Theme 1: European Biofertilizer Policy and Potential … 1: European Biofertilizer Policy ......
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Theme 1: European Biofertilizer Policy and Potential Market Anne-Belinda Bjerre, senior scientist, Ph.D
Transcript of Theme 1: European Biofertilizer Policy and Potential … 1: European Biofertilizer Policy ......
Theme 1 European Biofertilizer Policy
and Potential Market
Anne-Belinda Bjerre senior scientist PhD
Anne-Belinda Bjerre (Thomsen)
Senior research scientist BSc Chem Eng
PhD in biotechnology
25 years of expertise within biological and chemical
processes on waste management including 2G
bioethanol production and biorefinery
Publications
74 peer reviewed articles
55 printed abstracts and proceedings
More than 60 presentations at international
conferences
5 patent applications
Danish Technological Institute Division for
renewable energy and transport
Biomass section
Solid biofuel Torrefaction Biopellets Bioethanol
Biogas Fertilizer Feed Biochemicals
Pretreatment and bioconversion of biomass and biowaste
Milling drying
Pelletizing
Extrusion
Enzymatic hydrolysis and
fermentation
Logistics and biomass trade
Biomass pilot scale facilities
State of the art
In 2050 World population will be about
9-11 billion people
with same requirements for
- food feed fertilizer
- energy
-and materials
Today almost all energy
and materials depend on depleting oil and natural gas resources
Sustainability - one definition
ldquoSustainable development is development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsrdquo
Brundtland commission 1987
A step forward to fulfill this goal is
bull to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuels and energy
bull to replace fossil chemicals and fertilizer with biomass
based chemicals materials and fertilizer
The biorefinery
Replacement of fossil fuel with biomass
Clark amp Deswarte 2008
amp fertiliser
Why Fertilizer
Fertilizer is needed for growing plants ndash ALL PLANTS
Plants are feedstocks directly for Food
Feed
Energy
Biomass production
food feed
energy chemicals materials
Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer
Biofertilizer
Trends in fertilizer production and
consumption
All living organisms rely on a safe and healthy supply of food and nutrients including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) for proper growth and development
Fertilisers are used for producing healthy and abundant plant crops
Some estimates have indicated that without commercial fertilisers there would be a global food deficit equivalent to one-third of the current availability (The Fertiliser Institute 2006)
Plants require 14 essential nutrients for healthy growth and if the soil lacks any one of these plant growth can be limited
The three macronutrients that are essential for food production and quality are NPK
In many part of Europe and Africa soil errosion is seen due to lack of soil organic matter
Photosynthesis and sustainbility
Plants are stored solar energy and (ALMOST) CO2 neutral needs
CO2 H2O sunlight and FERTILIZER
Plant production
CO2 (or HCO3 ) + H2O + sunlight (chlorophyll) (CH2O)n + O2
Combustion of plants (or plant products)
(CH2O)n + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Without fossil oil and gas plants are the ONLY organic
substances for future energy carriers materials chemicals and
fertilizer
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Anne-Belinda Bjerre (Thomsen)
Senior research scientist BSc Chem Eng
PhD in biotechnology
25 years of expertise within biological and chemical
processes on waste management including 2G
bioethanol production and biorefinery
Publications
74 peer reviewed articles
55 printed abstracts and proceedings
More than 60 presentations at international
conferences
5 patent applications
Danish Technological Institute Division for
renewable energy and transport
Biomass section
Solid biofuel Torrefaction Biopellets Bioethanol
Biogas Fertilizer Feed Biochemicals
Pretreatment and bioconversion of biomass and biowaste
Milling drying
Pelletizing
Extrusion
Enzymatic hydrolysis and
fermentation
Logistics and biomass trade
Biomass pilot scale facilities
State of the art
In 2050 World population will be about
9-11 billion people
with same requirements for
- food feed fertilizer
- energy
-and materials
Today almost all energy
and materials depend on depleting oil and natural gas resources
Sustainability - one definition
ldquoSustainable development is development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsrdquo
Brundtland commission 1987
A step forward to fulfill this goal is
bull to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuels and energy
bull to replace fossil chemicals and fertilizer with biomass
based chemicals materials and fertilizer
The biorefinery
Replacement of fossil fuel with biomass
Clark amp Deswarte 2008
amp fertiliser
Why Fertilizer
Fertilizer is needed for growing plants ndash ALL PLANTS
Plants are feedstocks directly for Food
Feed
Energy
Biomass production
food feed
energy chemicals materials
Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer
Biofertilizer
Trends in fertilizer production and
consumption
All living organisms rely on a safe and healthy supply of food and nutrients including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) for proper growth and development
Fertilisers are used for producing healthy and abundant plant crops
Some estimates have indicated that without commercial fertilisers there would be a global food deficit equivalent to one-third of the current availability (The Fertiliser Institute 2006)
Plants require 14 essential nutrients for healthy growth and if the soil lacks any one of these plant growth can be limited
The three macronutrients that are essential for food production and quality are NPK
In many part of Europe and Africa soil errosion is seen due to lack of soil organic matter
Photosynthesis and sustainbility
Plants are stored solar energy and (ALMOST) CO2 neutral needs
CO2 H2O sunlight and FERTILIZER
Plant production
CO2 (or HCO3 ) + H2O + sunlight (chlorophyll) (CH2O)n + O2
Combustion of plants (or plant products)
(CH2O)n + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Without fossil oil and gas plants are the ONLY organic
substances for future energy carriers materials chemicals and
fertilizer
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Danish Technological Institute Division for
