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FOCUS

B.M INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SONEPAT

SCIENCE

TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING

MANAGEMENT

Vol: 1 Issue:1

A techno Magazine

EDITORIAL BOARD

Yogesh Jain Abhinav Juneja

Deputy. Director HOD CSE/IT

Vishal Jain Dr. Manoj Kumar

HOD ECE/EEE Applied Science

Sameer Mehta Sonika Popli

HOD ME Asst. Prof.,CSE

Preface

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of our annual technical

magazine FOCUS on Science, technology. Engineering & Management. This new magazine is

envisioned and founded to represent the growing needs of scientific and technical advancements.

Its mission is to update the students and staff on the recent technological developments around

us. The Magazine is intended as a forum for students and staff to share technical articles from

various domains. This inaugural volume is devoted to our students. In this spirit, the volume

contains general articles in the field of science, engineering & management along with a

summary of the latest summary of the projects implemented by our students.

Each article provides an example of a concrete technical application or a case study of the

presented methodology to amplify the impact of the contribution. We are very thankful to

everybody who supported the idea of creating a new technical magazine – FOCUS on Science,

Technology, Engineering & Management. We are certain that this very first issue will be

followed by many others, reporting new developments in technical arena. This issue would not

have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like

to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

management of the Institute in boosting our morals for this new endeavor. Throughout

preparation of this volume the Editors were supported by various departments of the Institute. It

is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for the readers

March, 2017

Vishal Jain

Editor-In-Chief

B.M. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SONEPAT

Rajiv Jain Chairman

MESSAGE

I am happy to note that B.M. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sonepat is

bringing out its First technical magazine FOCUS.

The magazine provides a platform for the students and staff to publish the articles

on latest developments in the field of Engineering & Management.

My hearty greetings to the editorial board of FOCUS, for working on this

important area of academic interest. My best wishes for the successful publication

of the magazine.

Rajiv Jain

Bahalgarh Road, Behind Fazilpur Power Sub Station, Sonepat-131001 (HARYANA)

Tel: 0130-2236911-14, Website: www.bmiet.net E-mail director@bmiet.net

B.M INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SONEPAT

Rakesh Kuchhal FOUNDER-CEO

MESSAGE

I am immensely happy to learn that the Institute is coming out with its First

technical magazine FOCUS.

I sincerely hope that FOCUS is going to deliberate upon several new articles which

will be of importance to the nation and will enhance the quality of academic and

professional learning. I am sure that the Institute will keep on contributing more

effectively in order to promote this new initiative.

I convey my best wishes to the editorial board for the successful publication of this

magazine.

.

Rakesh Kuchhal

Bahalgarh Road, Behind Fazilpur Power Sub Station, Sonepat-131001 (HARYANA)

Tel: 0130-2236911-14, Website: www.bmiet.net E-mail director@bmiet.net

B.M. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SONEPAT

Dr. Harish Mittal PRINCIPAL

MESSAGE

I am glad to note that B.M Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sonepat is

publishing its First technical magazine FOCUS. The magazine will bring staff and

students on one platform to discuss new challenges and trends in field of

engineering, science and management. I am sure that the magazine will enrich

academic wisdom of the students to enable exploration of new technical domains. I

hope that the readers will benefit from the contents of this effort. I wish the

magazine a grand success.

Dr. Harish Mittal

Bahalgarh Road, Behind Fazilpur Power Sub Station, Sonepat-131001 (HARYANA)

Tel: 0130-2236911-14, Website: www.bmiet.net E-mail director@bmiet.net

6

INDEX

S.No. Topic Page No.

1 Crypto Currency : A Global Financial Transaction Tool 1

2 Fuelling Electronics Manufacturing In India 2-4

3 Hydrogen Vehicles 5-6

4 Use Of Some Waste Materials In Construction 7-8

5 Evolution Of Mobile Communication 9-11

6 Mathematics As A Language 12-13

7 Importance Of Chemistry In Everyday Life 14-16

8 Speech Theory 17-19

9 Big Data 20-21

10 Our Next Move: Internet Of Vehicles 22-24

11 Conversion Of Alternators Of Nonviable Old Power Plants To Synchronous Compensators

25-27

12 Emerging Trends In Technology 2017 28-29

13 Job Satisfaction- " The Most Valuable Intangible Assets "

30-31

14 Eye Based Human Computer Interaction 32-33

15 Li-Fi Technology 34-35

16 Project Abstracts 36-38

7

Crypto Currency: A Global Financial Transaction Tool

Abhinav Juneja

Vice Principal & HOD, CSE Deptt.

With the advent in technology and the global markets reaching the new competitive era, the need

for a globally acceptable currency was apparent for making the whole world connected. Need of

the hour was a global acceptable standard for making the transactions at the click of a mouse.

This requirement gave birth to coining of a new currency called Crypto Currency. We may

simply define Crypto currencies as merely lines of computer code which hold monetary value.

These lines of code are created by electricity and high-performance computers. The word

‘Crypto’ evolved from Cryptography which is an encryption technique to encode data. This

crypto currency is also addressed as Digital Currency. It is a form of Digital Public Money which

is minted using a complex procedure of mathematical computations that is assisted and

surveillanced through a highly sophisticated network of thousands of computer nodes addressed

as Miners. There is no physical existence and holding of this currency through any means.

This currency though being recognized in existence from the investors and promoters still lacks a

regulation or control from most of the nations. The Government has no control over the creation

of crypto currency and even its trading. Generally most of the Crypto currencies begin with a

market cap in focus, predicting that the production of the particular crypto currency will decline

with time thus projecting the currency to be more valuable in future. There are many currencies

of such profile in the market available for investors including Bit Coin, ethereum, lite coin, Dash,

Monero, ZCash etc.

8

FUELLING ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURING IN INDIA

Vishal Jain

Associate Prof. & Head ECE/EEE

The Government is driving forward reforms in Electronics manufacturing sector through

major initiatives like ‘Make in India’ and by creating favorable policies to enable an investor

friendly environment. The Electronic System Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) sector is among

the top five sectors in India attracting highest FDI.

As the demand for high-end products rises in the domestic market, the Indian ESDM sector is

projected to grow at a CAGR of 24% from USD 70 billion in 2014 to USD 400 billion by 2020.

With a target of ‘Net Zero Imports’ by 2020, the Government has embarked on several

initiatives to promote manufacturing in the country. In FY 2014-15, approximately 1.9 lakh

crore of electronics products were manufactured indigenously.

The consumer electronics and appliances sector is predicted to grow at a CAGR of 13.4% to

touch USD 20.6 Billion by 2020

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TELECOM MARKET LOOKOUT

The Great Indian opportunity..!!

India is at the second-largest position in Telecommunication Market and has the third highest

number of internet users in the world.

In Between FY 07-16* India’s telephone subscriber base expanded at a Compound Annual

Growth Rate (CAGR) of 19.5 per cent to 1,022.61 million and tele- density to 80.98.

The Indian Telecommunication Services

market will likely to grow by 10.3 %

year-on-year to reach US$103.9 billion by

2020

10

MAJOR CONTRIBUTING VERTICALS

11

Hydrogen Vehicles

Sameer Mehta

HOD Mechanical Engineering

Hydrogen as a fuel

Hydrogen - an ecologically-friendly fuel which uses electrochemical cells or combusts in internal

engines to power vehicles and electric devices. It is also used in the propulsion of spacecraft and can

potentially be mass produced and commercialized for passenger vehicles and aircraft. In a flame of

pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form water (H2O)

and heat. It does not produce other chemical by-products, except for a small amount of nitrogen

oxides. Hence a key feature of hydrogen as a fuel is that it is relatively non-polluting (since water is

not a pollutant). Pure hydrogen does not occur naturally; it takes energy to manufacture it. Once

manufactured, it is an energy carrier (i.e. a store for energy first generated by other means). The

energy is eventually delivered as heat when the hydrogen is burned. The heat in a hydrogen flame is

a radiant emission from the newly formed water molecules. The water molecules are in an excited

state on initial formation and then transition to a ground state, the transition unleashing thermal

radiation. When burning in air, the temperature is roughly 2000°C. Hydrogen fuel can provide

motive power for cars, boats and airplanes, portable fuel cell applications or stationary fuel cell

applications, which can power an electric motor.

