By George Bocchetti, Philip Song, and Sundeep Kutumbaka Yay GE…Shay PC.
Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay ....
Transcript of Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay ....
![Page 1: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Theorizing Development and Globalization
Sundeep Sahay
![Page 2: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Development
![Page 3: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Development – a political construct
• 1944 Bretton Woods Conference – the “proximate beginning of international aid was the agreement to create an International Bank of Reconstruction Aid and Development” (Rostow 1985)
![Page 4: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bank aid: principles • Top down approach to development
planning…marginal space for local views • Neutrality of scientific knowledge • Rationality of economic reasoning – “trickle
down” • Universal applicability of scientific and
economic principles.. • Superiority over traditional knowledge • Technology determinism as developments
strategy
![Page 5: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Critiques
• Ulterior motive of promoting the first world’s strategic and commercial interests through recolonization
• Being un-democratic • Merely comprising transfer of western
technology, knowledge, resources and organizational forms to developing country to make them acquire “modernity”
![Page 6: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Outcomes
• World Bank ploughed more than USD 50 billion since 1975 without being able to make any dent on poverty
• “The idea of development stands like a ruin in the intellectual landscape. Delusion and disappointment, failures and crime have been the companions of development, and they tell a common story: it did not work.”
![Page 7: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Alternative conceptualizations (to GDP measured development)
• Sen “development as freedom” • Development conceptualized as capability • Development should expand people’s
capability to do things that they value for whatever reasons in life
• Development then seeks to remove the “unfreedoms” to achieving these capabilities
![Page 8: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Some theories of globalization
• Giddens “runaway world” • Beck’s “risk society” • Castells’ “network society”
![Page 9: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Giddens’ “Runaway World”
![Page 10: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Background
• Notions of structuration theory (1979, 1984) • Agency • Structure • Dualism • Later writings:
– The consequences of modernity (1990) – Modernity and Self Identity (1991)
![Page 11: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Conditions of Social Interactions
• Social integration - conditions of presence, in time and space
• Systems integration - conditions of absence, absent in time and space
![Page 12: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Life in Contemporary Society
• Implicitly builds on structuration theory • Not an abrupt change from modern period • Intensification of particular modes of
thought and behavior • Uses the term “high-modernity” as
contrasted to “post-modernity”
![Page 13: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Features of High Modernity
• Time-space separation • Disembedding mechanisms • Institutional Reflexivity
![Page 14: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Time-Place Seperation
• Time and space is separated • Traditional societies time and space were
linked through “place” • “When” connected to “where” and also to
the “substance” of conduct - rituals • Clock contributed to separation of time
from space
![Page 15: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Time and Space Separation
• Separation of space from place • Traditional societies interactions occur in
conditions of “presence” - social integration • Now interactions take place in “absence” -
systems integration • “When” coordinated by “where” but not
through particularities of “place”
![Page 16: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
IT and Separation of Time and Space
• Contributes to the separation of time and space
• Example, e-mail, set aside time when you want to interact (to reply to email)
• Computer memory allows storage across time and space, example surveillance
• Role of telecommunication networks
![Page 17: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Disembedding Mechanisms
• Social relations disembedded from local contexts of interaction
• Non-local relations mediate social interactions
• Standardization of processes of interaction
![Page 18: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Disembedding Mechanisms
• “Expert Systems” not the traditional sense • Example, bank managers using credit
scoring systems for loan appraisal • Not confined to technical expertise • “Symbolic tokens” - media of exchange
which have standard value, example money • Money brackets time and space
![Page 19: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
IT and Disembeddinng Mechanisms
• IT creates complex interdependencies - Wall Street collapse
• India’s “milk miracle” • IT constitutes expert systems (for example,
financial models) • IT allows the rapid and large-scale spread of