renewable energy and transport
Biomass section
Solid biofuel Torrefaction Biopellets Bioethanol
Biogas Fertilizer Feed Biochemicals
Pretreatment and bioconversion of biomass and biowaste
Milling drying
Pelletizing
Extrusion
Enzymatic hydrolysis and
fermentation
Logistics and biomass trade
Biomass pilot scale facilities
State of the art
In 2050 World population will be about
9-11 billion people
with same requirements for
- food feed fertilizer
- energy
-and materials
Today almost all energy
and materials depend on depleting oil and natural gas resources
Sustainability - one definition
ldquoSustainable development is development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsrdquo
Brundtland commission 1987
A step forward to fulfill this goal is
bull to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuels and energy
bull to replace fossil chemicals and fertilizer with biomass
based chemicals materials and fertilizer
The biorefinery
Replacement of fossil fuel with biomass
Clark amp Deswarte 2008
amp fertiliser
Why Fertilizer
Fertilizer is needed for growing plants ndash ALL PLANTS
Plants are feedstocks directly for Food
Feed
Energy
Biomass production
food feed
energy chemicals materials
Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer
Biofertilizer
Trends in fertilizer production and
consumption
All living organisms rely on a safe and healthy supply of food and nutrients including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) for proper growth and development
Fertilisers are used for producing healthy and abundant plant crops
Some estimates have indicated that without commercial fertilisers there would be a global food deficit equivalent to one-third of the current availability (The Fertiliser Institute 2006)
Plants require 14 essential nutrients for healthy growth and if the soil lacks any one of these plant growth can be limited
The three macronutrients that are essential for food production and quality are NPK
In many part of Europe and Africa soil errosion is seen due to lack of soil organic matter
Photosynthesis and sustainbility
Plants are stored solar energy and (ALMOST) CO2 neutral needs
CO2 H2O sunlight and FERTILIZER
Plant production
CO2 (or HCO3 ) + H2O + sunlight (chlorophyll) (CH2O)n + O2
Combustion of plants (or plant products)
(CH2O)n + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Without fossil oil and gas plants are the ONLY organic
substances for future energy carriers materials chemicals and
fertilizer
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
State of the art
In 2050 World population will be about
9-11 billion people
with same requirements for
- food feed fertilizer
- energy
-and materials
Today almost all energy
and materials depend on depleting oil and natural gas resources
Sustainability - one definition
ldquoSustainable development is development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsrdquo
Brundtland commission 1987
A step forward to fulfill this goal is
bull to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuels and energy
bull to replace fossil chemicals and fertilizer with biomass
based chemicals materials and fertilizer
The biorefinery
Replacement of fossil fuel with biomass
Clark amp Deswarte 2008
amp fertiliser
Why Fertilizer
Fertilizer is needed for growing plants ndash ALL PLANTS
Plants are feedstocks directly for Food
Feed
Energy
Biomass production
food feed
energy chemicals materials
Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer
Biofertilizer
Trends in fertilizer production and
consumption
All living organisms rely on a safe and healthy supply of food and nutrients including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) for proper growth and development
Fertilisers are used for producing healthy and abundant plant crops
Some estimates have indicated that without commercial fertilisers there would be a global food deficit equivalent to one-third of the current availability (The Fertiliser Institute 2006)
Plants require 14 essential nutrients for healthy growth and if the soil lacks any one of these plant growth can be limited
The three macronutrients that are essential for food production and quality are NPK
In many part of Europe and Africa soil errosion is seen due to lack of soil organic matter
Photosynthesis and sustainbility
Plants are stored solar energy and (ALMOST) CO2 neutral needs
CO2 H2O sunlight and FERTILIZER
Plant production
CO2 (or HCO3 ) + H2O + sunlight (chlorophyll) (CH2O)n + O2
Combustion of plants (or plant products)
(CH2O)n + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Without fossil oil and gas plants are the ONLY organic
substances for future energy carriers materials chemicals and
fertilizer
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Sustainability - one definition
ldquoSustainable development is development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsrdquo
Brundtland commission 1987
A step forward to fulfill this goal is
bull to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuels and energy
bull to replace fossil chemicals and fertilizer with biomass
based chemicals materials and fertilizer
The biorefinery
Replacement of fossil fuel with biomass
Clark amp Deswarte 2008
amp fertiliser
Why Fertilizer
Fertilizer is needed for growing plants ndash ALL PLANTS
Plants are feedstocks directly for Food
Feed
Energy
Biomass production
food feed
energy chemicals materials
Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer
Biofertilizer
Trends in fertilizer production and
consumption
All living organisms rely on a safe and healthy supply of food and nutrients including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) for proper growth and development
Fertilisers are used for producing healthy and abundant plant crops
Some estimates have indicated that without commercial fertilisers there would be a global food deficit equivalent to one-third of the current availability (The Fertiliser Institute 2006)
Plants require 14 essential nutrients for healthy growth and if the soil lacks any one of these plant growth can be limited
The three macronutrients that are essential for food production and quality are NPK
In many part of Europe and Africa soil errosion is seen due to lack of soil organic matter
Photosynthesis and sustainbility
Plants are stored solar energy and (ALMOST) CO2 neutral needs
CO2 H2O sunlight and FERTILIZER