Hydrogen Powered Cars and Trucks

Honda has introduced the FCX, a car utilizing a fuel cell instead of an ICE. This gives an overall

efficiency of 45%. A fuel cell turns hydrogen into electricity which drives the wheels through

electric motors. The hydrogen is stored in carbon fiber tanks at 333 bars. This gives the FCX a range

of 150 miles. The fuel cells provide only the average power. Super capacitors provide extra power

during acceleration and hill climbing. The tanks, the fuel cell, the super capacitors, etc. take up 4

times more space compared to a conventional design. There is not much room left for passengers and

cargo. The FCX costs 3 million dollars, but Honda leases them for $500 per month to the state of

California.

Modern18 wheel semi-trucks are a formidable piece of engineering. The durable diesel engines can

develop 500 horsepower continuously, and they achieve 35% efficiency. They can haul 80,000

pound loads at high speeds over mountains. Carbon fiber and aluminum are used to reduce weight.

Designing a hydrogen powered replacement would be a very difficult project. Trucks need a lot of

power all the time while cars need a lot of power only during short bursts of acceleration. Most of

the time cars need only a low power engine. The Honda FCX exploits that fact.

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Production of Hydrogen

Hydrogen production is the industrial method for generating hydrogen. Currently the dominant

technology for direct production is steam reforming from hydrocarbons. Hydrogen is also produced

as a byproduct of other processes and managed with hydrogen pinch. Many other methods are

known including electrolysis and thermolysis. The discovery and development of less expensive

methods of production of bulk hydrogen is relevant to the establishment of a hydrogen economy.

Here are a few methods:

Steam reforming

Partial oxidation

Plasma reforming

Electrolysis and thermolysis

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Hydrogen fuel cells are electrochemical engines that come in several different varieties with the most

common being the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells, also called Polymer Electrolyte

Membrane fuel cells. PEM fuel cells use oxygen from the air and pressurized hydrogen to create

electricity, heat and water (steam) as byproducts. The sketch below from the Department of Energy

shows the different parts of a PEM fuel cell used to power hydrogen cars.

Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEM-FC)

13

Use of Some Waste Materials in Construction

Paramjeet Malik

HOD Civil Engg. Deptt.

The waste materials that are commonly known are blast furnace slag, fly ash, silica fume(from Power Plants)

recycled aggregates (from Demolition sites), solid waste, plastic waste (Domestic waste) and rubber waste

(commercial waste). Partial replacement of Portland cement with waste materials like blast furnace slag, fly ash,

silica fume (from Power plants), recycled aggregates (from Demolition sites), solid waste, plastic waste

(Domestic waste) and rubber waste (commercial waste) will be a great help in reducing environmental pollution

and also in reduction in manufacturing of cement and other material that required for the construction activities.

One of the major challenges of our present society is the protection of environment.

Any construction activity requires several materials such as glass, clay, wood, stone, brick, steel,

concrete, mud and so on. However, the cement concrete remains the main construction material used in

construction industries. For its suitability and adaptability with respect to the changing environment, the concrete

must be such that it can conserve resources, protect the environment, economize and lead to proper utilization of

energy. The utilization of recycled aggregate is particularly very promising as 75 per cent of concrete is made of

aggregates. The enormous quantities of demolished concrete are available at various construction sites, which are

now posing a serious problem of disposal in urban areas. This can easily be recycled as aggregate and used in

concrete.

As the problem of disposing these waste materials became a big environmental problem, the proper

utilization of these materials again in construction activities will be a great relief to the society. Some of the

important elements in this respect are the reduction of the consumption of energy and natural raw materials,

systematic consumption and use of waste materials to a great extent, Research & Development activities have

been taken up even in India for proving its feasibility, economic viability and cost effectiveness for the use of

waste materials in all the construction activities.

DIFFERENT WASTE MATERIALS

There is a growing awareness even in India about extensive damage being caused to the environment

due to accumulation of waste materials from industrial plants, power houses, colliery pits and demolition

sites. Use of waste products is not only a partial solution to environmental and ecological problems it

significantly improves the microstructure, and consequently the properties of concrete. Because of the above

factors, there is a need and increasing demand for better understanding the behavior of waste material

properties as well as better control of the microstructure developing in the construction material, to increase

the durability. Following are some of the properties of waste materials that can be commonly used in

construction activities.

Plastic waste

The rapid Urbanization and Industrialization in India has resulted in large deposition of Plastic waste.

Plastic waste, consisting of carry cups, bags, etc. can be used as a coating over aggregate and this coated stone

can be used for road construction as cement and asphalt concrete. This is eco-friendly process. By using plastic

waste as modifier, the quality of sand and cement by their weight can be reduced, thereby reducing the total cost

of construction.

Fly ash

Fly Ash is a mineral by-product of coal combustion in thermal power plants. It is generally finer than

cement and consists of mostly of spherical glassy compounds of complex composition. It is a waste material

and dumped on the land adjoining thermal power plants and townships. Although fly ash is commonly used as

a mineral admixture in Portland cement for rigid pavements, it has had a very limited use in flexible

pavement. protection of our country ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon

alloy production and consists of spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm. The main

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field of application is as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete. It will be used in high strength or

high performance concrete to improve the properties

Recycled aggregates

Recycled aggregates are the aggregates obtained from construction and demolition waste (CDW), from

residential, commercial, industrial structures or from pavements. These aggregates can be re-used in all the

construction activities with some % of volume of construction, in order to have the same mechanical properties

of hardened concrete, without disposing these waste materials in to the environment. It has been felt that

recycling would be the most promising waste management process for the disposal of materials. This will also

help in less dependence of aggregates required in making rigid or flexible pavements over a long period. Due to

issues related to sustainability and limited natural resources, it is clear that the use of recycled, like crushed

concrete and asphalt, will be very useful in cost of saving also.

Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)

The blast furnace slag is the by-product obtained during the process of manufacturing of steel that

mainly consists of about 35% calcium oxide. The unit weight of blast furnace slag is less than that of stone

aggregate, which in turn having lower unit weight of concrete when it is used in concrete. It can be utilized as a

coarse aggregate in concrete, though strength in concrete increases slowly compared with traditional

concrete.BFS can be used directly at the end of the production process, without further processing that is an

integral part of this production process.

Silica fume

Silica fume is a byproduct of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys. One of the most beneficial

uses for silica fume is in concrete .The individual particles are extremely small, approximately 1/100th the size of

an average cement particle. Because of its fine particles, large surface area, and the high SiO2 content, silica fume

is a very reactive pozzolana when used in concrete. It will be used in high strength or high performance concrete

to improve the properties

Rubber Waste Discarded vehicle tires constitute an important part of waste material, which had historically been

disposed of into landfills. The production of waste by the tire industry has been a growing problem, indicating

the need for its reuse in the construction field. Rubber can also be used for concrete pavements for light

traffic. Over the years, research is going on for the use of recycled tire rubber in PCC mixture as a possible

alternative aggregate (partially replacing some part of aggregate).

CONCLUSIONS

Minimum waste promotes not only reuse and recycling, but also and more importantly, promotes

prevention - designs that consider the entire product life cycle. These new designs will strive for reduced

materials use, use of recycled materials, and use of more benign materials, longer product lives, reparability,

and ease of disassembly at end of life. A maximum use of waste materials may be applied to businesses,

communities, industrial sectors, schools and homes. Also the utilization of waste materials like solid waste,

hazardous waste will protect the environment and lead to a much more productive, efficient, and sustainable

future. Following are some of the guidelines for implementation of use of waste materials in construction

activities to have a green environment.

