be
more po
tent tha
nsilymarin.
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picroliv
. Irido
id glyco
side
Rats
Picroliv preve
nted
most of the
Dwived
i Y, e
t al. Picroliv
affords
fraction
of Picrorhiza
bioc
hemical cha
nges ind
uced
by
protection ag
ains
t thioacetam
ide-
kurrooa12
.5–1
2 mg/
kgthiocetamide in liver and
serum.
induc
ed hep
atic dam
age in rats.
Picroliv
was fou
nd to be
com
parab
lePlanta Med
199
1;57
(1):2
5–28
.to sily
marin.
475
( continued)
Picrorhiza kurrooa
A decoc
tion
of the
14 cases of
All pa
tien
ts w
ere give
n the decoction
Sati R
B, Sha
rma RK. Man
agem
ent of
follo
wing he
rbs:
cong
estive
and Urgenic indica. Patients with
cong
estive
cardiac failure w
ith
Azadirachta indica,
heart failu
reisch
emic heart disease,
certain Ayu
rved
ic dru
gs.
Boerhaavia diffusa,
card
iomyo
pathy
and
cor pulmon
ale
Aryav
aidya
n 19
90;4(2):1
23–1
26.
Cedrus deodara,
were give
n pow
der of Inula
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
racemosa,
while patients with
Terminalia chebula,
rheu
matic heart disease w
ere give
nTinospora cordifolia,
Commiphora mukul. After 2 w
eeks
Trichosantes lobata;
of treatmen
t, all 10
patients were cu
red
Inula racemosa2 g, 8
completely, 2 had
bradyc
ardia, a
ndho
urly; Commiphora
2 were refractory.
mukul,1
/2 g 8 ho
urly;
Urgenic indica10
0 mg,
8 ho
urly
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Picrolex
Hum
an trial:
Vitiligo
cau
ses pigmen
tary disfigu
re-
Bed
i KL, e
t al. Picrorhiza kurrooa, an
30 patients,
men
t of the
skin due to defective
Ayu
rved
ic herb, m
ay poten
tiate
ages 6–4
2func
tion
ing of m
elan
ocytes. A
ll patients
pho
toch
emothe
rapy in vitiligo
. J
resp
onded
to treatm
ent with picrolex
Ethno
pharm 198
9;27
(3):3
47–3
52.
except 3.
Picrorhiza kurrooa
Pow
dered
tub
erou
s root
Prelm
inary
Picrorhiza kurrooain bronc
hial asthm
a Rajaram
D. A
prelim
inary clinical
of Picrorhiza kurrooa
clinical trial:
show
ed tha
t of 36 pa
tien
ts, 1
9 patients
trial of Picrorhiza kurrooain
75 m
g 2 3
per day
36 patients
had goo
d relief, 9 sh
owed
satisfactory
bron
chial asthma. Bom
bay Hosp
relie
f, an
d 8 had
no relie
f.J1
976;18
(2):6
6–69
.Piper longum
L.
Pippali Rasay
ana an
Con
trolled
Com
plete disap
pearan
ce of Giardia lamblia
Aga
rwal A
K, e
t al. Man
agem
ent of
PIPERACEAE
Ayu
rved
ic dru
gclinical trial:
from
stools in 23/
25 patients resu
lted
. giardiasis by
a herba
l dru
g ‘Pippali
Pipali
prep
ared
from Butea
25 patients
Symptom
s of ill he
alth, a
bdom
inal
Rasay
ana’: A clin
ical study. J
Lon
g pe
ppe
rmonospermastem
s an
dwith giardiasis;
disco
mfort, pr
esen
ce of muc
us, pu
s cells
, Ethno
pharm 199
7;56
(3):2
33–2
36.
leav
es and
Piper longum
25 con
trols
and red
blood
cells w
as significantly
dried
fruits. A
dministered
reduced. Sp
ontane
ous reco
very in 20
%
at 1 g orally
33
per day
of the
cases w
as recorded
in placebo
for 15
day
sco
ntrol
Piper longum
Fruits of Piper longum,
Rat
The
ethan
olic extract and
piperine
Gho
shal S, e
t al. Antiamoe
bic activity
etha
nol ex
tract an
dcu
red 90%
and
40%
of rats w
ith
of Piper longum
fruits aga
inst
piperine, a pure
caecal amoe
biasis, resp
ective
ly.
Entam
oeba
histolytica in vitro an
d
compou
nd from the
vivo
. J Ethno
pha
rm 199
6;50
(3):
plan
t16
7–17
0.
476
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Piper longum
Rats fed for 8 w
eeks
the
Rat
Com
mon
spices or their active
princ
iples
Platel K
, Srinivasan
K. Influen
ce of
follo
wing plants:
were ex
amined
for the
ir pos
sible
dietary spices or the
ir active
Brassica species,
influen
ce on the digestive
enz
ymes of
princ
iples on
digestive
enz
ymes of
Capsicum annum
,intestinal m
uco
sa. Dietary curcumin,
small intestinal m
ucosa in rats.
Cum
inum
cyminum
,caps
aicin, piperine, and
ginge
r prominen
tly
Int J Fo
od Sci N
utr 19
95;47(1):55–59.
Curcuma longa, Ferula
enha
nced
intestina
l lip
ase activity and
foetida, Piper longum,
also the
disacch
aridases sucrase an
d
Piper nigrum,
maltase. D
ietary cum
in, fenu
greek,
Trigonella foenum-
mustard and
asafoetida brou
ght ab
out
graecum, Zingiber
decreases in the leve
ls of pho
spha
tases
officinale
and suc
rase. The
pos
itive influen
ces of
a go
od num
ber of spices on these term
inal
enzy
mes of the digestive
process cou
ld
be an ad
ditiona
l featur
e of species that
are ge
nerally
well recogn
ized
to
stim
ulate digestion
.
Piper longum
Pippali Rasay
ana
Two grou
ps
Mice infected
with Giardia lamblia
Aga
rwal A
K, e
t al. Man
agem
ent of
prep
ared
from Butea
of m
ice with
trop
hozo
ites produc
ed up to 98
%giardiasis by an
immun
omod
ulatory
monospermastem
s an
da co
ntrol
reco
very from the
infection
.he
rbal dru
g Pippa
li rasaya
na.
leav
es and
Piper longum
JEthno
pha
rm 199
4;44
(3):1
43–1
46.
dried
fru
its ad
ministered
orally
Piper longum
Piperine, an active
Mice
The
princ
iple exerted
significant protec-
Kou
l IB, K
apil A. E
valuation of the
alka
loidal con
stituen
t of
tion
aga
inst ind
uced
hep
atox
icity
liver protective of piperine, an
the ex
tract from
Piper
by decreasing bo
th in vitroan
d in
active
princ
iple of black an
d lon
g longum
and Piper
vivo
lipid perox
idation, decreasing
pep
pers. Planta Med
199
3;59
(5):
nigrum
enzy
matic lea
kage
, an
d by preve
nting
413–
417.
dep
letion
of GSH
and
total thiols.
Piper longum
Alternanthera sessilis,
Mice an
d rats
Cum
inum
cyminum
seed
s, Ocimum
sanctum
Aru
na K
, Siva
ramak
rish
nan VM.
Cum
inum
cyminum
,leav
es, a
nd Papaver somnifera
seed
s Anticarcino
genic effects of som
e Curcuma longa, Ferula
sign
ifican
tly inhibited neo
plasia
Indian plant products. Foo
d C
hem
asafoetida, M
oringa
alon
e. The
se plants may
prove
to
Tox
ic 199
2;30
(11):953
–956
.oleifera, Ocimum
be valuab
le anticarcino
gens
.sanctum, Papaver
somnifera, Piper
longum
, Sylanum
nigrum
Piper longum
Mixture of Glycyrrhiza
Rats
Duo
den
al ulcerated
rats trea
ted w
ith the
Nad
ar TS, Pillai M
M. Effect of
glabra, Terminalia
mixture recov
ered
faster with co
ncom
itan
t Ayu
rved
ic m
edicines on be
ta-
chebula, Piper longum
increa
se in
b-glucu
ronidase activity in the
glucu
ronidase activity of Bru
nner’s
Bru
nner’s gland
.glan
ds during
recov
ery from
cy
stea
mine induced duod
enal
ulcers in rats. Ind
ian JE
xp Biol
1989
;27(11
):959
–962
.
477
( continued)
Piper longum
Spice princ
iples: cap
saicin,
Rats
The
se plants ge
nerally
stimulated
liver
Samba
iah K, S
riniva
san K. Influen
ce
curcum
in, pipe
rine
. Plants:
microso
mal cytoc
hrom
e P4
50-dep
enden
t of spices and
pice princ
iples on
Brassica, Cinnamomum
aryl hyd
roxy
lase. Cum
inum
cyminum
, he
patic m
ixed
func
tion
oxy
gena
se
zeylanicum
, Cum
inum
Zingiber officinale,an
d Trigonella foenum-
system
in rats. Ind
ian JB
ioch
em
cyminum
, Ferula foetida,
graecum
also stimulated
the
lev
els of
Bioph
ys 198
9;26
(4):2
54–2
58.
Tamarindus indica,
cytoch
rome P45
0 an
d b5, Cum
inum
Trigonella foenum-graecum
,cyminum
and Tamarindus indica
Zingiber officinale
stim
ulated N
-dem
ethy
lase activity.
Piper longum
Eithe
r sing
le oral dose
Crossov
er trial:
Results obtaine
d rev
ealed tha
t a sing
leBan
o G, et al. Effect of piperine on
(300
mg) of phe
nytoin
5 he
althy
daily dose of piperine for 7 day
spha
rmok
inetics of phe
nytoin in
alon
e or in co
mbina
tion
vo
lunteers
sign
ifican
tly reduced the
absorption
healthy vo
lunteers. P
lanta Med
with multiple dos
es of
half-life, prolong
ed the
elim
ination
1987;53:56
8–56
9.piperine
half-life, and
produc
ed a significantly
high
er area und
er the
dru
g conc
en-
tration cu
rve of phe
nytoin in co
mpa
r-ison
to phe
nytoin alone
.Piper longum
Piper longum, Piper nigrum,
Rats
Piperine increased the
blood
lev
els of
Atal CK, e
t al. Scientific eviden
ce on
and Zingiber officinale
vasicine
by ne
arly 233
%. Und
er the
the role of Ayu
rved
ic herba
ls on
influen
ce of piperine, the
active
bioa
vaila
bility of dru
gs. J
princ
iple of Pipersp
ecies, sparteine
Ethno
pharm 198
1;4(2):229
–232
.bloo
d lev
els increa
sed more than
100%
.Piper nigrum
L.
Rats were fed the
following
Rats
Com
mon
spices or their active
Platel K
, Sriniva
san K. Influen
ce of
PIPERACEAE
plan
ts for 8 w
eeks
:princ
iples were ex
amined
for the
irdietary spices or the
ir active
Maricha
Brassicasp
ecies,
possible influe
nce on
the
digestive
princ
iples on
digestive
enz
ymes of
Black pep
per
Capsicum annum
,en
zymes of intestinal m
uco
sa. D
ietary
small intestinal m
ucosa in rats. Int
Cum
inum
cyminum
,cu
rcumin, capsaicin, p
iperine an
dJ Fo
od Sci N
utr 199
5;47
(1):5
5–59
.Curcuma longa, Ferula
Zingiber officinaleprom
inen
tly
foetida, Piper longum,
enha
nced
intestina
l lip
ase activity and
Piper nigrum,
also the
disacch
aridases sucrase an
dTrigonella foenum-
maltase. D
ietary Cum
inum
cyminum
,graecum, Zingiber
Trigonella foenum-graecum
, Brassica
officinale
species, and
Ferula foetidabrou
ght
abou
t decreases in the leve
ls of
478
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
pho
spha
tases an
d su
crase. T
hepositive influe
nces of a go
od numbe
rof spices on term
inal enz
ymes of the
digestive
process cou
ld be an
additiona
l feature of sp
ecies that are
gene
rally
well reco
gnized
to stim
ulate
digestion
.Piper nigrum
Piperine, an active
Mice
The
princ
iple exe
rted
significant
Kou
l IB, K
apil A. E
valuation of the
alka
loidal con
stituen
t of
protection ag
ains
t indu
ced hep
atox
icity
liver protective of piperine, an
the extract from
Piper
by decreasing bo
th in vitroan
d in
active
princ
iple of black an
d lon
g longum
and Piper
vivo
lipid perox
idation, decreasing
pep
pers. Planta Med
199
3;59
(5):
nigrum
enzy
matic leaka
ge, an
d by preve
nting
413–
417.
dep
letion
of GSH
and
total thiols.
Piper nigrum
Piperine, safrol, an
d tan
nic
Mice
Safrol and
tan
nic acid w
ere weak
Wrba H, e
t al. Carcino
genicity
acid con
stituen
ts of Piper
carcinog
ens co
mpared
with methy
l-testing of som
e co
nstituen
ts of
nigrum
cholan
threne
tha
t was used as a
black pep
per (Piper nigrum). Exp
carcinog
enic con
trol substanc
e. Force
Tox
icol Patho
l 19
92;44(2):61–
65.
feed
ing of d-lim
onen
e (a pep
per
terp
enoid) reduced the
ir carcino
genic
activity, w
hile force feeding of
piperine (a black pep
per alkaloid) was
ineffective.
Piper nigrum
Piperine, a m
ajor
Rats
The
alkaloid poten
tiated
pen
toba
rbiton
e Mujumdar A
M, e
t al. Effect of
alka
loid iso
lated
sleeping time, w
ith pea
k effects at 30
piperine on
pen
toba
rbiton
e from
Piper nigrum
minutes. Blood
and
brain lev
els were
induced hyp
nosis in rats. Ind
ian
high
er in piperine trea
ted animals.
JExp
Biol 19
90;28(5):486
–487
.Piperine-treated rats, treated
lon
g-term
with ph
enob
arbitone
, significantly
poten
tiated
phe
noba
rbiton
e sleeping
time co
mpa
red to co
ntrols.
Piper nigrum
Piper nigrum
fruit
Albino rats
A dose-dep
enden
t statistically
significant
Tripathi P, et al. Thy
roge
nic resp
onse
alco
holic
extract
enha
ncem
ent of the
tissu
e-ox
ygen
uptake
of Piper nigrum. Fitoterapia 198
9;was observe
d. The
perox
idase activity
LX(6):5
39–5
42.
in the
thy
roid tissu
e increa
sed at the
dose of 40 mg an
d 80 mg/
kg. Plasma
triio
dothy
ronine
and
thy
roxine
lev
els
were dos
e-dep
enden
t an
d significantly
increa
sed com
pared
to co
ntrols.
Piper nigrum
Sing
le oral dose (300
mg)
Crossov
er trial:
Results obtaine
d rev
ealed single daily
Ban
o G, et al. Effect of piperine on
of phe
nytoin alone
or in
5 he
althy
dose of piperine for 7 day
spha
rmok
inetics of phe
nytoin in
combina
tion
with multiple
volunteers
sign
ifican
tly decreased
the
abs
orption
healthy vo
lunteers. P
lanta Med
doses of piperine
half-life, prolong
ed the
elim
ination
1987;53:56
8–56
9.ha
lf-life, and
produc
ed a significantly
high
er area und
er the
dru
gco
ncen
tration cu
rve of phe
nytoin in
compa
rison to phe
nytoin alone
.
