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DECEMBER 2013 • THEINSTITUTE.IEEE.ORG 5 Purifying Water Wit h Nanotech 7 Nanosensor Sniffs for Cancer 1 6 Alex andra Boltasseva: A Rising St ar 1 1 President Staecker: Follow Feynman’s Lead Members are leading the way in this growing field Nanotechnology It’s all around you _________________
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D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 3 • T H E I N S T I T U T E . IE E E
5Purifying
Water WithNanotech 7
NanosensorSniffs forCancer 16
AlexandraBoltasseva
A Rising St11PresidentStaecker: FollowFeynman’s Lead
Members are leadingthe way in this growing field
Nanotechnology It’s all around you
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The premier destination for teachers, counselors, students,
and parents, to learn about the world of computing.
Information, resources, and opportunities for those who want to explore a career in computing.
Visit the site: Contact us today: [email protected]
What’s on IEEE TryComputing.org? Lesson plans and programs to get students involved
A look at the lifestyles of computing professionals
Search tools for accredited computing degree programs
Profiles of computing legends
Is a computing career right for you?
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T H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E . O R G D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 3 T H E I N S T I T U T E
SEND US YOUR NEWS The Institute publishes announcements of new groups o
they’ve been approved by IEEE Member and Geographic Activities. To send us local
news, like student branch events and c ompetitions, WIE or preuniversity outreach
efforts, or other IEEE group activities, use our form on the Region News page at
http://theinstitute.ieee.org/region-news.
1-6
78
9
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R E G I O N N E W S
1REGION N O R T H E A S T E R N
U N IT E D S TA T ES
■ Long Island (N.Y.) Sectionforms IEEE Photonics Societychapter.
■ Student branch formed at OnondagaCommunity College, Syracuse, N.Y.
6REGION W E S T E R N U N I T E D
S T A T E S
■ Albuquerque Section forms joint chapter of IEEE Power &Energy and IEEE Power Elec-
tronics societies.
■ San Diego Section forms Life Memberaffinity group.
7REGION C A N A D A
■ Student branch at Universityof Ottawa forms IEEE PhotonicsSociety chapter.
8REGION E U R O P E , M I D D L E E A S T ,
A N D A F RI CA
■ Student branch formed atCambridge University.
■ Student branch at Universidade deAveiro, Portugal, forms Women inEngineering (WIE) affinity group.
■ Student branch formed at thePolytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal.
■ United Arab Emirates Section formsIEEE Microwave Theory and TechniquesSociety chapter.
9REGION L A T IN A M E RI C A
■ Argentina Section formsIEEE Antennas and Propa-gation Society chapter.
■ Bahia (Brazil) Section forms IEEEInstrumentation and MeasurementSociety chapter.
■ South Brazil Section forms joint chap-
ter of IEEE Circuits and Systems, IEEECommunications, and IEEE Instrumen-tation and Measurement societies.
■ Student branch formed at PontificalCatholic University of Rio de Janeiro.
■ Student branch at the University ofCampinas, Brazil, forms IEEE ComputerSociety chapter.
■ Student branch at Universidad delMagdalena, Colombia, forms IEEE Geo-science and Remote Sensing Society chapter.
■ Student branch at Universidad DistritalFrancisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, formsIEEE Aerospace and Electronic SystemsSociety chapter.
■ Student branch at Universidad Del Azuay,Cuenca, Ecuador, forms WIE affinity group.
■ Guadalajara (Mexico) Section formsIEEE Computer Society chapter.
■ Guanajuato (Mexico) Section formsGraduates of the Last Decade affinity group.
■ Nicaragua Section forms IEEEComputer Society chapter.
■ Peru Section forms IEEE Antennas andPropagation Society chapter.
■ Student branch at Universidad RicardoPalma, Lima, Peru, forms IEEE Industry
Applications Society chapter.
■ Student branch at UniversidadNacional Federico Villarreal, Lima,forms IEEE Robotics and AutomationSociety chapter.
■ Trinidad and Tobago Section forms WIEaffinity group.
■ Uruguay Section forms IEEE BroadcastTechnology Society chapter.
10REGION A S I A A N D P AC I F IC
■ Nanjing (China) Sectionforms IEEE Microwave Theoryand Techniques Society chapter.
■ Student branch formed at NanjingUniversity of Aeronautics and Astro-nautics, China.
■ Student branch at Beijing JiaotongUniversity forms IEEE Power & EnergySociety chapter.
■ Student branch at Hefei University ofTechnology, China, forms IEEE PowerElectronics Society chapter.
■ Kerala (India) Section forms IEEESociety on Social Implications of Tech-
nology chapter.
■ Uttar Pradesh (India) Section forms IEEEComputational Intelligence Society chapter.
■ Student branch at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapur i, India, formsIEEE Communications Society chapter.
■ Student branches formed in Indiaat Caymets Siddhant College ofEngineering, Dr. Ambedkar InstituteTechnology, Echelon Institute of Tecnology, Muslim Association Collegeof Engineering, Selvam College ofTechnology, and VELS University.
■ Student branch at Federal Institutof Science and Technology, Angamal
India, forms IEEE Robotics and Automtion Society chapter.
■ Student branch at Jeppiaar Engineing College, Chennai, India, forms IEComputer Society chapter.
■ Student branch at KMEA EngineerinCollege, Kochi, India, forms IEEE Roboand Automation Society chapter and Waffinity group.
■ Student branch at Pandit DeendayaPetroleum University, Gandhinagar,India, forms IEEE Industry ApplicationSociety chapter.
■ Indonesia Section forms IEEE SoliState Circuits Society chapter.
■ Student branch formed at Namal
College, Punjab, Pakistan.
■ Student branch at Sri Lanka Instituof Information Technology, Malabe,forms WIE affinity group.
■ Thailand Section forms IEEE Roboand Automation Society chapter.