these models
![Page 20: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Institutional Reflexivity
• Time-space separation coupled with disembedding mechanisms - help to break traditional forms of knowledge systems
• Knowledge is provisional, mutable and constantly being assessed and revised
• Traditional societies based on stable rules • Internet will intensify these processes
![Page 21: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
IT and Institutional Reflexivity
• IT itself form of a “Knowledge system” which is constantly being revised
• IT allows more people to be involved in the creation and challenging of knowledge
• Faster feedback cycle: knowledge creation and the application of results
• IT helps to also legitimize knowledge claims
![Page 22: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Self-Identity
• Self-doubt implied by chronic monitoring and revision of knowledge
• Existential anxiety • Personal meaninglessness • For example, eroding of the concept of “job
for life” • Reactions in terms of fundamentalism
![Page 23: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Trust and Risk
• Uncertainty and multiple choice - characterize life today
• Trust connected with notions of time-space and absence
• Trust shapes how we view the world and also ourselves
• Risk deals with uncertainty of the future
![Page 24: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Unintended Effects
• Always have unintended consequences of action
• Reflexive processes a basis to understand why it occurs
• Cannot predict in any precise way the consequences of action
![Page 25: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Summarizing
• Giddens provides a set of concepts to study life and work in contemporary society
• Giddens provides a way to conceptualize linkages between macro-level and distant happenings with our daily lives
• Consequences of modernity
![Page 26: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Beck’s “Risk Society”
![Page 27: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Background
• Thesis of “reflexive modernization” in the book Risk Society in 1992
• Broad agenda to stimulate a political and critical will in contemporary debates
• More recently, writings on “What is Globalization?”, “Beyond the Risk Society” and “The End of Work”
![Page 28: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Processes of Modernization
• Pre-modernity (traditional society) • Simple modernity (industrial society) • Reflexive modernity (risk society) • Risk society not a break from the past, but
structures that extend beyond the classical industrial design
• Each phase represent different relationships of agents with social structures
![Page 29: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Risk Society
• Built around three key processes • Redistribution of wealth and risk • Individualization • Destandardization of labor
![Page 30: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Redistribution of Wealth and Risk
• Industrial society - distribute “goods” • Risk society - distribute “bads” (risks) • Risks introduced by modernization itself • Risks global • “Pluralized underemployment” • Status of scientific knowledge • Key challenge: “how to redistribute risks?”
![Page 31: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Individualization
• Feudal roles->Nuclear family-> “I am I” • “Choices” obligatory in the Risk society • Conditions - “living on your own,”
demographic shifts, divorce, contraception • Liberation accompanied with reembedding • Individualization and standardization • Dealing with risk - essential cultural
qualification
![Page 32: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Destandardization of Labour
• Industrial society - “career”, “job for life” • Risk society - work structures dismantled • Generalize unemployment, pluralize
contractual obligations • “Second rationalization” beyond Taylor’s
scientific management • Work --“malleable” and “destandardized”
![Page 33: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Risk Society
• Constructed nature of risks - “stork does not bring consequences, they are made”
• Risks inherent in the sciences themselves • Calculability and assessability • No experts, nothing is certain • Political, contested nature of arguments • Side-effects, unintended consequences
![Page 34: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Reflexive Modernization
• Possibility of self-destruction • “Capitalism is its own grave-digger” • first, effects systematically produced • next, dangers dominate public - socially and
politically problematic • Reflexivity more than reflection - self-
confrontation • Return of “uncertainty”
![Page 35: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Beck and Globalization
• Globalism: “world-market” • Globality: “world-society” • Globalization: influence of transnational
actors on the state • Place polygamy - married to multiple places • Globalization of biographies
![Page 36: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Rick Society and IT
• Creating proximity over distance • Creating distance within proxmity • Absence within the same place • First world residents - live in time, space
(distance does not matter) • Non-first world residents - live in time.
