Themes in Anglo-Scottish Relations: 1. Scottish Expansionism: desire to hold:- Northumberland,...
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Transcript of Themes in Anglo-Scottish Relations: 1. Scottish Expansionism: desire to hold:- Northumberland,...
Themes in Anglo-Scottish Relations:
1. Scottish Expansionism:desire to hold:-Northumberland,Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancaster etc.
As well as Huntingdonand Tynedale
Themes in Anglo-Scottish Relations
2. Vague, ill-defined English superiority over Scottish monarchy and kingdom.
3. Jurisdictional dispute between English and Scottish churches - i. coronation/unction ii. Archbishop of St Andrews iii. Church taxes
4. Factors which help maintain peace:cross-border landholding; shared culture and values; marriages.
Malcolm III (1058-93)
- 1072 attacks Norham but forced to give personal submissionto William the Conqueror
- 1093 killed attacking northern England.
General Trends:-
1. English military superiority.
2. Personal Monarchy - opportunism of one king when theother dies or has domestic problems...
David I (1124-53)
Born 1085; brought up at Normancourt of England; brother-in-law ofHenry I, who made him a Justiciar,sheriff and earl of Northumbria and Huntingdon.
1107 used threat of Norman invasion of Scotland toforce brother Alexander I to givehim the Lothians...
David I (1124-53)
- 1135 Henry I dies and King Stephen takes English throne.David I seizes northern Englandcounties…
- 1138 David loses battle of Standard
- 1140 David helps enemies of Stephen, including France, in hope of securingNorthumberland
- 1153 David dies at Carlisle
Malcolm IV (1153-65), ‘the Maiden’
- 1156 - has to give up all English lands except Huntingdon and Tynedale toHenry II
- gives personal submission to Henry II
- 1160 serves Henry II in France
Treaty of Falaise, 8 December 1174
- William I loses lands he holds in England
- magnate hostages and Scottish southern castles to Henry II
- Scottish church to be subject to Archbishop of York as ‘customary’
- William and all heirs to do homage to Henry II ‘for Scotland and all his other lands’
- Magnates and prelates of Scotland also to do homage to English king.
See Duncan, The Making of the Kingdom, chapter 9.
Quitclaim of Canterbury, 5 December 1189
- Richard I releases William I of Scotland “and his heirs for ever”from 1174 treaty
- William to be restored to English lands held by Malcolm IV
- William to pay 10,000 merks (£6,666) to Richard I.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Papal Bull Cum Universi, 13 March 1192Scotland a ‘special daughter’ of Rome.
Relations c. 1190-1220
William continues to press forinfluence in northern England…
1200 - John forces him to pay 15,000 m and to give daughters’ hands
Alexander II, 1214-
1215-7 Scots’ aggression1217 - Alex. Gives up claims
1220 - plan to wed Henry III’s sister
1237 - near war as Huntingdon lost
Treaty of York, 25 September 1237
- Alexander II renounced claims to northern English lands
- gave up any claim to recover 15,000 merks which William I paid toJohn I in return for royal marriage promises in 1209.
- Left with Tynedale (worth £200 p.a.)
Alexander III (1249-86) and Henry III (1216-72) - See A. Young
August 1244 Anglo-Scottish peace reaffirmed - Prince Alexander to wed Henry III’s daughter, Margaret.
1251 - marriage of Alexander and Margaret - Canterbury parliament where Alexander refuses to give
homage to Henry for Scotland, not just for his English lands.
1251-60 - rival Scottish noble groups appeal to Henry III to give thempower in Scotland during Alexander’s minority.
Lands of Scottish kingsin England before 1286.
13th century:9 of 13 Scottish earls hadlands in England
7 of 22 English earls had lands in Scotland
- Noble Intermarriage
- Anglo-Norman culture
Alexander III (1249-86) and Henry III (1216-72) - See A. Young
August 1244 Anglo-Scottish peace reaffirmed - Prince Alexander to wed Henry III’s daughter, Margaret.
1251 - marriage of Alexander and Margaret - Canterbury parliament where Alexander refuses to give
homage to Henry for Scotland, not just for his English lands.
1251-60 - rival Scottish noble groups appeal to Henry III to give thempower in Scotland during Alexander’s minority.
Edward I of England(1272-1307)
October 1278 Westminster Parliament
English version:-‘I, Alexander, become the liege man of the Lord Edward,
King of England, against all men.’
Scottish version:-Alexander III: ‘I become your man for the lands which I hold of you
in the realm of England, for which I owe you homage, saving my realm.’
Bishop of Norwich: ‘Be that saved to the king of England if he have a right to your homage for that kingdom.’
Alexander III: ‘No-one has a right to homage for my kingdom save God alone, and I hold it only of God.’
See Barrow, Kingship and Unity, P. 156 or Duncan, P. 589.
‘Much Good may come to pass’
Jan-Feb 1284 - last of Alexander III’s children dies; Maid of Norway named as heir
April 1284 - Edward I’s first son, Edward born
Alexander III’s letter to Edward I - hint of possible marriage of Prince Edward to Maid?
1285 - Alexander = Yolande of Dreux
19 March 1286.