theorotical background

7/28/2019 theorotical background

1/11

1

THEOROTICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT

Meaning- Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on aparticular topic. It is an investigation of finding solutions to scientific and social problems

through objective and systematic analysis. It is a search for knowledge, that is, a discovery of

hidden truths. Here knowledge means information about matters. The information might be

collected from different sources like experience, human beings, books, journals, nature, etc. A

research can lead to new contributions to the existing knowledge. Only through research is it

possible to make progress in a field. Research is done with the help of study, experiment,

observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning. Research is in fact ubiquitous.

Definition and concept

Definition: research is defined as the process which includes defining and redefining problems,

formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data;

making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing and conclusions to

determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. .

Research comprises of defining and redefining problems of formulating hypothesis or suggested

solutions, collecting organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching

conclusions and carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated

hypothesis

Characteristics of research

1. Research is always directed to solution of a problem2. Research is always based upon observable evidences without finding facts you cannot do

generalization. The value of generalization is not true

3. Research involves accurate observation and description. Only necessary observation shallbe noted.


2/11

2

4. Research gives emphasis on development of theories, principles and generalizationfindings after a particular research can be used to formulate a theory

5. Research is characterized by systematic and logical procedure. To gain solution one needto be systematic and the methods used should be logical.

6. Research is marked by patience, research should have lot of patience and his observationshould not be made in hurry

7. Research requires that the research has full expertise on the problem being studied.Researcher should have clear cut idea of what the problem is and how to go about it.

Researchers should have full knowledge about it.

8. Research is replicable some other person can do similar type of research9. A researcher requires the skill of writing a research report. Researcher shall have full

knowledge of the report writing

TYPES OF RESEARCH

The basic types of Research are as follows

1. Descriptive ResearchDescriptive research includes survey and fact finding enquiries of different kinds. Themajor purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at

present. The main characteristics of this method are that the researcher has no control

over the variables; he can only report what happened or what is happening.

2. Analytical ResearchThe type of Research in which the researcher has to use facts or information already

available, and analyze them to make critical evaluation of the material is known as

Analytical Research.

3. Applied ResearchIt aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial or

business organization. A Research aimed at certain solutions (say, a solution) facing a

concrete social or business problem is an example of Applied Research.


3/11

3

4. Fundamental ResearchIt is a type of Research which is mainly concerned with generalizations and formulating a

theory.

Research concerning some natural phenomenon or related to pure mathematics are

examples of Fundamental Research. Also, research studied, concerning human behavior

carried on with a view to make generalizations about human behavior are also examples

of this type of Research.

5. Quantitative ResearchQuantitative Research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable

to phenomenon that can be expressed in terms of quality.

6. Qualitative ResearchIt is concerned with the Qualitative phenomenon. Through this type of research we can

analyze the various factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or

which make people like or dislike a particular thing.

7. Conceptual ResearchConceptual Research is that related to some abstract idea or theory. It is generally used by

philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts to reinterpret existing ones.

8. Empirical ResearchThis type of research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard

to system and theory. It is data based research, coming up with conclusions which are

capable of being verified by observations or experiment.


4/11

4

RESEARCH PROCESS

Research process consists of a series of steps or actions required for effectively conducting

research. The following are the steps that provide useful procedural guidelines regarding the

conduct of research:

(1) Formulating the research problem;

(2) Extensive literature survey;

(3) Developing hypothesis;

(4) Preparing the research design;

(5) Determining sample design;

(6) Collecting data;

(7) Execution of the project;

(8) Analysis of data;

(9) Hypothesis testing;

(10) Generalization and interpretation, and

(11) Preparation of the report or presentation of the results. In other words, it involves the formal

write-up of conclusions.

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

DEFINE

RESEARCH

PROBLEM

REVIEW

CONCEPT

&THEORIES

REVIEW

PREVIOUS

RESEARCH

FINDINGS

FORMULATE

HYPOTHESIS

DESIGN

RESEARCH

DATA

COLLECTION

ANALYSIS

OF DATA

INTERPRET &

REPORT


5/11

5

RESEARCH PROBLEM

A research problemrefers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences on the context of the

theoretical situation and wants to obtain solution for the same problem statement may be defined

as an interrogative statement which expresses the relationship between two or more than two

variables hypothesis is a tentative solution given by the researcher for the problem. Hypothesis

stated by the researcher may be true or may not be true depending upon the problem.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Researchers do not carry out work without any aim or expectation. Research is not of doing

something and presenting what is done. Every research problem is undertaken aiming at certain

outcomes. That is, before starting actual work such as performing an experiment or theoretical

calculation or numerical analysis, we expect certain outcomes from the study. The expectations

form the hypothesis. Hypotheses are scientifically reasonable predictions. They are often stated

in terms of if-then sentences in certain logical forms. A hypothesis should provide what we

expect to find in the chosen research problem. In other words, the expected or proposed solutions

based on available data and tentative explanations constitute the hypothesis.

