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The English in North America

Brooke SotoHistory 140

American Colonies - Chapter 7Chesapeake Colonies

• Commonwealths

• In both Chesapeake colonies, Virginia & Maryland, had to share power with the wealthiest & most ambitious colonists

• They refused to pay taxes unless authorized by their own elected representatives

• The wealthiest planters dominated the local government

• Since the Chesapeake had only two towns, Jamestown and St. Mary’s city, the colonists relied on the counties for their local governments

• Political Hierarchy: distant king, governor council, county court, parish vestry, family household “little commonwealth”

• Sex ratio was 74% male, 10% female, so men never found wives


• Labor & Prosperity

• Chesapeake demanded too much labor from too few colonists

• English servants composted at least 3/4 if the emigrants to the Chesapeake, about 90,000 of the 120,000

• The servants were transported as unwanted orphans or criminals punished for vagrancy or theft

• 1648 Chesapeake became healthier & many servants lived longer due to new plantations expanding upstream with fresh water

• Frontier conditions enabled labor to create new income & assets, & the farms & farmers were prospering at a faster rate

• Instead of establishing a great land of opportunity, the Chesapeake’s age of social mobility led to a plantation society of wealth & poverty


• In Virginia, 1676, the rebellion erupted with angry freedman wanting landowning independence

• The rebellion founded Nathaniel Bacon as the leader

• Attacks & violence on the Indians was is defiance against the governor

• Bacon promised common planters and servants freedom if they joined the rebellion to defeat Berkeley

• When the rebellion ended, the monarch agreed that the elite was unworthy of its power and was determined to create an alliance with common & great planters

American Colonies - Chapter 8New England

• English Puritans

• Law demanded that everyone support the official Church of England with taxes & attendance

• English monarch appointed & commanded a hierarchy of two archbishops, twenty-six bishops, & 8,600 parish clergy in England & Wales

• Puritans tried to convert & urge people to seek God & practice his values by reading the bible

• With the king Charles I growing power, many Puritans migrated to New England across the Atlantic


• The Great Migration

• Puritan emigrants followed French & English mariners, fisherman, & fur traders

• The first Puritan emigration consisted of 102 Separatists known as the Pilgrims

• The great migration began under the leadership of John Winthrop

• In Boston, Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony

• With 20,000 of the region’s 33,000 inhabitants in 1660, Massachusetts remained the most populous, influential, and powerful of New England Colonies

• In 1691, four colonies remained: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, & New Hampshire


• Religion & Profit

• Many Puritans sought a distant refuge, where they could live apart from sinners & from the supervision of persecuting bishops

• John Winthrop exhorted his fellow colonists to make Massachusetts a “City upon a Hill,” an inspirational set of reformed churches conspicuous to the mother country

• On voyages across the Atlantic, close quarters & proximity to death gave a new intensity to the daily prayers & religious exercise that kept up the passenger’s spirits

• With the rite of passage, shared hardships, fear, & services, it strengthened the religious purpose & common bonds of the emigrants

• Although New England wasn’t the wealthiest colony, it was the healthiest, most populous, & most egalitarian in the distribution of property

American Colonies - Chapter 9Puritans & Indians

• Natives

• Southern New England Indians possessed cultural, linguistic affinities, but lacked political unity

• Natives highly productive horticulture supplied most of their diet

• With fire, the Indians sustained & shaped a forest that suited their needs

• Indian women did most of the laboring, while men leisured

• Indians acquired few material possessions, & they shared what they had

• Compared with the colonists, the Indians demanded less from their nature, investing less labor in, and extracting less energy & matter from their environment


• King Philip’s War

• New English called this the bloodiest Indian war in their history

• During summer & fall of 1675, Indian rebels assailed 52 of the region’s 92 towns, destroying 12

• Puritans sought to kill the Indians, each one manifesting the resurgent power of the Puritan God

• In 1676, desperate colonial leaders could not win without the assistance of their Indian allies

• the Indian resistance collapsed & they surrendered as they ran out of food & ammunition


• Victory & Defeat

• Rather than treat their captives as prisoners of war, the Puritan victors defined the Indians as traitors, executing the chiefs & enslaving others for sale

• Puritans insisted the colonists needed to shed blood to alienate themselves from Indian ways, thoughts & bodies

• Natives labored for small wages on farms & sailing ships

• Puritans returned to rebuild their burned & ravaged homes

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