Theory of Affect Part Two MS3305 The Atmosphere of Affect Insubstantiality of affect makes it...
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Theory of Affect
Part Two
MS3305
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The Atmosphere of Affect
Insubstantiality of affect makes it
difficult to touch. It has no
substance, but it does have an influence… a
force…
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Theories of Affect
• What is Affect? (Thrift, 2008 pp. 175-182)
• No stable definition of affect
• Not just about feeling or emotion, more about motion, social interaction…
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Infinitive Encounters
• Thrift presents a complex argument in which individuals are the effects of the affective events they encounter, respond to and participate in
• He grasps these encounters in the affective atmosphere described by Brennan
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Four Approaches to Affect
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Four Approaches to Affect
1. Darwin’s study of emotions
• Universal emotion• Affective expression
evolutionary– Preparing humans and
animals for action
• Omits communicative affect
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1872
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Duchenne de Boulogne
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Four Approaches to Affect
2. Psychoanalytical Affect
• Emotions part of the inner unconsciousness of the individual
• Linked to biological drives
• A biologically-derived affect
Freud
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2. Psychoanalytical Affect
Based around the notion of biological drives – sexuality, libido, desire. All regarded as the root source of human motivation and
identity
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2. Psychoanalytical Affect
• Emotions vehicles or manifestations of drives
• Problem?• Approach reduces
affect to drives
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2. Psychoanalytical Affect
• In Freudian terms, affect becomes part of the inner unconsciousness of the individual
• The Westernized concept of the sealed sense of self…
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Four Approaches to Affect
3. Bodily States and Processes
• Criticises idea of subjects “talking about” their emotion
• Source of emotions can come from outside the body
• Blushes, laughs, crying and anger are visceral responses to others
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3. Bodily States and Processes
• Emotions are not about speaking, they are not talk – not forms of expression. They are something going on that talk cannot grasp.
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3. Bodily States and Processes
• Not understood by analysis of texts, symbols, material objects and ways of life as representations of emotions
See feelclickconnect.com
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3. Bodily States and Processes
• Study of response-ability of bodily states
‘Blushes, laughs, cryings, and anger emerge from faces and through coverings that usually hide visceral substrata. The doing of emotions is a process of breaking bodily boundaries, of tears spilling out, rage burning up, and as laughter bursts out, the emphatic involvement of guts as a designated source of the involvement.’ (Katz 2000 322 cited in Thrift)
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Four Approaches to Affect
4. Manifold “Psychology” of Affect
• Capacity to affect and be affected
• Like insects, swarms
• Emergent interactions driven by sensory environment
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3. Manifold Psychology of Affect
• Affect occurs through interaction in the world
– Emerges from social relationalities
– Affect is transmitted via social interaction
– It becomes biological• Enters the skins
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Manifold Psychology of Affect
• Counter to Freud’s inner unconsciousness of the individual
• Deleuze’s influences on DeLanda and Massumi’s theory of affect is founded upon
• Capacity to affect and be affected
• Kind of a networkability of affect
• Like Tarde, the relation is more important than the individual – the self is porous to the other (Thrift)
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Manifold Psychology of Affect
• An outcome of encounter – some joyful, some sorrowful (Spinoza)
• Affect like a force…
• Spinoza compared love, hate, anger, envy, pride, pity to heat, storms and thunder "feelings of pain or pleasure or some
quality in between are the bedrock of
our minds."
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What Makes You Angry?
Other People
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Crowd Theory
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Can affect be reduced to individual psyche?
• Imagine an angry crowd - the atmosphere of contagious affect that passes in-between each person
• Crowd Contagion - 19th Century
• Gabriel Tarde• Gustave Le Bon…
– Brennan’s Transmission of Affect
– Affective Contagion (Thrift)– Role of new technology in
the spreading of affect
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Affect Occurs In-Between People and Things
• Affect equally about social interaction with others and things –
• What travels in-between people and things rather than what occurs inside
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Brennan’s Atmosphere of Affect
• What happens outside (the social) penetrates the inside (the skin, the biological)
• “… manifested in the skin – at the surface of the body, at its interface with things.” Massumi, Brian. “The Autonomy of Affect.” p. 25
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Feeling, Emotion, Affect
Feeling, Emotion, Affect by Eric Shouse (drawing on Brian Massumi)M/C Journal, Affect. Volume 8, Issue 6 Dec. 2005
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Feeling
• A sensation
• ‘Checked against previous experiences’
• Labeled (I feel happy, hurt, angry, scared…)
• ‘Personal and biographical’ – ‘every person has a distinct
set of previous sensations from which to draw when interpreting and labeling’
Feeling, Emotion, Affect by Eric Shouse M/C Journal, Affect. Volume 8, Issue 6 Dec. 2005
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Emotion
• A projection
• Display or broadcast of a feeling
• Can be either genuine or feigned
• Paul Ekman’s experiment
• American and Japanese subjects watched films depicting facial surgery– When alone - displayed similar
expressions – When in groups - expressions
were different
Feeling, Emotion, Affect by Eric Shouse M/C Journal, Affect. Volume 8, Issue 6 Dec. 2005
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Affect
• A non-conscious experience of intensity
• A moment of unformed and unstructured potential - Always prior to and/or outside of consciousness (Massumi in Parables of the Virtual)
• The body’s way of preparing itself for action (decision making)
Feeling, Emotion, Affect by Eric Shouse M/C Journal, Affect. Volume 8, Issue 6 Dec. 2005
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What is Affect?
• Thrift locates its “strategic” use in political and corporate arenas…
• He also refers to its location in design
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The marketing of affect
Look at how good Apple are at developing affective relations between users (consumers),
brands and products
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Emotional Design?
