Theories of Learning: A Visual Review - … · Theories of Learning: A Visual Review . ORGANISM...

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Theories of Learning: A Visual Review

Transcript of Theories of Learning: A Visual Review - … · Theories of Learning: A Visual Review . ORGANISM...

Theories of Learning: A Visual Review

ORGANISM

ENVIRONMENTAL

STIMULI

BEHAVIOR CONSEQUENCES

Behaviorism

SM Att. Percep. Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Metacognition

Basic and Applied Cognition Theories

Piagetian and Neo-Piagetian

Enactive Learning – Introduction of Learning Material

Iconic Learning – Subsequent presentations can rely less and less on physical cues

Abstract Learning – As learning progresses, presentation of information can become increasingly abstract

Bruner’s Bogus Stage Theory

CONSEQUENCES

Learner: Internal Processes and Perceived-Self-Efficacy

BEHAVIORAL MODEL

BEHAVIOR

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Actual Dev. Level

Potential Dev. Level

THOUGHT LANGUAGE VERBAL THOUGHT

DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE SKILLS IN HUMANS

CROSS-SPECIES COMPARISONS SOCIOHISTORICAL FACTORS

Vygotsky

PIAGET, BRUNER, VYGOTSKY, SITUATED

COGNITION

EMPIRICAL FINDINGS

CONSTRUCTIVISM

CONDITIONS FOR LEARNING

METHODS OF INSTRUCTION

LEARNING GOALS

Person Inputs

Environ. Inputs

Outputs Attention Effort

Motivational Design &

Management

Motives (Values)

Expectancies

Performance

Learning Design &

Management

Indiv. Skills, Abilities, Knowl.

Consequences

Contingency Design &

Management

Attributions, Cognitive Eval.

Keller’s ARCS Model of Motivational Design

CIP, BEHAVIORISM

EMPIRICAL FINDINGS

GAGNE’S INSTRUCTIONAL THEORY

TAXONOMY OF LEARNING

OUTCOMES

LEARNING CONDITIONS

REQUIRED FOR OUTCOMES

9 EVENTS OF INSTRUCTION

Student -Centered

Teacher-Centered

Behaviorism

Cognition

Applied Cognition

Piaget

Bruner

Bandura

Vygotsky

Constructivism

Motivation

Gagne

learning theory

But what about the individual?

• Learning Styles vs. Learning Preferences?

– Learning preference = students’ preferred mode of studying or encoding new information

– Learning style = mode in which students’ encoding of new information is most effective and/or efficient

• The Meshing Hypothesis – Pashler et al.

– When instructional style matches learning style, learning is optimal

What about other factors?

• Millennial Learners (a.k.a. Digital Natives)

– Some argue that repeated exposure to technology has resulted increase in “visual learners”

• But is this a skill or a preference based on experience?

– Assumptions about visual or digital literacy

• Brumberger (2011) defined this as “students’ use of and proficiency with visually-oriented technologies, as well as their skills in intepreting images and being informed and critical consumers of visual material.” (p. 21)

Figure 3. Perceived software skills. (1=no experience, 2=entry-level

amateur, 3=slightly skilled, 4=somewhat skilled, 5=very skilled, and

6=expert/professional

Figure 4. Evaluation of Images and Video. (1= never altered, 2= rarely

altered, 3= sometimes altered, 4= usually altered, 5= always altered)

So what does it mean to teach “digital natives”?

• Information and digital literacy

– Metacognitive skills

• Technology expectations vs. technology skills