Theory Coin

8/12/2019 Theory Coin

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Introduction to

Cryptographic Currencies

Claudio Orlandics.au.dk/~orlandi

Thanks to: Jon K. Srensen and Peter S. Nordholt


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Leave while you can!

I will NOTtalk about: Politics

Economics

Coming up next:

Algorithms Cryptography


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Outline

Part 0: a little history

Part 1: TheoryCoin

How to createcoins How to transfercoins How tostorecoins

Part 2: diff( , )

Part 3: Problems and issues


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cryptocurrency


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The 1990sDavid Chaum and anonymous ecash

The difference between

a bad electronic cash system

and well-developed digital cash

will determine whether

we will have a dictatorshipor a real democracy

(attributed to Chaum)


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Anonymous payments

withdraw

withdraw

M or L?


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Chaumsanonymous e-cash

anonymous

secure(no double-spending)

only transfer(no creation/storage)

and bankruptedin 1999


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The advent of Bitcoin

2009: Bitcoin announcedby Satoshi Nakamoto

Pseudonym for person or group of person

2009-2011: slow start

2011-2013: Silk Road and Dread Pirate Roberts

End 2013: Bitcoin price skyrockets

and the world notices!


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Outline


Part 1: TheoryCoin


Part 2: diff( , )



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TheoryCoin:

How to create money

1. Everyonetries to solvea puzzle

2. The first one to solvethe puzzle gets 1 TC

3. The solution of puzzle idefines puzzle i+1


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TheoryCoin:

How to create money

H

L {0,1}* R {0,1}*

T {0,1}d

SolvePuzzle(L){

repeat{R =my_name|| i++

T = H(L,R)

}while(T 0d)

return R}

The puzzle:given L, find R

such that T=0d

(a random function)

* aka Proof-of-Work


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TheoryCoin: (coins to ppl)

How to create money

H

x0= Start! x1 =(P1, i1)

000000

x2=(P2, i1)

H000000

x3=(P3, i3)

H000000

P3

P1

P2x1

x1

x2 x2

x3

x3

* aka the blockchain


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TheoryCoin:

How to create money

Recap:

Solve the next puzzle get a coin

To solvepuzzle i find xi s.t H(xi-1,xi)=0d

The longest chain defines next puzzle

The name in block xigets coin i.


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Outline


Part 1: TheoryCoin


Part 2: diff( , )



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TheoryCoin:

How to transfer money

(Digital) Signatures Only you can sign

Everyone can verify You cannot deny

Give coin 3 to Jesper

Claudio


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TheoryCoin:


Gen

Sign Verify

message message, signature accept/reject

secret key public key

Your usernameYour pin code


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P3 P1

m=P3 gives coin 3 to P1

s=Sig(sk3,m)

IfVer(pk3,m,s) = accept

and

P3 owns coin 3

then

return accept

TheoryCoin:



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P3

P1

P2

accept

accept

TheoryCoin:


m1=P3 gives coin 3 to P1

s1=Sig(sk3,m1)

m2=P3 gives coin 3 to P2

s2=Sig(sk3,m2) * aka double spending


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P3

P1

TheoryCoin:


...

(m1,s1)...

(m2,s2)

...

(m4,s4)

m1 = P3 gives coin 3 to P1

s1 = Sig(sk3,m1)

m2 = P3 gives coin 3 to P2

s2 = Sig(sk3,m2)

write

(m1,s1)

write

(m2,s2)

read

(m1,s1)

P2

read

(m2,s2)

accept

reject

P4m4 = P1 gives coin 3 to P4

s4 = Sig(sk1,m4)

write

(m4,s4)

read

(m4,s4)


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Outline


Part 1: TheoryCoin


Part 2: diff( , )



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TheoryCoin:

How to store money

Main Idea:Record transfersin the blockchain


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x4=(P4, (m,s), i

4)

P1

TheoryCoin:

How to store money

P3

P2 P4

(m,s)

(m,s)

(m,s)

SolvePuzzle(L,...){

repeat{

R = my_name||(m,s)|| i++

T = H(L,R)

}while(T 0d)

return R

}


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Outline


Part 1: TheoryCoin


Part 2: diff( , )



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diff( , )How is money createdin Bitcoin?

New block every ~10 mins

dadjusted every ~2000 blocks

H = 2-SHA2

Initial reward: 50 BTC

Halved every ~4 years (now 25 BTC)


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diff( , )How is money transferred in Bitcoin?

P1 gives 14 to P1

Transaction fee 1

Example: P1 wants to give 60 to P2

... gives 50 to P1

gives 25 to P1

P1 gives 60 to P2


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diff( , )How is money stored in Bitcoin?

Transaction in orphaned blocksare invalid Wait 6 blocks (~1 hour) before accepting transaction.

Checkpointsto prevent complete history rollback.

Alltransactionare stored in the blockchain (Currently ~14 GB)


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Outline


Part 1: TheoryCoin


Part 2: diff( , )



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Anonymity?

Problem: Every transaction ever made isrecorded forever

Solution?