Plant production
CO2 (or HCO3 ) + H2O + sunlight (chlorophyll) (CH2O)n + O2
Combustion of plants (or plant products)
(CH2O)n + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Without fossil oil and gas plants are the ONLY organic
substances for future energy carriers materials chemicals and
fertilizer
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
A step forward to fulfill this goal is
bull to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuels and energy
bull to replace fossil chemicals and fertilizer with biomass
based chemicals materials and fertilizer
The biorefinery
Replacement of fossil fuel with biomass
Clark amp Deswarte 2008
amp fertiliser
Why Fertilizer
Fertilizer is needed for growing plants ndash ALL PLANTS
Plants are feedstocks directly for Food
Feed
Energy
Biomass production
food feed
energy chemicals materials
Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer
Biofertilizer
Trends in fertilizer production and
consumption
All living organisms rely on a safe and healthy supply of food and nutrients including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) for proper growth and development
Fertilisers are used for producing healthy and abundant plant crops
Some estimates have indicated that without commercial fertilisers there would be a global food deficit equivalent to one-third of the current availability (The Fertiliser Institute 2006)
Plants require 14 essential nutrients for healthy growth and if the soil lacks any one of these plant growth can be limited
The three macronutrients that are essential for food production and quality are NPK
In many part of Europe and Africa soil errosion is seen due to lack of soil organic matter
Photosynthesis and sustainbility
Plants are stored solar energy and (ALMOST) CO2 neutral needs
CO2 H2O sunlight and FERTILIZER
Plant production
CO2 (or HCO3 ) + H2O + sunlight (chlorophyll) (CH2O)n + O2
Combustion of plants (or plant products)
(CH2O)n + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Without fossil oil and gas plants are the ONLY organic
substances for future energy carriers materials chemicals and
fertilizer
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Replacement of fossil fuel with biomass
Clark amp Deswarte 2008
amp fertiliser
Why Fertilizer
Fertilizer is needed for growing plants ndash ALL PLANTS
Plants are feedstocks directly for Food
Feed
Energy
Biomass production
food feed
energy chemicals materials
Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer
Biofertilizer
Trends in fertilizer production and
consumption
All living organisms rely on a safe and healthy supply of food and nutrients including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) for proper growth and development
Fertilisers are used for producing healthy and abundant plant crops
Some estimates have indicated that without commercial fertilisers there would be a global food deficit equivalent to one-third of the current availability (The Fertiliser Institute 2006)
Plants require 14 essential nutrients for healthy growth and if the soil lacks any one of these plant growth can be limited
The three macronutrients that are essential for food production and quality are NPK
In many part of Europe and Africa soil errosion is seen due to lack of soil organic matter
Photosynthesis and sustainbility
Plants are stored solar energy and (ALMOST) CO2 neutral needs
CO2 H2O sunlight and FERTILIZER
Plant production
CO2 (or HCO3 ) + H2O + sunlight (chlorophyll) (CH2O)n + O2
Combustion of plants (or plant products)
(CH2O)n + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Without fossil oil and gas plants are the ONLY organic
substances for future energy carriers materials chemicals and
fertilizer
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Why Fertilizer
Fertilizer is needed for growing plants ndash ALL PLANTS
Plants are feedstocks directly for Food
Feed
Energy
Biomass production
food feed
energy chemicals materials
Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer
Biofertilizer
Trends in fertilizer production and
consumption
All living organisms rely on a safe and healthy supply of food and nutrients including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) for proper growth and development
Fertilisers are used for producing healthy and abundant plant crops
Some estimates have indicated that without commercial fertilisers there would be a global food deficit equivalent to one-third of the current availability (The Fertiliser Institute 2006)
Plants require 14 essential nutrients for healthy growth and if the soil lacks any one of these plant growth can be limited
The three macronutrients that are essential for food production and quality are NPK
In many part of Europe and Africa soil errosion is seen due to lack of soil organic matter
Photosynthesis and sustainbility
Plants are stored solar energy and (ALMOST) CO2 neutral needs
CO2 H2O sunlight and FERTILIZER
Plant production
CO2 (or HCO3 ) + H2O + sunlight (chlorophyll) (CH2O)n + O2
Combustion of plants (or plant products)
(CH2O)n + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Without fossil oil and gas plants are the ONLY organic
substances for future energy carriers materials chemicals and
fertilizer
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Trends in fertilizer production and
consumption
All living organisms rely on a safe and healthy supply of food and nutrients including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK) for proper growth and development
Fertilisers are used for producing healthy and abundant plant crops
Some estimates have indicated that without commercial fertilisers there would be a global food deficit equivalent to one-third of the current availability (The Fertiliser Institute 2006)
Plants require 14 essential nutrients for healthy growth and if the soil lacks any one of these plant growth can be limited
The three macronutrients that are essential for food production and quality are NPK
In many part of Europe and Africa soil errosion is seen due to lack of soil organic matter
Photosynthesis and sustainbility
Plants are stored solar energy and (ALMOST) CO2 neutral needs
CO2 H2O sunlight and FERTILIZER
Plant production
CO2 (or HCO3 ) + H2O + sunlight (chlorophyll) (CH2O)n + O2
Combustion of plants (or plant products)
(CH2O)n + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Without fossil oil and gas plants are the ONLY organic