BRIEFINGS
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Avail able 6 De cemb er at
theinstitute.ieee.org
CAREER GUIDANCE
Find out how to break intothe field of nanotechnology
NANO GAME
Design strategies to destroy
cancerous tumors
using nanoparticles.
4 T H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E .T H E I N S T I T U T E D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 34
IEEE to LaunchEight JournalsE I G H T N E W publications arescheduled to debut in 2014.
IEEE Cloud Computing Magazine , a quarterly, will exploretheories and applications relatedto the cloud, including software,security, standards, backup andrecovery of data, interoperability,and energy consumption.
Another quarterly, IEEE Trans-actions on Computational SocialSystems , will focus on such topicsas modeling, simulation, analysis,and understanding of social systemsfrom a quantitative and computa-tional perspective.
The editors of thenew quarterly IEEE
Transactions on Controlof Network Systems planto publish research onthe intersection of con-trol systems and networkscience. The journal willaddress analysis, design,and implementation.
IEEE has partnered with the Chinese Asso-ciation of Automationto publish the quarterly Journal of
Automatica Sinica. It will cover top-ics related to control science andengineering, including automaticcontrol, systems theory, pattern rec-ognition, and intelligent systems.
The IEEE Internet of Things Journal , to be published six timesa year, will tackle system architec-ture, networking protocols, services,and applications, as well the socialimplications of the IoT.
Articles in the quarterly IEEE Power Electronics Magazine willexplore the effective use of elec-tronic components, circuit designtechniques, and analytical tools.
The IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering , tobe published twice a year, plans toaddress the theory and applicationsof network science and the inter-connections among the elements insystems that form networks.
And look for the monthly open-access IEEE Journal on ExploratorySolid-State Computational Devicesand Circuits to feature multi-disciplinary research in solid-statematerials and circuits beyond stan-dard CMOS technology for novelenergy-efficient computation.
The new journals will be availablein the IEEE Xplore Digital Library.
—Amanda Davis
Member BenefitsRoundupI E E E H A S R O L L E D out severalbenefits this year. They include:■ IEEE MentorCentre, a Web-based program that helpsmembers in need of career guid
ance find mentors, based on succriteria as technical expertise anlanguages spoken.■ IEEE Access , an open-accessonline megajournal that covers arange of disciplines, rather than asingle field or topic.■ GoogleApps@IEEE gives membaccess to a range of features incluing Google’s file-storage platformand social network.■ Rosetta Stone language-learnsoftware, available at a d iscount
■ Clements World wide life insurancfor members in IE
Regions 8, 9, and ■ IEEE Vacation Cter offers discounvacation packageincluding cruisesand walking tour■ IEEE eLearningLibrary , an onlincollection of shorcourses and workshops presented
IEEE conferences, will be addingabout 60 courses next year.
To learn more or to renew yoIEEE membership, visit http://
www.ieee.org/membership_servi
membership/renew. —
C O R R E C T I O N
“Subtle Signals Could Help Forecast
Earthquakes” [September, p. 7]
incorrectly stated the date and locatio
of an earthquake in New Zealand. It
occurred on 4 September 2010 and st
about 40 kilometers west of Christchu
close to the town of Darfield.
Historical events provided by the IEEE History Center. IEEE events indicated in red.
December 1993: he U.S.
secretary of defense
announces that the
Global Positioning
System is complete [top].
Later known as GPS,
the satellite navigation
system was accurate to
within 100 meters.
9 1960: Sperry Rand
orp. unveils the
Univac11 , the first
electronic computer to
use thin-film memory.
14 : TAT- , the
world’s first trans-
atlantic system to use
fiber optics [like the ones
pictured above] begins
service between Europe
and North America.
17 1903: The first
manned, powered
flight of a heavier-than-
air airplane takes place
when Orville and Wilbur
Wright test their machine
near Kitty Hawk, N.C.
22 1968: Astronauts
board NASA’s
Apollo spacecraft trans-
mit the first live telecast
from outer space.
January
1 1939: Hewlett-
ckard is founded by
IEEE Fellows Bill Hewlett
nd David Packard [above,
left to right].
6 1838: In what would
become an IEEE Mile-
tone, Samuel Morse and
Alfred Vail conduct the
rst public demonstration
f their telegraph system,
n Morristown, N.J.
13 1976: Raymond
urzweil
nnounces the Kurzweil
Reading Machine, the
rst print-to-speech read-
ing device for the blind.
15 001: Wikipedia
s launched.
Supported by the Wiki-
media Foundation and
rivate donations, the
ree online encyclope-
ia now has more than
0 million articles in
lmost 300 languages.
19 1904: Thomas
dison receives
patent for an electric
automobile.
February
10 1883: Birth date of
computer pioneer
Edith Clarke, he first
woman to earn a degree
in electrical engineering
from MIT and the first
female Fellow of the AIEE.
161884: Birth date of
Alfred C. Gilbert,
inventor of the rector
Set [below], a metal
onstruction toy.
21 1858: Edwin T.
Holmes installs
the first electromagnetic
burglar alarm in the
United States, in Boston.
21–23Region 2 Meeting in
Galloway, N.J.
CLOCKWISE FROM TOP: NASA; JON BRENNEIS/TIME & LIFE PICTURES/GETTYIMAGES; AT&T;VECCHIO/THREELIONS/GETTY IMAGES
N E W S
C A L E N D A R
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D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 3 T H E I N S T I T U T E
AB O U T 1 O F
every 6 peoplearound the
world has noadequate access
to water, and more thantwice that number lackbasic sanitation, for which
water is essentia l, accord-
ing to the U.S. National Acad emy of Eng ineeri ng.One of the Grand Chal-lenges for Engineeringset forth by the academyaims to develop tech-nology that will makepolluted water potable.
It’s not that the worlddoesn’t have enough water.Globally, water is abundant,but most of it is in theoceans, where it’s unsuit-able for dr inking withoutexpensive desalination.