1 The idea of reusing the waste material is very exciting and encouraging specially when it will be helpful

in minimizing destruction to earth’s crust and green forest cover by virtue of reduced mining.

2 Recycling and reuse of the waste materials are found to be an appropriate solution to the problems of

dumping hundreds of thousand tons of waste on natural soil, which will result in consumptions natural materials

required for all construction activities.

3 Social well being is enhanced through efficiency improvements that allow more resources to be

available for all. In addition, maximum use of wastes will create jobs in return logistics and reprocessing

activities.

4 Environmental protections is enhanced by reducing hazardous and solid wastes to nature and by

reducing the need for energy generation and hydrocarbon extraction.

15

Evolution of Mobile Communication

Sudhir Vasesi

Associate Prof., ECE

The cellular wireless Generation (G) generally refers to a change in the nature of the system,

speed, technology and frequency. Each generation have some standards, capacities, techniques

and new features which differentiate it from the previous one.

Fourth Generation (4G)

Initiation year-2010 - In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile

Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems. The fourth Generation mobile

system is all IP based network system. The main goal of 4G technology is to provide high speed,

high quality, high capacity, security and low cost services for voice and data services,

multimedia and internet over IP. To use 4G mobile network, multimode user terminals should be

able to select the target wireless system. To provide wireless services anytime and anywhere,

terminal mobility is a key factor in 4G. 4G introduced new physical radio interface known as

Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and new packet –switching based core

network called as Evolved Packet Core (EPC). IP-based network architecture, allows for

seamless handovers for voice and data to GSM, UMTS or CDMA2000 technology.

Standards - Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex (LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD)

Mobile WiMAX standard (802.16m standardized by the IEEE

Speed - 100Mbps while moving and 1Gbps while stationary ,with the help of following

features

IP telephony

OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes

Smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.

New frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth

Multiplexing/Access Technologies - OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA and Network-

LMDS

Bandwidth - 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz

Frequency Bands: - LTE standard covers a range of many different bands.

700, 800, 900, 1800, 2600 MHz in Europe (bands 3, 7, 20); 800, 1800 and 2600 MHz in

Asia (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 40)

Services - Mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV,

video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing, manage multi broadcast streams

and handle quick-moving mobile phones , Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Dynamic

information access, wearable devices. smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks

and automatic roaming between different wireless networks

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4G implementation variants: The LTE standard supports only Packet Switching & is all IP Network. Voice calls in GSM,

UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with the adoption of LTE, carriers will have to

re-engineer their voice call network. However since it requires lot of infrastructure changes,

three different approaches are:

Voice over LTE (VoLTE): VoLTE is based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network

i.e. voice service (control and media planes) being delivered as data flows within the LTE data

bearer.

Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB): In this approach, LTE just provides data services, and when

a voice call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to the circuit-switched domain.

Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE): In this approach, the handset works simultaneously in

the LTE and circuit switched modes, with the LTE mode providing data services and the circuit

switched mode providing the voice service. The disadvantage of this solution is that the phone

can become expensive with high power consumption.

One additional approach which is not initiated by operators is the usage of over-the-top

content (OTT) services, using applications like Skype and Google Talk to provide LTE voice

services

Fifth Generation (5G)

Initiation year-2015. It will make Unified global standard. The Physical and Data Link layer

defines the 5G wireless technology indicating it as an Open Wireless Architecture(OWA).The

5G technology also maintain virtual multi-wireless network. To perform this, the Network layer

is sub-divided into two layers; upper network layer for mobile terminal and lower network layer

for interface. Here all the routing will be based on IP addresses which would be different in each

IP network worldwide. In 5G technology the higher bit rate loss is overcome by using Open

Transport Protocol (OTP).The OTP is supported by Transport and Session layer. The application

layer is for quality of service management over various types of networks. 5G brings forward a

real wireless world-Wireless World Wide Web (WWWW).

Speed - 1 to 10 Gbps.

Bandwidth - 1,000x bandwidth per unit area.

Frequency - 3 to 300 GHz

Multiplexing/Access Technologies - CDMA and BDMA

Standard – IP broadband LAN/W AN/PAN & WWWW

Features :Real time performance – Fast response, Low Jitter, latency & delay

Very High Speed Broadband – Gigabit data rates, high quality coverage, Multi spectrum

Virtualized Infrastructure – Software defined network, scalable and low cost system.

Support IoT & M2M - 100 times more connected devices, Deep Indoor Coverage &

Signaling efficiency

About 90% reductions in network energy usage. Its radio technology will facilitate

different version of radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently.

Services: Connected people & devices anywhere anytime. Its application will make world real

Wi Fi zone. Mobile IP address will be assigned as per the connected network and

geographical position.

Radio signal at higher altitude as well.

Parallel multiple services, such as you can know weather and location while talking

17

You can control your PCs by handsets. Education will become easier. A student sitting in

any part of world can attend the class.

Remote diagnostics is a great feature of 5G. -A doctor can treat the patient located in

remote part of the world.

Monitoring will be easier − A governmental organization and investigating offers can

monitor any part of the world. Possible to reduce the crime rate.

Visualizing universe, galaxies, and planets will be possible.

Possible, natural disaster including tsunami, earthquake etc. can be detected faster.

Sixth Generation (6G)

6G is proposed to integrate 5G with satellite networks for global coverage. It is considered to be

a cheap and Fast Internet Technology to provide unbelievably high data rates or very fast

Internet speed access on air through wireless and mobile devices possibly up to 11 Gbps, while

travelling or in a remote location. The satellite communication network may consist of

telecommunication satellite networks, earth imaging satellite networks and navigation satellite

networks. The goal of 6G is to integrate these kinds of satellite networks to provide network

position identifier, multimedia and internet connectivity, and weather information services to the

mobile users. Specially designed Nano Antennas will be implemented at different geographical

locations or positions along roadsides, villages, malls, airports, hospitals etc to broadcast such

high speed electromagnetic signals. The globe will be decorated by fly sensors with the help of

6G technology. These fly sensors will provide information to their remote observer stations;

further these stations will check any activity upon a special area such as the activity of terrorists,

intruders etc. The point to point wireless communication networks that transmit super- fast

broadband signals through the air will be assisted by high speed optical fibers lines to broadcast

much secured information from transmitters to destinations.

Features/Advantages of 6G Technology:

Ultra fast access of Internet. Data rates will be up to 10-11 Gbps.

Home automation and other related applications.

Smart Homes, Cities and Villages.

May be used in the production of Energy from galactic world.

Space technology, Defense applications will be modified with 6G networks.

Home based ATM systems.

Satellite to Satellite Communication for the development of mankind.

Natural Calamities will be controlled with 6G networks.

Sea to Space Communication.

Mind to Mind Communication may be possible

Standards: - The Global Position System (GPS) by USA, the Galileo by Europe, the

COMPASS by China and the GLONASS by Russia. If 6G integrates with 5G with these

satellite networks, it would have four different standards. So handoff and roaming will be

can be a big issue in 6G.

7G deals with space roaming.

The 7G of mobile wireless networks which aims to acquire space roaming. The world is trying to

become completely wireless, demanding uninterrupted access to information anytime and

anywhere with better quality, high speed, increased bandwidth and reduction in cost.

18

Mathematics As A Language

Anita Malik Associate Prof., Applied Sciences

In a German curriculum can be read

Students should learn three sorts of languages:

the mother tongue

foreign languages and

the language of mathematics

Observing the evolution of natural sciences in the 21st century we can acknowledge that

“The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics”.

Mathematics is a language and like other languages it has its own grammar, syntax, vocabulary,

word order, synonyms, conventions. This language is both a means of communication and an

instrument of thought. One main goal of the learning of mathematics is to have the students

assimilate the basic concepts and language skills which are fundamental to mathematics.

