Processes Of

learningBy : Abolfazl Ghanbary

Any teacher have to answer to these two questions:

language?

Language learning?

What’s

What’s your opinion about teaching and

learning؟

The first point have to change ?

When I started teaching, I found that my basic image of what a teacher’s job was and how a teacher should behave were drawn largely from what I had seen my own teachers doing. These internal images were quite deeply held and quite hard to challenge.

Learning teaching (Jim Scrivener)

Content• Behaviorism• Cognitive theory• Gestalt psychology• The Monitor Model• Information Processing Model(IPM)

BehaviorismB. F. Skinner

• Language under this view is essentially a system of habits; learning comes by producing a response to a stimulus and receiving either positive or negative reinforcement.

Habit Formation

-Positive Reinforcement Repetition and Imitation

-Linguistic Input Environment

Cognitive theory Proposed by N.E.Miller J.Dollard.

Expanded by Albert Bandura.

• Observing others• Internal process that change

behaviour• Behave in certain ways to reach goals • Self-directed• Automatized vs. restructured.

Social Cognitive Theory

• behaviourist psychologists avoided description of mental processes or the mind in their literature

• Psychoanalytic theories on the other hand stress the importance of the unconscious while cognitive theories emphasize on conscious thoughts.

• Cognitive Psychology focuses on the study of how people think, understand, and know

Gestalt psychology• Gestalt is a perspective focuses on the belief

that human consciousness cannot be broken down into its elements. This approach to psychology was founded on the concept of the gestalt, or whole.

• Gestalt psychologists led by Max Wertheimer (1880 - 1943), Wolfgang Kohler (1887 – 1967) and Kurt Koffka (1886 – 1941) have made substantial contributions to our understanding of perception.

• Gestaltists pointed out that perception has meaning only when it is seen as a whole.

• The word Gestalt in German literally means “shape” or “figure”.

• Gestalt psychology is a theory of mind and brain that suggests that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies, or that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

• Gestalt effect refers to the form-forming capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves.

• Figure 5.4 shows an example of picture that contains the gestalt theory.

Creative construction Theory

• It is propose by Stephen Krashen

• It is also called as The Monitor Model

• Learners are thought to “construct” internal representations of the language being learned

Creative Construction Theory

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The Monitor hypothesis.

The Acquisition – learning hypothesis.

The natural order hypothesis.

The input hypothesis.

The Affective Filter hypothesis.

1 The Acquisition– learning hypothesis.

This hypothesis says

that

There are two independent systems

The learned system The acquired system

is

The product of formal instruction and a conscious process.

is

The product of a conscious process.

Krashen says that “learning” is less important than acquisition.

Differences between Acquisition and Learning

Acquisition Learning

implicit, subconscious explicit, conscious

informal situations formal situations

uses grammatical 'feel' uses grammatical rules

depends on attitude depends on aptitude

stable order of acquisition simple to complex order of learning

2 The Monitor hypothesis.

Everyone has a monitor that tells them when something is good or bad. It requires these conditions:

time, knowledge and focus on form.

MONITOR Conditions

(you need…)

TIME KNOWLEDGE

FOCUSON

FORM

Have time to think. Know the rules (not have forgotten it).

Feel a need to use the correct form.

3 The natural order hypothesis.

This is a natural, predictable order in which people acquire language. It is the same for each person and

independent of the instruction program.

4 The input hypothesis.

People acquire a language by receiving camprehensible input. This input should be slightly

ahead of a learner´s current state of knowledge( i + 1 ).

+ INPUT

1

i

5 The Affective Filter hypothesis.

When the learner is experiencing high anxiety, low-steam or low motivation, the filter turns on and causes

the learner to block out input.

INPUT INPUT

MOTIVATION

SELF - STEAM

ANXIETY

FILTER HIGH

FILTER LOW

MOTIVATION

SELF - STEAM

ANXIETY

Combined model of acquisition and production

• The Information Processing Theory approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology.

• Information processing theorists proposed that like a computer, a human mind is a system that processes information through the application of logical rules and strategies.

Information Processing Model(IPM)

Short-Term Memory• Short-term memory: Also known as primary or active memory,

is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. (conscious mind). The information found in short term memory comes from paying attention to sensory memories.

• The Duration of Short-Term Memory: approximately 20 to 30 seconds, but it can be just seconds if rehearsal or active maintenance of the information is prevented,

• The Capacity of Short-Term Memory: 1- In an important paper titled "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two," psychologist George Miller suggested that people can store between five and nine items in short-term memory. 2- More recent research suggests that people are capable of storing approximately four chunks or pieces of information in short-term memory.

Distinction Between Short-Term Memory and Working Memory

• Working memory refers to the processes that are used to temporarily store, organize and manipulate information.

• Short-term memory refers only to the temporary storage of information in memory.

Long-Term Memory• Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information.• This information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be

called into working memory to be used when needed• The Duration of Long-Term Memory : While long-term memory is

also susceptible to the forgetting process, long-term memories can last for a matter of days to as long as many decades.

Types of Long-Term Memory

declarative (explicit) memory

episodic memory (specific events)

semantic memory

(knowledge about the

world)

procedural (implicit) memory

Output

Recall

Integration (defragmentation)

Intake

Comprehension

Perception

Input

Processes Of

learning

Input• Data and information which are given to the

learner

• Nowadays, the children’s wit (intellect) are more than the children in previous decades. Why?

Perception• Perception is the organization, identification, and

interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment.

• The main role of perception in learning is to speed up the learning process and recall. Perception involves the use of identification and sensory information to of a subject. Exposure to stimulus develops the interest and conscious knowledge of a person which enables better understanding and learning of the person about a specific subject.

Intake

Repetition

Meaningful

Natural situation

Use of language not performing

Awareness(A key to learner independence)

uses effective strategies

has appropriate knowledge

holds positive beliefs and attitudesPersonalization

Rote learning is where you memorize something without full understanding and you do not know how the new information relates to your other stored knowledge.

When meaningful learning occurs the facts are stored in a relational manner. That is, the brain stores them together because they are related to each other.

IntegrationLanguage Integration Over IsolationIntegrated content is more effective than teaching the language in isolation.

Recall

Role playGames