substances for future energy carriers materials chemicals and
fertilizer
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Photosynthesis and sustainbility
Plants are stored solar energy and (ALMOST) CO2 neutral needs
CO2 H2O sunlight and FERTILIZER
Plant production
CO2 (or HCO3 ) + H2O + sunlight (chlorophyll) (CH2O)n + O2
Combustion of plants (or plant products)
(CH2O)n + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Without fossil oil and gas plants are the ONLY organic
substances for future energy carriers materials chemicals and
fertilizer
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Role of macro nutrients NPK
Nitrogen (N)
The role of Nitrogen in plants cannot be emphasized enough Nitrogen encourages development of plants it is responsible for healthy green leaf growth which is the result of the formation of chlorophyll which is the main unit for the production of carbohydrates proteins and oxygen Therefore plants that exhibit a Nitrogen deficiency will show symptoms like stunted growth and pale green and yellow leaves There are also claims that Nitrogen controls the efficient utilization of phosphorous and Potassium The plants dependency on Nitrogen can also lead to retarded root growth and resulting in the foliage turning yellow and pale green and increasing the plant‟s susceptibility to disease
Phosphorous (P)
Phosphorous is responsible for cell development and the promotion of good root growth particularly in fibrous roots the vigor of the plant Plants that suffer from a phosphorous deficiency will have poor root development and show symptoms like stunted growth though it is not as easily recognizable at those symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency Phosphorous deficiency is also manifested in the leaves that turn purplish in color when it is not the natural foliage or leaf color of that plant mainly due to the abnormal increase in the sugar content and the formation of anthocyanin
Potassium (K)
Potassium is responsible for chlorophyll formation which plays an important part in the strength of cells and encourages flower and fruit formation Thus Potassium can enhance the ability of the plant to resist plant diseases insect attacks and cold conditions as Potassium performs a vital role in the formation of starch as well the production and translocation of sugars in the plant Plants that exhibit symptoms of Potassium deficiency will have like weak stems Other symptoms of Potassium deficiency include older leaves that are floppy with yellow tips and brown margins A note of caution though an excess of Potassium may tend to delay maturity though not to be the same extent as nitrogen
Copied from httpwwwlandscape-and-gardencomgarden-soilbasic-nutrientsaspx
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Choice of biomass resources for energy (chemicals materials and fertilizer)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MtO
E
2003 2010 2020 2030
Year
Wood
Waste
Crops
Based on IEA numbers
More fertilizer
will be
needed in the
future for
energy and
materials
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Biofuel marked is expanding - more fertilizer
is needed
Several countries provide policy support to use biofuel The two main
markets are Brazil and the USA representing about 70 to 80 percent
of the global market The production of oil crops is expanding
worldwide and the recent surge in petrol prices is contributing to this
development
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
History of bio-ethanol (fuel ethanol) production
in USA the driver in biorefinery development
Ethanol Production in US
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Millo
n o
f G
allo
ns p
er
Year
All 1G ethanol
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Market outlook for fertilizer
In June 2005 the FAOFertilizer Organizations
Working Group reviewed the prospects for fertilizer
demand until 200910 and the supply and demand
balances
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Situation 20042005
World cereal production increased with 83 percent in 2004 which is
173 million tons more than the previous year‟s harvest mainly as a
result of an increase in Central Europe (up by 52 percent)
East Europe and Central Asia (up by 37 percent)
Global cereal reserves should increase by the end of the 200405
season
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
World GDP growth amounted to 51 percent
in 2004
This is mainly the result of strong growth in China and the USA
This expanding economy results in higher incomes and stimulates the
demand for meat dairy products fruits and vegetables
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Real GDP Growth ( change)
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
World Cereal Production and Utilization
(Mt)
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011Sources
FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and 2011
Sources FAO until 2010 and USDA for
projected changes between 2010 and
2011
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Relative Evolution of Selected Agricultural
Commodity Prices (base 100 = January 2006)
Sources Financial Times IMF and MPOB
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Biofuel the driver of the outlook
Biofuel production remains a key driver of the
outlook In 2010 according to the Food and
Agriculture Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)
some 118 million metric tons (Mt) of maize
and 348 Mt of sugarcane were used to produce
ethanol in the United States and Brazil
respectively while the amount of rapeseed oil
transformed into biodiesel in the EU was 76
Mt
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
State of the art In many developing countries fertilizer applications are imbalanced ie
farmers apply too little phosphate and potash in relation to nitrogen
especially in Asia and Europe
In other countries the bdquomining‟ of soil nutrients is severe and yields have
fallen as nutrients removed by the crops are not replaced This problem is
most serious in sub-Saharan Africa the Caribbean and parts of Asia
Most high-quality agricultural land is already in production The marginal
benefit of converting new land diminishes
Available land and water resources are declining in many developing
countries
Future food production growth will primarily depend on further intensification