Another problem forsome developing countriesis that contaminated drink-ing water contains bacteriaand other pollutants. Theapplication of nanotechnol-ogy to purify water is thefocus of many papers pre-sented at IEEE conferences
and published in the IEEE Xplore Digital Library. Twoare described here.
Jeffrey C. Grossman,MIT associate professor ofpower engineering, and hisgraduate students DavidCohen-Tanugi and ShreyaDave are developing a fil-
tration material made of asheet of nanoporous gra-phene. The holes in thegraphene—a one-atom-thick form of carbon—aresmall enough to blocksalt ions while letting
water molecul es thro ugh.Smithsonian magazinecalled this nanoporousform of carbon one of thetop five surprising scien-tific milestones of 2012.
Cohen-Tanugi presentedtheir paper, “Water Desali-nation Across NanoporousGraphene,” at the IEEEConference on Technologyfor Sustainability, held in
August, in Portland, Ore.“It’s essentially a single
layer of carbon atomsshaped like a honeycomb,”he explains. “Produced
with holes in it, graphenis a much thinner, moreporous, and efficient mebrane than the polymersgenerally used for filteri
water. It’s extremely stroand has very interestingphysical properties, butis only now being looked
for water applications.”The most efficient prcess today for desalinatiis reverse osmosis, whicrelies on semipermeablemembranes to filter saltfrom water. But such systems demand high pressto force water through thmembranes, which areabout a thousand timesthicker than ones madeof graphene. The procesremains very energy-intensive and expensivenotes Cohen-Tanugi.
As an example, hepoints to a reverse-osmodesalination plant providing fresh water in Almerprovince, in southeasterSpain, that consumes abone-third of all the electrpower in the region.
Big Applications
for a SmallTechnology Nanotechnology—1 nano,
or nanometer, is one
billionth of a meter—is
sometimes referred to
as a general-purpose
technology because it’s used in so many
applications, including medicine and
the automobile, cosmetics, and electron-
ics industries. It’s a multidisciplinaryscience that looks at how matter can
be manipulated at the molecular and
atomic levels to make things cheaper,
cleaner, safer, stronger, or smarter.
You might be surprised to learn how
many ordinary items already contain
nanoparticles, such as food containers,
toothpaste, and waterproof clothing [p. 8].
This special issue of The Institute has
been put together with assistance from
the IEEE Nanotechnology Council [p. 14],
which coordinates and advances IEEE’s
work in the area. You can see its handiwork
in several featured products, standards,
and conferences presented in the issue.
The issue also highlights several projects
that make use of nanomaterials, includ-
ing one method for purifying water
by filtering out salt and another that
removes bacteria from water [this page].
“Sniffing for Cancer” [p. 7], describes how
IEEE Member A.T. Charlie Johnson will help
doctors detect skin cancer using an electronic“nose” he developed that employs nanosensors.
Also profiled in this issue is IEEE Mem-
ber Alexandra Boltasseva [p. 16], whose
work in nanophotonics—light manipu-
lation at the nanoscale level—earned
her two Young Investigator awards this
year, from the IEEE Photonics Society
and the Materials Research Society.
Cleaner Water Members are working on ways to makewater potable B Y K A T H Y P R E T Z
T H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E . O R G
FEATUREST E C H T O P I C
When water molecules [red and white] and sodium and chlorine ions [green and purple] in saltwater
encounter a sheet of graphene with holes of the right size [center], the water passes through from right
left, but the sodium and chlorine from the salt are blocked.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
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“That’s a lot of energy,”Cohen-Tanugi says. “Andthese are expensive plantsto build, typically cost-ing hundreds of millionsof dollars, a price mostdeveloping countries can’tafford. Also, the water ends
up being too expensive foragriculture. It is suitablefor drinking or high-valuemanufacturing, but youwouldn’t dream of using itto irrigate a field.
“How the physical prop-erties of graphene translateinto a more energy-efficientprocess and cheaper wateris still an open question,”he continues. “Someassume that if you havea material like graphenethat is 500 times morepermeable, then you can
reduce your energy costsby a factor of 500, butthat’s not correct and hasbeen misinterpreted. Butif we can, with nanotech-nology, make the desalina-tion process more efficient,affordable, and available tomore people, we will havemade a big contribution.”
B A C T E R I A B E G O N E
Developing cheaper water-treatment pro-cesses to removepathogens from watersupplies would be ahuge step in reducingthe number of deaths
caused by drinkingcontaminated water.
According to the NAE,nearly 5000 children
worldwide die eachday from diarrhea-related diseases.
IEEE Senior MemberJin-Woo Kim and hiscolleagues at the Uni-versity of Arkansas, inFayetteville, and theUniversity of Arkansasfor Medical Sciences, inLittle Rock, say that usingcarbon nanotubes might
be a lifesaver. Their paper,“Highly Effective BacterialRemoval System Using Car-bon Nanotube Clusters,” waspresented at the 2009 IEEEInternational Conference onNano/Micro Engineered andMolecular Systems.
What’s more, the sameprocess could be used
for other applicationsincluding sampling waterfor an environmentalquality-control program,
disinfecting medicalinstruments, and purifyinghuman skin being used forskin grafts. Kim currentlyis exploring how to com-mercialize the system.
Conventional purificationmethods include chlorina-tion, filtration, UV radiation,and the infusion of water
with ozone gas. Those meth-ods aren’t that cheap, norare they always practical fordeveloping countries.
A professor of biologicaland agricultural engineer-ing, Kim says his process isless expensive than the other
methods because bacteriasuch as E. coli can be cap-tured and killed on-site andthe carbon nanotubes canbe reused later, cutting downon the cost of materials.
The carbon nanotubes, just nanometer s wide, areessentially smooth pipesof water-repelling graphite.
At the same time, theyattract bacteria.