479
( continued)
Piper nigrum
Piper nigrum
pow
der in
Hum
anResults sho
wed
Piper nigrum
powder
Desai H
G, Kalro R
H. Effect of black
doses of 0.2, 0.4 g/h
trial: 20
doe
s no
t dam
age the hu
man
gastric
pep
per and
asafoetida on
the
DNA
and Ferula foetidain
healthy
muco
sa, w
hereas Ferula foetidadoe
sco
nten
t of gastric asp
irates. Ind
doses of 0.1, 0.2 and
0.4
human
based on
the
rate of exfoliation
of the
JMed
Res 198
5;81
:325
–329
.g/
h on
different day
svo
lunteers
surface ep
ithe
lial cells
of hu
man
gastric muc
osa
Piper nigrum
Piper longum, Piper
Rats
Piperine increased the
blood
lev
els of
Atal CK, e
t al. Scientific eviden
ce on
nigrum
and Zingiber
vasicine
by ne
arly 233
%. Und
er the
the role of Ayu
rved
ic herba
ls on
officinale
influen
ce of piperine, the
active
bioa
vaila
bility of dru
gs. J Ethno
-princ
iple of Piper
species, spa
rteine
pha
rm 198
1;4(2):229
–232
.bloo
d lev
els increa
sed m
ore than
100%
.Prunus amygdalus
2.5 g almon
d seed and
Albino
Rab
bits sho
wed
a definite hy
pog
lycemic
Teo
tia S, Singh
M. H
ypog
lycemic
Batsch
its pr
oportion
ate
rabb
its
action
during
the
2-m
onth study.
effect of Prunus amygdalusseed
s ROSA
CEAE
fraction
s: 1.22 g defatted
in albino rabb
its. Ind
ian JE
xp Biol
Bad
ama
seed
and
1.28 g oil
1997
;35(3):295
–296
.Alm
ond
Prunus amygdalus
Brassica rapa, Prunus
Animals
All these plan
ts sho
wed
no toxicity
Quresh
i S, et al. Stud
ies on
herba
l amygdalus, and
Zingiber
during
acu
te tox
icity tests. A
ll plant
aphr
odisiacs used in Arab system
officinale
extracts significantly inc
reased
the
of m
edicine. A
m J C
lin M
ed 1989;
sperm m
otility and
spe
rm con
tents in
17(1–2
):57–
63.
the ep
ididym
ides and
vas deferen
switho
ut pr
oduc
ing sp
ermatotox
iceffect.
Pueraria tuberosa
DC.
Butano
l extracts of
Rats
The
butano
l ex
tract ap
pears to be
Shukla S. T
oxilo
gical studies of
LEGUMIN
OSA
EPueraria tuberosa,
gene
rally
safe in rats at the
se acu
tePueraria tuberosa, a po
tent anti-
Vidari
Dose of 150
mg/
kgan
d sub
acute dos
age regimen
s.fertility plant. Int J Pha
rmacog
nosy
Vidari
administered for 6, 1
2,
1995
;33(4):324
–329
.18, an
d 24 day
sPueraria tuberosa
Butano
lic extracts of
Rats
Administration caused a sign
ifican
tSh
ukla S, et al. B
utano
lic extract of
Pueraria tuberosa
increa
se in the glyc
ogen
con
tents,
Pueraria tuberosa
DC.: Ph
ysiological
protein con
centration
, activity of acid
resp
onse in the ge
nital tract of
and alkaline ph
ospha
tase and
total
cyclic fem
ale rats. P
hytother R
es
cholesterol in the
ova
ry, uterus,
1989
;3(1):5
–10.
cervix, an
d vag
ina. A
dministration
480
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
caus
ed m
etap
lastic cha
nges in
cervical epithe
lium w
ith marke
dke
ratinization
and
provo
ked
corn
ification in vag
inal epithe
lium.
The
se cha
nges hav
e be
en correlated
with an
ti-implan
tation
action of the
butano
lic extract.
Pueraria tuberosa
Butano
lic extracts of
Rats
Bioch
emical findings
, supp
orted by
Shukla S, et al. P
hysiolog
y an
d bio-
Pueraria tuberosa
the histolog
ical observa
tion
s, furthe
rch
emistry of fem
ale ge
nital tract of
confirm the
extroge
nic mod
e of action
ovariectom
ized
rats trea
ted w
ith
of the
butano
lic extract of Pueraria
butano
lic extract of Pueraria tuberosa.
tuberosa
in adult ov
ariectom
ized
rats.
Fitoterapia 1987;LVII(1):9
–22.
Pueraria tuberosa
Tube
rs of Pueraria
Rats, m
ice, and
Fraction
s of Pueraria tuberosa
possessed
Prak
ash AO, et al. Con
tracep
tive
tuberosa
hamsters
sign
ifican
t estrog
enic activity.
poten
cy of Pueraria tuberosa
D.C.
and its hormon
al status. A
cta Eur
Fertil 19
85;16(1):59–
65.
Pueraria tuberosa
Varying
extracts of
Female albino
All the plants sh
owed
marke
d but
Prak
ash AO, et al. Anti-im
plan
tation
Acrostichum
aureum,
rats
varied
inh
ibition of pregn
ancy
and
activity of so
me indigen
ous plan
tsAdhatoda vasica,
anti-implan
tation
activity.
in rats. A
cta Eur Fe
rtil 19
85;16(6):
Citrulus colocynthus,
441–44
8.Codonopsis ovata,
Dolichos biflorus,
Ferule orientalis,
Juniperus communis,
Kigelia pinnata,
Lepidum capitum
,Nerium odoratum,
Pueraria tuberosa,
Punica granatum
,Randia dumetorum
,Rubus ellipticus, Ruta
graveolens
Pueraria tuberosa
Cru
de pow
der, pe
troleu
m
Rats
To study the co
ntraceptive
poten
cy of
Mathu
r R, e
t al. Effect of Pueraria
ethe
r an
d ben
zene
and
the ex
tract, pe
troleu
m ether and
tuberosa
DC on the oe
strous cy
cle
etha
nolic
extracts of
benz
ene ex
tracts trans
form
ed the
of adult rats. A
cta Eur Fertil 19
84;
Pueraria tuberosa
diestru
s ph
ase into a prolong
ed15
(5):3
93–3
94.
corn
ified stage
and
persisted
until the
last day
of treatm
ent. The
cru
de
pow
der an
d ethan
olic extract also
induced cornification
but after day
thirteen
the
cornified
stage
cha
nged
to
the diestru
s stag
e.
481
( continued)
Pueraria tuberosa
100 mg pue
raria for 2
Prosp
ective
Patients were trea
ted w
ith pue
raria for
Xiuxian
G, Xiuqin L. Rad
ix puerarie
years
coho
rt study:
2 ye
ars. The
ove
rall effective rate
in m
igraine. C
hin Med
J19
79;92(4):
53 patients
(migraine sy
mptoms reduced) was
260–
262.
with migraine
83% w
itho
ut side effects.
head
ache
s
Punica granatum
L.
Varying
extracts of
Female albino
All the plants sh
owed
marke
d bu
tPraka
sh A
O, et al. Anti-im
plantation
PUNIC
ACEAE
Acrostichum
aureum,
rats
varied
inh
ibition of pregn
ancy
and
activity of some indigen
ous plants
Dad
ima
Adhatoda vasica,
anti-implan
tation
activity.
in rats. A
cta Eur
Fertil 19
85;16(6):
Pomeg
rana
teCitrulus colocynthus,
441–
448.
Codonopsis ovata,
Dolichos biflorus,
Ferule orientalis,
Juniperus communis,
Kigelia pinnata,
Lepidum capitum
,Nerium odoratum,
Pueraria tuberosa,
Punica granatum
,Randia dumetorum
,Rubus ellipticus, Ruta
graveolens
Randia dumetorum
Varying
extracts of
Female albino
All the plants sh
owed
marke
d bu
tPraka
sh A
O, et al. Anti-im
plantation
(Retz.) Lam
.Acrostichum
aureum,
rats
varied
inh
ibition of pregn
ancy
and
activity of some indigen
ous plants
RUBIA
CEAE
Adhatoda vasica,
anti-implan
tation
activity.
in rats. A
cta Eur
Fertil 19
85;16(6):
Mad
ana
Citrulus colocynthus,
441–
448.
Emetic nut
Codonopsis ovata,
Dolichos biflorus,
Ferule orientalis,
Juniperus communis,
Kigelia pinnata,
Lepidum capitum
,Nerium odoratum,
Pueraria tuberosa,
Punica granatum
,Randia dumetorum
,Rubus ellipticus, Ruta
graveolens
482
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Raphanus sativus L.
Semipurified
dietary
Rats
The
effects of the three dietary fiber
Sann
oumaru Y, et al. Effects of
CRUCIFERAE
fibe
r (D
F) from
prepa
ration
s on
fecal steroid
semi-pu
rified
dietary fibers isolated
Moo
laka
Lagenaria siceraria,
excretions
som
ewha
t differed
from
Lagenaria siceraria, Raphanus
Rad
ish
Raphanus sativusan
ddep
ending on
the
dietary factors. Fu
r-sativusan
d Lentinus edodes
on
Lentinus edodes,
ther studies are warranted
to ex
amine
fecal steroid excretion
s in rats.
continuo
usly for a total
if the
inten
se respon
se of the
JNutr Sci V
itam
inol (Tok
yo) 19
96;
of 7 w
eeks
litho
cholic/deo
xych
olic acid ratio to
42(2):9
7–11
0.the tested
dietary fiber preparations
and fat in the present study will also
be sho
wn in other dietary fibers.
Raphanus sativus
Ethan
ol or water extracts
Rats orally dosed
Aqu
eous or 90%
ethan
ol extracts of
Nath D, e
t al. Com
mon
ly used Ind
ian
of pow
dered
plant m
aterial:
the plants were stud
ied in rats for 10
abortifacien
t plants with sp
ecial
Adhatoda vasica, A
brus
day
s after insemination with sp
ecial
referenc
e to the
ir teratolog
ic effects
precatorius, Acacia arabica,
referenc
e to effects of fetal
in rats. J Ethno
pha
rm 199
2;36:
Aloe barbadensis, Anethum
dev
elop
men
t. Leaf extracts of
147–
154.
sowa, Apium
petroselinium,
Moringa oleifera
and Adhatoda
Banbusa arundensis,
vasica
were 10
0% abo
rtive at doses
Blepharis edulis, Butea
equivalen
t to 175
mg/
kg starting dry
monosperma, Hibiscus
material. Only the flow
ers of Acacia
rosa-sinensis, Lepidum
arabicaan
d Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
sativum, M
esua ferrea,
appea
red to lack
teratolog
ic poten
tial
Moringa oleifera, Mucuna
at the
dos
es tested.
pruriens, Raphanus
sativus, Sida cordifolia,
Trachyspermum
ammai
Raphanus sativus
Daucus carota
and Raphanus
Hum
an trial
Con
sumption
of plant products (rad
ish
Sivu
k AK. Effect of plant produc
ts of
sativustops
75 g/
d for
and carrot tops) for as long
as 28
day
s nu
trition (rad
ish an
d carrot tops
) as lon
g as 28 day
sdid not produce any
adve
rse ch
ange
s on
various
indicators of metab
olism
in the
protein, fat, a
nd carbo
hydrate
in human
s [R
ussian
]. Kosm Biol
metab
olic param
eters ex
amined
.Aviak
osm M
ed 198
9;23
(2):5
6–59
.Rheum
emodi
Chine
se herba
l dru
g, R
heum
Con
trolled clin
ical
Album
in significantly inc
reased
Zha
ng JH, e
t al. Clin
ical effects of
Wallic
hE and
/or C
aptopr
il an
trial: 30
patients
during
the
follow-up pe
riod
in trea
ted
Rhe
um and
Cap
topril on
preve
nting
POLYGONACEAE
angioten
sin co
nverting
12
con
trols
patients, before more marke
d in bo
thprogression
of ch
ronic rena
l failu
re.
Amlauetasa
enzy
me on
chr
onic
Rhe
um E and
Rhe
um E 1
Cap
topril
Chine
se M
ed J 199
0;10
3(10
):788
–793
.Indian rhuba
rbrena
l failu
regrou
ps. It w
as con
cluded
tha
t long
-term
oral low-dose Rhe
um E
is
bene
ficial to ch
ronic rena
l failu
re. The
effect is be
tter tha
n that of Cap
topr
il.The
reg
ime of R
heum
e E and
Cap
topr
ilis a preferable ch
oice in the long
-term
treatm
ent for preve
nting progression
.
483
( continued)
Ricinus communis
L.
Leav
es of Ricinus communis.
8 sh
eep and
Clin
ical patho
logy
in sh
eep w
asBez
erra M
JG, B
rito M
F. Exp
erim
ental
EUPH
ORBIA
CEAE
Administered orally
to
6 go
ats
characterized by ne
uromuscular
poiso
ning
of sh
eep an
d goa
ts by
Erand
a
4 sh
eep at 20 g/
kg,
disturban
ces su
ch as un
stea
dy ga
itthe leav
es Ricinus communis
Castor oil plan
t4 sh
eep at 30 g/
kg,
and slig
ht instability. Three she
ep tha
t(Eup
horbiaceae
). Pe
squisa Veterin
3 go
ats 30
g/k
g, 35 g/
kg,
received
30 g/
kg died. In go
ats,
Brasileira 19
95;15(3):27–
34.
3 sh
eep 40
g/k
gsymptoms were discrete. A
ll go
ats
reco
vered. No sign
ifican
t macroscop
ic or
microscop
ic alterations
were seen
in
three sh
eep tha
t died.
Ricinus communis
0.5%
Ricinus communis
Brown Hisex
Symptom
s, lesions
, an
d cha
nges in
El-Bad
wi SM
A, et al. Com
parative
seed
of 0.5%
Jatropha
chicks
grow
th, h
ematolog
y an
d clin
ical
toxicity of Ricinus communis
and
curcas
seed
chem
istry were inve
stigated
. High
Jatropha curcasin Brown Hisex
mortality an
d m
ore seve
re cha
nges
chicks
. Deu
tche
Tieraerztlic
he
occu
rred
in ch
icks on Ricinus
diet
Woc
hens
chrift 199
5;10
2(2):75–
77.
than
Jatrophafeed
.Ricinus communis
Lectins: Arachis
Con
trolled hum
anDolichos biflorus, Glycine max, Lotus
Maz
umdar S. B
inding pa
ttern of
hypogaea, D
olichos
trial: 11
with
tetragonolobus, Ricinus communis,
eigh
t different lectins
in he
althy
biflorus, Glycine max,
norm
al oral
Ulex europaeussh
owed
very strong
subjects and
patients with
dys
plastic
Lotus tetragonolobus,
muco
sa, 5
with
to stron
g bind
ing in hea
lthy
oral
and m
aligna
nt lesions
of the oral
Ricinus communis, U
lex
leuko
plak
ia w
ith
muc
osa bu
t no
or ve
ry w
eak bind
ing
cavity. Int J O
ral Max
illofacial Su
rgeuropaeus,
conc
anav
alin
dys
plasia, 1
2 in squ
amou
s cell carcinom
a. O
ther
1993
;22(5):301
–305
.A, whe
at germ
with
oral muc
osal
lectins inve
stigated
may
be used as
squam
ous cell
probe
s to determine the dysplastic and
carcinom
a maligna
nt status of the
oral muc
osal
epithe
lium.
Ricinus communis
Ricin: o
ral dos
age of
Rats
Rats intoxicated orally
with ricin sh
owed
Ishigu
ro M
, et al. B
ioch
emical studies
30 m
g/kg
clear sign
s of sickn
ess an
d all died w
ithin
of oral toxicity of ricin. I. R
icin
36 hou
rs.
administered orally
can
impa
irsu
gar ab
sorp
tion
by rat sm
all
intestine. C
hem Pha
rm Bull 19
83;
31(9):3
222–
3227
.Rubia cordifolia
L.
An an
titumor sub
stan
ce,
Clin
ical trial
Cha
nges in card
iac func
tion
were no
ted
Yoshida F, et al. Stud
y of cardiac
RUBIA
CEAE
RA-700
, isolated from
pha
se I:
in both grou
ps. Sev
eral cardiac param
eters
func
tion
in first stag
e ex
amination
Man
jista
Rubia akane
or Rubia
neop
lastic
tend
ed to be
more ex
trem
e in group 2.
of R
A-700
. RA-700
Clin
ical Study
484
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Indian mad
der
cordifolia
.: grou
p 1:
patien
tsBecau
se of the sm
all sample, no relatio
nship
Group [Jap
anese]. Gan
To Kag
aku
injected
onc
e with RA-
betw
een the ch
ange
s in cardiac func
tion
Ryo
ho 199
4;21
(2):1
99–2
07.