of agriculture in high potential areas and to a lesser degree in low potential
areas
Variations in fertilizer production and imports by China the world‟s largest
consumer continue to have a major impact on world consumption China
has decreased its fertilizer imports by 18 percent and increased its
production by about 14 percent from 2003 to 2004
In EU counties (eg Denmark and Italy) the organic matter in soil is
significantly reduced to below acceptable levels ((3) optimal level is 6)
due to removal of organic matter from the fields
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
World fertilizer consumption
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Trade flow and prices of fertilizer
components
At global level there is ample supply of all the three major fertilizer nutrients
Africa will remain a major exporter of phosphate fertilizer while it will continue to import potash The region has become self-sufficient in nitrogen and is foreseen to start exporting in the medium term
The North America region has decreased its nitrogen capacity significantly but will remain a primary fertilizer nutrient supplier for phosphate and potash
The Asia region is projected to reach a positive balance for nitrogen however the region will continue to rely on imports for phosphate and potash
The phosphate deficit in Europe will persist as well as the nitrogen deficit although at a lower level Europe is self-sufficient in potash
East Europe and Central Asia will continue to be the world‟s major exporter of nitrogen and potash
In Oceania the deficits of all three nutrients are expected to remain constant
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Global trade flow of Ammonia
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Global trade flow of Urea
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Global trade flow of Phosphate Rock
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Global trade flow of potash
Source International Fertilizers Industry Association
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Global trade flows of DAP (diammonium phosphate)
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Fertilizer nutrient consumption in the EU-27
[European fertilizer 2011]
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Fertilizer consumption in EU
[European fertilizer 2011b]
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Amount of inorganic fertilizers used in EU
European fertilizer consumption (EU-27 countries)
over the 20092010 season was some
147 million tons of nutrients
applied to 1344 mio hectares
[European fertilizer 2011]
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)calculated as the ratio
between the amount of N fertilizer removed with the
crop and the amount of N fertilizer applied
[European fertilizer 2011]
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
bat guano
compost
peat moss
wood ash
bone meal
manure
Biofertilizer (organic fertilizer with added microorganisms)
Inorganic
Most common is NPK
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
14 essential plant nutrients in a complete
biofertilizer
Macro-elements N P K Mg Ca S
Micro-elements Cu Zn Mo Mn B Fe Ni Cl
All are essential for life cycle of plants
-for biomass production (mainly macro-elements)
-vitamins and enzyme production (mainly micro-elements)
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
What is a biofertilizer ndash what is organic fertilizer
(manure and compost)
Bio-fertilizer contains biological-means living organisms that synthesis the atmospheric plant nutrient in the soil or in the plant body or create such an atmosphere in the soil or in the medium (in which the organisms are kept) which are helpful for the plants The biofertilizers may be in solid or liquid medium and micro organisms are in huge numbers ie 10000000g DM
Organic manure is the manure prepared from the animalplant wastes after properly decomposing the raw material it may contain all necessary plant nutrients in small quantities These are required in large quantities These may the medium for bio-fertilizers
Compost derived from aeration of biowaste or biomass to maturity contains small amounts of many necessary plant nutrients These may be a medium for bio-fertilizer
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Compost produced in EU
Total Biowaste
compost
Green
waste
compost
Sewage
sludge
compost
Mixed
waste
compost
EU27 132 Mt 48 Mt
(36)
57 Mt
(43)
14 Mt
(104)
14 Mt
(103)
Bart et al 2008
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Use types classify compost for biological
agriculture (Barth et al 2008)
Is linked to quality classes of heavy metal limits
1) Strict (low) organic farming
2) Moderate (medium) typical settings for biowaste
compost
3) Relaxed (high) French compost standard which
include MWC (Mixed waste compost)
Mgkg
DM
Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni PB Zn
Level 1
Low
07 70 70 04 25 45 200
Level 2
medium
13 100 110 10 40 130 400
Level 3
high
30 120 300 20 60 180 600
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Compost avagerage market distribution
Data on compost market sectors could be gained
from 12 countries Those represent approximately
80 of the EU compost production and therefore
show realistic trends The average distribution of the
market shares is
bull Agriculture ndash more than 50 with increasing
tendencies
bull Landscaping ndash up to 20
bull Growing media production (blends) and
manufactured soil ndash around 20
bull The private consumer market with hobby
gardening and wholesales ndash up to 20
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Agricultural compost potential in Europe
Present situation in EU 27 Amount
Amount collected bio and green waste 23600000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 11800000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical rate of 10 t compost per year needs 1800000 ha
Portion of the total available area for plant production 15
Estimation for the full potential for bio-and green waste Amount
Potential of compost produced in EU27 80000000 t
Amount of compost produced in EU27 40000000 t
Arable land for plant production in EU27 123391000 ha
A typical application rate of 10 t compost per needs 4000000 ha
Max portion of the total available area for plant production 32
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Production and market potentials of