Space ties down time
![Page 37: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Implications for us
• Focus on risks - comes hand in hand with new technologies
• Risks normally incalculable • Side effects, unintended effects • Individualization-standardization tension • The power of reflexivity
![Page 38: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Manuel Castells
The “Network Society”
![Page 39: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Castell’s Triology
• Develops a “grand narrative of the present” where the entire planet is capitalist
• Volume I - The Network society - outlines basic tenets of a “network society”
• Volume II - The Power of Identity - outlines various processes of social change
• Volume III - End of Millennium - processes of historical transformation
![Page 40: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Basic Thesis
• Relation between IT-Globalization-Social Development
• Two key trends in the information age • New capitalism - global and informational • Challenged by social movements based on
cultural singularity - affirming identity • Dialectical opposition of “self and the net”
![Page 41: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Network Society
• Network basic form of social structure • Social interactions take place in a
“networking logic” • Example stock exchange • Not restricted to financial systems • Networks not new, informational basis is
what is new
![Page 42: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Castell’s IT Paradigm
• Information - raw material also outcome • ITs are pervasive - all aspects of life • ITs foster a networking logic because it
allows to deal with complexity, which in itself is increased by IT
• Specific ITs converge into highly integrated systems
![Page 43: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Theoretical Assumptions
• Dialectical interaction of social relations (modes of production) and technological innovation (modes of development)
• The way social groups define identity shapes the institutions of society (unlike Marxist view of identity as effect)
• Production-Development dialectic
![Page 44: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Modes of Production
• Social relationship of the production process, class relations
• Capitalist systems and institutions embody certain social relationships
• Institutions for creation of surplus and regulation of distribution
• Driven by a capitalist logic
![Page 45: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Modes of Development
• Technological arrangements to convert labor into a product
• The dominant mechanism for this conversion is informational
• Driven by a logic of its own- interface between science, technology and how organizations incorporate new knowledge
![Page 46: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Network Society - Characteristics
• Represents a structural transformation (production, power and experience)
• Social processes organized around networks • Studying the logic of these networks • Logic based on the “power of flows” rather
than “flows of power” (the “flow society”) • Social morphology dominates social action
![Page 47: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
“Space of flows”
• Global networks, comprising of: • Technology (infrastructure) places (hubs
and nodes), and managerial elite • Topology defines inclusion/exclusion and
also intensity of interactions • Space of flows defined by
– timeless time – placeless space
![Page 48: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Place and Space
• Organizations are based in places • Organizational logic is “placeless” • Depend on space of flows of information
networks • Increasing complexity of networks, more
place-independent • “Structural schizophrenia”
![Page 49: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The notion of “flows”
• Material basis of society defined by “flows” • Flows of information asymmetric, power-
ridden • “Power of flows” more important than
“flows of power” • Flows of - finance, information, technology,
and images
![Page 50: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Space of Flows
• Space brings together practices in time • “Space of flows” - versus • “Space of places” (physical space) • Organization located in places, logic
“placeless” • Megacities - simultaneously globally
connected and locally disconnected
![Page 51: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Power
• Not in institutions • Located in networks • Lies in codes of information • Three kinds of dichotomies
– net and the self – timeless time and placeless self – inclusion and exclusion
![Page 52: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Varying Perspectives on Globalization
• The radicals versus the skeptics • “The position of developing countries
within the global economy is going to get worse” (the skeptic view)
• Instant global telecomm and computer networks will overthrow ancient tyrannies of time and space
![Page 53: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
A view on globalization
• The intensification of the world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice-versa (Giddens 1991)
![Page 54: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Some Features of Globalization
• A process of mutual linkages • Transcends national boundaries • Connects communities across time & space • Flows - economic, social, political, cultural,
military, technological, people, identity • Goes hand in handwith marginalization • Central role of IT
![Page 55: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Marginalization
• Deals with exclusion, absence, differentiation, fragmentation, dropping out
• Economic, social, political or cultural exclusion
• Homogenization versus diversity • Technology access both a cause and effect
of marginalization
![Page 56: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Infrastructures
• Relevant themes/concepts – – Scope – Standards – Processes of development – Scaling – Integration
![Page 57: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Determinism
• Relation between II and society • Technological determinism • Social determinism • “Hard” and “soft” determinism • Symptomatic technology • Continuist, transformationist and
structuralist
![Page 58: Theorizing Development and GlobalizationTheorizing Development and Globalization Sundeep Sahay . Development . Development – a political construct • 1944 Bretton Woods Conference](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040814/5e5b385c315184700a71f3ab/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Key Questions
• Interaction between processes of globalization, marginalization and II
• Role of trust, risk, power, control, communication, learning etc in shaping these interactions
• How infrastructures redefines these different notions
• How globalization, marginalization - both shape, and are shaped by Infrastructures