700; group
2: injected
and injection
dos
es of RA-700
can
be mad
e.RA-700
for 5
cons
ecutive
day
sRubia cordifolia
RA-700
iso
lated from Rubia
Clin
ical trial
The
max
imum
tolerated
dose was 1.4
Majim
a H, e
t al. Ph
ase I Stud
y of
akaneor Rubia cordifolia
: ph
ase I: 14
mg/
m2for the 5-day
sch
edule
RA-700
. RA-700
Clin
ical Study
0.2–1.4 mg/
m2in single IV
patien
tsad
ministration.
Group [Jap
anese]. Gan
To
dose; 0.4–2
.0 m
g/m
2in
Kag
aku Ryo
ho 199
3;20
(1):6
7–78
.5 day
IV doses
Rubia cordifolia
RA-700
, a cy
clic hex
apep
tide
Mice
The
antitum
or activity of R
A-700
was
Kato T, et al. Antitum
or activity an
d
isolated
from Rubia cordifolia
simila
r to tha
t of deo
xybo
uva
rdin and
toxicity in mice of R
A-700
, a cy
clic
was com
pared
with deo
xy-
vinc
ristine ag
ains
t P3
88 leu
kemia.
hexa
pep
tide. A
ntican
cer Res 198
7;7
bouva
rdin and
vincristine
(3 Pt B):329
–334
. Rubia cordifolia
Cyclic
hexap
eptides (RA-V
II,
Mice
Stud
ies sh
owed
pep
tide
s ex
hibited
Itok
awa H, e
t al. Isolation an
d
RA-V
, RA-IV and
RA-III)
sign
ifican
t activity aga
inst leu
kemias
antitumor activity of cyc
lic
isolated
from Rubia
and ascites tumors, P-388
, L1210
, B-
hexa
pep
tides isolated from
cordifolia
16 m
elan
oma an
d solid tum
ors, colon
Rubis Rad
ix. Che
m Pha
rm Bull
38, L
ewis lung
carcino
ma an
d Ehr
lich
1984
;32(1):284
–290
.carcinom
a. R
A-V
had
an espe
cially
poten
t effect on MM2 mam
mary
carcinom
a.Salvadora persica L.
Extracts of Salvadora persica
Ran
dom
ized
(Abs
tract no
t av
ailable)
Quinlan R, et al. A study co
mparing
SALVADORACEAE
controlle
d trial
the efficacy
of a toothp
aste con
tain-
Pilu
ing extract of Salvadora persica
with
aPeelu
stan
dard fluoride toothp
aste. NZ
Soc Periodon
tal 19
94;77:7–
14.
Salvadora persica
Roo
ts of the Arak tree,
Com
parative
The
frequ
ent us
e of ‘Miswak
’ was
al-K
hateeb
TL, et al. P
eriodon
tal
Salvadora persica
human
study:
associated
with a lower need for
trea
tmen
t ne
eds am
ong Sa
udi
480 ad
ults
periodon
tal care.
Arabian
adu
lts and
the
ir relationship
to the
use of the Miswak
. Com
-mun
ity D
ent Hea
lth 19
91;8(4):
323–
328.
Salvadora persica
Extracts of Salvadora persica
Mice
Mice injected
with Salvadora persica
Sulaim
an M
I, et al. Effects of
extracts sho
wed
a significant decrease
Salvadora persicaex
tracts on mice
in exp
loratory loc
omotor activity
exploratory loc
omotion activities.
param
eters.
J Ethno
pha
rm 198
6;17
(3):2
63–2
68.
Santalum
album
L.
Sand
al w
ood oil, 5% in
Mice
Sand
alwoo
d oil trea
tmen
t sign
ifican
tly
Dwived
i C, A
bu-G
haza
leh A. C
hemo-
SANTALACEAE
aceton
e from
Santalum
reduc
ed pap
illom
a inciden
ce by 67
%,
preve
ntive effects of san
dalwoo
d
Cha
ndan
amalbum
multiplic
ity by
96%
, an
d ind
uced
oil on
skin pa
pillo
mas in mice. Eur
White San
dalwoo
dornithine decarbo
xylase activity
JCan
cer Pr
ev 199
7;6(4):399
–401
.by
70%
. Oil may
be an
effective
che
mo-
preve
ntive ag
ent ag
ains
t sk
in can
cer.
485
( continued)
Santalum
album
Embelia ribes, Glycyrrhiza
Sing
le-blin
dEach of thr
ee treatmen
t grou
ps w
ere
Paranjpe P. Eva
luation of top
ical
glabra, Holarrhena
rand
omized
administered different herba
l mixtures.
applic
ations
of he
rbal formulations
antidysenterica,
comparative
Successful treatm
ents in grou
ps A and
in acn
e vu
lgaris: A single-blind
Nardostachys jatamansi,
study: 49
B prove
d effective
aga
inst both inflam
-rand
omized
com
parative
study.
Phyllanthus emblica,
adolescent
matory (pim
ples) an
d non
inflam
matory
JMed
icinal A
romatic Plant Sci
Santalum
album
,to you
ng(black
head
s an
d othe
r co
med
ones)
1997
;19:41
4–41
8.Terminalia bellirica,
adults w
ith
lesion
s. T
he treatmen
t pr
eparations
’ Terminalia chebula,
mild
to
mecha
nism
s of action remain un
know
n.Zingiber officinale
mod
erate
facial acn
eSantalum
album
Ban
gshil prep
aration contains:
Hum
an trial:
Ban
gshil was administered to 35 patients to
Sharma BP, G
oswam
i P. U
rina
ry tract
Asp
haltum, 6
0 mg;
35 patients
treat urina
ry tract infection
. Bacteriolog
ic
infection an
d its m
anag
emen
t by
Balsamodendron mukul,
cure w
as obtaine
d in 88.9%
and
sym
pto-
bang
shil. A
ryav
aidya
n 19
95;8(4):
40 m
g; Ferrisu
lphu
ratum,
matic relief in 82.4%
.21
2–21
5.30 m
g; K
asisa bh
asma, 60
mg; Bambu manna,12
mg;
Tin Bha
sma;
Sand
alwoo
d oil, 5 m
gSantalum
album
Santalum
album
oil; Oral
Swiss albino
mice
A significant enh
ancemen
t of glutathione
-Ba
nerje
e S, et al. M
odulatory influen
ce
feed
ing each
day
with
S-tran
sferase activity and
acid soluble
of san
dalwoo
d oil on
mou
se
5 an
d 15
mL san
dalwoo
dsu
lphy
dryl leve
ls w
as noted
. The
he
patic glutathione
S-trans
ferase
oil for 10
and
20 day
spossible ch
emop
reve
ntive action
of
activ
ity and
acid soluble su
lphy
dryl
oil on
carcino
gene
sis may
be due to a
leve
l. Can
cer Lett 19
93;68(2–
3):
bloc
king
mecha
nism
. 10
5–10
9.
Saraca indicaL.
(-)-ep
icatechin, an extract
Mice
Papillom
a form
ation was inh
ibited
by
Vargh
ese CD, e
t al. E
ffect of asoka
LEGUMIN
OSA
Efrom
bark of Saraca indica.
topical ap
plic
ation of extract.
on the
intracellu
lar glutathion
e leve
lsAsoka
Top
ical app
lication an
d
Oral ad
ministration sign
ifican
tly
and skin tumor promotion in m
ice.
Asoka
tree
oral adm
inistration of
restricted
tum
or growth.
Can
cer Lett 19
93;69(1):45–
50100 mg/
kg w
eigh
tSaussurea lappa
Saussurea lappa-50
0 mg
Hum
an trial: 4
0 A significant cha
nge in fasting
blood
sug
ar
Sing
h DC, Sh
arma BP. M
anag
emen
t (D
ecne
.) C.B.
capsu
les 2 3
per day
patien
tsbe
fore versu
s after treatm
ent with bo
th
of m
adhu
meh
a ( Diabetes mellitus)
Clarke
and Pterocarpus marsupium
plants was noted
.by
ind
igen
ous dru
gs-bija
yasar an
dCOMPO
SITAE
100-mL decoc
tion
23
kustha
. Aryav
aidy
an 1990;4(1):21–23
.Kus
htha
per day
both for 30
day
sCostus
486
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Saussurea lappa
Saussurea lappaan
d Inula
Clin
ical study:
In stable an
gina
pectoris patients,
Dwived
i S, et al. Role of Inula
racemosacrude root
60 patients
Saussurea lappareduc
ed the
racemosaan
d Saussurea lappa
in
powder
freq
uen
cy of an
gina
(20
%) bu
t did not
man
agem
ent of A
ngina Pectoris.
produce any
other cha
nges. Inula
Int JC
rude Dru
g Res 198
9;27
(4):
racemosa was sho
wn to pos
sess
217–
222.
sign
ifican
t an
tian
gina
l prope
rty. It
lowered
diastolic blood
pressure,
plasm
a co
rtisol, a
nd catecho
lamines.
Saussurea lappa
Seve
ral fraction
s Saussurea
Various an
imals
Some of lactone
fractions
and
delactonize
dGup
ta O
P, G
hatak BJR. P
harm
aco-
lapparoot oil were
oil exhibit hy
poten
sive
, sp
amolytic and
logical inve
stigations
on Saussurea
inve
stigated
bron
chod
ilatory effects; n
o an
titussive
lappa(C
larke). Indian JM
ed R
esactivity w
as detected w
ith an
y fraction
19
67;55(10
):107
8–10
83.
but a slight diuretic pr
operty obs
erve
d.
Sesamum
indicum
L.
Rats fed a diet that differed
Rats
Sesamin-feeding sign
ifican
tly
Kam
al-Eldin A
, et al. Se
samin (a
PEDALIA
CEAE
only in their co
nten
ts of
increa
sed g-toc
ophe
rol an
dco
mpou
nd from sesam
e oil)
Tila
sesamin: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1
.0,
g/
a-toc
ophe
rol ratios
in
increa
ses toco
pherol lev
els in
Sesame
2.0, and
4.0 g/k
gplasm
a, liver, an
d lung
s. Sug
gested
rats fed
ad libitum. L
ipids 19
95;
bioa
vaila
bility of
g-toc
ophe
rol is
30(6):4
99–5
05.
enha
nced
in ph
enol-con
taining diets
compared
with pu
rified
diets.
Sesamum
indicum
Sesame flow
ers co
llected
at
Case stud
ies:
Sesame flow
ers used to treat com
mon
Wan
g HT. T
reatmen
t of com
mon
daw
n whe
n dew
on plant.
250 cases of
wart. 228 cu
red and
22 im
prove
dwart with sesame flow
ers. Bull
Flow
ers rubb
ed on wart
common
wart
(100
% respon
se rate). One
-yea
rChin Mat M
ed 198
9;14
(6):3
56.
3 3pe
r day
follo
w-up of 217
resulted in an
effective rate of 97
.2%
Sida cordifolia
L.
Ethan
ol or water extracts
Rats orally
Aqu
eous or 90%
ethan
ol extracts of the
Nath D, e
t al. Com
mon
ly used
MALVACEAE
of pow
dered
plant m
aterial:
dosed
plants were stud
ied in rats for 10 day
s Indian ab
ortifacien
t plan
ts w
ith
Bala
Adhatoda vasica, A
brus
after insemination with sp
ecial referenc
e sp
ecial r
eferen
ce to their teratologic
Cou
ntry m
allow
precatorius, Acacia arabica,
to effects of fetal dev
elop
men
t. Leaf
effects in rats. J Ethno
pharm
Aloe barbadensis, Anethum
extracts of Moringa oleifera
and Adhatoda
1992
;36:14
7–15
4.sowa, Apium
petroselinium,
vasica
were 10
0% abo
rtive at doses
Banbusa arundensis,
equivalen
t to 175
mg/
kg starting dry
Blepharis edulis, Butea
material. Only the flow
ers of Acacia
monosperma, Hibiscus
arabicaan
d Hisiscus rosa-sinensis
rosa-sinensis, Lepidum
appe
ared
to lack
teratolog
ic poten
tial
sativum, M
esua ferrea,
at the
dos
es tested.
Moringa oleifera, M
ucuna
pruriens, Raphanus
sativus, Sida cordifolia,
Trachyspermum
ammai
487
( continued)
Solanum nigrum
L.
Solanum nigrum
as a foo
dCon
trolled trial:
Esopha
geal can
cer pa
tien
ts w
ith
Sammon
AM. A
case-control stud
y SO
LANACEAE
100 with
extens
ive inqu
iries into diet an
d soc
ial
of diet an
d soc
ial factors in can
cer
Kak
amachi
esop
hage
alha
bits w
as studied. Sign
ifican
t risk
of the
esoph
agus
in Trans
kei. Can
cer
Black
nightsh
ade
canc
er; 1
00factors foun
d w
ere use of Solanum
1992
;69(4):860
–865
.co
ntrols
nigrum
as a foo
d, sm
oking, and
use of
trad
itiona
l med
icines.
Solanum nigrum
Solanum nigrum
(aerial parts)
Rats
Solanum nigrum
reduced ulcer ind
exAkh
tar MS, M
unir M
. Eva
luation of
pow
der and
its m
etha
nolic
sign
ifican
tly. The
activity may
be due
the ga
tric antiulcerog
enic effects
extract
to inh
ibition of acid and
pep
sin
of Solanum
nigrum, Brassica oleracea
secretions
and
/or their in vitro
ability
and Ocimum
basilicum in rats. J
to bind.
Ethno
pharm 198
9;27
(1–2
):163
–176
.Strychnos nux vomica
Cru
de alkoloid fraction of
Mice
Administration dem
onstrated antinoc
i-Cai B, et al. Processing of nux vo
mia.
L.
Strychnos nux-vomica.
ceptive
effects of the alka
loid.
VII. A
ntinoc
icep
tive
effects of
STRYCHNACEAE
crude
alkaloids from
seeds of
Kup
ilu
Strychnos nux vomicain m
ice. Biol
Nux
vom
ica
Pha
rm Bull 19
96;19(1):127
–131
.Strychnos nux vomica
Strych
nine
dose 0.32
Case
Non
ketotic hy
perglycinem
ia w
asW
arbu
rton
D, e
t al. N
onke
totic
hyp
er-
mg/
kg/d
stud
ies:
diagn
osed
. The
rapy
with strych
nine
glyc
emia. Effects of therap
y with
infant twins
resu
lted
in a grea
t reduction in C
SFstrych
nine
. Am JDis C
hildr 19
80;
and plasm
a glyc
ine leve
ls, improve
-13
4(3):273
–275
.men
t in m
uscle tone
, resp
iration,
and ability to suck
.Strychnos nux vomica
Strych
nine
nitrate daily
Case studies:
The
rapeu
tic failu
re proba
bly indicated
von Wen
dt L, e
t al. Fa
ilure of
dosag
e of 0.2–0
.9 m
g/kg
3 infants
that strychn
ine trea
tmen
t doe
s no
tstrych
nine
treatmen
t during
the
solve the therap
eutic pr
oblems of
neon
atal period in three Finn
ish
seve
re forms of non
ketotic
child
ren with no
nketotic hyp
er-
hyperglyc
inem
ia.
glyc
inem
ia. Pe
diatrics 19
80;65(6):
1166
–116
9.Swertia chirata
Swertia chiratain doses of
Albino rats
Hep
atop
rotective effect of Swertia
Mukh
erjee S, et al. Hep
atop
rotective
(Wall.) C
.B.