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The marketing of affect
Corporations in the business of making 'hormonal’
splashes through increasing contact with consumers
(Thrift p. 247)
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The marketing of affect
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The politics of affect battle for hearts & minds
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Affect in Computing, Engineering and Science
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Affective Computing
• Field concerns emotions and computers
• A major shift from traditional “rationale” computer research
• To affect and emotions
• See IBM film from 1965 (first 2mins)
• See Royal Society Summer Exhibition (2mins)
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But Jim, human emotions are irrational
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Field of Affective Computing
• Main focus on the link between emotion
• Decision making • Learning• Memory processes
Emotional and Intelligent?
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Neuroscience
• Antonio Damasio (1994) located the importance of emotions in thinking processes
• I think therefore I am
• I feel therefore I am
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Descartes' Error?
immaterial
material
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Making Decisions
• Contrary to Spock, experiments with real people with brain disorders that produce a lack of emotion were found to be terrible at making decisions
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Field of Affective Computing
• Could not stop putting money into bad investments
• All money gone
• Lose their jobs, friends, family…
Degenerate Gambler?
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Indecision
• Patients have problems making any decisions!
• Consider all the possibilities
• Continue analyzing
• Unable to conclude
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Affective Computing
• Eerik Vesterinen’s literature review - Locates prominent research questions in the field
1. What is the foundation of recognizing, expressing and understanding emotions?
2. Is a computer able to feel? 3. How do emotions interact with intellectual
processes and physiological systems? 4. Should we do it? Ethics!!!
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How do computers recognize emotions?
• A computer must have senses
• Audio to hear vocal intonations
• Video to see facial expressions
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How do computers recognize emotions?
• Reading infrared body temperature and measuring electrothermal skin conductivity
• Measuring heart rate and respiration• Uses these inputs to infer an emotional state
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How do computers recognize emotions?
• Testing a computer’s ability to guess the emotional state of a user
Joseph Weizenbaum’s Eliza (Java Version
Article by Noah Wardrip-Fruin
Eliza, Tale-Spin, and SimCity
“Jenn” at alaskaair.com
Alicebot.Org
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How do computers express emotions?
• Like an actor controlling facial expressions, stance, voice tone, proximity etc…
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Expressing emotions
• A computer can express emotions without really “having” emotions, or without really “feeling”
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• Videos of MIT's Nexi MDS Robot: First Test of Expression
• - Official MDS Robot Video - First Test of Expressive Ability (Longer version)
• More Robot Expression Research
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Can Computers Feel?• Picard (1998) proposes a
model of five components that should all be present in a system if it is to have emotions.
• Consider how these might inform a research project?
• How can the concept of affect become researchable?
1. Emergent Emotions2. Fast Primary Emotions3. Cognitive Emotions4. Emotional Experience5. Body-Mind Interactions
See also Picard’s AFFECTIVE COMPUTING FOR HCI
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1. Emergent Emotions
• What you are able to see, hear, touch, smell, taste…
• “Positive emotions towards serving the user”
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2. Fast Primary Emotions
• Like Norman’s visceral level – these are “hard-wired, innate responses, especially to potentially harmful events.” See Vesterinen
• Comes before conscious thought!
• Travels through us “unawares” (Thrift)
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2. Fast Primary Emotions
• “We can feel startled, angry, or afraid before the signals event get to the cortex, and before becoming aware of what is happening.” See Vesterinen
• How do fast primary emotions influence decision making processes?
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3. Cognitive Emotions
• Thought emotions • For example, feeling satisfied makes you feel good
• How can user satisfaction be measured?
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4. Emotional Experience
• A system of learnt emotion• Rudimentary understanding of
own emotions – labels
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4. Emotional Experience
• Experiences of physiological responses - heart rate, breathing, cold feet…
• Conscious emotion = awareness of “gut feelings”
• User experience design projects based on – Physical reactions – Gut feelings – Emotional labelling
Exploring the user’s emotional landscape
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5. Body-Mind InteractionsEmotions intricately interact
with the human mind and body
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Body-Mind Interactions(Emotions intricately interact with the human mind and
body)
• Emotions influence thought processes
– Decision making– Perception– Interest– Learning– Priorities– Intelligence – Memory
![Page 61: Theory of Affect Part Two MS3305 The Atmosphere of Affect Insubstantiality of affect makes it difficult to touch. It has no substance, but it does have.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e845503460f94b85a92/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Body-Mind Interactions(Emotions intricately interact with the human mind and
body)
• Emotions influence physiological systems
– Vocal and facial expressions
– Posture and movement – Cognitive thoughts can
generate emotions – Biochemical processes
like hormones and neurotransmitters and physical drives like hunger evoke emotions
![Page 62: Theory of Affect Part Two MS3305 The Atmosphere of Affect Insubstantiality of affect makes it difficult to touch. It has no substance, but it does have.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e845503460f94b85a92/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Tasks for SeminarLearning• FOCUS GROUPS• FLOW ANALYSIS• COGNITIVE TASK
ANALYSIS• HISTORICAL ANALYSIS• AFFINITY DIAGRAMSLooking• FLY ON THE WALL• A DAY IN THE LIFE• SHADOWING• PERSONAL INVENTORY
Asking• CONCEPTUAL
LANDSCAPE (mental models)
• COLLAGE• FOREIGN
CORRESPONDENTS• CARD SORTTrying• EMPATHY TOOLS• SCENARIOS• NEXT YEAR’S HEADLINES• INFORMANCE
Focus on the prototype assessmentUser Testing
Each student to outline how they will/have learnt, looked, asked and/or observed usageWhat methods have you used/plan to useWhat has proved to be the most useful?