The researchers tested anapproach using clusters ofnanotubes in a vial of waterto remove waterborne bac-
teria, which included boththe gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains.Gram-positive bacteria arethose that are stained darkblue or violet by gram stain-ing. This is in contrast togram-negative bacteria,
which cannot retain thecrystal violet stain, instead
taking up the counterstaiappearing as red or pink.These two types were chosen because the propertiof their surfaces could affthe interaction between tbacteria and the nanotub
The system consisted
large clusters of multiwalcarbon nanotubes (MWNfor capturing the bacteriaand a magnet for attractithe nanotubes. The containated water is placed in vial along with the MWNT
The magnet, a cube 2centimeters on a side mof the rare earth elemenneodymium, was placedclose to the vial’s outer w[see photo]. In less thanfive minutes, the MWNTclusters were completelseparated from the bulk
solution. No MWNT debor bacteria were found ithe residual water.
“The results clearlydemonstrate the excellenpotential of MWNT clustas highly effective bacteradsorbents of any type obacteria,” says Kim.
Jin-Woo Kim’s system uses a magnet and
clusters of multiwalled carbon nano-
tubes. The clusters capture bacteria such
as E. coli, and as illustrated above, the
rare earth element neodymium magnet
attracts the nanotubes.
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T H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E . O R G D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 3 T H E I N S T I T U T E
nose has approximately 5 millionscent receptors; a bloodhound’s hasabout 300 million.
Dog biology provided the blue-print for designing the electronicolfactory system, according toJohnson. His team’s e-nose aimsto replicate a dog’s sense of smell
with thousands of odor-detectingreceptors built into the sensor. The
receptors are made with single-strand DNA oligomers, or molecularcomplexes, coated onto a large arrayof carbon nanotube transistors.These transistors are then placedinside an instrument that capturesthe vapor released by skin, Johnsonsays. The vapor interacts with the
DNA strands, leading to changesthe electrical characteristics of thnanotube transistors that can be
used to identify a number of VOnot just dimethyl sulfone.
The array output will containinformation from the thousandsof different DNA-based receptors, which will then be combined in amanner similar to how the olfac-tory cortex in the brain processesmessages from the olfactory recepneurons. In a real-world applicatiothe device could draw vapor fromlesion on the skin suspected of bemelanoma. Eventually, it might albe possible to detect cancer by sning the VOCs in a patient’s bloodsaliva, or urine, according to John
Adamant Technologies, a SanFrancisco company that producchemical sensors for a range ofmedical applications, is workingto bring the e-nose developed byJohnson’s team to clinical setting
It’s important that the rate of fpositives—a positive diagnosis ofpatient who is free of disease—bevery low, Johnson explains. “That’one of the difficulties of taking a ntype of screening method to a mascale,” he says. “False results coulcause more harm than good.”
P E R S O N A L I Z E D M E D I C I N E
With the new nanosensor, not onmight it be possible to more easildetect early stage melanoma, butthe cancer’s progress or declinemight also be monitored, and thainformation could affect how thedisease is treated.
“Physicians won’t just have onepiece of information abothe skin cancer but ideallseveral pieces of informafrom a compound that wprovide a much more personalized look at treatmeoptions,” Johnson says.
Results from the screings could lead to cancetherapies specific to indvidual patients, he says,adding: “Working with sentists in the biomedicafield, learning from themand helping them to undstand the potential of naenabled devices is goingto let our team do manythings in the area of diagnosis of disease that wecouldn’t do before.”
ME L A N O M A , thedeadliest form of skincancer, often causessubtle changes tothe skin, such as dis-
coloration or slightly enlarged moles.The usual detection method, a visualinspection of the skin, can overlooksuch signs. Instead of just lookingfor skin cancer, however, it might bebetter to sniff for it.
IEEE Member A.T. Charlie John-son, a physics professor at the Univer-sity of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia,and his team have developed a DNA-coated nanosensor that can sensethe odor from human skin cells thathave turned cancerous. The team’sso-called electronic nose is expectedto reach clinical settings within thenext two years. As with most cancers,the survival rate for melanomadepends on how early it is detected.According to the World HealthOrganization, more than 65 000 peo-ple die each year from the disease.
With collaborators at the MonellCenter, a research laboratory in
Philadelphia focused on the sensesof smell and taste, Johnson’s team was able to identify dimethyl sulfone,a volatile organic compound (VOC)specific to melanoma. The com-pound cannot be perceived by thehuman olfactory system.
“Our bodies make this compound,but we can’t smell it,” Johnson says.
“In contrast, the sensor system we’vedeveloped using carbon nanotubescan detect dimethyl sulfone frommelanoma down to concentrationsof a few parts per billion.”
A N I M A L S Y S T E M
A growing body of research findsthat odor can be used to detect sev-eral types of diseases, Johnson notes.The spur to such research has beenthe canine olfactory system, includ-ing well-documented research ondogs’ ability to sense odor associated with lung cancer, he says.
Some breeds have a sense ofsmell estimated to be at least a mil-lion times more sensitive than thatof humans. No wonder. The human
Sniffing for CancerNanosensors can detect odors frommelanoma B Y M O N I C A R O Z E N F E L D
T E C H T O P I C
The e-nose aims to replicate a dog’s sense of smell.
This dog is being trained at the Penn Vet Working Dog
Center, in Philadelphia, to sniff out the signature com-
pound that indicates the presence of cancer.
Researchers have developed a nanosensor
[center] composed of a single strand of DNA
attached to a carbon nanotube that can
detect the odor of cancerous human skin cells.
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Switzerland, has found a way tocombine nano and nature to mimthe way plant leaves shed water.
Lotus leaves, for example, haa rough surface composed of tin waxy spikes that cause moistureto bead up and slide off . Schoelhas developed a fabric treatmen
called NanoSphere that adds naparticles to the fabric surface,allowing clothing to shed waterlike a lotus leaf. Garments treate
with NanoSphere have an unevetexture that leaves less surface aavailable for water absorption.