20, 5
0, 100 m
g/kg
bod
y chiratawas studied. T
reatmen
t with
effect of Swertia chirataon
rat.
Clarke
weigh
tSwertia chirata
and C
Cl4 cau
sed
Ind JExp
Biol 19
97;35(4):384
–388
.GENTIA
NACEAE
improve
men
t at both bioc
hemical and
Kirata tikta
histop
atho
logic param
eters ve
rsus
Chireta
CCl4 treatmen
t alon
e. The
most effec-
tive
dose was 50 mg/
kg bod
y weigh
t.
488
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Swertia chirata
Aqu
eous ex
tract of Swertia
Rats
Swertia chirataex
hibited significant
Islam C
N, e
t al. Pr
elim
inary studies
chiratatotal xa
ntho
nes
antiinflam
matory activity. Swertia
on the
antiin
flam
mtory effects of
prep
ared
from plant aerial
chiratawas fou
nd less effective
Swertia chiratain albino rats. Ind
ian
parts. O
ral dos
e 50
mg/
kg
compared
with stan
dard
J Ph
armacol 199
5;27
(1):3
7–39
.bo
dy weigh
tan
tiinflam
matory dru
gs.
Swertia chirata
Ethan
olic extract of Swertia
Rats
The
extract significantly red
uced the
Rafatullah S, et al. P
rotective effect of
chirata
intens
ity of gastric m
uco
sal da
mag
e,Swertia chirataag
ains
t indom
etha
cin
produc
ed a significant decrease in
and othe
r ulcerog
enic age
nt-
gastric secretion, and
pretrea
tmen
tinduc
ed gastric ulcers. D
rugs
Exp
sign
ifican
tly preve
nted
ind
uced
Clin
Res 199
3;19
(2):6
9–73
.ga
stric wall mucu
s dep
letion
and
restored
the
non
-protein sulfhyd
ryl
conten
t in gland
ular stom
achs
. The
find
ings sup
port the
use of Swertia
chiratafor the trea
tmen
t of gastric
ulcer.
Swertia chirata
Two capsu
les of 450
mg/
20 case studies
Administration of the
herba
l mixture
Karnick
CR. A clin
ical trial of a
each
: Coccinia indica,
with Diabetes
led to sign
ifican
t decreases in mea
ncomposite he
rbal dru
g in the
Cum
inum
cyminum
, mellitus
bloo
d sug
ar value
s.trea
tmen
t of Diabetes mellitus
Eugenia jambolana,
(Mad
humeh
a). Aryav
aidya
n Gymnema sylvestre,
1991;5(1):3
6–46
.Momordica charantia,
Phyllanthus niruri,
Swertia chirata,
Tephrosia purpurea
Swertia chirata
95% ethan
ol extract and
Rats
The
optim
um dose (250
mg/
kg) pr
oduced
Seka
r BC, et al. Effect of different
four
fractions
of Swertia
a sign
ifican
t decrease of blood
sug
arfraction
s of Swertia chirayitaon
chirata. O
ral dose at 250
in fed
, glucose-loa
ded
, an
d tolbu
tamide-
the bloo
d sug
ar lev
el of albino
rats.
mg/
kgpretrea
ted animal m
odels, but no
t in
JEthno
pha
rm 198
7;21
:175
–181
.fasted
rats.
Syzgium aromaticum
Hot w
ater extracts of Geum
Mice
Anti-cy
tomeg
alov
irus (C
MV) activity
Yuk
awa TA, et al. Proph
ylactic
(L.) Merr. &
L.M
.japonicum, Rhus javanica,
in vivowas exa
mined
. Geum japonicum
, trea
tmen
t of cytom
egalov
irus
Perry
Syzgium aromaticum
,Syzygium
aromaticum
, an
d Terminalia
infection with trad
itiona
l he
rbs.
MYRTACEAE
and Terminalia chebula
chebulasign
ifican
tly su
ppressed
CMV
Antiviral R
es 199
6;32
(2):6
3–70
.Lav
anga
,yields in lung
s of treated
mice co
mpa
red
Dev
apus
pa
with water-treated
mice.
Clove
Syzygium
Geum japonicum
, Rhus
Mice
Extracts sho
wed
significant antiherpes
Kur
okaw
a M, e
t al. Efficacy of
aromaticum
javanica, Syzgium
simplex
virus
typ
e I activity. Extracts
trad
itiona
l he
rbal m
edicines in co
m-
aromaticum
, Terminalia
limited
dev
elop
men
t of skin lesion
s bina
tion
with acyc
lovir ag
ains
t chebula,
Acy
clov
ir,
and/o
r pr
olon
ged m
ean su
rvival
herpes sim
plex virus
typ
e 1 infection
and/or herba
l ex
tract
times of infected
mice co
mpared
in vitro and
in vivo
. Antiviral R
es
administered
with bo
th A
cyclov
ir and
the
herba
l19
95;27(1–
2):19–
37.
extract alon
e.
489
( continued)
Tamarindus indica L.
Tam
arindus fruit extract
Hum
an trial:
A statistically significant inc
rease in
Mustap
ha A
, et al. Effect of
LEGUMIN
OSA
E6 he
althy
plasm
a leve
ls of aspirin an
d salic
yclic
Tamarindus indica
L. on
the
bio-
Amlik
a vo
lunteers
acid w
as noted
whe
n a mea
lav
ailability of asp
irin in he
althy
Tam
arind
containing
tam
arind fru
it extract w
ashu
man
volunteers. Eur
J D
rug
administered w
ith aspirin tab
lets
Met Pha
rm 199
6;21
(3):2
23–2
26.
take
n und
er a fasting
state.
Tamarindus indica
Tam
arind seed
Mice
The
results dem
onstrated tha
t tamarind
Sano
M, e
t al. Lack of carcino
genicity
polysaccha
ride
seed
polys
acch
aride is not carcino
genic
of tam
arind seed polys
acch
aride
in B6C
3F1 mice of eithe
r ge
nder.
in B6C
3F1 mice. Foo
d Che
m Tox
icol
1996
;34(5):463
–467
.Tamarindus indica
Seed
s of Delonix regia,
Mice an
d rats
Acu
te tox
icity test of water extracts of
Kad
iri M, e
t al. Tox
icolog
ical screen-
Cassia tora, Sesbania
the five
leg
umes produced no visible
ing of som
e Nigerian wild
leg
umes.
sesban, Crotalaria
side effects. Inc
reased
weigh
ts w
ere a
Rev
ista de Biologia Tropical
naragutensis,
resu
lt as co
mpa
red to co
ntrols fed
1995
;44(1):269
–274
.Tamarindus indica
distille
d w
ater. S
imila
r resu
lts were
obtained
in prolon
ged tox
icity
screen
ing.
Tamarindus indica
Thr
ee Sud
anese
Hum
an trial:
The
results indicate a statistically
Mah
mou
d BM, e
t al. S
ignific
ant reduc
-be
verage
s Aradaib
healthy males
sign
ifican
t de
crea
se in the AUC and
tion
in ch
loroqu
ine bioa
vaila
bility
( Tamarindus indica)
Cmax
of chloroq
uine
as a resu
lt of a
follo
wing co
administration with
Karka
di ( Hibiscus
coad
ministration with Tamarindus
the Su
dan
ese be
verage
s Aradaib,
sabdarifa
) an
d lem
onindica. A
parallel decrease in the
Karka
di and
Lem
on. J Antim
icrob
( Citrus lim
etta) with 60
0dru
g’s an
timalarial efficacy m
ight be
Che
mothe
r 19
94;33(5):100
5–10
09.
mg ch
loroqu
ine
expe
cted
.Tamarindus indica
Extracts leav
es of
Hum
an trial:
Top
ical app
lication resu
lted
in us
ers
Fabiyi JP, e
t al. Traditiona
l therap
y Adansonia digitata,
human
s with
perceived
relief of pain, accelerated
of dracu
nculia
sis in the
state
Calotropis procera,
guinea w
orms
expu
lsion of w
orms, and
a faster
of Bau
chi-Nigeria [Fren
ch]. Dak
arMoringa oleifera
healing process.
Med
199
3;38
(2):1
93–1
95.
Tamarindus indica,
Ziziphus jaozeiro
Tamarindus indica
Brassica, Cinnamomum
Rats
The
se plants did not sho
w any
cho
lesterol
Samba
iah K, S
riniva
san K. E
ffect of
zeylanica, Cum
inum
decreasing effect w
hen include
d in the
cumin, cinn
amon
, ging
er, m
ustard
cyminum
, Zingiber
norm
al and
hyp
erch
olesterolemia-
and tam
arind in induc
ed hyp
er-
officinale
induc
ing diet at abo
ut five
fold normal
cholesterolemic rats. N
ahru
ng 199
1;hu
man
intak
e leve
l.35
(1):4
7–51
.
490
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Tamarindus indica
Brassica, Cinnamomum
Rats
The
se plants ge
nerally
stimulated
Samba
iah K, Srinivasan
K. Influen
ce
zeylanicum
, Cum
inum
liver m
icrosomal cytoc
hrom
e P45
0-of spices and
spice princ
iples on
cyminum
, Ferula
dep
enden
t aryl hyd
roxy
lase.
hepa
tic mixed
func
tion
oxy
gena
se
foetida, Tamarindus
Cum
inum
cyminum
, Zingiber
system
in rats. Ind
ian JB
ioch
em
indica, Trigonella
officinale,
and Trigonella foenum-
Biophy
s 19
89;26(4):254
–258
.foenum
-graecum
,graecum
also stimulated the
lev
els of
Zingiber officinale
cytoch
rome P45
0 an
d b5, Cum
inum
cyminum
and Tamarindus indica
stim
ulated N
-dem
ethy
lase activity.
Taraxacum
officinale
Herb infusion
s of Verbena
Rats
Main ur
olithiasis risk factors were
Grases F, et al. U
rolithiasis and
W
eber ex.
officinalis, Lithospermum
evaluated
. Ben
eficial effects caused
phy
totherap
y. Int U
rol Nep
hrol
F.H. W
igg.
officinale, Taraxacum
by herb infusion
s can be
attribu
ted to
1994
;26(5):507
–511
.COMPO
SITAE
officinale, Equisetum
a disinfectan
t action
, possibly to the
Dugh
a feni
arvense, Aarctostaphylos
presenc
e of sap
onins.
Dan
delion
uva ursi, Arctium
lappa,
Silene saxifraga
Taraxacum
Six kind
s of C
hine
seSc
ald m
ice
Polygonum
cuspidatum, Taraxacum
officinale,
Luo
, ZH. The
use of Chine
se
officinale
trad
itiona
l he
rbs
and Oidenlandia diffusa show
ed improve
dtrad
itiona
l med
icine to improve
im
paired immune
func
tion
effects in scald
impaired immune
func
tion
s in
mide. Effects
varied
according to the
scald m
ice [C
hine
se]. Chu
ng H
ua
dosag
e of the
dru
gs.
Che
ng H
sing
Sha
o Sh
ang W
ai K
o Tsa C
hih 19
93;9(1):5
6–58
.Taraxacum
Twelve
plants ad
ministered
Mice
Of the 12
plants us
ed for the
traditiona
lSw
anston
-Flatt SK, et al. Glycaem
ic
officinale
as decoction
s or infusion
s
treatm
ent of diabe
tes, Agaricus bisporus
effects of traditiona
l Eur
opea
n 28 day
s Agaricus bisporus,
and Ilex guayusash
owed
poten
tial anti-
plant treatmen
ts for diabe
tes.
Anacardium occidentale,
diabe
tic effect.
Studies in normal and
Arctum lappa, Catharanthus
streptozo
tocin diabe
tic mice.
roseus, D
aucus carota,
Diabe
tes Res 198
9;10
(2):6
9–73
.Hum
ulus lupulus, Ilex
guayusa, Salvia officinale,
Sambucus nigra,
Taraxacum
officinale,
Trigonella foenum-
graecum, U
rtica dioica
Taraxacum
Who
le, d
ried
, and
pow
dered
Rab
bits
Powders of both plants produced
Akh
tar MS, et al. E
ffects of Portulaca
officinale
plan
ts of Portulaca oleracae
sign
ifican
t hy
pog
lycemic effects in
oleracae
(Kulfa) and
Taraxacum
an
d Taraxacum
officinale
norm
al rab
bits but no
t in allo
xan-
officinale (D
hudha
l) in no
rmo-
treated rab
bits.
glyc
aemic and
allo
xan-trea
ted
hype
rglycaem
ic rab
bits. JPM
A J
Pak
Med
Assoc
1985;35
(7):
207–
210.
491
( continued)
Taraxacum
Herb co
mbina
tion
of
Hum
an trial:
As a resu
lt of the trea
tmen
t, sp
ontane
ous
Cha
kurski I, e
t al. T
reatmen
t of
officinale
Calendula officinalis,
24 patients
and palpab
le pains along
the
large
chronic co
litis w
ith an
herba
l Foeniculum
vulgare,
with ch
ronic
intestine disap
peared in 95
.83%
co
mbina
tion
of Taraxacum
officinale,
Hypericum
perforatum,
nons
pecific
of the
patients by
the
15th day
of
Hipericum
perforatum, Melissa
Melissa officinalis,
colitis
their ad
mission
to the clinic and
officinalis,Calendula officinalis
and
Taraxacum
officinale
treatm
ent with the he
rbal com
bina
tion
.Foeniculum
vulgare
[Bulgarian].
Vutr Boles 198
1;20
(6):5
1–54
.Tephrosia purpurea
Two caps
ules of 450
mg each
: 20
case studies
Administration of the
herba
l mixture
Karnick
CR. A clin
ical trial of a
(L.) Pe
rs.
Coccinia indica, Cum
inum
with Diabetes
led to sign
ifican
t decreases in mea
nco
mposite he
rbal d
rug in the
LEGUMIN
OSA
Ecyminum
, Eugenia
mellitus
bloo
d sug
ar value
s.trea
tmen
t of Diabetes mellitus
Sarapun
kha
jambolana, Gymnema
(Mad
humeh
a). Aryav
aidya
n Purple Tep
hrosia
sylvestre, Momordica
1991
;5(1):3
6–46
.charantia, Phyllanthus
niruri, Swertia chirata,
Tephrosia purpurea
Terminalia arjuna
50% ethan
olic extract of
Rab
bits
Induced hyp
erlip
idem
ic rab
bits receive
d
Ram
A, e
t al. Hyp
ocho
lesterolae
mic
(Rox
b. Ex DC.)
Terminalia arjunatree
the ex
tract. A significant decrease in
effects of Terminalia arjunatree
Wrigh
t &
Arn.
bark in doses of 10
0total ch
olesterol, LDL and
LDL/HDL
bark. J Ethno
pharm 199
7;55
(3):
COMBRETACEAE
mg/
kg and
500 m
g/kg
ratio was dem
onstrated. T
he extract did
165–
169.
Arjuna
compared
to co
ntrols
not ad
versely effect bioch
emical tests
of liver, rena
l func
tion
, and
hem
atolog
ic
param
eters.
Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia arjunaba
rkClin
ical ran
dom-,
Terminalia arjunaco
mpa
red to placeb
o Bha
rani A
, et al. Sa
lutary effect of
500 mg, 8 hou
rly
ized
con
trolled,
therap
y was assoc
iated w
ith im
prove
-Terminalia arjunain patients with
dou
ble-blind
men
t in sym
ptoms an
d significant signs
seve
re refractory he
art failu
re.
trial: 12
with
of hea
rt failure. On long
term eva
luation
Int JC
ardiol 19
95;49(3):191
–199
.co
ngestive
(pha
se II), p
atient con
tinu
ed to sh
owhe
art failu
re,
improve
men
t in sym
ptoms, signs
,NYHA C
lass IV
effort toleran
ce, an
d N
YHA class.