Research Design:

The most important step after defining the research problem is preparing the design of the

research project, which is popularly known as the research design. A research design

helps to decide upon issues like what, when, where, how much, by what means etc. with

regard to an enquiry or a research study. A research design is the arrangement of

conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance

to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Research design is the conceptualstructure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the

collection, measurement and analysis of data (Selltiz et al, 1962). Thus, research design

provides an outline of what the researcher is going to do in terms of framing the

hypothesis, its operational implications and the final data analysis.


6/11


7/11

7

Therefore, a research study should always be framed in such a manner that the influence of

extraneous variables on the dependent variable/s is completely controlled, and the influence of

independent variable/s is clearly evident.

SAMPLING

When a few items are selected form the universe for study purposes or research purpose, the item

so selected constitutes what is technically know as a sample. The researcher must decide the way

of selecting a sample or what is popularly known as sampling. In other words, a sample design is

a definite plan determined before any data is actually collected for obtaining a sample from a

given population.

Sampling is broadly divided into two categories-

1. Probability samplingIt is also known as Random Sampling. Under this sampling, every item of the universe has an

equal chance of getting selected or included in the sample. The results obtained from probability

or random sampling can be assured in terms of probability, i.e. we can measure the errors of

estimation or significance of results obtained from a random sample, and this infact brings the

superiority of random sampling over deliberate sampling.

There are types in Probability sampling, they are as follows-

Simple Random Sampling- It is one in which each element in the population hasan equal probability of getting into the sample and all choices are independent of

each other.

Stratified Sampling- In this type of sampling the population is divided intoseveral sub populations that are individually more homogeneous than the total

population (known as strata) and then we select items from each stratum to

constitute a sample.

Area Sampling-where the primary sampling unit represents a cluster of unitsbased on a geographical area, are distinguished as area sampling. If clusters


8/11

8

happen to be some geographical subdivision that type of cluster sapling is known

as area sampling.

Cluster Sampling-In cluster sampling the total population is divided into anumber of relatively small sub divisions which are themselves clusters of still

smaller units and them some of these clusters are randomly selected for inclusion

in the overall sample.

2. Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling Procedure is that sampling procedure which does not

afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of

being included in the sample. In this type of sampling, items for the sample are

deliberately selected by the researcher. Under Non probability sampling the

organizers of the inquiry purposively choose the particular units of the universe for

constituting a sample on the basis that the small mass that they so select out of a huge

one will be typical or representative of the whole.

There are types in Non Probability Sampling, they are as follows-

Quota SamplingIn this type, the investigator recognizes the different stratasof population and from each stratum; he selects the number of individuals

purposefully.

Judgmental SamplingIn judgmental sampling, the investigator on the basis ofhis impression makes a judgment regarding the sample that is to be taken as the

population and hand picks them.

Accidental Sampling- In this type of sampling, the investigator selects thepersons in the population according to his convenience. He does not include

people with specific traits but he is mainly guided by economy and convenience.

Systematic SamplingIt may be defined as drawing or selecting every nthperson from a determined list of elements or individuals.

Snowball SamplingIt is defined as having all the persons in a group ororganization identify their friends who in turn identify their friends and associates


9/11

9

until the researcher observes that the group of friendship converges into some

type of definite social pattern.

DATA COLLECTION

Data collection is a task which is done after the research problem is defined and

the research design has been chalked out. After sample size has been selected and

the actual sample is selected, data is collected from them. The process of finding

data relevant to the research problem and will help to reach significant conclusion

is called data collection.

Data collection is of two types:-

1. Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and fresh, and thus happensto be original in character. This is basically the method of collecting first hand

information directly from the respondents for the research especially in case of surveys

and descriptive research. The methods of collecting primary data are

Observation method Interview method

Questionnaires Schedules Other methods include warranty cards, pantry audits, content

analysis etc.

2. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and havealready been through the statistical process. It is basically data which is already available

and thus the researcher is not confronted by the problems faced with the collection of

primary data. Secondary data maybe in the form of published or unpublished data. It can

be collected through publications of the Government, technical and trade journals, books,

magazines, papers, public records, historical documents, unpublished autobiographies,

letters, diaries etc.


10/11

10

OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT

This report has been prepared as a Market Research on Spectacles and Lenses. The objectives of

this report are as follows-

1. To do comparison of the use of spectacles and lenses.2. To see the factors affecting the use or either spectacles or lenses.3. To determine the use of brands.4. To get acquainted with the customers preferences5. To see if the people were satisfied with the price, variety and other factors.6. To identify the factors having the maximum impact on the choice of the customers.7. To know the differentiating factor of Spectacles and Lenses according to the customer8. To find conclusions to the project.


11/11

11

PROJECT DESIGN

This project is a Market Research on Spectacles and Lenses. The products spectacles and

lenses are compared on various factors related to it in this market research.

The details of the Project design are as follows-

The sample size of this research was 30. The sampling method used was Probability Sampling type- Stratified Random Sampling. The type of Data collected was Primary Data. The data was collected through Questionnaires. In the Questionnaire, there were 15 questions. The statistical tools used in this research are tables, bar graphs, pie charts etc.

theorotical background

Documents

Transcript of theorotical background