C O M P E T I T I V E E D G E
Advances in nanotechnology hamade sports equipment strongelighter, and more durable.
Tennis and badminton rackeare made with carbon nanotube which make them lighter andmore powerful. Certain classes
nanomaterials have contributedto lighter golf clubs by loweringtheir centers of gravity, which chelp golfers swing with more acracy and propel the ball fartherGraphene oxide and “buckypap(sheets of carbon nanotubes) arincorporated into canoes and raing boats to improve their glidethrough water while making thestronger and lighter. And ultrahnanoceramics are used to sharpthe edges of ice skates.
Nanomaterials can also makesports equipment last longer. Fooballs and tennis balls are made winanoclay to withstand impact andincrease bounce. Fullerenes, a typof nanomaterial that helps prevenchipping and cracking, can be fouon bowling balls and kayaks. And bon nanoparticles are used in racecar tires to decrease rolling resistaand extend their useful life.
8 T H E I N S T I T U T E D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 38
IT H E L P S KE E P Y OU R F O OD
fresher, your skin moisturized, your clot hing st ain-free, and your tennis ba lls bou ncy. Nano-technology is a relatively new
science, and many consumersaren’t aware that its applicationscan be found in many everydayitems. According to Nano.gov,
more than 800 commercial prod-ucts incorporate nanomaterials.Here are just a few examples.
F R E SH E R , S A F ER F O O D
It’s likely that nanotechnology has
protected you from food poisoning.For two decades, scientists havebeen working on ways to keepfood fresh and safe for longer peri-ods of time. Warding off foodbornepathogens is key. To that end, foodmanufacturers around the worldare using plastic packaging madewith polymer-based nanomate-rials that can detect and in somecases eliminate salmonella, pes-ticides, and other contaminantsfound in meat and other foodsbefore they hit store shelves.
The plastic storage bins used totransport food are often lined withsilver nanoparticles that kill bacteriafrom the previously stored food. And
some types of packaging containnanoparticles that keep oxygen outso the food doesn’t spoil as quickly.
Researchers at the TechnicalUniversity of Munich recentlydeveloped a liquid mixed withcarbon nanotube–based sensorsthat can be sprayed onto plas-tic packaging. The tiny sensors
detect spoiled food based on smallchanges in the concentrations ofgases it gives off, including ammo-nia, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenoxide. When the sensors are devel-oped for sale, they will be linkedto a wireless device that will a lertstore employees to discard thespoiled food, the researchers say.
Nanotechnology can also helpkeep carbonated beverages fromgoing flat. Nanocomposites areembedded in plastic bottles tominimize carbon-dioxide leakage,extending the drinks’ shelf life.
T O OT H PA S TE A N D C O SM E TI C S
Nanotechnology has entered the world of dental care as well. Somebrands of toothpaste containnanoparticles of the calcium-basedmineral found in bones to fill inmicroscopic cracks in dental enameland help keep teeth cavity-free. Andbecause silver atoms can slow downor eliminate the growth of bacteria,some toothpaste is made with silvernanoparticles to battle tooth decay.
Nanotechnology also abounds inpharmacies. According to the Cen-tre for the Study of EnvironmentalChange at Lancaster University, inEngland, the cosmetics industryholds the most patents for nano-particles worldwide.
Everyday
Nanotechnology
T E C H T O P I C
Several antiaging lotions andcreams employ nanotechnology.Cosmetics giant L’Oréal, forexample, says it has developed apolymeric nanocapsule that deliv-ers active ingredients deep intolayers of skin. L’Oréal and othermanufacturers also use nano-particles of titanium dioxide and
zinc oxide to create vivid andmetallic shades of lipstick and eyeshadow. Similar nanoparticles areused in several brands of sunscreen.
R E S IL I E N T F A BR I C
The next time you spill red wineonto a stain-resistant carpet, youcan thank nanotechnology forhelping you avoid a permanentsplotch. Carpets and clothing withstain-resistant finishes are made
with nanotext iles that preventthe absorption of liquids. Coffee,
wine, and other substances thatmight otherwise leave a perma-nent stain instead bead up so theycan be wiped away.
Waterproof clothing is anotherexample of nanotech’s reach.Schoeller Technologies of Sevelen,
Nanoparticles are found in manyhousehold products B Y A M A N D A D AV I S
T H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E . ____________
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“IEEE is the umbrella that
allows us all to stay current
with technology trends.”
Dr. Mathukumalli Vidyasagar
Head, Bioengineering Dept.
University of Texas, Dallas
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I E E E M E M B E R S T E V E C O L L I E R
A leading technical expert on the smart grid;vice president of business development atMilsoft Utility Solutions, in Abilene, Texas
Much has been said about the benefits of thesmart grid, but what are some of its pitfalls?Will it really solve the problem of poweroutages during an emergency? If so, whyisn’t it adopted in more parts of the world?
A smarter grid is not a cure-all, and power outages will still occur. Amodern, intelligent grid can not only substantially reduce the like-lihood of prolonged outages affecting large numbers of people,but it can also ensure a more rapid and orderly restoration of service.Through better monitoring and control, as well as distributedgeneration and storage, it will be able to anticipate, withstand, andrecover from natural and man-made disasters and equipment failures.
There are indeed significant challenges, centered around suchthings as increased reliance on digital telecommunications,software applications, and information networks that increaseexposure to cybersecurity threats. There is also a lack of inter-operability among vendors.
The new hardware and software systems are expensive and canbe complex to deploy and use. There will also be dramatic growth inconsumer-owned generation and storage. All of these factors makeit difficult to realize the full benefits of grid intelligence and control.