Terminalia arjuna
Bark po
wder of
Hum
an trial: 1
5Results sugg
est that m
onothe
rapy
Dwived
i S, A
garw
al M
P. A
nti-
Terminalia arjuna
stab
le and
with Terminalia arjunawas fairly
angina
l an
d cardioprotective
5 un
stab
leeffective in patients with symptom
s of
effects of Terminalia arjuna, an
angina
patients
stab
le ang
ina pe
ctoris. How
ever, it
indigen
ous dru
g, in co
rona
ry artery
has a lim
ited
role in uns
table an
gina
.disea
se. JA
ssoc
Phy
sician
s India
1994
;42(4):287
–289
.
492
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia arjunaba
rkRab
bits
Rab
bits receiving
Terminalia arjunaalon
g Tiw
ari AK, e
t al. Effect of Terminalia
powder sus
pen
ded in
with a high
cho
lesterol diet sh
owed
arjuna
on lipid profiles of rab
bits
water in an
oral dose of
slow
er inc
rease in total cho
lestrol,
fed hyp
erch
olesterolemic diet.
250 mg/
kg bod
y weigh
ttriglycerides and
no ch
ange
in HDL
Int JC
rude Res 199
0;28
(1):4
3–47
.2 3
day
than
rab
bits receiving
only a high
ch
olesterol diet. Hyp
erch
olesterolemic
rabb
its receiving Terminalia arjunash
owed
more marke
d decreases in total ch
olesterol,
triglycerides, a
nd an increase in HDL than
the hy
perch
olesterolemic con
trols.
Terminalia arjuna
50% aqu
eous etha
nol,
Rats
The
extracts show
ed resorptive activity but
Gupta DN, e
t al. Po
st coital
hexa
ne and
butan
ol and
were dev
oid of an
tiim
plan
tation
activity.
contraceptive
efficacy of
2 flav
ones of Terminalia
Terminalia arjunain albino rats.
arjuna
bark
Fitoterapia 198
0;LX(3):2
75–2
76.
Terminalia
Embelia ribes,
Sing
le-blin
dEach of thr
ee treatmen
t grou
ps w
ere
Paranjpe P. Eva
luation of top
ical
bellirica
(Gaertn.)
Glycyrrhiza glabra,
rand
omized
administered different herba
l mixtures.
applic
ations
of he
rbal formulations
Rox
b.Holarrhena
comparative
Successful treatm
ents in grou
ps A and
B
in acn
e vu
lgaris. A single-blind
COMBRETACEAE
antidysenterica,
study: 49
prove
d effective
aga
inst both inflam
matory
rand
omized
com
parative
study. J
Vibhitaka
, Bha
ira
Nardostachys jatamansi,
adolescent
(pim
ples) and
non
inflam
matory an
d
Med
Aromatic Plant Sci 199
7;19
:Belleric myrob
alan
Phyllanthus emblica,
to you
ngno
ninflammatory (black
head
s an
d other
414–
418.
Santalum
album
,ad
ults w
ith
comed
ones) lesion
s. The
treatmen
t Terminalia bellirica,
mild
to
prepa
ration
s’ m
echa
nism
s of action
Terminalia chebula,
mod
erate
remain un
know
n.Zingiber officinale
facial acn
eTerminalia bellirica
Haritak
i: Terminalia chebula,
Rab
bits
Whe
n ch
olesterol was fed
to all grou
ps,
Tha
kur CP, e
t al. The
Ayu
rved
ic
Emblica officinalis,
leve
ls w
ere sign
ifican
tly reduced in
med
icines H
aritak
i, Amla and
Terminalia bellirica
the three trea
tmen
t grou
ps than
Bah
ira reduce cho
lesterol-ind
uced
in the
con
trol group
. The
sam
e was
athe
rosclerosis in rab
bits. Int J
true for redu
ction in cho
lesterolem
ia.
Cardiology
1988;21
(2):1
67–1
75.
Terminalia bellirica
Oil ex
tract from
kerne
lsMice
Mice receiving either Terminalia
Dha
r HL, et al. Studies on
purgative
of Terminalia bellirica
bellirica
oil or castor oil ha
d usu
ally
action
of an
oil ob
tained
from
loose stoo
ls w
hereas animals give
nTerminalia belerica. Ind
ian JM
ed
coco
nut oil ha
d normal stools. R
esults
Res 196
8;57
(1):1
03–1
05.
obtained
with castor oil an
d treated
grou
p ( Terminalia bellirica) w
ere
sign
ifican
t.Terminalia chebula
Embelia ribes, Glycyrrhiza
Sing
le-blin
dEach of thr
ee treatmen
t grou
ps w
ere
Paranjpe P. Eva
luation of top
ical
Retz .
glabra, Holarrhena
rand
omized
administered different herba
lap
plic
ations
of he
rbal formulations
COMBRETACEAE
antidysenterica,
comparative
mixtures. Successful trea
tmen
ts in
in acn
e vu
lgaris: A single-blind
Haritak
iNardostachys jatamansi,
study: 49
grou
ps A
and
B prove
d effective
rand
omized
com
parative
study.
Che
bulic
Phyllanthus emblica,
adolescent
agains
t bo
th inflammatory (pim
ples)
JMed
Aromatic Plant Sci 199
7;19
:Myrob
alan
Santalum
album
,to you
ngan
d non
inflam
matory (black
head
s an
d41
4–41
8.Terminalia bellirica,
adults w
ith
othe
r co
med
ones) lesion
s. The
Terminalia chebula,
mild
to
treatm
ent prepa
ration
s’ m
echa
nism
sZingiber officinale
mod
erate
of action remain un
know
n.facial acn
e
493
( continued)
Terminalia chebula
Boerhavia diffusa,
Golden
The
formulation
had
a m
axim
um cure
Sohn
i YR, Bha
tt R
M. Activity of a
Berberis aristata,
hamsters
rate of 73
% at a dose of 800
crude ex
tract form
ulation in
Tinospora cordifolia,
with he
patic
mg/
kg per day
in he
patic amoe
biasis,
experim
ental he
patic amoe
biasis
Terminalia chebula,
amoe
biasis
reduc
ing the av
erag
e deg
ree of
and in im
muno
mod
ulation stud
ies.
Zingiber officinale.
infection to 1.4 com
pared
to 4.2 for
J Ethno
pharm 1996;54
(2–3
):119
–124
.Dried
and
pulverized
controls.
plants ex
tracted in
etha
nol toge
ther and
individually. M
etronidaz
ole
administered as stan
dard
therap
yTerminalia chebula
Hot w
ater extracts of
Mice
Anti-CMV activity in vivowas exa
mined
.Yuka
wa TA, e
t al. Pr
ophy
lactic
Geum japonicum
, Rhus
Geum japonicum
, Syzygium aromaticum
,trea
tmen
t of cytom
egalov
irus
javanica, Syzygium
and Terminalia chebula
sign
ifican
tly
infection with trad
itiona
l he
rbs.
aromaticum
,an
dsu
ppr
essed C
MV yields in lun
gs of
Antiviral R
es 199
6;32
(2):6
3–70
.Terminalia chebula
trea
ted m
ice compa
red w
ith water-
trea
ted m
ice.
Terminalia chebula
Geum japonicum
, Rhus
Mice
Extracts sh
owed
significant
Kur
okaw
a M, e
t al. Efficacy of
javanica, Syzygium
antihe
rpes sim
plex
virus type I
trad
itiona
l he
rbal m
edicines in
aromaticum
,Terminalia
activity. E
xtracts lim
ited
combina
tion
with acyc
lovir ag
ains
t chebula,
Acy
clov
irdev
elop
men
t of skin lesion
s an
d/or
herp
es sim
plex
virus
typ
e 1
and/or herba
l ex
tract
prolon
ged m
ean su
rvival tim
es of
infection in vitro and
in vivo
. ad
ministered
infected
mice co
mpa
red w
ith bo
thAntiviral R
es 199
5;27
(1–2
):19–
37.
Acy
clov
ir and
the
herba
l ex
tract alon
e.Terminalia chebula
Boerhavia diffusa,
Rats with caecal
Form
ulation ha
d a cur
ative rate of
Sohn
i YR, e
t al. T
he anti-am
oebic effect
Berberis aristata,
amoe
biasis
89% w
ith av
erag
e deg
ree of infection
of a cru
de dru
g in formulation of
Tinospora cordifolia,
(cae
cal am
oebiasis) (A
DI) red
uced
to
herbal extracts ag
ains
t Entam
oeba
Terminalia chebula,
0.4 in a group
dosed
with 50
0 mg/
kg
histolytica in vitro
and in vivo.
Zingiber officinale.
per day
as co
mpa
red w
ith ADI of 3.8
JEthno
pha
rm. 1
995;45
(1):4
3–52
.Dried
and
pulverized
for co
ntrols.
plants ex
tracted in
etha
nol toge
ther and
individu
ally. M
etronidazole
administered as stan
dard
therap
y
494
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Terminalia chebula
Azadirachta indica,
Mice with
Infected
mice were prophy
lactically
Sohn
i YR, e
t al. Pr
ophy
lactic the
rapy
Boerhavia diffusa,
septicem
iaad
ministered po
stinfective, preinfective,
of Salmonella typhi
septicemia
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
from
Salmonella
sing
le, a
nd m
ultiple doses of ex
tract an
d
in m
ice with a trad
itiona
llyTerminalia chebula,
typhi
had a significant the
rape
utic effect in
prescribe
d crude dr
ug form
ulation.
Tinospora cordifolia,
reducing
sep
ticemia.
JEthno
pha
rm 199
5;45
:141
–147
.Trichosanthes dioica,
Zingiber officinale.
Extracted
in 80%
aque
ous alco
hol etha
nol.
1% stock solution us
edto prepa
re dilu
tion
s.Oral or subc
utane
ous
administration
Terminalia chebula
A decoction
of the
14 cases of
All pa
tien
ts w
ere give
n the decoc
tion
Sati R
B, Sha
rma RK. Man
agem
ent
follo
wing he
rbs:
cong
estive
and Urgenic indica. Patients with
of con
gestive card
iac failu
re
Azadirachta indica,
heart failu
reisch
emic hea
rt disease,
with certain Ayu
rved
ic dru
gs.
Boerhaavia diffusa,
card
iomyo
pathy
and
cor pulmon
ale
Aryav
aidya
n 19
90;4(2):1
23–1
26.
Cedrus deodara,
were give
n pow
der of Inula
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
racemosa, w
hile patients with
Terminalia chebula,
rheu
matic hea
rt disease w
ere give
nTinospora cordifolia,
Commiphora mukul. After two weeks
Trichosantes lobata;
of treatmen
t all 10
patients were cu
red
Inula racemosa2 g, 8
completely, 2 had
bradyc
ardia, a
ndho
urly; Commiphora
2 were refractory.
mukul,1
/2 g 8
hourly; Urgenic indica
100 mg, 8 hou
rly
Terminalia chebula
Mixture of Glycyrrhiza
Rats
Duo
den
al ulcerated
rats trea
ted w
ith
Nad
ar TS, Pillai M
M. Effect of
glabra, Terminalia
the mixture recov
ered
faster with
Ayu
rved
ic m
edicines on be
ta-
chebula, Piper longum
conc
omitan
t increase in
b-
glucu
ronidase activity of Bru
nner’s
glucu
ronidase activity in the
glan
ds dur
ing reco
very from
Bru
nner’s gland
.cysteamine induc
ed duo
den
al ulcers
in rats. Ind
ian JE
xp Biol 19
89;27(11):
959–
962.
Terminalia chebula
Haritak
i: Terminalia
Rab
bits
Whe
n ch
olesterol was fed
to all
Tha
kur CP, e
t al. The
Ayu
rved
ic
chebula, Emblica
grou
ps, lev
els were sign
ifican
tly
med
icines H
aritak
i, Amla and
officinalis, Terminalia
reduced in the three trea
tmen
t grou
psBah
ira reduce cho
lesterol-ind
uced
bellirica
than
in the co
ntrol grou
p. T
he sam
e was
athe
rosclerosis in rab
bits. Int J
true for reduc
tion
in ch
olesterolemia.
Cardiol 19
88;21(2):167
–175
.Terminalia chebula
Thr
ee plants lack
ing
Feed
ing trials in
All plan
ts produc
ed hep
atic lesions
Arseculeratne SN
, et al. Studies of
pyrrolizidine alka
loids:
rats
that inc
luded
cen
tral vein
med
icinal plants of Sri Lan
ka.
Aegle marmelos,
abno
rmalities. Terminalia chebula
Part 14
: Tox
icity of som
eHemidesmus indicus,
and Withania somnifera
prod
uced
trad
itiona
l med
icinal herbs. J
Terminalia chebula,
mark rena
l lesion
s.Ethno
pharm 198
5;13
(3):3
23–3
35.
Withania somnifera
495
( continued)
Tinospora
Each tablet con
tains 10
039
patients with
Prepa
ration
was eva
luated
for clin
ical
Ran
i PU
, Naidu UR. S
ubjective an
dcordifolia
Miers
mg of alcoh
olic extract
insomnia
efficacy
and
safety in ins
omnia by
polyso
mno
grap
hic ev
aluation of
MENISPE
RMACEAE
of roo
t of Rauwolfia
subjective
and
polys
omno
grap
hic
a he
rbal prepa
ration
in insomnia.
Guduc
hiserpentina
, 100 m
g of
metho
d. The
prepa
ration
produc
edPh
ytom
edicine 1998
;5(4):2
53–2
57.
Guduc
hirhizom
e pow
der of
sign
ifican
t im
prov
emen
t in sleep
Nardostachys jatamansi,
parameters. The
preparation did not
and 100
mg aq
ueo
us
prod
uce any
feelin
g of han
gove
r or
extract of roo
t, stem
,day
tim
e sleeplessne
ss, 11
patients
leaf of Tinospora
complaine
d of mild
epiga
stric distress
cordifolia
; 2 tablets at
after the test dru
g. It can be
con
clud
edbe
dtime for 21
day
sthe pr
eparation ha
d goo
d hyp
notic
activity and
can
be used in inso
mnia.
Tinospora
Eclipta alba, Ocimum
Hyp
erglyc
emic
The
herba
l form
ulation
had
little
Bha
ttacha
rya SK
, et al. Effect of
cordifolia
sanctum, Picrorhiza
rats
effect on bloo
d suga
r conc
entrations
Trasina
, an Ayu
rved
ic herba
l kurrooa, Tinospora
but dos
es ind
uced a dos
e-related
form
ulation
on pa
ncreatic islet
cordifolia, Withania
decrease in STZ hyp
erglyc
emia and
superox
ide dismutase activity in
somnifera.Doses 100,
attenu
ation of STZ ind
uced a decrease
hyperglyc
aemic rats. Ind
ian JE
xp
200 mg/
kg PO
in islet supe
roxide dismutase activity in
Biol 19
97;35(3):297
–299
.1 3
per day
for 28 day
seu
glyc
aemic rats.
Tinospora
Asparagus racemosus,
Mice
All plants sign
ifican
tly inhibited the
carci-
Dhu
ley JN
. Effect of so
me Indian
cordifolia
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
noge
n oc
hratox
in-ind
uced supp
ression of
herbs on
macropha
ge fun
ctions
in
Tinospora cordifolia,
chem
otactic activity and
the
production
ochratox
in A
treated
mice. J
Withania somnifera
of interleukin-1 an
d tumor necrosis
Ethno
pharm 199
7;58
:15–
20.
factor or TNF-
aby
macropha
ges.
Tinospora
Boerhavia diffusa,
Golden
ham
sters
The
formulation ha
d a m
axim
um cure
Sohn
i YR, B
hatt R
M. Activity of a
cordifolia
Berberis aristata,
with he
patic
rate of 73% at a dose of 800
mg/
kg
crude ex
tract form
ulation in
Tinospora cordifolia,
amoe
biasis
per day
in he
patic amoe
biasis,
expe
rimen
tal he
patic am
oebiasis
Terminalia chebula,
reducing
the
ave
rage
deg
ree of
and in im
muno
mod
ulation studies.