Use new identity for each transaction

But: Heuristics allow to clusteridentities

Anonymous alternatives:

Zerocoin, Zerocash


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Users?(and their devices)

Unfortunate property of DSA

This address1HKywxiL4JziqXrzLKhmB6a74ma6kxbSDj

probably stole ~250000kr this way(due to bug in Android Java based random generator)

Extractor

Sig(sk,m1,r)

Sig(sk,m2,r)sk


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Programmable money?

Bitcoin uses ascripting system for transactions. Forth-like,

Script is simple, stack-based, and processed from left to

right. It is purposefully not Turing-complete, with no loops.

E.g., P1 gives 1 BTC to P2 if at least

2 out of (P1,P2,P3) sign this transaction

Functionality: more than money?

Security: malware payments?


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Mining pools

Solving puzzles (mining) is hard!

Miners join pools and share work/reward

How to optimally split work?

Mechanism design? rational miner?

how to allocate reward?


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Sources:Learn about signatures/ecash/cryptography at csaudkhttps://services.brics.dk/java/courseadmin/crypto/https://services.brics.dk/java/courseadmin/cpthttps://services.brics.dk/java/courseadmin/CryComStory of Chaum and DigiCash (to be taken with a grain of salt)http://cryptome.org/jya/digicrash.htm

Bitcoin paper and announcementhttp://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/

http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg10142.htmlThis pizza cost 750,000 usdhttp://motherboard.vice.com/blog/this-pizza-is-worth-750000Lily Allen turns down btcshttps://twitter.com/lilyallen/statuses/419942070770741249Signature attackhttp://eprint.iacr.org/2013/734

Deanonymizinghttp://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~smeiklejohn/files/imc13.pdfhttp://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584

Zerocoin/Zerocashhttp://zerocoin.org/

Graphs, stats etcwww.blockchain.infoComparison with Altcoinshttp://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrency

Bitcoin stolen from TVhttp://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/12/bloomberg-anchors-christmas-bitcoin-gets-stolen.htmlVisa/Mastercard vs Wikileakshttp://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2010/12/07/visa-mastercard-move-to-choke-wikileaks/Not in the talk, but very interesting:Silkroad essentialshttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cage

The value overflow bughttps://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures#CVE-2010-5139The March 2013 chain forkhttps://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-fork

Buggy transaction, mistery minerhttps://blockchain.info/tx-index/3618498/4005d6bea3a93fb72f006d23e2685b85069d270cb57d15f0c057ef2d5e3f78https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67634.0

The problem with checkpointed bitcoinhttp://www.links.org/files/decentralised-currencies.pdfThis presentation contains copyrighted images the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. I am making the materialavailable for educational purposes only and I believe this constitutes a 'fair use'.
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protected]/msg10142.htmlhttp://motherboard.vice.com/blog/this-pizza-is-worth-750000https://twitter.com/lilyallen/statuses/419942070770741249http://eprint.iacr.org/2013/734http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~smeiklejohn/files/imc13.pdfhttp://eprint.iacr.org/2012/584http://zerocoin.org/http://www.blockchain.info/http://www.coinwarz.com/cryptocurrencyhttp://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/12/bloomberg-anchors-christmas-bitcoin-gets-stolen.htmlhttp://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2010/12/07/visa-mastercard-move-to-choke-wikileaks/http://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttps://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposureshttps://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-forkhttps://blockchain.info/tx-index/3618498/4005d6bea3a93fb72f006d23e2685b85069d270cb57d15f0c057ef2d5e3f78https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67634.0http://www.links.org/files/decentralised-currencies.pdfhttp://www.links.org/files/decentralised-currencies.pdfhttp://www.links.org/files/decentralised-currencies.pdfhttp://www.links.org/files/decentralised-currencies.pdfhttps://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67634.0https://blockchain.info/tx-index/3618498/4005d6bea3a93fb72f006d23e2685b85069d270cb57d15f0c057ef2d5e3f78https://blockchain.info/tx-index/3618498/4005d6bea3a93fb72f006d23e2685b85069d270cb57d15f0c057ef2d5e3f78https://blockchain.info/tx-index/3618498/4005d6bea3a93fb72f006d23e2685b85069d270cb57d15f0c057ef2d5e3f78https://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-forkhttps://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-forkhttps://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-forkhttps://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-forkhttps://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-forkhttps://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-forkhttps://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-forkhttps://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-forkhttps://bitcoin.org/en/alert/2013-03-11-chain-forkhttps://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposureshttps://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposureshttps://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposureshttps://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposureshttps://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposureshttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://pando.com/2014/01/02/with-130m-of-bitcoin-wealth-and-plans-to-sell-the-fbi-could-rattle-the-virtual-currency-cagehttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/10/how-the-feds-took-down-the-dread-pirate-roberts/http://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.com/privacy-tor-btc-and-what-the-silk-road-crackdown-means-to-you-131112.asphttp://exitevent.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protected]/msg10142.htmlhttp://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg10142.htmlhttp://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg10142.htmlhttp://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/http://cryptome.org/jya/digicrash.htmhttps://services.brics.dk/java/courseadmin/CryComhttps://services.brics.dk/java/courseadmin/cpthttps://services.brics.dk/java/courseadmin/crypto/

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