Theories of Reinforcement Why is a reinforcer effective? Why do reinforcers increase the probability...
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![Page 1: Theories of Reinforcement Why is a reinforcer effective? Why do reinforcers increase the probability of a response?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070411/56649f515503460f94c73b55/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Theories of Reinforcement
• Why is a reinforcer effective?
• Why do reinforcers increase the probability of a response?
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Some Early Definitions
• Empirical: Stimuli that increase the probability of a preceding response are reinforcers– circular definition, after the fact– better, if shown to be trans-situational
• Theoretical: Reinforcers are stimuli that produce “a satisfying state of affairs”– vague
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Drive Reduction Theory
• Organisms attempt to maintain physiological equilibrium (homeostasis)
• Deviations from homeostasis produce biological drives– examples: hunger, thirst, pain
• Reinforcers are events that reduce biological drives– examples: Kraft dinner for a hungry
undergraduate
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Drive Reduction Theory
Amount of food in body
Compare with Set Point
Seek or don’t seek food
drives
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But……………..
• Sensory reinforcers: Inquiring minds want to know
• Some reinforcers actually increase drive states
• Behavior itself might be reinforcing
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Premack Principle
• Behaviors are reinforcing, not stimuli
• To predict what will be reinforcing, observe the baseline frequency of different behaviors
• Highly probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors
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Implications
• Reinforcers are individualized (not intrinsic to the reinforcer itself)
• Reinforcers are reversible
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Some Problems With Premack’s Principle
• Quantification– Some activities naturally take more or less
time than others
• Opportunities to engage in a restricted (but not lower probability) behavior may act as a reinforcer
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Newer View
• Timberlake’s Response deprivation hypothesis– reinforcers are responses that have been
“deprived”
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Response deprivation hypothesis
.25 .5 .75
The ice cream scale (in pints)
1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75
2.0 2.25 2.5
Bliss point
(1.0 pint/night)
Will work to avoid ice creamWill work to obtain
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Response Deprivation Hypothesis
• Low frequency behaviors can reinforce high frequency behaviors
• All behaviors have a preferred frequency or behavioral bliss point
• Deprivation below that frequency is aversive, and organisms will work to remedy this
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Behavioral Regulation
• Measure time spent in behavior when there is no constraint– behavioral bliss point
• Schedule imposes a constraint– schedule line
• Time spent in behavior under a constraint will minimize distance from bliss point
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The labor supply curve
Amount of Work
Am
ount
of
rew
ard
Blisspoint
2 rewards per unit 1 reward
per unit
¼ reward per unit