Zingiber officinale. D
ried
infection to 1.4 com
pared
to 4.2 for
J Ethno
pha
rm 199
6;54
(2–3
):119
–124
.an
d pulverized
plants
controls.
extracted in etha
nol
toge
ther and
ind
ividua
lly.
Metronidaz
ole ad
ministered
as stand
ard the
rapy
496
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Tinospora
Boerhavia diffusa,
Rats with caecal
Form
ulation
had
a curative
rate of
Sohn
i YR, e
t al. T
he antiamoe
bic effect
cordifolia
Berberis aristata,
amoe
biasis
89% w
ith av
erag
e deg
ree of infection
of a cru
de dru
g in formulation
of
Tinospora cordifolia,
(caecal am
oebiasis) (A
DI) red
uced to
herbal extracts ag
ains
t Entam
oeba
Terminalia chebula,
0.4 in a group dos
ed w
ith 50
0histolytica in vitro
and in vivo. J
Zingiber officinale.
mg/
kg per day
as co
mpa
red w
ith ADI
Ethno
pharm 199
5;45
(1):4
3–52
.Dried
and
pulverized
of 3.8 for con
trols.
plan
ts extracted
in
etha
nol toge
ther and
individually.
Metronidaz
ole
administered as stan
dard
therap
yTinospora
Azadirachta indica,
Mice with
Infected
mice were prophy
lactically admin-
Sohn
i YR, e
t al. Pr
ophy
lactic the
rapy
cordifolia
Boerhavia diffusa,
septicem
ia from
istered postinfective
, pr
einfective
, of Salmonella typhi
septicemia
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
Salmonella typhi
sing
le, a
nd m
ultiple doses of ex
tract
in m
ice with a trad
itiona
llyTerminalia chebula,
and had
a significant the
rapeu
tic
prescribe
d crude dru
g form
ulation.
Tinospora cordifolia,
effect in reduc
ing septicemia.
JEthno
pha
rm 199
5;45
:141
–147
.Trichosanthes dioica,
Zingiber officinale.
Extracted
in 80
%aq
ueo
us alcoho
l etha
nol.
1% stock
solution
used
to prepa
re dilu
tion
s.Oral or subc
utane
ous
administration
Tinospora
Alcoh
olic extracts of the
Rats
In rat brains, Tinospora cordifolia
was
Sarm
a DNK, et al. Effect of Tinospora
cordifolia
roots of Tinospora
found
to po
ssess no
rmalizing activity
cordifolia
on brain neu
rotran
smitters
cordifolia
against stress-ind
uced cha
nges in
in stressed rats. Fitoterap
ia 199
5;no
repinep
hrine, dop
amine,
66(5):4
21–4
22.
5-hy
droxy
tryp
tamine an
d 5-
hydroxy
indolea
cetic acid lev
els.
Tinospora
Tinospora cordifolia
Rats
Treatmen
t with Tinospora cordifolia
Nag
arka
tti DS, et al. Mod
ulation of
cordifolia
indicated
a significant impr
ovem
ent
Kup
ffer cell activity by Tinospora
in K
upffer cell func
tion
and
a trend
cordifolia
in liver dam
age. J
towards no
rmalization.
Postgrad M
ed 199
4;40
(2):6
5–67
.Tinospora
Tinospora cordifolia
16Ran
dom
ized
Septicemia did not occur in the
Reg
e N, e
t al. Im
mun
othe
rapy with
cordifolia
mg/
kg per day
orally
controlle
dtrea
ted group as op
posed
to 50
% in
Tinospora cordifolia
: a new
lea
d in
trial: 30
with
the untreated
group. Pos
toperative
the man
agem
ent of obs
tructive
maligna
ntsu
rvival rate was 40%
versu
s 92
.4%
jaun
dice. Ind
ian JG
astroe
nterol
obstru
ctive
in untreated
versu
s trea
ted group,
1993;12(1):5–8
.jaund
ice
resp
ective
ly. Tinospora cordifolia
appe
ared
to im
prove
surgical outcom
eby
stren
gthe
ning
host de
fens
es.
497
( continued)
Tinospora cordifolia
Aqu
eous alcoho
lic, a
ndAllo
xan-diabe
tic
The
extract exe
rted
a significant
Wad
ood N
, et al. Effect of Tinospora
chloroform
extracts of
rabb
its
hypo
glyc
emic effect in normal and
cordifolia
on blood
gluco
se and
leav
es of Tinospora cordifolia
.alloxa
n-treated rabb
its. Tinospora
total lip
id lev
els of normal and
Dose: 50, 100
, 150
, and
cordifolia
had an insu
lin-like action
alloxa
n-diabe
tic rabb
its. Planta Med
200 mg/
kg bod
y weigh
tan
d can
significantly decrease bloo
d19
92;58(2):131
–136
.glucose but no
t total lip
id lev
els in
norm
al and
allo
xan-trea
ted rab
bits.
Tinospora cordifolia
1 caps
ule 3
3pe
r day
with
30 patients with
The
herba
l co
mbina
tion
was fou
nd to
Karnick
CR. Clin
ical eva
luation of
luke
warm w
ater
calculi on
alleviate no
t on
ly pain bu
t also slowly
composite Ayu
rved
ic dru
gs, o
n containing
: Asparagus
kidne
ys, ureters,
disintegrated
both calcium-oxa
late
calculi, in the kidne
y an
d the
racemosus, 5
0 mg;
blad
ders
and calcium
carbo
nate crystals in a
urina
ry bladder. A
ryav
aidya
n 19
92;
Bergenia ligulata,
100
span
of 72
hou
rs and
com
plete
6(2):104
–108
.mg; Eclipta alba,
100
disch
arging
of crys
tals w
ithin 15
–30
mg; Myristica fragrans,
day
s. C
omplete disch
arge
occurred
in
10 m
g; Tinospora
grea
ter than
80%
of the pa
tien
ts.
cordifolia,1
00 m
g,Tribulus terrestris,50
mg; Withania somnifera,
50 m
gTinospora
cordifolia
Pretreatm
ent of m
ice
Mice
Pretreatmen
t with Tinospora cordifolia
Tha
tte UM, et al. Im
muno
therap
eutic
with Tinospora cordifolia
or gen
tamicin decreased
mortality
mod
ification of Escherichia coli
in m
ice injected
with E. coli from
100
%
periton
itis and
bacteremia by
in con
trols to 17.8%
and
11.1%
, resp
ec-
Tinospora cordifolia
. JPostgrad
tive
ly. Pr
etreatmen
t sign
ifican
tly im
prove
d
Med
199
2;38
(1):1
3–15
.ba
cterial clearanc
e as w
ell as improve
dpha
gocytic an
d intracellular ba
ctericidal
capa
cities of ne
utrop
hils in Tinospora
cordifolia
treated group
.Tinospora cordifolia
A decoc
tion
of the
14 cases of
All pa
tien
ts w
ere give
n the decoction
Sati R
B, Sh
arma RK. Man
agem
ent
follo
wing he
rbs:
cong
estive
and Ugenic indica. Pa
tien
ts w
ith
of con
gestive card
iac failu
re w
ith
Azadirachta indica,
heart failu
reisch
emic hea
rt disease, card
iomyo
pathy
certain Ayu
rved
ic dru
gs.
Boerhaavia diffusa,
and cor pulm
onale were give
n pow
der
Aryav
aidya
n 19
90;4(2):1
23–126
.Cedrus deodara,
of Inula racemosa,
while patients with
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
rheu
matic hea
rt disease w
ere give
nTerminalia chebula,
Commiphora mukul.After 2 w
eeks
Tinospora cordifolia,
of treatmen
t all 10
patients were cu
red
498
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Trichosantes lobata;
completely, 2
had
bradyc
ardia, a
ndInula racemosa2 g, 8
2 were refractory.
hourly; Commiphora
mukul,1
/2 g 8
hourly; Urgenic indica
100 mg, 8 hou
rly
Tinospora cordifolia
Water extract of
Rats
The
extract impr
oved
cellular im
mune
Reg
e NN, e
t al. Mod
ulation of
Tinospora cordifolia
func
tion
s. M
ortality rate following
immuno
supp
ression in obs
truc
-100 mg/
kg for 7 day
sE. coliinfection was red
uced
. The
study
tive
jaund
ice by
Tinospora cordifolia
. sh
owed
cho
lestasis resulted in im
muno
-Indian J Med
Res 198
9;90
:478
–483
.su
ppression an
d ind
icated
a need for
an immuno
mod
ulator to m
anag
e ob
stru
ctive jaund
ice.
Tinospora cordifolia
Asparagus racemosus,
Mice
Whe
n co
mpared
to co
ntrol grou
ps,
Tha
tte UM, Dah
anuka
r SA
. Com
par-
Tinospora cordifolia
,all four
dru
gs preve
nted
, to va
rying
ative study of immuno
mod
ulating
gluc
an and
lithium
for
deg
rees, leu
cope
nia. Both indigen
ous
activity of Indian
med
icinal plants,
15 day
splants were po
tent immuno
stim
ulants
lithium carbo
nate and
glucan.
with effects co
mpa
rable to lithium
Metho
ds Find
Exp
Clin
Pha
rmacol
and glucan.
1988
;10(10
):639
–644
.Tinospora cordifolia
Various ex
tracts of
Rats an
d rab
bits
Oral ad
ministration of alcoh
olic
Gupta SS
, et al. Anti-diabe
tic effects
Tinospora cordifolia
extracts cau
sed a decrease in fasting
of Tinospora cordifolia
. Part I. Effect
bloo
d sug
ar in rabb
its an
d rats. D
aily
on fasting
blood
suga
r leve
l, ad
ministration increa
sed the gluco
segluco
se toleran
ce and
adrena
line
toleranc
e in albino rats.
induc
ed hyp
erglyc
aemia. Ind
ian J
Med
Res 196
7;55
(7):7
33–7
45.
Tribulus terrestris
L.Tribulus terrestris
Mice
Tribulus terrestris
polys
acch
arides had
Liu Q
, et al. A study of the
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
polysaccha
rides
no m
utag
enic effect on
mice, but
protective effects of Tribulus
Gok
shura
protected
chrom
osom
e an
d D
NA
terrestris
polysaccha
ride on
Small caltrops
from
ind
uced
dam
age.
gene
tic dam
age. Z
hong
guZho
ngya
o Zaz
hi-C
hina
JChine
seMater M
ed 199
5;20
(7):4
27–4
29, 44
9.Tribulus terrestris
Aqu
eous extract of
Male rats
Metab
olism of ox
alate was studied
.Sa
ngeeta D
, et al. Effect of Tribulus
Tribulus terrestris
Tribulus terrestris
administration
terrestris
on oxa
late m
etab
olism in
produced a significant decrease in
rats. J
Ethno
pha
rm 199
4;44(2):
urina
ry oxa
late excretion
, and
a61
–66.
sign
ifican
t increase in urina
ryglyo
xylate excretion
com
pared to
sodium glyco
late fed
animals.
Tribulus terrestris
Ethan
olic extract of fruits
Albino rats
Tribulus terrestris
show
ed significant
Ana
nd R
, et al. Activity of certain
of Tribulus terrestris
dose-dep
enden
t protection ag
ains
tfraction
s of Tribulus terrestris
fruits
uroliths
ind
uced
by glass be
adag
ains
t ex
perimen
tally
ind
uced
implantation in albino rats.
urolithiasis in rats. Ind
ian JE
xpBiol 19
94;32(8):548
–552
.
499
( continued)
Tribulus terrestris
1 caps
ule 3
3pe
r day
30 patients with
The
herba
l co
mbina
tion
was fou
nd to
Karnick
CR. Clin
ical eva
luation
with luke
warm w
ater
calculi on
kidne
ys,
alleviate no
t on
ly pain bu
t also in
of com
posite Ayu
rved
ic dru
gs,
containing
: Asparagus
ureters, or
slow
ly disintegrating bo
th calcium
-on
calcu
li, in the kidne
y an
d
racemosus,5
0 mg;
blad
ders
oxalate an
d calcium carbo
nate
the urina
ry bladder. A
ryav
aidya
n Bergenia ligulata,
100
crystals in a sp
an of 72
hou
rs and
1992
;6(2):1
04–1
08.
mg; Eclipta alba,
100
complete disch
arging
of crystals
mg; Myristica fragrans,
within 15
–30 day
s. C
omplete
10 m
g; Tinospora
disch
arge
occur
red in grea
ter than
cordifolia, 1
00 m
g;80
% of the pa
tien
ts.
Tribulus terrestris, 50
mg; Withania somnifera,
50 m
gTribulus terrestris
Dried
plant m
aterial of
Pregn
ant ew
es
The
inc
iden
ce of fetal brea
thing
Walke
r D, e
t al. So
me effects of
Tribulus terrestris,
and the
ir
mov
emen
ts w
as significantly red
uced
feed
ing Tribulus terrestris, Ipomoea
Ipomoea lonchophylla
fetuses
and did not sho
w a normal day
-night
Ionchophylla and
the
seed of
and Abelmoschus
variation in treated
groups
com
pared
Abelmoschus ficulneus
on fetal
ficulneus
to con
trols. R
esults ind
icated
plants
dev
elop
men
t an
d the
outco
me of
may
con
tain sub
stan
ces that affect
pregn
ancy in sh
eep. R
eproduc
func
tion
al dev
elop
men
t of fetal brain.
Fertility D
ev 1992;4(2):135
–144
.Altho
ugh inge
stion did not appe
ar to
affect the
outco
me of pregn
ancy
.Tribulus terrestris
Sapo
nin of Tribulus
Con
trolled clin
ical
The
total efficacious
rate of rem
ission
Wan
g B, e
t al. 40
6 cases of ang
ina
terrestris
trial: 40
6 cases
angina
pectoris was 82.3%
. It was
pectoris in coron
ary he
art disease
angina
pectoris;
high
er tha
n the control grou
p with a
trea
ted w
ith sapon
in of Tribulus
67 treated
as
sign
ifican
t total effective rate (TER) of
terrestris
[Chine
se]. Chu
ng H
si
controls
67.2%. The
TER of ECG improve
men
t Chieh
Ho Tsa C
hih 19
90;10:85
–87.
(52.7%
) was eve
n high
er tha
n that of
the co
ntrol grou
p (35.8%
).Tribulus terrestris
Extract of the fruits of
Ana
esthetized
Ether extract produced diuresis an
dSing
h RCP, Sisod
ia C
S. Effect of
Tribulus terrestris
dog
sincrea
sed creatinine rena
l clearanc
eTribulus terrestris
fruit extracts on
that sugg
ests an increa
sed glomerular
chloride an
d creatinine rena
l filtration
rate. The
aqu
eous
extract of
clearanc
es in dog
s. Ind
ian JP
hysiol
the fruits produced no sign
ifican
tPha
rmacol 197
1;15
:93–
96.
effect.
500
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Trigonella foenum-
Isoc
aloric diets w
itho
ut
Con
trolled clin
ical
Inge
stion of fen
ugreek
seed pow
der
Sharma RD, e
t al. Hyp
olipidae
mic
graecum
L.
and w
ith fenu
greek for 7
trial: 60
resu
lted
in a sign
ifican
t reduction of
effect of fenu
greek seed
s:A
LEGUMIN
OSA
Ean
d 24 weeks. D
ose 25
gNID
DM
total ch
olesterol, LDL, VLDL and
chronic stud
y in non
-ins
ulin
Med
hika
fenu
greek seed
pow
der
subjects
triglyceride leve
ls. T
he results
dep
enden
t diabe
tic pa
tien
ts. P
hyto-
Fenu
greek
indicated
the
ben
eficial effect of
therap
y Res 199
6;10
:332
–334
.fenu
greek seed
s in diabe
tic su
bjects.