Mathematical language skills include the abilities to read with comprehension, to express

mathematical thoughts clearly, to reason logically, to recognize and employ common patterns of

mathematical thought. Unique among languages is its ability to provide precise expressions for

nearly every thought or concept that can be formulated in its terms. The power of the modern

mathematical language may be seen in the following two examples: On the one hand the original

formulation of theorems of ancient Greek mathematicians and on the other hand their equivalents

in modern math language:

Ancient mathematical language closer to the native Modern language of

mathematics language

If a straight line be cut at random, the square on the whole is

equal to the squares on the segments and twice the rectangle

contained by the segments. (Euclid, 300 B.C.)

(a+ b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab

The area of any circle is equal to a right-angled triangle in which

one of the sides about the right angle is equal to the radius , and

the other to the circumference, of the circle, 225 B.C.)

A = r ∙ 2ᴨ r/2 = ᴨ r 2

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However, the language of Mathematics does not consist of formulas alone. The definitions and

terms are verbalized often acquiring a meaning different from the customary one. Many students

are inclined to hold this against mathematics. For example, one may wonder whether 0 is a

number. As the argument goes, it is not, because when one says, I watched a number of movies,

one does not mean 0 as a possibility. 1 is an unlikely candidate either. But do not forget

that ambiguities exist in plain English (the number's number is just one of them) and in other

sciences as well.

As a matter of fact, mathematical language is by far more accurate than any other one may think

of. Do not forget that every science and a human activity field has its own lingo and a word

usage in many instances much different from that one may be more comfortable with...

The evolution of the language of mathematics follows as a translation process form the native

language to the mathematical language and back. Teachers support this process by using tools

coming from language lessons e.g. using a “vocabulary”.

English Mathematics

“ so you get”

“ 3- times of ”

“ increase by p percentage”

=

∙3

∙(1+p/100)

If we maintain that the main role of mathematics is problem solving, consisting of the activities

modelling – operating – interpreting, then a main goal of mathematics learning is the translation

process from a problem formulated in the native language to a mathematical model written in the

language of mathematics.

The influence of technology in the language of mathematics:

Although being a child of mathematical thinking, computers of the first period needed their own

language and it was difficult to use them in mathematics lessons. Besides they were only able to

use numerical methods, a fact that also changed the science landscape. The translation process in

this area at the end of the 70’s and the beginning of the 80’s was more complicated when using a

computer: Two translation acts were necessary: The translation from the colloquial language into

the language of mathematics and afterwards the translation into the language of the computer.

This additional translation process and the need of an additional language was the reason that

computers were rarely used in mathematics education. With the further development of powerful

software systems like derive, computers more and more learned to understand the language of

mathematics. This was the key to a widespread use of technology in schools. Computers

understood the language which the students used in their exercise books and they were not only

able to use the algorithms which the students needed, they offered a lot of new algorithms and

new sorts of presentations.

These changes of mathematical thinking and of the language of mathematics must also be

considered in mathematics education.

20

Importance of Chemistry in Everyday Life

Dr. Shilpi Saxena

Associate Prof., Applied Science

Importance of Chemistry in Society

Chemistry is playing an important role in our life and makes a better society. Chemistry

is also vital to our society because of its impact upon our knowledge of good health, and

our maintenance of it. When applying to study medicine, applicants are expected to have

a thorough knowledge of chemistry before even beginning their degree. Chemistry is

vital for the study and development of medicine as it allows us to find out how illnesses

and diseases can be cured with minimal effects on the patient. Chemistry can help us to

prevent pain and live longer, happier, healthier lives.

Importance of Chemistry in Medicine

First of all, you need to understand the basic of chemistry so you can understand how

vitamins, supplements and drugs can help or harm you. However, most diseases, injuries

and treatments involve chemicals and chemical processes. So, we should develop a good

nutrition and a good lifestyle in order to be healthy.

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Importance of Chemistry in Bromine

Water Purification

One of the major uses of bromine is as a water purifier/disinfectant. Bromine compounds

are used for water treatment in swimming pools and hot tubs. They are also used to

control algae and bacterial growth in industrial processes.

Cars - past and future

In the past, bromine compounds were used in leaded fuel, as a constituent of "anti-knock

fluid". However, this use has declined as lead has gradually been removed from fuel.

Bromine compounds are now being tested in batteries for electric cars, designed to

produce zero emissions. Such batteries can also be used as electricity storage devices.

Importance of Chemistry in Iodine

Iodine is a very important element and has a lot of uses. The compounds are basically

used in medicine, photography and dyes. Another very important use of iodine is as it is

quite radio opaque, it can be used as a contrast to X-rays.

Iodine is an essential mineral required by the human body. Medline Plus reports that one

of the most important tasks of iodine is stimulating the production of thyroid hormones,

which regulates thyroid function. Iodine also promotes protein and bone synthesis and

regulates metabolism, growth and development.

Chemistry Explains

Cooking Chemistry explains how food changes as you cook it, how to preserve food,

how your body uses the food you eat, and how ingredients interact to make food.

Cleaning Part of the importance of chemistry is it explains how cleaning works. You use

chemistry to help decide what cleaner is best for dishes, laundry, yourself, and your

home. You use chemistry when you use bleaches and disinfectants and even ordinary

soap and water. How do they work? That's chemistry!

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Medicine You need to understand basic chemistry so you can understand how vitamins,

supplements, and drugs can help or harm you. Part of the importance of chemistry lies in

developing and testing new medical treatments and medicines.

Environmental Issues Chemistry is at the heart of environmental issues. What makes

one chemical a nutrient and another chemical a pollutant? How can you clean up the

environment? What processes can produce the things you need without harming the

environment?

Hair Colors Hair coloring is very popular today, with over 75% of women coloring their

hair. The first safe commercial hair color was created in 1909 by French chemist using

the chemical Paraphenylenediamine. The natural color of hair depends on the ratio and

quantities of two other proteins, eumelaninand, phaeomelanin. Eumelaninis responsible

for brown to black hair while phaeomelanin is responsible for golden, and red colors. The

absence of either type of melanin produces gray hair.

We use chemicals every day and perform chemical reactions without thinking much about them.

Chemistry is important because everything you do is chemistry! Even your body is made of

chemicals. Chemical reaction occur when you breathe, eat, or just sit there reading. All matter is

made of chemicals, so the importance of chemistry is that it's the study of everything. Chemistry

is important because everything you do is Chemistry. Chemistry is a very part of our daily life.

According to an article of Dr. Roizen, for us to wake up, our hypothalamus secretes a chemical

acetylcholine. You get up, you gargle. In order to eliminate halitosis, you use mouthwash which

contains the chemical manganese. You are now heading to the kitchen to boil water, water boils

at 100 degrees Celsius. You put dissolve coffee to water, it changes it form from solid to liquid.

Coffee molecules binds to water molecule, it becomes a solution. This is a basic example that

chemistry indeed is very relevant in our daily lives. We are not aware that every breath we take,

chemistry has something to do with it. Life is so much amazing.

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Speech Theory

Sonali Gopal Bhardwaj

Associate Prof., Applied Sciences

“Each of these affected populations may exhibit unique characteristics and behaviours’, but all

share common characteristics of language problems”. (Rice & Warren, 2004).

Speech is how we say sounds and words. Speech includes:

ARTICULATION :How we make speech sounds using the mouth, lips, and tongue.

VOICE: How we use our vocal cords and breath to make sounds. Our voice can be loud or soft ,

high- or low-pitch. We can hurt our voice by talking too much, yelling, or coughing a lot.

FLUENCY :This is the rhythm of our speech. We sometimes repeat sounds or pause while

talking.

LANGUAGE : refers to the usage of the words to share our ideas and get what we want.

."One of the most important achievements of phonetics in the past century has been to arrive at a

system of phonetic symbols that anyone can learn to use and that can be used to represent the

sounds of any language. This is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)."

ARTICULATORY PHONETICS:AP is concerned with how the sounds of language is

physically produced by the vocal apparatus. The units of articulatory phonetics is known

as gestures, which are abstract characterizations of articulatory events.