10 T H E I N S T I T U T E D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 310
Are NanotechProducts Safe?As part of the recipe for many everyday items,including toothpaste, cosmetics, and baked goods,
nanomaterials are found in an incredible number of
products [see p. 8]. Global revenue from their sales
could reach US $2.8 trillion next year, according to
a report by Charles R. McConachie, a consumer and
health-care lawyer in Dallas.
The report cites concerns about environmental,
health, and safety risks from such products, as well
as their potential to add toxicity to water systems
and landfills when discarded. A lot of money is being
invested in nanotech research, but the report suggests
not enough is being spent to regulate the products’
safety before they reach the marketplace or to develop
policies for disposing of them properly.
Do you feel comfortable using products madewith nanomaterials?
Respond to this question by commenting online at http://theinstitute.ieee.org/
opinions/question. A se lec tio n of resp onse s wil l ap pea r in the M arch issu e
of The Institute and may be edited for space. Suggestions for questions c an be
sent to [email protected].
I E E E F E L L O W R O B I N M U R P H Y
A pioneer in the field of rescue robots andhuman-robot interaction; director of Texas
A&M Univer sity’s Center for Ro bot-AssistedSearch and Rescue, in College Station
Rescue robots can go where humanscannot. Can you tell us more abouthow they have been used?
Rescue robots have been deployed in more than 30 disasters worldwide since we first used them in 2001 af ter the attack on the
World Trade Center. Most have b een used to move through ruinsof collapsed buildings and bridges to search for survivors. Therobots that go into the rubble usually look like miniature tanksbut are only about the size of a shoebox and have treads insteadof wheels, for b etter traction.
As robots become more commonplace, they will be movedon-site more quickly to provide information to first responders asto whether the site is safe to enter. We are working with medicalspecialists in Texas on how they can use robots to help attend toinjuries and communicate with trapped survivors. Other workhas explored how robots can remove rubble.
Q U E S T I O N O F T H E M O N T H
R E S P O N S E S T O “ A S K T H E E X P E R T ”
Rescue Robots and the Smart GridIn an IEEE Roundup blog published online in September, we askedreaders to submit questions to two IEEE experts—one a leaderin rescue robots, the other in the smart grid—about how thosetechnologies perform during natural disasters. Here are excerpts fromtheir responses.
OPINIONS
For more Q&A with our experts, visit http://theinstitute.ieee.org/askexpert0913.___________
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D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 3 T H E I N S T I T U T E
RI C H A R D F E Y N M A N ,
the famous Americantheoretical physicist,said in a 1955 addressto the U.S. National
Academy of Sciences, “Scientificknowledge is an enabling powerto do either good or bad—but it
does not carry instructions onhow to use it.”Markers of technology prog-
ress for over 60 years have shownexponential growth. This makesthe responsible use of technol-ogy all the more important.There are countless instances ininformation and communica-tions technology—the hacking of
wireless medical devices beinga perfect example—where thedeficiencies of these advancesare being exposed.
I believe that the IEEE com-munity is uniquely qualified andpositioned to aid in addressingthese issues—and that two stra-tegic priorities identified earlierthis year by the IEEE Board ofDirectors can provide principlesto guide us.
The first priority is to provideagile forums for discussion,development, and implementa-tion of emerging technologies.The second priority is to call onthe IEEE community to use itstechnology-related insight toprovide society with innovative,practical guidance on technicalissues. Together, they suggest aframework for assessing emerg-ing technologies and the issuesthey raise and for responsiblycommunicating their positiveand negative impacts.
You, as an IEEE member,can help write the instructionsProfessor Feynman said we lack.It is likely that you are alreadyinvolved within your local sec-tion or with one or more societ-ies or an IEEE affinity group. If
so, your participation probablystemmed from your vocationalinterests and passion for tech-nology. These communities arefor you—make the most of them.But don’t just discuss what’s hap-pening now. Discuss what mighthappen next.
Examine the technologiesin your areas of interest that areemerging and/or converging.Form or join an agile forum and,
with other members, foster thecontinued evolution of thosetechnologies. Come togetherformally or informally, share yourinsights and ideas with colleagues
within the global IEEE community,and map out the responsibilitiesand actions for those who takepart in your agile forum. This
“road-mapping” activity is thefirst step, I believe, in creating theprofessor’s instructions.
As the population ofour planet grows, however,emerging/converging technolo-gies will—as they are developedand implemented—raise ques-tions of responsibility and ethics.
Answers to those questions, inturn, will shape guidelines andpolicies that define a secondstep in creating Feynman’sinstructions.
These two steps define ourcharge to make others awareof how best to evolve a “planet-friendly” technology path. Astechnologists, it is our respon-sibility to employ our expertiseand assist others in making thedecisions that will positivelyaffect our lives—and the lives offuture generations.
As I said earlier, IEEE is both well qualified and well posi-tioned to engage in these effor ts.
We must remain impartial,however, relying on the soundfundamentals of our respectiveprofessional pursuits.
Leaders of the public, privateand academic worlds oftenhear competing voices shoutinginstructions about the choices tobe made regarding a particulartechnology. Each voice carries itown views, shaped by its stake inthe outcome. It is incumbent on
all within the IEEE communityto ensure that our voice, basedon thoughtful consideration ofthe technical facts, remains clearand unbiased; only then will itstand out.
Scientific knowledge brings with i t power, as RichardFeynman pointed out—whichmakes IEEE’s global communityquite formidable, indeed. Rightnow, in more than 160 countriesIEEE members are working oninitiatives that may one daychange the way in which humanbeings interact with one anotheand the world around them. Forme it is a source of great prideand great humility to realize thaour efforts today will help createa better tomorrow.
I do not have answers toall the questions that willaccompany promising newtechnologies. I do not believethat any individual does. I dobelieve, though, that by workingtogether and exchanging ideas,insights, and perspectives, we
will f ind those answers.Please feel free to share your
comments and thoughts with meat [email protected] or throughmy blog at http://sites.ieee.org/pstaecker.