Trigonella foenum-
Rats fed for 8 w
eeks the
Rat
Com
mon
spices or their active
Platel K
, Srinivasan
K. Influen
ce of
graecum
follo
wing plants:
princ
iples were ex
amined
for the
irdietary spices or the
ir active
Brassica sp
ecies,
possible influe
nce on
the
digestive
princ
iples on
digestive
enz
ymes of
Capsicum annum
,en
zymes of intestinal m
uco
sa. D
ietary
small intestinal m
ucosa in rats. Int
Cum
inum
cyminum
,cu
rcumin, capsaicin, p
iperine an
dJ Fo
od Sci N
utr 199
5;47
(1):5
5–59
.Curcuma longa, Ferula
Zingiber officinalepr
ominen
tly
foetida, Piper longum,
enha
nced
intestina
l lip
ase activity and
Piper nigrum,
also the
disacch
aridases sucrase an
dTrigonella foenum-
maltase. D
ietary Cum
inum
cyminum
,graecum, Zingiber
Trigonella foenum-graecum
, Brassica
officinale
species an
d Ferula foetidabrou
ght
abou
t decreases in the leve
ls of
pho
spha
tases an
d sucrase. The
positive influe
nces of a go
od numbe
rof spices on term
inal enz
ymes of the
digestive
process cou
ld be an
additiona
l feature of sp
ecies that are
gene
rally
well reco
gnized
to stim
ulate
digestion
.Trigonella foenum-
Extract of at lea
st 90%
Normal and
The
se sap
onins sign
ifican
tly en
hanc
ed
Petit PR
, et al. Steroid sap
onins from
graecum
of steroid sap
onins from
diabe
tic rats
food
con
sumption
and
motivation to
fenu
greek seed
s: Extraction, pur
ifica-
the seed
of Trigonella
eat, an
d red
uced
plasm
a ch
olesterol
tion, and
pha
rmacolog
ical inv
estig
a-foenum
-graecum
12.5
leve
l in rats.
tion
on feed
ing be
havior and
mg/
d per 300 g w
eigh
tplasm
a ch
olesterol. Steroids 19
95;
60(10):674
–680
.Trigonella foenum-
Pow
der of Trigonella
Normal and
The
extract and
residue
had
significant
Ali L, e
t al. Cha
racterization of the
graecum
foenum
graecum
seed
s,diabe
tic
hypo
glyc
emic effects w
hen fed sim
ul-
hypo
glyc
emic effects of Trigonella
metha
nol ex
tract, an
dmod
el rats
tane
ously with gluc
ose.
foenum
graecum
seed
. Planta Med
residue remaining
after
1995
;61(4):358
–360
.metha
nol ex
traction
Trigonella foenum-
Fenu
greek seed
s:Normal and
Both unroa
sted
and
roa
sted
forms
Kho
lsa P, e
t al. E
ffect of Trigonella
graecum
unroasted and
roa
sted
alloxa
n-produced a significant red
uction in
foenum
graecum
(Fe
nugreek) on
powdered
seeds
,indu
ced
total ch
olesterol, triglyceride, LDL an
dseru
m lipids in normal and
diabe
tic
low-dose: 2 g/kg
,diabe
tic rats
VLDL in no
rmal rats, decreased
the
irrats. Ind
ian J Pha
rmacol 199
5;27
(2):
high
-dose: 8 g/kg
raised
lev
els, and
inc
reased
HDL in
89–9
3.diabe
tic rats.
Trigonella foenum-
Trigonella foenum-graecum
Normal and
A significant dos
e-related decrease in
Kho
lsa P, e
t al. E
ffect of Trigonella
graecum
administered at 2 an
dalloxa
n-bloo
d gluco
se both in the
normal as
foenum
graecum
(Fe
nugreek) on
8 g/
kg dose orally
indu
ced
well as diabe
tic rats, a
nd an
bloo
d gluco
se in no
rmal and
diabe
tic rats
hypo
glyc
emic effect was observe
d.
diabe
tic rats. Ind
ian J Phy
siol
Pha
rmacol 199
5;39
(2):1
73–1
74.
501
( continued)
Trigonella foenum-
Fenu
greek seed
extract
Male W
istar rats
The
results sh
owed
lon
g-term
oral
Petit P, e
t al. E
ffects of a fenu
greek
graecum
administered orally
10
administration of fen
ugreek ex
tract
seed
extract on feed
ing be
haviou
r an
d 100
mg/
day per 300
sign
ifican
tly increased foo
d intake
in the
rat: Metab
olic end
ocrine
g weigh
tan
d the
motivation to eat. T
he extract
correlates. P
harm
acol Bioch
em
also ind
uced hyp
erinsu
linem
ia and
Beh
av 199
3;45
(2):3
69–3
74.
hypoc
holesterolem
ia.
Trigonella foenum-
Ethan
olic extract from
Hyp
erch
ol-
Red
uction
s in plasm
a ch
olesterol
Stark A, Mad
ar Z
. The
effect of
graecum
defatted fen
ugreek
esterolemic
leve
ls ran
ged from 18%
–26%
and
aan
ethan
ol extract derived
from
seed
s; 30 or 50 g
rats
tend
ency
for low
er con
centration
s of
fenu
greek ( Trigonella foenum-
etha
nolic
extract/kg
for
liver cho
lesterol w
as observe
d.
graecum) on
bile
acid absorption
a 4-week period
and cho
lesterol lev
els in rats.
Br J Nutr 199
3;69
(1):2
77–2
87.
Trigonella foenum-
100 g deb
ittered fen
ugreek
Clin
ical study: 10
Inge
stion resu
lted
in a sign
ifican
tSh
arma RD, e
t al. Hyp
olipidae
mic
graecum
powder for 20 day
shy
perlipidem
icdecrease in the
serum total cho
les-
effect of fenu
greek seed
s.
terol, LDL, V
LDL, an
d triglyc
eride
A clin
ical study. Phy
tother R
es
leve
ls. HDL lev
els were no
t altered
1991;5:145
–147
.bu
t the ratio with total ch
olesterol an
dLDL and
VLDL w
ere sign
ifican
tly
increa
sed.
Trigonella foenum-
Fenu
greek seed
pow
der
Ran
dom
ized
The
fen
ugreek diet sign
ifican
tly
Sharma RD, e
t al. Effect of fen
ugreek
graecum
(100
g). In 2 eq
ual doses
controlle
ddecreased
fasting
blood
sug
ar and
seed
s on
blood
gluco
se and
at lun
ch and
dinne
r for
trial: 10
improve
d the
gluco
se toleran
ce test.
seru
m lipids in typ
e I diabe
tes.
10 day
sinsu
lin-
Seru
m total cho
lesterol, LDL and
Eur JC
lin N
utr 199
0;44
(4):3
01–3
06.
dep
enden
tVLDL and
triglyc
erides w
ere also
(typ
e I)
sign
ifican
tly reduced.
diabe
tics
Trigonella foenum-
Brassica, Cinnamomum
Rats
The
se plants ge
nerally
stimulated
Samba
iah K, S
riniva
san K. Influen
ce
graecum
zeylanicum
, Cum
inum
liver m
icrosomal cytoc
hrom
e P45
0-of spices and
spice princ
iples on
cyminum
, Ferula
dep
enden
t aryl hyd
roxy
lase.
hepatic m
ixed
func
tion
oxy
gena
se
foetida, Tamarindus
Cum
inum
cyminum
, Zingiber
system
in rats. Ind
ian JB
ioch
em
indica, Trigonella
officinale,
and Trigonella foenum-
Bioph
ys 198
9;26
(4):2
54–2
58.
foenum
-graecum
,graecum
also stimulated
the
lev
els of
Zingiber officinale
cytoch
rome P45
0 an
d b5, Cum
inum
cyminum
and Tamarindus indica
stim
ulated N
-dem
ethy
lase activity.
502
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Trigonella foenum-
Trigonella foenum-
Male rats
Daily oral trea
tmen
t with Trigonella
Ahs
an SK, et al. Effect of Trigonella
graecum
graecum
seed
for 4
foenum
-graecum
sign
ifican
tly decreased
foenum
-graecum
and Ammi majus
on
weeks
the qu
antity of calcium oxa
late dep
osited
calcium oxa
late urolithiasis in rats.
in the
kidne
ys thu
s su
pporting
its use
JEthno
pharmacol 1989;26
(3):2
49–254
.in Sau
di folk m
edicine.
Trigonella foenum-
Twelve
plants used for
Mice
Of the 12
plants, Agaricus
Swan
ston
-Flatt SK, et al. Glycaem
ic
graecum
the trad
itiona
l treatm
ent
bisporus
and Ilex guayusash
owed
effects of traditiona
l Eur
opea
n of diabe
tes ad
ministered
poten
tial antidiabe
tic effect.
plant treatmen
ts for diabe
tes.
as decoc
tion
s or
Stud
ies in normal and
strep
tozo
tocin
infusion
s for 28
day
sdiabe
tic mice. D
iabe
tes Res 198
9;Agaricus bisporus,
10(2):6
9–73
.Anacardium
occidentale, Arctum
lappa, Catharanthus
roseus, D
aucus carota,
Hum
ulus lupulus, Ilex
guayusa, Salvia
officinale, Sambucus
nigra, Taraxacum
officinale, Trigonella
foenum
-graecum
,Urtica
dioica
Trigonella foenum-
Pow
dered
fen
ugreek
Con
trolled clinical
Powdered
fen
ugreek seed
significantly
Mad
ar Z
, et al. G
luco
se-low
ering
graecum
seed
(15
g) so
aked
in
trial: 21
decreased
subseq
uen
t po
stprand
ial
effect of fenu
greek in non
-ins
ulin
water
individuals
gluco
se lev
els. The
plasm
a insu
lin
dep
enden
t diabe
tics. Eur
JClin
with no
n-also ten
ded
to be
decreased
in
Nutr 198
8;42
:51–
54.
insu
linNID
DM but witho
ut a statistical
dep
enden
tdifferenc
e. Fen
ugreek ha
d no
Diabetes
effect on lip
id lev
els 3 ho
urs after
mellitus
the mea
l toleranc
e test.
(NID
DM)
Trigonella foenum-
Subfraction “a” co
ntains
Allo
xan-diabe
tic
Whe
n the ex
tract was added
to insu
linRibes G
, et al. Antidiabe
tic effects of
graecum
the testa, end
osperm
dog
strea
tmen
t, it resulted in a clear
subfractions
from fen
ugreek
in
and fibers of Trigonella
decrease of hyp
erglyc
emia and
diabe
tic dog
s. Proc So
c Ex
p Biol
foenum
-graecum
glyc
osuria accom
panied
by a decrease
Med
198
6;18
2(2):159
–166
.of the
high plasma gluc
agon
and
somatostatin leve
ls.
Trigonella foenum-
Fenu
greek
30 rats
Addition of fen
ugreek seed
s during
Mital N
, Gop
aldas T. E
ffect of
graecum
pregn
ancy
and
lactation
did not hav
efenu
greek ( Trigonella foenum
any be
neficial effect on
growth of
graecum) seed
based
diets on
pup
s ov
er and
abo
ve tha
t seen
in
the lactationa
l pe
rforman
ce in
control grou
ps.
albino
rats. N
utr R
eports Int 198
6;33
(3):4
77–4
84.
Trigonella foenum-
Defatted fractions
of
Dog
sThe
fraction decreased
the
basal
Ribes G
, et al. Effects of fenu
greek
graecum
fenu
greek seed
sbloo
d gluco
se lev
el, plasma glucago
n,seed
s on
end
ocrine
pan
crea
tic
somatostatin leve
ls, a
nd decreased
the
secretions
in dog
s. A
nn. Nutr
orally ind
uced
hyp
erglyc
emia.
Metab
198
4;28
(1):3
7–43
.
503
( continued)
Trigonella foenum-
Fraction
s of fen
ugreek
Dog
sAddition of fen
ugreek
fraction to the
Valette G
, et al. Hyp
ocho
lesteroa
emic
graecum
seed
food
of diabe
tic hy
percho
lesterolem
iceffect of fenu
greek seed
s in dog
sdog
s caused a significant decrease in
Atherlosclerosis 19
84;50(1):105
–111
.ch
olesterolemia, an
d a decrease in
hyperglyc
emia. The
defatted portion
of fen
ugreek
seed ind
uced an
hypoc
holesterolem
ic effect.
Trigonella foenum-
Stem
s, leave
s an
d seeds
Normal, a
lloxa
n-,
Trigo
nella
acetone
extract appe
ared
to
Gha
fgha
zi T, e
t al. Antag
onism of
graecum
of Trigonella foenum-
and cad
mium-
act at the
cellular leve
l to produ
ce its
cadm
ium and
allo
xan-indu
ced
graecum
were extracted
trea
ted rats
hypog
lycemic effects on no
rmal rats
hype
rglycemia in rats by Trigonella
for 3 day
s with water,
or tho
se treated
with cadmium or
foenum
graecum
. Pah
lavi M
ed J
aceton
e, and
by soxh
let
alloxa
n.19
77;8(1):1
4–25
.70°C
Valeriana
450 or 900
mg of an
Ran
dom
dou
ble-
The
re w
as a significant decrease in
Leathw
ood PD, C
hauffard F. A
queo
usjatamansi
Jone
saq
ueou
s ex
tract of
blind study:
sleep laten
cy w
ith 45
0 mg va
lerian
extract of valerian reduces latenc
y VALERIA
NACEAE
valerian
roo
tvo
lunteers
compa
red to placebo
. The
highe
r dose
to fall asleep
in man
. Planta Med
Indian squill
with mild
of valerian pr
oduced no
furthe
r19
85;2:144
–148
.Tag
ara
insomnia
improve
men
t in sleep
laten
cy.
Indian va
lerian
Valeriana
jatamansi
Valeren
ic acid, isolated
Mice
The
extract affected rotarod
and
Hen
driks
H, e
t al. C
entral nervo
us
from
Valeriana
traction
perform
ance of mice simila
rdep
ressan
t activity of va
lerenic
officinalis
to the
effect of pen
toba
rbital w
ith
acid in the mou
se. P
lanta Med
Dose at IP0.1 mL per 20 g
chlorp
romaz
ine an
d diaze
pam
as
1985
;1:28–
31.
body weigh
treferenc
e su
bstanc
es. It w
as con
-co
ncluded
tha
t va
lerenic acid had
specific
central ne
rvou
s dep
ressan
t properties.
Valeriana
jatamansi
Aqu
eous
extract (450
Hum
an trial:
Both dos
es red
uced pe
rceive
d sleep
Balderer G
, Borbe
ly A
A. Effect of
and 900 mg) of va
lerian
18 hea
lthy
latenc
y an
d w
ake time after sleep
valerian
on hu
man
sleep
. root
subjects (10
onset. In the
lab
only high
er doses
Psych
opha
rmacolog
y 19
85;87:
slep
t at hom
e;
tested
, no sign
ifican
t differenc
es from
406–
409.
8 slep
t at
placebo
were ob
tained
. Results
labo
ratory)
indicated
aqu
eous extract exerted
mild
hyp
notic action
.
504
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Valeriana
jatamansi
Decoc
tion
of Valeriana
Ran
dom
ized
Within 72
hou
rs cessation
of diarrhe
aChe
n S, et al. Infantile
rotav
irus
jatamansi; G
roup A
trial: 74
with
in groups
A, B
, C, were 73
.9%, 4
1.67
%,
enteritis trea
ted w
ith he
rbal
treated w
ith Valeriana
rotaviru
san
d 56.25
%, r
espe
ctively. R
etur
n to
Valeriana jatamansi
(VJ). J
Trad
jatamansi; g
roup B
enteritis (und
er
norm
al tem
perature w
as 90.64
%, 60
%,
Chin Med
198
4;4(4):297
–300
.co
ntrol with vitamins;
2 ye
ars)
and 92.30
%, r
espe
ctively, sugg
esting
grou
p C stand
ard
antipyretic effect of Valeriana
allopa
thic treatmen
tjatamansi.