CONSONANTS: Phoneticians generally characterize consonants as being distinguished by

settings of the independent variables as Place of Articulation (POA) and Manner of

ARTICULATION (MOA). In layman's terminology, POA is "where" the consonant is

produced, while MOA is "how" the consonant is produced.

The following are descriptions of the different POAs:

BILABIAL :Segments are produced with the lips held together, for

instance the [p] sound of the English pin, or the [b] sound in bin.

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LABIODENTAL: segments are produced by holding the upper teeth

to the lower lip, like in the [f] sound of English fin.

DENTAL :consonants have the tongue making contact with the upper

teeth. An example from English is the [θ] sound in the word thin.

ALVEOLAR :consonants have the tongue touching the area of the

mouth known as the alveolar ridge. Examples include the [t] in tin and [s] in sin.

POST ALVEOLAR: consonants are similar to alveolar but more

retracted like the [ʃ] of shin.

PALATAL consonants are articulated at the hard palate (the middle

part of the roof of the mouth). In English the palatal [j] sound appears in the word young.

VELAR :consonants are articulated at the soft palate the back part of

the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum. English [k] is velar, like in the word kin.

GLOTTAL :consonants are articulated far back in the throat, at

the glottis (area effectively the vocal folds). English [h] may be regarded as glottal.

DOUBLY ARTICULATED consonants have two points of

articulation, such as the English labio-velar [w] of wit.

VOICING-Try pronouncing the hissing sound [s] of the English word sip. Elongate the

sound until you can produce it continuously for five seconds. Then do the same for the [z]

sound in zip. Hold your hand to your throat, observing the different in tactile sensation

between the two. You should notice that [z] creates vibrations, while [s] does not. This rapid

vibration is in fact caused by the vocal folds, and it is referred to as voicing. Many different

sounds can contrast solely based on a voicing difference: English [b, p] in bin, pin, [d, t]

in din, tin.

NASALITY: Some sounds are produced with airflow through the nasal cavity. These are

known as nasals. Nasal consonants in English include the [n] of not, the [m] of mit, and the

[ŋ] of sing. Nasals may also contrast for voicing in some languages, but this is rare — in

most languages, nasals are voiced.

OBSTRUENCY: Consonants involving a total obstruction of airflow are known

as stops or plosives. Examples include English [p, b, t, d, k, g]. Fricatives are consonants

with a steady stricture causing friction, for example [f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ].Affricates begin with a

stop-like closure followed by frication, like the [tʃ, dʒ] of English chip, jeans.

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SONORANCY: Non-obstruent are classed as sonorant. This includes the already-

mentioned nasals. Another important type of sonorant found in English is the approximant,

in which articulatory organs produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space

for air to flow without much audible turbulence. Examples include English [w, j, l, ɹ].

VOWELS: Vowels are very different from consonants, but our method of decomposing sounds

into sets of features works equally well. Vowels can essentially be viewed as being combinations

of three variables:

HEIGHT: This measured how close your tongue is to the roof of your mouth. For

example, try pronouncing [æ] (as in "cat") and [i] (as in "feet"). Your mouth should be much

more open for the former than the latter. Thus [æ] is called either open or low, and [i]

either closed or high.

BACKNESS: This is what is sounds like-Try, for example, alternating between

pronouncing the vowels [æ] (as in "cat") and [ɑ] (as in "cot"), and get a feel for the position

of your tongue in your mouth. It should move forward for [æ] and back for [ɑ], which is why

the former is called a front vowel and the latter a back vowel.

ROUNDING: Pronouncing the vowels [i] and [u], and look at your lips in a mirror. They

should look puckered up for [u] and spread out for /i/. In general, this "puckering" is referred

to in phonetics as rounding.

.

So we are a click away from thesaurus and all other English language resources over the

web. If we have poor grammar then our writing & speaking skill won’t have the impact. Let us

preserve the beauty of the English language by showing love and care for learning English

language. It’s not just me…other people feel this way as well!

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Big Data

Sonika Popli

Assistant Prof., CSE

Big Data is a phrase used to mean a massive volume of both structured and unstructured data that

is so large it is difficult to process using traditional database and software techniques. In most

enterprise scenarios the volume of data is too big or it moves too fast or it exceeds current

processing capacity. Or we can say that, Big data is a term that describes the large volume of

data – both structured and unstructured – that inundates a business on a day-to-day basis. But it’s

not the amount of data that’s important. It’s what organizations do with the data that matters. Big

data can be analyzed for insights that lead to better decisions and strategic business moves.

The first organizations to embrace it were online and startup firms like Google, eBay, Linkedln

and Facebook were built around big data from the beginning.

Characteristics

1) Volume: Volume is how much data we have – what used to be measured in Gigabytes is

now measured in Zettabytes (ZB) or even Yottabytes (YB). The IoT (Internet of Things)

is creating exponential growth in data. This infographic from CSC does a great job

showing how much the volume of data is projected to change in the coming years.

2) Velocity: Velocity is the speed in which data is accessible. I remember the days of

nightly batches, now if it’s not real-time it’s usually not fast enough.

3) Variety: Variety describes one of the biggest challenges of big data. It can be

unstructured and it can include so many different types of data from XML to video to

SMS. Organizing the data in a meaningful way is no simple task, especially when the

data itself changes rapidly.

4) Variability: Variability is different from variety. A coffee shop may offer 6 different

blends of coffee, but if you get the same blend every day and it tastes different every day,

that is variability. The same is true of data; if the meaning is constantly changing it can

have a huge impact on your data homogenization.

5) Veracity: Veracity is all about making sure the data is accurate, which requires processes

to keep the bad data from accumulating in your systems. The simplest example is

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contacts that enter your marketing automation system with false names and inaccurate

contact information. How many times have you seen Mickey Mouse in your database?

It’s the classic “garbage in, garbage out” challenge.

6) Visualization: Visualization is critical in today’s world. Using charts and graphs to

visualize large amounts of complex data is much more effective in conveying meaning

than spreadsheets and reports chock-full of numbers and formulas.

7) Value: Value is the end game. After addressing volume, velocity, variety, variability,

veracity, and visualization – which take a lot of time, effort and resources – you want to

be sure your organization is getting value from the data.

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Our next move: Internet of vehicles

Savita Khatri

Assistant Prof., CSE

If you think that the internet has changed your life, think again. The IoT is about to change it all

over again…

We have all heard claims that in the near future there will be at least 50 billion connected

devices. These devices will exchange data in some form or another, whether it’s via wired or

wireless technology, or whether it’s autonomously or intelligently sent.

We have also heard many definitions of what the Internet of Things (IoT) is, from data exchange

between two devices to many devices connected to an enterprise-wide IT network. In many

instances, smart grid, smart cities, eHealth, cloud computing, and the connected vehicle are all

examples of IoT.

If we look at the technology being used to connect a device to an information network, or purely

to another device, we also need to look at what technologies have survived the test of time. We

should consider how the adapting of existing technologies with the integration of the next

generation of technologies will coexist and interoperate, especially giving how massive IoT will

be.

IOV:Area of IOT

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an inevitable convergence of the mobile Internet and the

Internet of Things. It's comprised of all new and current vehicles, either fitted or integrated with

two-way RF equipment. It is a converged technology that encompasses information

communication, environmental protection, energy conservation, and safety. To succeed in this

emerging market, acquisition of core technologies and standards will be crucial to securing

strategic advantage..

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Concept of IoV

Although the IoV is an emerging concept, some nascent forms exist today. Intelligent Transport

Systems (ITS) in Europe and Japan have adopted certain forms of IoV technology. In New

Delhi, all 55,000 licensed rickshaws have been fitted with GPS devices so that drivers can be

held accountable for their questionable route selection. China's Ministry of Transport (MOT) has

ordered that GPS systems be installed and connected on all long-haul buses and hazmat vehicles

by the end of 2018 to ensure good driving habits and reduce the risk for accidents and traffic

jams. The Brazilian government has set a goal for all cars in circulation to be fitted with

electronic ID chips from its National Automated Vehicle Identification System (Siniav).