compost There is enough market for the up-to-date around 236 Mt composted residues from
kitchens gardens and parks in Europe
The market potential shows at the minimum double the size than the maximum European compost production potential of 40 Mt The agricultural sector alone would be large enough in nearly all MS to take up the entire compost production
On a European level only around 3 of the arable land is needed annually to apply all composts
Even the non agricultural sector (eg landscaping hobby gardens growing media with peat replacement) shows already a sufficient market potential eg in Germany
Market problems in some countries are caused mainly by low compost qualities and the lack of experience and knowledge about compost and the potential customers End-of-waste standards can act in this respect beneficially by rising the awareness of the importance of the compost quality in the waste sector as a precondition for successful application and marketing
Strategies and tools to exploit the market potential completely are given on the one hand with high qualities from separate collection and a quality assurance The demonstration of the soil related benefits of compost (humus management) and the development of specialized compost products and blends have proven to be successful strategy on the other hand
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Market import and export estimate
End-of-waste standards are intended to open the European markets for compost However on account of weight and the resulting transport costs the import and export potential for compost is quite limited
Besides the cross border activities related to local markets in the direct catchment area of compost plants close to borders no continuous commercial cross border compost material flow was detectable
Only shortage of national agricultural markets due to fertilizer legislations or strong manure competition (eg in Belgium and the Netherlands) lead to considerable export efforts
Considering these limitations we can expect a maximum import and export potential of 18 million t of bio- and green waste annually
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Production of manure
Animal
Body weight
(kg)
Manure produced per
animal over 6 months
(m3)
Dry matter content
of manure
(kgm3)
Dairy cow
Beef cattle gt2 years
Beef cattle 1-2 years
Beef cattle 05-1 year
Sow plus litter
Pig (dry ration)
100 Laying hens
100 Broilers
550
500
400
180
200
35-105
220
220
97
58
48
24
20
08
21
11
100
100
100
100
60
100
300
600
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Amounts of manure used
The average amounts of N applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 47 and 37 kgha in Austria
to 100 and 124 kgha in Denmark and to 307 and
186 kgha in The Netherlands
The average amounts of P applied to agricultural
land in 1997 via animal manure and fertilizers
ranged respectively from 24 and 7 kgha in Austria
to 43 and 8 kgha in Denmark and to 104 and 13
kgha in The Netherlands Fertilizer input of N and
especially P has decreased during the 1990s
[O Oenema 2004]
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
N incorporation from manure in soil
global N excretion by animals is about 102 x 106
tonnes N per year which is 90 of the intake
amount
Manure used as a fertilizer may loss up to half of the
manure N to the atmosphere as NH3 prior to its
incorporation into soil
[Martinez J Burton C 2003]
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
What is biofertilizer and how does it work
Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer with
known beneficial microorganisms that helps to
provide all the nutrients required by the plants and
helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural
microorganism environment
Biofertilizers on application to seed root or soil
mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological
activity in particular and help build up the micro-flora
and in turn the soil health in general
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Biofertilizer versus fossil-fertilizer
Organic fertilizers differ from chemicals fertilizers in that they feed your plants while adding organic material to the soil
Soils with lots of organic matter remain loose and airy hold more moisture and nutrients foster growth of soil organisms and promote healthier plant root development
If only chemicals are added the soil gradually loses its organic matter and micro biotic activity As organic matter is used up the soil structure deteriorates becoming compact lifeless and less able to hold water and nutrients This results in increased amounts of chemical fertilizers needed to feed plants
We also like organic fertilizers because theyre made from renewable resources chemicals are not
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Why should we use biofertilizers - is there a
future market
With the introduction of green revolution technologies the modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs (mainly fertilizers) which are products of fossil fuel (coal+ petroleum)
Adverse effects are being noticed due to the excessive and imbalanced use of these synthetic inputs This situation has lead to identifying harmless inputs like biofertilizers
Use of such natural products like biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help in safeguarding the soil health and also the quality of crop products
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
What are the benefits from using
biofertilizers
Increase crop yield by 20-30 (to be verified)
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
What are the advantages of biofertilizers
Cost effective
Supplement to fertilizers
Eco-friendly (friendly with nature)
Reduces the costs towards fertilizers use especially
regarding nitrogen and phosphorus
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
What types microbes for biofertilizers are
available
For Nitrogen
Rhizobium for legume crops
AzotobacterAzospirillum for non legume crops
Acetobacter (for sugarcane only)
Blue ndashGreen Algae (BGA) and Azolla for low land paddy
For Phosphorous
Phosphatika for all crops to be applied with Rhizobium Azotobacter Azospirillum and Acetobacter
For enriched compost
Cellulolytic fungal culture
Phosphotika and Azotobacter culture
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
What biofertilizers are recommended for
crops