Valeriana
jatamansi
Extract of va
lerian
roo
tDou
ble blind
Valerian pr
oduc
ed a significant
Cha
uffard F, e
t al. Detection
of
rand
omized
improve
men
t in sleep
qua
lity an
d the
mild
sed
ative effects:va
lerian
trial: 12
8effect w
as m
ost marke
d in poo
ran
d sleep
in man
. Exp
erientia
volunteers
sleepers, smok
ers an
d hab
itua
l co
ffee
1981;37:62
2.drink
ers. In co
ntrast, sleep laten
cy,
nigh
t aw
aken
ings
, dream
recall an
dso
mno
lenc
e ne
xt day
were relative
lyuna
ffected.
Vanda roxburghii
Glyco
side crys
tals
Rats
Vanda roxburghiiha
d no effect on
Prasad
DN, A
chari G. A study
R. Br.
obtained
from roo
ts of
acute reaction
following form
alde-
of anti-arthritic action
of Vanda
ORCHID
ACEAE
Vandra roxburghii
hyde injection bu
t effectively pr
e-roxburghiiin albino rats. J
Rasna
Dose of 20 mg/
kgve
nted
dev
elop
men
t of secon
dary
Indian Med
Assoc
196
6;46
(5):
Rasna
proliferative ch
ange
s in the
ank
le23
4–23
9.joint an
d other small joints.
Viola odorata
L.
Hex
ane, chloroform and
Rab
bits
Sign
ifican
t oral antipyretic activity
Kha
ttak
SG, et al. Antipyretic studies
VIO
LACEAE
water-solub
le extracts of
was exh
ibited
by ex
tracts of Artemisia
on som
e indigen
ous Pa
kistan
i Ban
aphs
haArtemisia absinthium,
absinthium
, Viola odorata, Melia
med
icinal plants. JEthno
pha
rmW
ild violet
Viola odorata, M
elia
azadirachta,
and Fum
aria parviflora
1985;14(1):45–
51.
azadirachta,
and
compa
rable to asp
irin. N
o ob
viou
sFumaria parviflora
toxic effects were no
ted for any
plant
extracts.
Vitis vinifera
L.
D-glucaric acid dietary
Rats
The
D-glucarates reduced total serum
Walaszek Z, et al.
D-glucaric acid
VITACEAE
sources inc
lude grap
esch
olesterol in rats by
up to 14
%conten
t of various
fru
its an
d
Draksha
and lettuce, for exa
mple
( p,
0.05
) an
d low
ered
LDL by up to
vege
tables and
cho
lesterol-low
ering
Grape
s35
% (p
,0.05
), bu
t ha
d no effect on
effects of dietary D-glucarate in the
HDL.
rat. Nutr Res 199
6;16(4):6
73–6
81.
Vitis vinifera
Vitis vinifera
seed
sRats
The
extract inh
ibited
the
carrage
en-
Zafirov
D, e
t al. A
ntiexu
dative
and
pu
rified
and
enriche
dinduced hind paw
edem
a. The
secapilla
ritonic effects of procy
ani-
fraction
; Procy
anidines:
compo
unds also inh
ibited
the
dex
tran
-dines isolated from grape seed
dose 2 mg/
kg for 3
3induced edem
a 4 ho
urs after the
( Vitis vinifera). Acta Phy
siol
per day
for 6 day
sdev
elop
men
t of the
process.
Pha
rmacol Bulg 199
0;16
(3);5
0–54.
Withania
Aqu
eous
susp
ension
of
Stress-ind
uced
Simultane
ous oral administration of
Dhu
ley JN
. Effect of ash
wag
andha
somnifera
(L.)
root extract of 10
0rabb
its an
dWithania somnifera
preve
nted
the
rise
on lipid perox
idation in stress-
Duna
lmg/
kg Withania
mice
in lipid perox
idation in rab
bits and
induced animals. J Ethno
-SO
LANACEA
Esomnifera
mice.
pha
rm 199
8;60
:173
–178
.Ashwag
andha
Winter ch
erry
505
( continued)
Withania somnifera
Asparagus racemosus,
Mice
All plan
ts significantly inh
ibited
the
Dhu
ley JN
. Effect of som
e Indian
Picrorhiza kurrooa,
carcinog
en och
ratoxin-induced
herbs on
macroph
age
Tinospora cordifolia,
supp
ression of che
motactic activity
func
tion
s in och
ratoxin A treated
Withania somnifera
and the
produc
tion
of interleu
kin-1
mice. J Ethno
pha
rm 199
7;58
:an
d TNF-
aby
macroph
ages.
15–2
0.Withania somnifera
Withania somnifera
root
Mice
The
extract atten
uated the
dev
elop
men
t of
Kulkarni SK, N
inan
I. Inhibition
of
extract
toleranc
e to the
ana
lgesic effect of
morph
ine toleranc
e an
d
morph
ine. A
lso up
pressed m
orphine
-dep
enden
ce by Withania somnifera
swithd
rawal ju
mps, a sign of dep
enden
cein m
ice. J Ethno
pha
rm 1997;57
(3):
to opiate.
213–
217.
Withania somnifera
Eclipta alba, Ocimum
Hyp
erglye
mic
The
herba
l form
ulation ha
d little
Bha
ttacha
rya SK
, et al. Effect of
sanctum, Picrorhiza
rats
effect on bloo
d suga
r co
ncen
trations
Trasina
, an
Ayu
rved
ic herba
l kurrooa, Tinospora
but doses ind
uced
a dose-related
form
ulation
on pan
crea
tic islet
cordifolia, W
ithania
decrease in STZ hyp
erglyc
emia and
supe
roxide dismutase activity in
somnifera.D
oses: 100,
attenu
ation of STZ ind
uced
a decrease
hype
rglycaem
ic rats. Ind
ian J
200 mg/
kg PO 1
3in islet supe
roxide dism
utase activity in
Exp
Biol 19
97;35(3):297
–299
.pe
r day
for 28 day
seu
glyc
aemic rats.
Withania somnifera
75% m
etha
nolic
extract
Mice
The
extract w
as fou
nd to sign
ifican
tly
Kuttan
G. Use of Withania somnifera
of Withania somnifera
decrease total white blood
cell co
unt
L. Dun
al as an
adjuva
nt during
an
d red
uce leu
copen
ia ind
uced by
radiation
the
rapy. Ind
ian JE
xp Biol
subletha
l do
ses of gam
ma radiation
. 19
96;34(9):854
–856
.Withania somnifera
Roo
ts of Withania
Mice
A significant m
odulation of immun
eZiauddin M
, et al. Studies on the
somnifera
reactivity w
as observe
d as was
immuno
mod
ulatory effects of
immuno
stim
ulatory activity.
Ashwag
andh
a J. Ethn
opha
rm19
96;50(2):69–
76.
Withania somnifera
Witha
ferin A, a
steroidal
Mice
Witha
ferin A w
as effective
in inhibiting
Sh
arad
a AC, et al. Antitumor and
lacton
e from
Withania
grow
th of Ehrlic
h ascites tumor in
radiosens
itizing effects of w
itha
-somnifera
mou
se.
ferin A on mou
se Ehr
lich ascites
carcinom
a in vivo. A
cta Onc
ol
1996
;35(1):95–
100.
Withania somnifera
Witha
ferin A, a
steroidal
Mice
Witha
ferin A inh
ibited
tum
or growth
Dev
i PU, e
t al. In vivo grow
th
lacton
e from
Withania
and inc
reased
tum
or free su
rvival in a
inhibitory and
rad
iosens
itizing
somnifera
dose-dep
enden
t man
ner.
effects of w
itha
ferin A on mou
se
Ehr
lich ascites carcinom
a. C
ancer
Lett 19
95;95(1–
2):189
–193
.
506
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
Withania somnifera
Aqu
eous extract of
Mice
Withania somnifera
show
ed significant
Grand
hi A
, et al. A
com
parative
powdered
roo
t of
antistress activity an
d significant
pha
rmacolog
ical inv
estiga
tion
of
Withania somnifera
anab
olic activity.
Ash
wag
andha
and
Ginseng
. JE
thno
pha
rm 199
4;44
:131
–135
.Withania somnifera
Alcoh
ol extract from
Mice an
d rats
LD
50calculated
as 12
60 m
g/kg
bod
ySh
arad
a AC, e
t al. Tox
icity of
roots of Withania
weigh
t for 30
day
s resu
lted
in no
Withania somnifera
root extracts in
somnifera
mortality or cha
nges in pe
riph
eral
rats and
mice. Int J Pha
rmacog
bloo
d con
stituen
ts.
1993
;31(3):205
–212
.Withania somnifera
Alcoh
olic roo
t ex
tract of
Mice
The
extract had
a tumor inh
ibiting
Dev
i PU
, et al. Antitumor and
Withania somnifera
effect, a
cted
as a radiosens
itizer, a
ndradiosens
itizing effects of Withania
heat enh
anced the
se effects.
somnifera
(Ash
wag
andha
) on
a
tran
splantab
le m
ouse tum
or,
Sarcom
a 18
0. Ind
ian JE
xp Biol
1993
;31:60
7–61
1.Withania somnifera
1 capsu
le 3
3pe
r day
30 patients
The
herba
l co
mbina
tion
was fou
nd to
Karnick
CR. Clin
ical eva
luation of
with luke
warm w
ater
with calculi
alleviate no
t on
ly pain bu
t also slowly
composite Ayu
rved
ic d
rugs
, on
containing
: Asparagus
on kidne
ys,
disintegrated
both calcium-oxa
late
calculi, in the kidne
y an
d the
racemosus,5
0 mg;
ureters, or
and calcium
carbo
nate crystals in a
urina
ry bladder. A
ryav
aidya
n Bergenia ligulata,
100
blad
ders
span
of 72
hou
rs and
com
plete
6(2):199
2;10
4–10
8.mg; Eclipta alba,
100
disch
arging
of crys
tals w
ithin 15
–30
mg; Myristica fragrans,
day
s. C
omplete disch
arge
occurred
in
10 m
g; Tinospora
greater than
80%
of the pa
tien
ts.
cordifolia
, 100
mg;
Tribulus terrestris,50
mg, Withania somnifera,
50 m
gWithania somnifera
Metha
nolic
fraction of
Rats
Anti-inflam
matory activity retaine
d in
Al-H
inda
wi MK, e
t al. A
nti-g
ranu
loma
aerial parts of Withania
the ex
tract an
d w
as com
parab
le to that
activity of Iraq
i Withania somnifera
somnifera
of a 5 m
g/kg
dos
e of hyd
roco
rtison
eJ Ethno
pha
rm 199
2;37
:113
–116
.so
dium succinate.
Withania somnifera
Witha
ferin A
Rats
Treatmen
t with W
itha
ferin A aga
inst
Sudhir S, Bud
hiraja R
D. Com
parison
CCl4 ind
uced
hep
atotox
icity
of the
protective effect of With
afferin
possessed
significant protective
‘A’ an
d hyd
roco
rtison
e ag
ains
t effect. W
itha
ferin A w
as sho
wn to be
CCL4 induc
ed hep
atox
icity in rats.
as effective
as hy
droco
rtison
e dose
Indian
JPhy
siol Pha
rmacol 199
2;per dos
e.36
(2):1
27–1
29.
Withania somnifera
Withania somnifera
root,
Dou
ble-blind,
Osteo
arthritis patients were rand
omly
Kulka
rni RR, e
t al. Treatmen
t of
450 mg; Boswellia
placeb
o-allocated to receive the placebo
or the
osteoa
rthr
itis w
ith a he
rbal
serrataOleo gu
m resin
controlle
dhe
rbom
ineral formulation
. Aform
ulation
:A dou
ble-blind,
100 mg; Curcuma longa
trial: 42
sign
ifican
t drop was noted
in the
placebo
-con
trolled, c
ross-
rhizom
e 50
mg; and
patien
tsseve
rity of pain ( p
,0.00
1) and
over study. JEthno
pharm
zinc
com
plex, 50 mg
disab
ility sco
re (p
,0.05
)19
91;33(1–
2):91–
95.
507
( continued)
Withania somnifera
Withania somnifera
root
Dou
ble-blind,
Withania somnifera
was supe
rior in
Karnick
CR. A dou
ble-blind, placebo
-po
wder extract. D
ose
placeb
o-effect to gins
eng root pow
der relative
controlle
d clin
ical study on
the
250 mg 2 3
per day
controlle
dto baseline perform
ance, integrated
effects of Withania somnifera
L.a
nd
for 40 day
sclinical trial:
sens
ory-motor func
tion
, an
d au
ditory
Panax ginseng extracts on
psy
cho-
30 hea
lthy
reaction
. Both Withania somnifera
motor perform
ance in he
althy
male an
dan
d Panax ginseng
grou
ps pe
rformed
Indian
volun
teers. Ind
ian Med
females
statistically
better co
mpa
red to
1991
;3(2,3):1
–5.
placebo
in men
tal arithm
etic and
motor fun
ction.
Withania somnifera
80% ethan
olic extract of
Rats with
Results sho
wed
tha
t the plants possessed
Al-Hindaw
i MK, e
t al. Anti-inflam
-Achillea santolina,
carrag
eena
n-va
rying deg
rees of an
tiinflam
matory
matory activity of so
me Iraq
i Apium
graveolens,
indu
ced
activity in the follo
wing descend
ing
plants using
intact rats. J
Matricaria chamomilla,
paw edem
aorder: Withania somnifera, Apium
Ethno
pha
rm 198
9;26
(2):1
63–1
68.
Myrtus communis,
graveolens, Achillea santolina, Matricaria
Withania somnifera
and
chamomilla, Myrtus communis.
acetylsalic
ylic acid used
as stand
ard dru
gWithania somnifera
Thr
ee plants lack
ing
Feed
ing trials
All plan
ts produc
ed hep
atic lesions
Arseculeratne, et al. S
tudies of
pyrrolizidine alka
loids:
in rats
that inc
luded
cen
tral vein
med
icinal plants of Sri Lan
ka.
Aegle marmelos,
abno
rmalities. Terminalia chebula
Part 14
: Tox
icity of som
eHemidesmus indicus,
and Withania somnifera
produced
trad
itiona
l med
icinal herbs. J
Terminalia chebula,
marke
d ren
al lesions
.Ethno
pha
rm 198
5;13
(3):3
23–3
35.
Withania somnifera
Withania somnifera
Pow
dered
dried
roo
t of
Human
trial:
The
extract w
as effective
in a nu
mbe
rBector NP, e
t al. R
ole of Withania
Withania somnifera
63 patients
of acu
te rhe
umatoid arthritis cases
somnifera
L. (A
shwag
andha
) in
and in some with ch
ronic rheu
matoid
variou
s type
s of arthr
opathies.
arthritis with acute exa
cerbations
.Ind JM
ed R
es. 1
968;56(10):158
1–15
83.
TPA, tissu
e plasm
inog
en activator; H
MG C
oA, h
ydroxy
methy
l glutaryl coen
zyme A; U
SAN, U
nited States Adop
ted N
ames; IV, intrav
enou
sly; IP, intraperiton
eally
;ED
50, m
edian effective do
se; P
GE2, prostag
land
in E
2; G
SH, g
lutathione
; CSF
, AUC, C
max, L
D50, m
edian lethal dose; bid, twice daily; tid, thr
ee tim
es daily.
508
TABLE2.
PLANTSU
SED
INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA
(CONT’D)
Genus, species
family
Common name
(Sanskrit)
Common name
Plant part used,
Design
(English)
preparation, and dosage
and model
Results
References
THERAPEUTIC PLANTS OF AYURVEDA 509
KHAN AND BALICK510
THERAPEUTIC PLANTS OF AYURVEDA 511
KHAN AND BALICK512
THERAPEUTIC PLANTS OF AYURVEDA 513
KHAN AND BALICK514
THERAPEUTIC PLANTS OF AYURVEDA 515