The launch of the U.S. National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC) is a

milestone for IoV. It requires that "security chips" be embedded in all online devices, including

those in vehicles. Clearly, the IoV is no longer a matter of IT applications in the automotive

industry; instead, it has become a national security concern.

What is the IoV?

IoV technology refers to dynamic mobile communication systems that communicate between

vehicles and public networks using V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle), V2R (vehicle-to-road), V2H

(vehicle-to-human) and V2S (vehicle-to-sensor) interactions. It enables information sharing and

the gathering of information on vehicles, roads and their surrounds. Moreover, it features the

processing, computing, sharing and secure release of information onto information platforms.

Based on this data, the system can effectively guide and supervise vehicles, and provide

abundant multimedia and mobile Internet application services.

In the last decade, many vehicles which contain components to monitor different conditions

(such as driver monitoring, tire pressure, oil pressure, vehicle speed, acceleration and position)

have emerged. Internet of Things (IoT) is enabling the collection of different types of

information from a given environment. The integration of results from both trends has led to the

emergence of the concept of Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The implementation of IoV requires

devices (sensors, personal devices, actuators, among others) to communicate with other devices

and the infrastructure using different technologies. Such device interactions face several design

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challenges such as incompatibility among the devices, different qualities and response times for

the Internet connection, limited processing and storage capabilities. To address these challenges,

we propose a comprehensive framework that supports a layered design architecture capable of

providing seamless integration for inter-device communication into the IoV ecosystem. We also

present a review of recently proposed IoV architectures and discuss their salient differences with

proposed architecture.

Connected vehicles and devices are integral components of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV)

concept which is a mobile system which allows information exchanges involving Vehicle to

Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle and Roadside (V&R), Vehicle and Device (V&D), Vehicle and Person

(V&P) and Device to Device (D2D) IoV promotes strong interactions between humans and

vehicles along and aims to improve human abilities behavior modes.

The implementation of IoV requires devices to communicate and interact with other devices

and infrastructure using different technologies depending on the device’s type (sensor, personal

communication device, tablet), network type (Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Personal Area

Network (PAN) and so on) and their specific characteristics, thereby presenting a complex

interaction scenario where multiple challenges need to be addressed. These challenges include:

incompatibility among the devices, different qualities and response times for Internet

connections and limited access to data processing and storing services.

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Conversion of Alternators of Nonviable Old Power Plants to

Synchronous Compensators

Saloni

Assistant Prof., EEE

In India, a large number of power plants are becoming operationally unviable & will be shut

down in the near future. This is due to high fuel cost, degradation in overall heat rate, emission

problems, ageing etc.However, the synchronous generators in many of these plants are in healthy

condition along with other associated systems like stator & rotor cooling, bearing lubrication,

seal oil and AVR. A free synchronous motor (without any mechanical load connected to it) can

be used as a Reactive Power supplier to the GRID or Reactive Power consumer from the Grid

depending on the excitation. When a synchronous motor is over excited, it operates at a leading

p.f. and delivers reactive power to the Grid, thereby increasing Grid Voltage. Similarly, when it

is under excited, it operates at a lagging p.f. and absorbs reactive power from the Grid, thereby

decreasing Grid Voltage. Therefore, a synchronous compensator can alternately serve the

function of a capacitor bank or a reactor bank by step-less excitation control.

What is Reactive Power?

It is one of the total power components in an AC circuit that has its origin in the phase shift

between a sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms. lt is defined as the amplitude of power

oscillation with no net transfer of energy. Whatever real power is transferred in a half cycle is

returned back in the next half cycle. Hence net real energy transfer is zero.

Different Methods of Regulating Reactive Power

The control of utility grid voltage levels is accomplished by demand supply matching of reactive

power. Impaired demand and supply will have direct effect on grid voltage. In a dynamic

situation the demand is unpredictable and is not under the generator's control. This demand is

required to be accomplished by distribution licensee and transmission licensee either by

installation capacitor/reactor banks, Static VAR Compensator or by more recently developed

STATCOM. However as far generators are concerned, the same can be accomplished either by

generating or by absorbing reactive power. The generating units provide the basic means of

voltage control, because the automatic voltage regulators control field excitation to maintain

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rated voltage at the terminals of the generators. The steps generally taken by DISCOMS are

elaborated below.

For controlling voltage throughout the system, additional devices have to be used to compensate

reactive power. Reactive compensation can be divided into series and shunt compensation. It can

also be divided into active compensation (SVC, STATCOM) and passive compensation

(capacitor and reactor banks).

Most common methods of compensation are provided

by the following devices:

> Shunt capacitor banks

> Series capacitor banks

> Shunt reactors

> Synchronous compensator

> Static VAR compensators (SVC)

> Static Synchronous Compensators

(STATCOM)

SVC and STATCOM form part of group of active compensators called Flexible AC

Transmission Systems (FACTS).

Shunt Capacitors

Shunt capacitors, provide passive compensation. They are either permanently connected to the

transmission and distribution system or switched off. They contribute to voltage control by

modifying the network characteristics.

Series Capacitors

Series capacitors compensation is usually applied for long transmission lines and transient

stability improvement. Series compensation reduces net transmission line inductive reactance.

The reactive generation l2X compensates for the reactive consumption l2X of the transmission

line. Series capacitor reactive generation increases with the current squared, thus generating

reactive power when it is most needed.

Shunt Reactors

Shunt reactors are mainly used to keep the voltage down by absorbing reactive power, in the case

of light load and load rejection, and to compensate the capacitive load of the line.

Synchronous Compensator

Synchronous machines that are designed exclusively to provide reactive support are called

synchronous compensators. Synchronous condensers have all of the response, speed and control

features of generators.

Static VAR compensators (SVC)

An SVC combines conventional capacitors and inductors with fast switching capability.

Switching takes place in the sub cycle timeframe (i.e. in less than 1/50th of a second), providing a

continuous range of control. The range can be designed to span from absorbing to generating

reactive power. Advantages include fast, precise regulation of voltage and unrestricted, largely

transient free, capacitor bank switching.

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Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM)

The STATCOM is a solid state shunt device that generates or absorbs reactive power and is one

member of a family of devices known as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices.

The STATCOM is similar to the SVC in response speed, control capabilities, and the use of

power electronics. Rather than using conventional capacitors and inductors combined with

thyristors, the STATCOM uses self-commutated power electronics to synthesize the reactive

power output. Consequently, output capability is generally symmetric, providing as much

capability for production as absorption. The solid state nature of the STATCOM means that,

similar to the SVC, the controls can be designed to provide very fast and effective voltage

control.

Advantages of Converting A Retired Synchronous Generator to Synchronous

Compensator

> Capital cost will be less because existing facilities of the power plant shall be used. The new

cost shall be due to pony motor and associated civil foundation, VWF drive and SSS clutch, and

certain other mechanical modification, such as incorporation of a thrust pad on the generator.

> Since old retiring generating stations are located near load centers, the requirement of

installing a synchronous compensator near load bus shall be fulfilled without acquiring new

space.

> The capacitive current output of static VAR compensator decreases linearly with the system

voltage. Therefore, the capability of SVC to support grid voltage reduces with decrease of grid

voltage. On the other hand, synchronous compensators provide fast response to voltage

variations within operating limits of rotor current.

> SVC applications usually require harmonic filters to reduce the amount of harmonics injected

into the power system by the thyristor switching. On the other hand, no harmonics will be

injected while using synchronous compensator.

> For two phase to ground and three phase to ground faults, the positive sequence voltage

recovery is quicker for synchronous compensator compared to SVC. This is because the AVR of

synchronous compensator can restore the voltage faster by carrying out field forcing for a short

time. Therefore, synchronous compensator has short time capability to cater large faults in the

system by injecting high reactive power. However, since SVC provides reactive power

proportional to the square of its terminal voltage, so severe voltage drop on its terminals limits its

reactive power injection.

> STATCOMs also do not have the short time overload capabilities of synchronous

compensators.