Peter Staecke 2013 IEEE P resident and CEO
No, Feynman
Wasn’t JokingOur world, our knowledge, our responsibility
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C O N F E R E N C E S : F E B R U A R Y– A U G U S T 2 0 14
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BENEFITS
NANOTECHNOLOGY ________________
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D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 3 T H E I N S T I T U T ET H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E . O R G
AN U M B E R O F I E E E
offerings not onlyexplain the basics ofnanotechnology butalso cover the latest
advances in the field.If you’re looking for a primer,
check out TryNano.org, a four- year-old website developedby the IEEE Nanotechnology
Council and IEEE Educational Activities. Launched in conjunc-tion with IBM and the New YorkHall of Science, it’s aimed at stu-dents, parents, teachers, schoolcounselors, and anyone else
wishing to get up to speed onthe subject. The site provides ananotechnology overview thatspells out the related scientificdisciplines. It also describeshow the field evolved and whereit’s headed, as well as its impli-cations for society. The siteincludes a glossary of more than60 terms.
The downloadable lessonplans for preuniversity teacherson this site feature hands-onactivities that explain just howsmall the nanoscale is. Eachlesson provides backgroundinformation, a list of materialsneeded, step-by-step instruc-tions, and student worksheets.
For students wishing to pur-
sue a degree, the site lists univer-sities offering nanotechnologyprograms, including schools in
Australia, Canada, India, Spain,Thailand, the United Kingdom,and the United States.
And to get an idea of what it’slike to work in the field, there areinterviews with nearly 30 lead-ing experts as well as a list oforganizations, like Drexel Uni-versity, IBM Research, and theIndustrial Technology ResearchInstitute in Taiwan, that are, asnoted on the website, at theforefront of nanoscale work.
P U B L I C A T I O N S
IEEE Transactions on Nano-technology publishes novel aimportant results in nanoscaengineering. Covering thephysical basis and engineeriapplications of nanotech acrall areas of science and engineering, the journal focuseson nanoscale devices, systemmaterials, and applications aon their underlying science.
IEEE Transactions on NanBioscience reports on originainnovative, and interdisciplin
work on molecular and cellusystems and tissues, includinmolecular electronics. Journapapers deal with engineeringphysics, chemistry, and com-puter science, as well as bioloand medicine.
IEEE Nanotechnology Maazine publishes articles aimat a broad audience. It cov-ers industry news, researcheducation, and policy, andit includes tutorials, surveyopinion pieces, book reviewand patent summaries.
A number of IEEE nanotecnology e-newsletters provideinformation on funding oppotunities, events, developmentnanomaterials, nanoprocessitechniques, and nanotechnolproducts and applications.
For more information about
the publications, visit the
IEEE Xplore Digital Library.
P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
Resources for aTiny Technology A website and several IEEE journals helpdemystify nanotech B Y K A T H Y P R E T Z
ways for
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14 T H E I N S T I T U T E D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 314 T H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E .
NanotechnologStandardsFour focus on electricalapplications of nanomateria
B Y M O N I C A R O Z E N F E L D
TH E I E E E N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y
Council has written four standardesigned to help measure, reporttest, and characterize nanomaterials for electrical and electronic
products and systems.
IEEE 1650-2005 AP PR OV ED DE CE MB ER 20 05
The “Standard for Test Methods for Measurment of Electrical Properties of Carbon Nantubes” recommends techniques and reportpractices for the electrical characterizationnanotubes. The standard was adopted in 20by the International Electrotechnical Com-mission as IEC/IEEE 62624.
IEEE 1620-2008 AP PR OV ED SE PT EM BE R 20 08
The “Standard for Test Methods for the Chaacterization of Organic Transistors and Marials” defines a process for defining organicelectronic devices, including measurementtechniques, methods of reporting data, andtest conditions. The standard was adopted
year by the IEC as IEC/IEEE 62860.
IEEE 1620.1-2006 AP PR OV ED JU NE 20 06
The “IEEE Standard for Test Methods for thCharacterization of Organic Transistor-BasRing Oscillators” recommends proceduresand reporting practices for electrical classification of printed and organic oscillators. Tstandard was adopted this year by the IEC aIEC/IEEE 62860-1.
The following standard is under development in
collaboration with I EC Technical Committee 11
a group that works on nanotechnology standard
ization for electrical and electronic products an
systems. If approved by the IEEE Standards Asso
ation Standards Board, it will be released next y
IEC/IEEE 62659The “Standard for Large-Scale Manufactur-ing for Nanoelectronics” defines processesfor incorporating nanomaterials in electronproducts, enabling mass production of itemsuch as nanostructured sensors and magnematerials and devices.
For more information on these and o ther stan dard
visit https://standards.ieee.org.
S T A N D A R D S
I E E E G R O U P S
TH E I E E E Nanotech-nology Council wasformed more than adecade ago, and it hasbeen nothing but busy
ever since. After all, it was pres-ent at the creation of a nano-technology industry that willtop US $2.4 trillion by nextyear, according to the U.S.
government’s National Nano-technology Initiative. Themultidisciplinary council’s pur-pose has been to coordinateand advance the work in nano-technology being carried outthroughout IEEE. It supportsthe theory, design, and devel-opment of nanotechnology and its scientific, engineering,and industrial applications.
An IEEE council usually hasan interdisciplinary focus thatspans multiple technical soci-eties, and sometimes it is theprecursor to the formation of anew society, but not in this case.Part of IEEE Division I–Circuitsand Devices, the Nanotech-nology Council’s membershipis comprised of representa-tives from its 21 sponsoringIEEE societies, including Aero-space and Electronic Systems;Components, Packaging, andManufacturing Technology;Engineering in Medicine andBiology; Photonics; Systems,Man, and Cybernetics; andUltrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and
Frequency Control. Members join the council by first joiningone of its member societies.
