1. The English in North America

• Brooke Soto

History 140

2. American Colonies - Chapter 7 Chesapeake Colonies Chesapeake Colonies

Commonwealths

In both Chesapeake colonies, Virginia & Maryland, had to share power with the wealthiest & most ambitious colonists

They refused to pay taxes unless authorized by their own elected representatives

The wealthiest planters dominated the local government

Since the Chesapeake had only two towns, Jamestown and St. Marys city,the colonists relied on the counties for their local governments

Political Hierarchy: distant king, governor council, county court, parish vestry, family household little commonwealth

Sex ratio was 74% male, 10% female, so men never found wives

3. American Colonies - Chapter 7 Chesapeake Colonies Chesapeake Colonies

Labor & Prosperity

Chesapeake demanded too much labor from too few colonists

English servants composted at least 3/4 if the emigrants to the Chesapeake,about 90,000 of the 120,000

The servants were transported as unwanted orphans or criminals punished for vagrancy or theft

1648 Chesapeake became healthier & many servants lived longer due to new plantations expanding upstream with fresh water

Frontier conditions enabled labor to create new income & assets, & the farms & farmers were prospering at a faster rate

Instead of establishing a great land of opportunity, the Chesapeakes age of social mobility led to a plantation society of wealth & poverty

4. American Colonies - Chapter 7 Chesapeake Colonies Chesapeake Colonies

In Virginia, 1676, the rebellion erupted with angry freedman wanting landowning independence

The rebellion founded Nathaniel Bacon as the leader

Attacks & violence on the Indians was is defiance against the governor

Bacon promised common planters and servants freedom if they joined the rebellion to defeat Berkeley

When the rebellion ended, the monarch agreed that the elite was unworthy of its power and was determined to create an alliance with common & great planters

5. American Colonies - Chapter 8 New England New England

English Puritans

Law demanded that everyone support the official Church of England with taxes & attendance

English monarch appointed & commanded a hierarchy of two archbishops, twenty-six bishops, & 8,600 parish clergy in England & Wales

Puritans tried to convert & urge people to seek God & practice his values by reading the bible

With the king Charles I growing power, many Puritans migrated to New England across the Atlantic

6. American Colonies - Chapter 8 New England New England

The Great Migration

Puritan emigrants followed French & English mariners, fisherman, & fur traders

The first Puritan emigration consisted of 102 Separatists known as the Pilgrims

The great migration began under the leadership of John Winthrop

In Boston, Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony

With 20,000 of the regions 33,000 inhabitants in 1660, Massachusetts remained the most populous, influential, and powerful of New England Colonies

In 1691, four colonies remained: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, & New Hampshire

7. American Colonies - Chapter 8 New England New England

Religion & Profit

Many Puritans sought a distant refuge, where they could live apart from sinners & from the supervision of persecuting bishops

John Winthrop exhorted his fellow colonists to make Massachusetts a City upon a Hill, an inspirational set of reformed churches conspicuous to the mother country

On voyages across the Atlantic, close quarters & proximity to death gave a new intensity to the daily prayers & religious exercise that kept up the passengers spirits

With the rite of passage, shared hardships, fear, & services, it strengthened the religious purpose & common bonds of the emigrants

Although New England wasnt the wealthiest colony, it was the healthiest, most populous, & most egalitarian in the distribution of property

8. American Colonies - Chapter 9 Puritans & Indians Puritans & Indians

Natives

Southern New England Indians possessed cultural, linguistic affinities, but lacked political unity

Natives highly productive horticulture supplied most of their diet

With fire, the Indians sustained & shaped a forest that suited their needs

Indian women did most of the laboring, while men leisured

Indians acquired few material possessions, & they shared what they had

Compared with the colonists, the Indians demanded less from their nature, investing less labor in, and extracting less energy & matter from their environment

9. American Colonies - Chapter 9 Puritans & Indians Puritans & Indians

King Philips War

New English called this the bloodiest Indian war in their history

During summer & fall of 1675, Indian rebels assailed 52 of the regions 92 towns, destroying 12

Puritans sought to kill the Indians, each one manifesting the resurgent power of the Puritan God

In 1676, desperate colonial leaders could not win without the assistance of their Indian allies

the Indian resistance collapsed & they surrendered as they ran out of food & ammunition

10. American Colonies - Chapter 9 Puritans & Indians Puritans & Indians

Victory & Defeat

Rather than treat their captives as prisoners of war, the Puritan victors defined the Indians as traitors, executing the chiefs & enslaving others for sale

Puritans insisted the colonists needed to shed blood to alienate themselves from Indian ways, thoughts & bodies

Natives labored for small wages on farms & sailing ships

Puritans returned to rebuild their burned & ravaged homes