> Synchronous compensators have better short circuit support due to its inertia.

> Both SVCs and STATCOMs are expensive equipment. Therefore, cost of conversion of a

retired generator to synchronous compensator shall weigh favourably due to availability of

existing infrastructure of a retired power station.

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Emerging Trends in Technology 2017

Ashima Arya

Assistant Prof., CSE/IT

As the time marches on, Technology in 2017 will be on a steady progression. Scientists and

researchers define this era with different upcoming trends as:

Data efficiency: One of the key areas of research is data efficiency. The problem of trying to

teach machine learning systems how to do more with less. AI and machine learning (ML), which

include technologies such as deep learning, neural networks and natural-language processing,

can also encompass more advanced systems that understand, learn, predict, adapt and potentially

operate autonomously. Systems can learn and change future behaviour, leading to the creation of

more intelligent devices and programs.

Intelligent Apps: Intelligent apps, which include technologies like virtual personal assistants

(VPAs), have the potential to transform the workplace by making everyday tasks easier

(prioritizing emails) and its users more effective (highlighting important content and

interactions). However, intelligent apps are not limited to new digital assistants – every existing

software category from security tooling to enterprise applications such as marketing or ERP will

be infused with AI enabled capabilities.

Virtual & Augmented Reality: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) transform the

way individuals interact with each other and with software systems creating an immersive

environment. For example, VR can be used for training scenarios and remote experiences. AR,

which enables a blending of the real and virtual worlds, means businesses can overlay graphics

onto real-world objects, such as hidden wires on the image of a wall. Virtual reality is still

primarily for gaming, but when lighter, faster headsets are combined with haptic technologies,

training and teaching applications will become more viable, too.

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Digital: The lines between the digital and physical world continue to blur creating new

opportunities for digital businesses. Digital technology platforms are the building blocks

for a digital business and are necessary to break into digital. Every organization will have

some mix of five digital technology platforms: Information systems, customer experience,

analytics and intelligence, the Internet of Things and business ecosystems.

Digital Twin: Within three to five years, billions of things will be represented by digital

twins, a dynamic software model of a physical thing or system. Using physics data on how

the components of a thing operate and respond to the environment as well as data

provided by sensors in the physical world, a digital twin can be used to analyze and

simulate real world conditions, responds to changes, improve operations and add value.

Digital twins function as proxies for the combination of skilled individuals (e.g.,

technicians) and traditional monitoring devices and controls (e.g., pressure gauges).

Meet eSports, the new sports: Competitive video gaming is a huge business. In 2016, investment

bank GP Bullhound estimated it hit a global audience of over 250 million people, and amassed a

total annual revenue of $493m – and in 2017, that’s predicted to more than double, making

eSports a billion-dollar sector.

Adaptive Security Architecture: The evolution of the intelligent digital mesh and digital

technology platforms and application architectures means that security has to become fluid

and adaptive. Security in the IoT environment is particularly challenging.

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JOB SATISFACTION- “The Most Valuable Intangible Assets”

“PLEASURE IN THE JOB PUTS PERFECTION IN THE WORK”

In the modern era, organizations are facing several challenges due to the dynamic nature of the

environment. One of the many challenges for a business is to satisfy its employees in order to

cope up with the ever changing and evolving environment and to achieve success and remain in

competition. In order to increase efficiency, effectiveness, productivity and job commitment of

employees, the business must satisfy the needs of its employees by providing good working

conditions. Job satisfaction is one of the main concerns of employees and management in an

organization. It evaluates employees overall job experience in the work place. It also determines

the degree of fulfillment that the workers obtain from their occupation.

Nowadays the word satisfaction seems to be broader than general in its context. Satisfying an

individual’s need, wants and desire is crucial in the development of a person’s well-being. Job

satisfaction has been defined in many different ways. Some believe it is simply how content an

individual is with his or her job, in other words, whether or not they like the job or individual

aspects or facets of jobs, such as nature of work or supervision. According to me-“Job

satisfaction means the effort to make life worth living for workmen.”

Job satisfaction work aims at providing such service facilities and amenities which enable the

workers employed in an organization to perform their work in healthy congenial surrounding

conductive to good health and high morale. Job satisfaction is a comprehensive term

including various services, benefits and facilities offered by the employer. Through such

generous fringe benefits the employer makes life worth living for employees. The job

satisfaction amenities are extended in additional to normal wages and other economic rewards

available to employees as per the legal provisions.

Job satisfaction describes how content an individual is with his or her job. It is a relatively recent

term since in previous centuries the jobs available to a particular person were often

predetermined by the occupation of that person’s parent. There are a variety of factors that can

influence a person’s level of job satisfaction. Some of these factors include the level of pay and

benefits, the perceived fairness o the promotion system within a company, the quality of the

working conditions, leadership and social relationships, the job itself (the variety of tasks

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involved, the interest and challenge the job generates, and the clarity of the job

description/requirements).

The happier people are within their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. Job satisfaction

is not the same as motivation, although it is clearly linked. Job design aims to enhance job

satisfaction and performance methods include job rotation, job enlargement and job

enrichment. Other influences on satisfaction include the management style and culture,

employee involvement, empowerment and autonomous workgroups.

Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is frequently measured by organizations.

Job satisfaction is the favorableness or un-favorableness with which the employee views his

work. The nature of one’s environment of job is an important part of life as job satisfaction

influences one’s general life satisfaction.

Job satisfaction, thus, is the result of various attitudes possessed by an employee. In a narrow

sense, these attitudes are related to the job under condition with such specific factors such as

wages. Supervisors of employment, conditions of work, social relation on the job, prompt

settlement of grievances and fair treatment by employer.

However, more comprehensive approach requires that many factors are to be included before a

complete understanding of job satisfaction can be obtained. Such factors as job age, health

temperature, desire and level of aspiration should be considered. Further his family relationship,

Social status, recreational outlets, activity in the organizations etc. Contribute ultimately to job

satisfaction.

Many businesses fail to understand the importance of working environment for employee job

satisfaction and thus face a lot of difficulties during their work. Such organizations are internally

weak therefore unable to introduce innovative products into the market to outshine their

competitors. Employee is an essential component in the process of achieving the mission and

vision of a business. Employees should meet the performance criteria set by the organization to

ensure the quality of their work. To meet the standards of organization, employees need a

working environment that allows them to work freely without problems that may restrain them

from performing up to the level of their full potential.

Minni Kuchhal(MBA/15/02)

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Eye Based Human Computer Interaction

Introduction

In searching for better interfaces between users and their computers, an additional mode of

communication between the two parties would be of great use. The problem of human computer

interaction can be viewed as two powerful information processors (human and

computer)attempting to communicate with each other via a narrow-bandwidth, highly

constrained interface. We are especially interested in input media that can help redress this

imbalance by obtaining data from the user conveniently and rapidly. We therefore investigate the

possibility of using the movements of a user’s eyes to provide a high bandwidth source of

additional user input.

Eye Based Human Computer Interaction

The Eye Based Human Computer interaction is a direct-select vision-controlled communication

and control system technology. It was developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC Technologies, Inc.

This operates with eyes by looking at control keys displayed on a screen. By looking at the

control keys on the screen a person can synthesize speech, control his environment, operate

telephone, run computer software, operate a computer mouse and access internet etc. Eye

tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze (where one is looking) or the motion

of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye

movement. Eye trackers are used in research on the visual system, in psychology, in

psycholinguistics, marketing, as an input device for human-computer interaction, and in product

design.

Eye Tracking System

Most modern eye trackers available on the market utilize near-infrared technology along with a

high-resolution camera to track the movement of the eyes. The underlying concept, commonly

referred to as Pupil Center Corneal Reflection (PCCR), is rather straightforward. Near-infra red

light is directed towards the center of the eyes (pupil), causing visible reflections in the cornea

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(outer-most optical element of the eye). These reflections are tracked by a camera. The pupil

camera and illuminator operate along the same optical axis. Servo controlled mirror is used to

compensate for the user’s head motions. Tracks the corneal reflection from an infra red light

shining on the eye and the outline of the pupil illuminated by same light. Computes the visual

line of eye gaze by relationship between two tracked points.

