Theory and Practice in qualitative research
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Theory and Practice in qualitative research
Smitha Venkatesh NPSI IB Psychology HL Paper 3
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Learning outcomeTo distinguish between qualitative and
quantitative data
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A Revision ExerciseStatistics
CollectionOrganizationSummarizing
and graphical displays
Making inferencesHypothesis Testing
Determining Relationships
Making Predictions
Descriptive Inferential
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Data and VariablesData: Value or Measurements that variables
describing an event can assume
Variables
NumericDiscrete
Continuous
Non-Numeric
Quantitative Qualitative
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Variables Discrete: something that can be counted. For
eg: Number of rainy days, number of students taking psychology
Continuous: They can assume all values between any two given values. For eg: the weight you will put on or lose due to stress between now and the IB exams
Independent Variable: That can ___________Dependent Variable: That can ______________
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Population= Census;
Described by parameters
Sample = Described by
Statistics
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Samples• Random• Purposive sample• convenience sample
• snowball sample• Systematic Sample• Stratified etc etc
Types of
samples
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How does a researcher go about it?Putting up postersHanding out surveysQuestionnairesOpinion PollsInterviewsVotesEtc etc. Of course the best way to go about it
is random sampling
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What is Quantitative Data RecapThe term quantitative data is used to describe a
type of information that can be counted or expressed numerically. This type of data is often collected in experiments, manipulated and statistically analyzed. Quantitative data can be represented visually in graphs, histograms, tables and charts.
Some examples of quantitative data include exact counts ('there were 789 students who attended the rally') or a type of measurement ('it was 78 degree Fahrenheit yesterday at 2 PM').
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What is Qualitative Data RecapQuantitative data can be contrasted with
qualitative data, which involves describing things in terms of categorizations or qualities.
For example favorite colour…Blue, Green or Red.
It can also mean race, gender, religion, sport.It can mean rank, or category, young, not so
young, old and really really oldYou can’t really measure the difference
between the two scales
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Example of quantitative frequency distribution; No of rainy days in July: Past 24 years
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Chart Title
#REF!
Nu
mb
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of
days
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Example of Qualitative Data: Blood group of X IGCSE A
A B O AB0
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Series 3
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How do we measure both?Quantitative QualitativeSurveysInstruments of measure,
like weighing scale, exam scores (raw and standardized)
Counting
Case StudiesSurveysLikert ScaleObservations
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Descriptive StatisticsYou may use bar chartsPie ChartsFrequency distributionDot PlotsTime Series; Stem and Leaf etc etcNOTE: YOU NEED TO USE APPROPRIATE
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR YOUR IA
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Inferential StatisticsWhat do you ‘infer’ from the data?
How confident are you that 20% of the student population has the blood group A?Your chances are better if you are taking a
random population of 25 from the school, however 25 IGCSE students will also give you all a good idea.
Rainy Days in JULY??
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Bell Curve: Normal Distribution
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Measures of Central TendencyMean MedianMode
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Measures of VariabilityRange
Inter quartile rangeMean Absolute Deviation
The average of absolute deviation from the mean
The Variance and Standard DeviationSample Variance: approximate average of the
squared deviations from the meanSample Standard Deviation is the positive
square root of the sample variance.
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Scared Enough??Don’t worry, its quite simple
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Test Scores: How did you perform
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Need to have different types of DataYou cannot measure everything in absolute in
life.In psychology there is no absolutes, and in
social constructs, things do change
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What is asked in Paper 3Eg; Identify 3 types of Triangulation and
briefly describe how each of them maybe applied in qualitative research (2005)
Now you will be given a case study and asked to comment on it (2011)