THEME 5: Air-Sea Interactions and Exchanges Understand and Describe the energy, moisture, and...
Transcript of THEME 5: Air-Sea Interactions and Exchanges Understand and Describe the energy, moisture, and...
THEME 5: Air-Sea Interactions and Exchanges
• Understand and Describe the energy, moisture, and chemical exchanges between the atmosphere and the oceans and the consequent effects on the atmosphere and ocean structure, mixing and circulations.
Current Research
• Study of Air-Sea Transfer Velocities Utilizing Gaseous Tracers
– Project Personnel: Kevin Sullivan (UM/RMSAS); Mark Powell; Rik Wanninkhof (NOAA/AOML)
– Goals: Quantify the rates of air-sea CO2 transfer in the Southern Ocean
• Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Surface Physical Processes
– Project Personnel: Mark Donelan and Will Drennan (UM/RSMAS)– Goals: To improve our understanding of how various physical processes control CO2
transfer at the ocean surface.
• Variability of Boundary Layer Structures and Cloud Properties over the Eastern Pacific
– Project Personnel: Bruce A. Albrecht (UM/RSMAS); Patrick Minnis (NASA Langley)– Goals: Define and explain the variability in the characteristics of boundary layer
clouds in the southeast trades across the Cold Tongue ITCZ Complex (CTIC).
• Real-time Hurricane Wind Analysis Project (H*WIND, JHT)– Project Personnel: Nicholas Carrasco, Nirva Morisseau-Leroy, Jason Dunion, and
Sonia Otero (UM/RSMAS); Mark Powell (NOAA/AOML)– Goals: Software development & deployment of a real-time wind analysis application
for tropical cyclones
• Hurricane Heat Content Estimates For Intensity Forecasting Using SHIPS In Support of JHT
– Project Personnel: L. Shay, M. Mainelli (TPC), M. DeMaria(NOAA-NESDIS/CIRA)– Goal: Implement hurricane heat content estimates from satellite and in situ
measurements with seasonal climatologies into the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction System to improve intensity forecasts in the Atlantic Ocean Basin.
• A Study of Factors Controlling the Structure and Distribution of Precipitation in Hurricane
– Project Personnel: Robert Rogers (UM/RSMAS); Shuyi Chen; Hugh Willoughby (NOAA/AOML)
– Goals: Improved understanding of the effects of storm motion and vertical shear on the distribution of accumulated rainfall in tropical cyclones
Current Research
Gradient Flux Technique
MeasuredGradient (3-13m)
McGillis et al. (2001)
z
c
CO2 – w covariance from the bow of the Brown
Gas Ex-2001
Southern Ocean Dual Deliberate Tracer Study:First estimate of gas exchange in the southern OceanCommonly used parameterization model the decrease in 3He/SF6 well Considering the error bars no definitive relationship can be proposed from this study. The relationship developed for the North Atlantic Study, Gas Ex -98 is consistent with the results: k = 0.0283 u3 (Sc/660) -0.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
26 28 30 32 34 36
R observed
Rmodeled
0.31U2
Rmodeled
0.34U2
Rmodeled
0.0283U3
Rmodeled
0.0277U3
R =
ln(3 H
e/S
F 6)
Year Day
GasEx-2001
Best fit N.Atlantic& Southern Ocean
SST (left panels) and OHC (right panels) derived from radar altimeters for Pre-Lili (upper) and Post-Lili (lower)Relative to Storm Intensity.NOAA JHT Project
Tropical Cyclones and Ocean Heat Content
P S-OHC C-OHC SS T12 6.2 4.5 5.324 8.4 6.6 6.536 12.1 9.4 8.248 16.2 11.4 10.460 19.9 13.3 12.472 27.9 15.2 14.6
0
10
20
30
12 24 36 48 60 72Forecast Interval (hr)
Var
ian
ce E
xpla
ined
(%
)
PS-OHC
C-OHC
SST
Individual Correlation Results
(1997-2001 Sample)
H*WIND
Surface Wind:
• Land-based radar, surface data, GIS. Development of a real-time surface analysis system for use by forecasters, etc.
High Resolution Models of TC Rain
Cross-track shear Along-track shear
Rogers et al 2002
Hurricane Bonnie (1998)
Reflectivity Accumulated Rainfall
High-resolution Models of TC Rain
Rogers et al 2002
Right-left rain asymmetry when along-track shear, but not when shear is cross-track
Schematic relationship between environmental shear, storm motion, and total rainfall.
UM/RSMAS-NOAA/AOML Linkages
CIMAS enables close cooperation and interaction between UM/RSMAS and NOAA/ AOML air-sea interaction communities:
• National and International Projects (e.g., EPIC, CAMEX, CBLAST)
• Center for Southeastern Tropical Advanced Remote Sensing (CSTARS)
• NOPPs• Southeast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEA-
COOS)• NOAA Hurricane Field Program• TPC/NHC• UM-RSMAS Academic Program
NOAA/NSF EPIC Warm Pool/ITCZ Regime:AXCP/AXCTD and GPS Sondes From P-3
Shay and Zhang
UM/RSMAS-NOAA/AOML Capabilities
• Human Resources– UM Faculty—Critical Mass in Air-Sea
Interaction– Collaborations among AOML and UM
Scientists– Adjunct UM Faculty from AOML and TPC/NHC– Students (Graduate and Undergraduates)– Research Associates
UM/RSMAS-NOAA/AOML Capabilities and Resources—Observational
• Satellite and Airborne Oceanography
• Airborne Data Sets (with NOAA WP-3D)
• Radars (0.9, 9, and 95 GHz)
• Shipborne (Walton Smith; Explorer of the Seas, Ron Brown)
• Wind-Wave Tank
• Buoys
SEA-COOS: HF Radar Test Bed
Future: WERA: FMCW system, 100km range, ~750 m resolution.
• Wellen Radar (red dots)• CODAR (gray area)• RCCL Explorer Ship
Tracks (solid blue)• NCORE ocean moorings
(black dots)
Current
M-AERI radiometric measurements of air
and sea temperatures.2001.
UM/RSMAS-NOAA/AOML Capabilities and Resources—Modeling
• Modeling– Atmospheric (MM5 -> WRF)– Ocean (MYCOM, HYCOM)– Waves/Spray– Coupled Models
Future Plans and VisionHurricane (FY-05 NOAA/OAR Long-term Initiative): • Air-Sea processes under high wind conditions• Representation of aerosol, moisture and microphysical
processes and impact on TC intensity and rain• Future aircraft and ship-based observation programs
(CAMEX-5, AMMA, HFP)
Lili (2002)Gilbert (1988)
Future Plans and Vision
• Climate Related Air-Sea Interaction:– ENSO– CTIC (Eastern Pacific), ITCZ (Atlantic)– Boundary Layer Clouds (VEPIC)– Western Hemisphere Warm Pool – Chemical Transports– Aerosols/Radiation and Climate