Applications

Psychology Research:

Within this area, visual attention can be measured and correlated with other measures such as

how the brain works. The visual attention research can be done for normal populations as well as

for specific sub populations that have conspicuous behavioral patterns or different kinds of

mental health disorders.

Medical Research:

Eye tracking in combinations with conventional research methods or other biometric sensors can

even be helpful for diagnosing diseases such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

(ADHD),Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD),

Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. For instance, it can be used to detect

drowsiness or support various other fields for medical, quality assurance or monitoring use.

Usability Research:

Eye tracking for usability and user experience is an emerging field using these methodologies.

One classic example is website testing. Here, attention to real estate, communication and call to

action(CTA) can be measured. If it is difficult to find a certain product on a website, the owner

of that website is very likely losing out on revenue. So, if that website could be improved to

increase the find ability of a product, a fast and big return on investment can be seen.

Advantages:

• Eye movement is faster than other current input media.

• No training or coordination is required of normal users.

• Can determine where the user’s interest is focused automatically.

Limitations:

• Equipment is expensive.

• Some users can’t work with the equipment (if they wear contact lenses or have long eyelashes).

• Moving one’s eyes is often an almost subconscious act.

Prachi (CSE/13/222)

Rahul Bagoria (CSE/13/223)

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Li-Fi Technology

Introduction

In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of

radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-

fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information. Since simple

light bulbs are used, there can technically be any number of access points.

This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized- The Visible Spectrum. Light is in fact very much part of our lives for millions and millions of years and does not have any major ill effect.

Working of Li-Fi

Li-Fi is typically implemented using white LED light bulbs at the downlink transmitter. These devices are normally used for illumination only by applying a constant current.

Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio frequency communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircraft cabins or hospitals. So visible light communication not only has the potential to solve the problem of lack of spectrum space, but can also enable novel application. The visible light spectrum is unused, it's not regulated, and can be used for communication at very high speeds.

Applications:

Airlines: Airline Wi-Fi. Ugh. Nothing says captive audience like having to pay for the

"service" of dialup speed Wi-Fi on the plane. And don’t get me started on the pricing.

Medical: Can be in the places where it is difficult to lay the optical fibre like hospitals. In Operation theatre Li-Fi can be used for modern medical instruments.

Traffic Signals: In Traffic Signals Li-Fi can be used which will communicate with the LED lights of the cars and accident numbers can be decreased.

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Petroleum And Chemical Plants: It can be used in these plants where other transmission or frequencies could be hazardous.

Advantages of Li-Fi :

Capacity: Light has 10000 times wider bandwidththan radio waves . Also, light sources are already installed. So, Li-Fi has got better capacity and also the equipments are already available.

Efficiency: Data transmission using Li-Fi is verycheap. LED lights consume less energy and are highly efficient.

Availability: Availability is not an issue as lightsources are present everywhere. There are billions of light bulbs worldwide; they just need to be replaced with LEDs for proper transmission of data.

Security: Light waves do not penetrate through walls.So, they can’t be intercepted and

misused

Disadvantage of LI-FI

Light can't pass through objects. A major challenge facing Li-Fi is how the receiving device will transmit back to

transmitter.

High installation cost of the VLC systems.

Interferences from external light sources like sun, light, normal bulbs, opaque materials.

These signals cannot penetrate walls. So the person needs wired bulb in that room also.

Only works if there is direct line of sight between source and receiver.

Used for broadcast and it is difficult to uplink.

Aayushi Mishra(CSE/13/201)

Bhupender Gupta(CSE/13/209)

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Project Abstracts

Big Data Analytics

Stock Market Data Analysis

Stock Market data will be structured data generated from the trading on the stock market. Every

day millions of shares are traded on an average day at any stock exchange in the world. The

traditional systems processing this data are slow and inefficient. This project will help the

analysis of Stock Market data efficiently using Apache Hadoop which is a newer and efficient

technology for data analytics.

Team Members- Shubham Jain(CSE/14/122)

Ekta Gandhi(CSE/14/129)

Sentimental Analysis of Twitter Data

Online networking gives clients a stage to discuss successfully with companions, family, and

partners, and gives them a stage to discuss their top pick. Each and everyone is connected to each

other. Everyone shares their feelings and sentiments through various social platforms such as

facebook and twitter. In this era of social networking, public sentiments about a particular thing

can affect the emotions of people around the world which can in turn motivate as well as

discourage the use of something. Hence if carefully used it can be a boon to any business. This

project aims to create such a system which helps analyzing the data for positive, negative, neutral

sentiments.

Team Members- Siddharth Agarwal (CSE/14/145)

Prayans Jain (CSE/14/138)

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ANDROID

RIMIX Launcher

Launcher is the name given to the part of the Android user interface that lets users customize the

home screen (e.g. the phone's desktop), launch mobile apps, make phone calls, and perform other

tasks on Android devices (devices that use the Android mobile operating system).

It is also called a home-screen replacement which is an app that modifies the software design and

features of your phone's operating system without making any permanent changes.

The purpose of RIMIX Launcher is to provide better And Fast service to the user and it will be

useful for easy access to daily used functions like calling. It offers a simple yet effective

customization.

Team Members- Shubham Singhal (CSE/14/123)

CHEFICIOUS

The era of mobile technology has opened the window for Android Apps. The websites are

vanishing and Mobile Apps are emerging. It’s time to change from conventional websites to

applications, which have become a part of our daily routine.

Secondly, the idea behind choosing the Android among other Operating Systems is because of its

popularity (Android is used by around 70% of the world’s population) and simplicity.

Hence, I will be introducing “Cheficious” an android app for cooking lovers which will save

them a lot of time as they now need not to search a recipe from different websites and

applications. They will get all the required information to cook any food item (dishes from all

around the world) at one place.

Team Members: Anshul Bhatia (CSE/14/105)

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JAVA

LAB Maintenance Portal

The purpose of Laboratory Management System is to automate the existing manual system by

the help of the computerized equipments and fulfilling their requirements, so their valuable

data/information can be stored for a longer period with easy accessing and manipulation of the

same. This will be implemented for Head of departments and Lab Incharges.

In the HOD module, HOD can manage the reports, edit profile, check details of all lab incharges,

and add new incharge. In the Lab Incharge Module, Lab Incharge can make the report, edit their

profile, manage lab equipments.

In this Project we will use Responsive Web Design (RWD) framework named Bootstrap for

Graphical user interface. Responsive Web Design (RWD) means that the layout of web

application adjusts according to device width so user can give the exam in any device such as

Mobile, Tablet, and Laptop.

Team Members: Anant Jain (CSE/14/103)

Nancy Sharma(CSE/14/172)

IZON: The Complete Surveillance System

The main purpose of doing this project is to analyze the process of surveillance over the users of

a particular computer without coming into the knowledge of the user. Whether it is a Corporate,

Govt. Sector, School, Hospital or any other working building, the demand of software like these

is growing at a mass scale and in order to overcome that problem, the software like this have

been developed so that it can play a useful role in the lives of the techies. The software is a

computer-surveillance system that runs anonymously in a computer without the prior knowledge

of the user and therefore monitors the activity done by the user in order to determine the working

pattern or any other useful activity which can be taken into considerations in the future.

The Project will be developed on Java Advance and .net which has front-end and back-end

process. Once the function will start working, it will record activities of the user by taking

screenshot of every window visited by the user, internet activity, file modification activity and

other essential features which will be useful in order to check the activity of the user. The

software is easy to operate with an advance level GUI designed prior to fulfilling the criteria of

maximum user friendliness.

Team Members: Ishan Anand (CSE/14/108)

Palak Singla(CSE/14/114)

“The Only Source of Knowledge is Experience.”

-Albert Einstein