Rhizobium + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10 kg
of seed as seed treatment are recommended for
pulses such as pigeonpea green gram black gram
cowpea etc groundnut and soybean
Azotobacter + Phosphotika at 200 mg each per 10
kg of seed as seed treatment are useful for wheat
sorghum maize cotton mustard etc
For transplanted rice the recommendation is to dip
the roots of seedlings for 8 to 10 hours in a solution
of Azospirillum + Phosphotika at 5 kg each per ha
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Market for biofertilizer
No market exists today
Future market due to expansion in organic farming
An due more general concern to the environment in the society
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in Denmark
Areal
(Ha)
NKP
(tons)
price
(DKK
kg)
Market
(mill DKK
Euro)
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
(mlll
DKK
Euro)
Gardens 10000 3000 20 6081 5 304
Golf lawns
Parks other
grass lands
15000
5000
15
75101
10
751
Organic
farming
170000 59000 10 595803 5 304
conventional
farming
2600000 73000 3 219295 1 223
In organic farming NKP is not permitted therefore estimated amounts are
calculated from the use of NPK of conventional farming
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Analysis of potential market biofertilizer in DK
Segment
in 5 EU
counties
Expected
market
share
(5)
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Germa
ny
Yearly
Mill
Euro
France
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Spain
Yearly
Mill Euro
Poland
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Hungary
Yearly
Mill
Euro
Total
All 5
countri
es
Gardens 5 65 51 40 31 05 23
Golf
lawns
Parks
other
grass
lands
10 164 128 10 76 2 59
Organic
farming
5 65 51 40 305 8 194
convention
al
farming
1 492 38 30 224 6 146
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Exercise
Assuming that the market share follows the
population (5 mill in Denmark) do the same exercise
for the following EU countries
Germany (82 mill people 357021 sq km)
France (64 mill people 674843 sq km)
Spain (46 mill people 499401 sq km))
Poland (38 mill people 304509 sq km))
Hungary (10 mill people 92341 sq km)
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
EU policies on the organic waste management
and in agriculture farming
Drivers to promote the biofertilizer market
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
EU Landfill Directive
The EU Landfill Directive which currently is the
primary driver for initiatives on biodegradable waste
Its implementation at a national level often includes
also separate collection of organic waste and
compostingAD as its primary destination Anyway no
general provision is included for the destination of
biodegradables hence the way composting
and anaerobic digestion shall be combined with
incineration will be a matter of local strategies and
they factually vary widely from country to country
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Waste Framework Directive
The Waste Framework Directive that establishes the
waste hierarchy in its ongoing revision should
strengthen the current hierarchical approach putting
recycling at a higher level than recovery Also a
discussion is open on the establishment of possible
EU-wide recycling targets according to a proposal
approved by the EP in the Plenary Vote (1st reading)
in February 2007 The higher the potential target the
more important compostingAD in future waste
management strategies will be given organics still
represent the biggest fraction in MSW in most areas of
Europe
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Biowaste Directive
The related possibility to have a Biowaste Directive
(or biowaste strategy) based on the ongoing extended
impact assessment however a ldquobiowaste initiativerdquo is
being developed by the EC including eg the possible
approval of end-of-waste standards 68 Such
standards may increase confidence in purchase and
application of compost but depending on their final
definition may also pose control constraints andor
difficulties for compliance (REACH)
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
EU Soil Strategy
The EU Soil Strategy which shows 2 potentially
contrasting drivers on the one hand compost is
identified as a tool to fight the decline of organic matter
in soils (identified as one of the ldquosoil threatsrdquo) on the
other hand the need to prevent contamination calls for
an increased awareness for high-quality standards
This may anyway be quite easily and reasonably
addressed through source separation of compostable
waste In any case the draft Soil Framework Directive
does not include any concrete incentive or driver for
the use of compost or any other soil improver
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
European Climate Change Program
The European Climate Change Program which is considering the sue of compost as a tool to reduce Greenhouse gases thereby fighting climate change through a set of possible mechanisms
Carbon sequestration in soils
Improved workability and
Reduced use of fossil fuels
Replacement of peat and mineral fertilisers
Reduced release of Nitrous Oxide relative to mineral fertilisers
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
EU Sewage Sludge Directive
The EU Sewage Sludge Directive is also set to be
revised A reasonable approach was included in a
previous Draft (2001) that was considering the
implementation of ldquoPollution prevention programsrdquo as a
key tool to ensure ever-improving quality of sludge as
a feedstock for production of soil improvers This may
affect future compostability of sludge unless a more
ldquoradicalrdquo approach mimicking the Swiss one (with a
ban on application of sludge) will be chosen
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Animal By-Products Regulation
The Animal By-Products Regulation 177402 its
past and foreseen revisions provide for
complementary sanitary provisions for production
application of compost made of animal waste
(including food waste) Although a reasonable
approach has been developed in last years which
acknowledges the nature of food waste as ldquolow riskrdquo
waste the nature of detailed and specific
sanitary provisions may still influence (rather
negatively) the practicability of compostingAD
initiatives in many ways
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
IPPC Directive (for composting and anaerobic
