Theories and TheoristsBy: Katie and Cassidy

Psychodynamic

Main Theorists:

Sigmund Freud

Erik Erikson

Sigmund Freud6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939

Biography:

was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis

Was a qualified doctor of medicine

He carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomical at a hospital in 1882

became a professor in 1902

Theory:• Personality is defined

by 3 stages• Id- instinctive part

that drives people to seek satisfaction

• Ego- rational structure that forms peoples sense of self

• Superego- moral side that informs people of right or wrong

• Thinks that human development is more than just central growth of language, perception, or cognition

Erik Erikson15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994

Biography:

He taught in progressive and Montessori schools in Europe

Trained as a psychoanalysis and was interested in connections between psychotherapy and education.

He was the first analyst in the Boston area and he taught at many universities across America.

• Theory- Human Development-Life is a series of stages through which each person passes.

• Stage one- Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to one year)

• Stage two- Autonomy vs. Doubt (two to three years)

• Stage three- Initiative vs. Guilt (three to five or six years)

• Stage four- Industry vs. Inferiority (six to twelve years)

Play is important, he supports schools with “free play” or “choice time”

Behaviorists

John B. Watson

Edward L. Thorndike

B.F. Skinner

Albert Bandura

John B. Watson

Biography:

American Theorist who studied animal experiments of the Russian scientist, Ivan Pablo

Translated ideas of conditioning into human terms

He could shape a persons entire life by controlling exactly the events of an infants first year.

Theories:

• He could shape a persons entire life by controlling exactly the events of an infants first year.

• One of his ideas was to discourage emotional ties between parents and children because it disrupted the child’s learning environment

Edward L. Thorndike

Biography:

Studied conditions of learning

Known as “Godfather of Standardized testing”

Helped develop scales to measure student achievement.

Was famous for his unique tecniques

Theories:

• Focused on conditions of learning

• Stimulis-response

• Learning habits

• Thought it was wise to pay close attention to consequences and behavior through reinforcement

B.F Skinner

Biography:

Took the idea of “Tabula rasa” one step further

Behavior controlled by environment

Enforced that there is no behavior that cannot be modified

Theories:

• Enforced that there is no behavior that cannot be modified

• Cope effective with the world

• Designed experience

• Some said he used people as puppets

Albert Bandura

Biography:

Developed another type of learning called social learning

Believes children follow the footsteps of their parents

Watched how children learned rules

Theories:

• Believes children follow the footsteps of their parents

• His theory is socialization-the process of learning to perform social rules

• Things such as television, computers, and video games have a big impact on children’s behavior

Cognitive

Jean jacques Piaget

Jean Jacques Piaget1896-1980

Biography:

Studied thought of processes and how they change with age

Had a great influence on child Psychology

Became an expert on development on knowledge from birth to adulthood

Born at the turn of the century

Longed a lifelong study of intelligence

Begin studying child thought processes (studied his own children)

Theories of Jean Jacques Piaget

Did not think intrinsic or extrinsic offered a full explanation for amazing, complex behaviors

Relied on both maturational and environmental factors

Believed that all species inherit a basic tendency to organize their lives and adapt to the world around them

Believes in an order of stages:

Sensorimotor Stage

Preoperational Stage

Concrete Operational stage

Formal Operational stage

Sociocultural

Lev Vygotsky

Biography of Lev Vygotsky

Born in 1896 in Byelorussia

Graduated from Moscow University in 1917

Got his literature degree

Taught literature and Psychology for the next 6 years

In 1924 he began working in the institute of Psychology in Moscow

Gathered a group of young scientists

Got tuberculosis and died in 1934 at age of 34

Theories of Lev Vygotsky

Believed in collaborative/assistive learning

Focuses on how values, beliefs, skills, and traditions are transmitted to the next generation.

Believed in connection between children and important people

Provides a helpful structure

Dictates that learning involves critical thinking and interation

In the zone of proximal development

Private speech