THEORY OF EVOLUTION Chapter 15. Evolution Development of new organisms from pre-existing ones...
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Transcript of THEORY OF EVOLUTION Chapter 15. Evolution Development of new organisms from pre-existing ones...
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THEORY OF EVOLUTIONChapter 15
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Evolution • Development of new organisms from pre-existing ones• Heritable change in the characteristics within a
population from one generation to the next• Charles Darwin published “On the Origin of the Species”
in 1859• descent with modification (DwM)
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Descent with modification (DwM)• Every species must have
descended by reproduction from preexisting species
• Species must be able to change over time
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Natural selection• Mechanism for DwM• Four main parts of Darwin’s reasoning
1. Overproduction: more offspring produced than can survive
2. Genetic variation: individual within a population have different traits
3. Struggle to survive: individuals compete• Some variations improve chance for survival and reproduction• Adaptation: trait that makes an individual successful in its
environment
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Natural selection
4. Differential reproduction: organisms with best adaptations are most likely to survive and reproduce• Through inheritance, adaptations become more frequent
in a population• This leads to change in a population• Fitness: measure of an individual’s heredity contribution
to the next generation• More than survival• Must reproduce offspring that will reproduce in turn
Notebook assignment: See page 300
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Contributors to Darwin• Before Darwin’s time, most
scientist thought the earth and it’s organisms were permanent and unchanging
• Earth was thought to only be thousands of years old• How old is it actually?• About 4.5 Billion years old
• Geologists started to identify the actual age of the earth by looking at the rock strata: rock layers
• Oldest layers on bottom
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Contributors • French anatomist Georges Cuvier
• Reconstructed fossils• Some organisms in the past differed greatly form any living
species• “sudden changes” result of CATASTROPHISM >> caused
extinction
• English geologist Charles Lyell• UNIFORMITARIANISM
• the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes
• French biologist Jean Baptiste Lamarck• INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS
• is the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring
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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
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Fossil record• Fossil: remains or
traces of past life• Fossils show that
different organisms have appeared at different times and places on Earth
• Superposition: oldest rocks on the bottom
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How old is it?• Relative vs absolute age• Which is older: A fossil at A or F?• If a radioactive isotope has a half-life
of 50 years, how much is left after 250 years if the original amount was 5,000 mg? Half-lifes Mass
remaining
0 5000 mg
1 (50 years) 2500 mg
2 (100 years
1250 mg
3 (150 years)
625 mg
4 (200 years)
312.5 mg
5 (250 years)
156.25 mg
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Transitional species• Intermediate species between ancestral species and later
descendants• Page 304
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Biogeography • Studies why living things are found where they are• Unrelated organisms with similar features
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Comparative anatomy• Homologous structures: found in related species that
share a common ancestor• May have different functions but similar structure• Analogous structures: related functions, but different
structure
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Vestigial structures• Structures with no current function• May have been functional in ancestral species
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Evolution in action• Evolution is continuous and
ongoing• Scientists can study
evolutionary patterns today• Case study: anole lizards
• Page 308
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Convergent evolution• Process by which different species evolve similar traits
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Divergence and radiation• Divergent evolution: process in which descendants of a
single ancestor diversify into species that each fit into different parts of their environment
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Adaptive radiation• Many species evolve from a single ancestral species
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Artificial selection• Selective breeding of
organisms for specific traits• DONE BY HUMANS!!!• This is in contrast to natural
selection in which the environment places pressure on certain traits
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Coevolution
• When two or more species have evolved adaptations to each other’s influence
• Why are flowers different colors?• Why do they have different scents?• Why are flowers shaped differently?• Why do we keep having to develop new antibiotics?• Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus• MRSA
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