digestion)
Plans are underway to consider the possible inclusion of composting in the
IPPC Directive (BREF for composting and anaerobic digestion of separately
collected organic waste is in discussion a Draft Factsheet is available)
A binding BAT would impose a disproportionate burden upon composting and
therefore constitute a significant handicap for the implementation of cost
effective and environmentally sound systems in many Member States where
biowaste treatment is still in its infancy
This development will affect especially those countries which require
decentralized small scale low-tech solutions (often in conjunction with
agriculture) on account of the rural settlement structure like most of the new
Member States Scandinavia Ireland and parts of UK Germany Austria
Central Spain etc
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
EU Nitrate Directive
The EU Nitrate Directive imposes limits on N loads on
farmlands This in general may be a limiting factor use of
soil improvers but may also trigger a greater application of
compost as a replacement of mineral fertilisers given the
lower N availability and the fact that compost is a slow-
release source of N Some EU Member States have
already enforced related provisions that recognize such an
important feature of compost thereby driving a higher
application of it instead of liquid slurries or mineral
fertilisers Some Italian Regions even have considered
benefits on lower N availability and leaching when
establishing some subsidies for the use of compost in the
frame of Rural Development Plans in past years
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Renewable Energy Sources RES
EU Policy for Renewable Energy and Directive on
Renewable Energy Sources RES 200177may also
establish competing trends for anaerobic digestion or
direct thermal exploration of biomass As a matter of
fact some Countries have established important
drivers for anaerobic digestion (eg Italy UK) but also
subsidies for incineration (particularly high eg in Italy)
that may hamper the growth of composting
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its system of
European Union agricultural subsidies and programs
require that farmland maintained in Good Agricultural
Condition and that particular land management
activities considered to benefit the environment Some
countries have included the principles of
humusorganic matter management in these
requirements and check it in the frame of the cross
compliance obligations This might include the use of
more compost by the farmers
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in EU
Subsidizing production of basic foodstuffs in the interests of self-sufficiency
Emphasizes direct payments to farmers as the best way of guaranteeing farms‟ income food safety and quality and environmentally sustainable production
The EU enlargement took place in May 2004 when the 15 became 25 and now 27 countries and the number of farmers in the EU increased by nearly 70 percent
Much had already been done to prepare farmers in the new member countries for life in the EU by making funding available to modernize farms food processing and marketing structures and by encouraging environmentally sound farming
A special three-year post-enlargement funding package tailored specifically to the needs of these farmers is now providing euro 5800 million to help early retirement less favoured areas environmental protection afforestation semi-subsistence farms producer groups and for compliance with EU food hygiene and animal welfare standards In addition some CAP rules are being phased in gradually to allow time for adjustment
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
1) Organic production is an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices a high level of biodiversity the preservation of natural resources the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products
produced using natural substances and processes The
organic production method thus plays a dual societal role
where it on the one hand provides for a specific market
responding to a consumer demand for organic products
and on the other hand delivers public goods contributing to
the protection of the environment and animal welfare as
well as to rural development
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
2) The share of the organic agricultural sector is on the
increase in most Member States Growth in consumer
demand in recent years is particularly remarkable Recent
reforms of the common agricultural policy with its
emphasis on market-orientation and the supply of quality
products to meet consumer demands are likely to further
stimulate the market in organic produce Against this
background the legislation on organic production plays an
increasingly important role in the agricultural policy
framework and is closely related to developments in the
agricultural markets
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
REGULATIONS Council Regulation (EC) No 8342007
of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products
and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 209291
8) The development of organic production should be
facilitated further in particular by fostering the use of
new techniques and substances better suited to
organic production
There is a need for development of an organic based (bio)fertilizer for
organic farming
Organic farmers are no more allowed to used manure from
conventional farming
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
Source httpwwwmongabaycomimagescommoditieschartsphosphate_rockhtml
DAP = diammonium phosphate
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
References
[European Fertilizers 2011] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileForecast20V5-72pdf
[European fertilizers 2011b] httpwwwefmaorgdocumentsfileFertilisers20AR_V125B15Dpdf
[Martinez J Burton C 2003] Manure management and treatment an overview of the European situation In Saltijeral J (Ed)
Proceedings of the XI International Congress in Animal Hygiene ISAH 2003 University of Autonoma Metropolitana Mexico City pp 119ndash
133
[O Oenema 2004] Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture
J ANIM SCI January 2004 vol 82 no 13 suppl E196-E206
[ecochem 2012] httpwwwecochemcomt_manure_ferthtml
Barth el al (2008)Compost production in EU Final Report 2008 Eurppean Commission Orbit assosiation
