Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.
-
Upload
roland-obrien -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
2
Transcript of Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.
![Page 1: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership:
The Trait Approach
![Page 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Leadership
• One psychological perspective on leadership
"Leadership is just like psychic fraud... you're waiting for something lucky to happen you can take credit for" (Dilbert, 2002)
![Page 3: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
• The Trait Approach– Personality– Motives– Cognitive factors
• Leadership Traits Activity
![Page 4: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Understanding Leadership: The Trait Approach
• The “Great Man” theory:• The best leaders have particular qualities which
make them inherently more fit to lead than other people.
• Julius Caesar or Napolean would have been influential figures anywhere anytime
• This view is represented in biographies, news reporting, history books
• Common sense approach to leadership
![Page 5: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Trait Approach
• Most extreme form:– Leaders are born, not made.
• Characteristics associated with leadership can be classified into three broad categories– Personality traits– Motives– Cognitive factors
![Page 6: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Personality Traits
• P1) Self-confidence– The ability to be certain about one’s
competencies and skills
• P2) Integrity– The quality of honesty and
trustworthiness. They inspire confidence because they can be trusted.
![Page 7: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Personality Traits
• P3) Sociability– A leader’s inclination to seek out
pleasant social relationships. Have good interpersonal skills and are cooperative.
![Page 8: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Leader Motives
• M1) The power motive– Have a strong need to control resources
• Can be used for the sake of the powerholder or for helping others
![Page 9: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2 Types of Power Motives
• Personalized power motive– Seek power mostly to further their own
interests.
• Socialized power motive– Use power primarily to achieve
organizational goals or a vision. Power is used to help others.
![Page 10: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Leader Motives
• M2) Drive and achievement motive– Putting forth high energy and
persistence into achieving goals– Finding joy in accomplishments
![Page 11: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Leader Motives
• M3) Strong work ethic– The belief in the dignity of work. They
value hard work.
• M4) Tenacity– Better at overcoming obstacles because
of their tenacity.
![Page 12: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cognitive Factors
• C1) Intelligence• Intellectual ability strongly related to leadership
• C2) Knowledge of the business or group task
• Important for the leader to provide expertise in the field that will be a source of competitive advantage
• C3) Creativity• Creative in finding original and imaginative
solutions to complex problems.
![Page 13: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cognitive Factors
• C4) Insight into people and situations• A depth of understanding that requires
intuition and common sense.
• C5) Farsightedness and conceptual thinking
• Need to develop visions and corporate strategies.
• Need to see the overall perspective
• C6) Openness to experience• Having a positive orientation towards learning
![Page 14: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Traits of a Leader Exercise
Using the 1-10 scale above, assess the following three people on the traits listed to the right:
• 1) Colin Powell
• 2) The leader you most admire
• 3) Yourself.
Traits:
1. Self-confidence2. Integrity3. Sociability4. Power motives5. Drive and achievement
motives6. Tenacity7. Intelligence8. Knowledge of group task
Trait not manifest
Trait strongly manifest
1 10
![Page 15: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Strengths and Limitationsto the Trait Approach
• Strengths• Intuitively appealing
• A great deal of research
• In-depth understanding of the leader
• Provides a way to evaluate our own leadership attributes
![Page 16: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Strengths and Limitationsto the Trait Approach
• Limitations• Often based on leader’s own accounts• Measurement of traits is difficult• Comprehensive reviews fail to find a
general set of traits• Overlooks the needs of the followers• Fails to clarify relative importance of traits• It ignores situational factors• Not amenable to training and development
![Page 17: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Empiricism
Empirical vs non-empirical research Empirical:
Empirical research is research which uses data derived from actual observation or experiment to reach conclusions. Original research papers that describe empirical studies and their results are published in academic journals.
.
Non-Empirical:
A non-empirical approach to research makes no explicit or formal reference to data as such. This research results from thinking, reading and contemplation.
![Page 18: Theoretical Perspectives on Leadership: The Trait Approach.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082816/56649d885503460f94a6defe/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
GuidelinesTo determine if an article is an empirical research article, use
these guidelines:
What is the name of the journal?Popular magazines like Newsweek or Life Magazine don’t publish empirical research articles; publications like the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology or the Leadership Quarterly do.
How long is the article?An empirical research article is usually substantial, not 1 or 2 pages.
Does the article contain references to other works? Serious researchers always cite their sources.
Does the abstract of the article contain variations of the words study, measure, subjects, data, survey, or statistical to describe the empirical research?