The council has 12 chap-ters around the world, includ-ing ones in Australia, China,Italy, Singapore, South Africa,and the United States. Italso has two student chap-ters—one at the University ofTexas, in Tyler, and another atKuvempu University, in Shan-karaghatta, India.
C O N F E R E N C E S
The council sponsors fourannual conferences.
The IEEE InternationalConference on Nano-technology (IEEE NANO)covers nanofabrication, nano-manufacturing, nanomaterials,nanobiomedicine, nano-energy, nanoplasmonics, nano-electronics, nanosensors andnanoactuators, and the char-acterization and modeling ofstructures and devices. Thecouncil’s annual meeting takesplace at IEEE NANO.
The IEEE NanotechnologyMaterials and Devices Con-ference makes critical assess-ments of ongoing workand future directions innanotechnology research,including nanomaterials andtheir fabrication, nanoelectron-ics, nanophotonics, devices,and integration.
IEEENanotechnologyCouncilThis interdisciplinary group focuses onadvancing the field B Y K AT H Y P R ET Z
The IEEE International Con-ference on Nano/MolecularMedicine and Engineeringcovers nano- and moleculartechnologies in medicaldiagnosis and therapy, drugdelivery, biomedical imaging,biochips, cell mechanics, bio-logical interfaces, and frontiersin nanobiotechnology.
The IEEE InternationalConference on Nano/MicroEngineered and MolecularSystems will bring togetherleading researchers to discusstopics dealing with micro-electromechanical systemsand nanotechnology.
See p. 12 for more upcomingconferences related to nanotech.
A W A R DS
The council’s awards programincludes three annual prizes.
The Early Career Award inNanotechnology goes to individ-
uals whose contributions havehad a major impact on nano-technology within seven yearsafter being granted their highestearned academic degree.
For those at least 10 yearsbeyond their highest earneddegree, there’s the Pioneer
Award in Nanotechnology.It recognizes those who, byvirtue of initiating new areas ofresearch, development, or engi-neering, have had a significantimpact on nanotechnology.
And people who have per-formed outstanding service forthe benefit and advancement ofthe council are recognized withthe Distinguished Service Award.The service, which can be in suchareas as conferences, meetings,and publications, is usually givento journal or magazine editors,administrative committee mem-bers, or chapter leaders.
For more information about the
council, visit http://sites.ieee.org/
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T H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E . O R G
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EDUCATION • INNOVATION • PRESERVATION
IEEE Foundationof
ANNIVERSARY
40thB O O K S O F I N T E R E S T
HE R E ’ S A S A M P L E ofIEEE e-books that focuson nanotechnology. All areavailable free to membersfrom the IEEE eBook Clas-
sics collection. To view the e-books,log in to IEEE Xplore using yourIEEE member Web account. (Makesure to sign out of your institu-tional account first, if you’re usingone.) Click on Books in the left-
hand navigation menu, then clickon the Classics tab to browse thetitles. Once you find a book you’reinterested in, click on the title togo to its home page, which has anabstract, a bibliography, the table ofcontents, and the cover image.
■ Micro and Nanotechnologies inEngineering Stem Cells and TissueBY MURUGAN RAMALINGAM, ESMAIEL
JABBARI, SEERAM RAMAKRISHNA,
AN D AL I KH AD EM HO SS EI NI (2 01 3)
Covers the latestdevelopments by
top researchers inthe field. Topicsinclude advances inmaterial systems,techniques forcontrolling
stem-cell functions, technologiesto engineer bone regeneration, andthe application of stem cells intreating heart disease.
■ Nanometer FrequencySynthesis Beyond thePhase-Locked LoopB Y L I MI N G X IU ( 2 0 1 2 )
Introduces a novel way to look atfrequency synthesisbeyond thephase-locked loop,focusing on theclock signal in atime-basedinformation-pro-
cessing approach for nanochipdesign. Chapters cover theshortcomings of conventionaltechniques and present theconcept of flying-adder frequency
synthesis, a new techn ique forgenerating frequency. The bookincludes examples of using theconcepts to build cheaper andfaster systems.
■ Negative-RefractionMetamaterials: FundamentalPrinciples and ApplicationsBY G.V. ELEFTHERIADES
AN D KE IT H G. BA LM AI N (2 00 5)
Provides thefundamentalprinciples andapplications ofartificial materialsthat support theelectromagneticproperty of negative
refraction. Several classes ofmaterials and their applicationsare presented, including lenses,antennas, and radar systems. Onechapter is devoted to plasmonicnanowire metamaterials.
■
CMOS Biomicrosystems: Where Elect ronics Meet Biology B Y K R Z Y S Z TO F I N I E WS K I ( 2 01 1 )
Presents systemsthat integratemicroelectronics
with fluidics,photonics, andmechanics. Focuseson emergingapplications of
microelectronic integration forfuture technologies, includingbiomedical nanotechnologies. Thebook is geared toward electrical,mechanical, material science,micro, and nano engineers.
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16 T H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E .T H E I N S T I T U T E D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 316
AT T H E N A N O S C A L E
level, harnessing light isan exciting collision of worlds that combinestheory-based experimen-
tation with cutting-edge applications.IEEE Member Alexandra
Boltasseva’s work in nanophoton-ics, or light manipulation at thenanoscale level, earned her twoawards this year.
The IEEE Photonics Societyhonored Boltasseva in June withthe 2013 Young Investigator Award,presented to an individual who has
made outstanding technical con-tributions before his or her 35thbirthday. In April, she received theMaterials Research Society’s 2013Outstanding Young InvestigatorAward for pioneering research inadvanced plasmonic, metamaterial,and optics devices. The awards camewith a total prize of US $6000.
In college,“I had wanted to studyelementary particle physics, likethe Higgs boson, but then I realizedthat everything is so complex andexpensive in high-energy physicsthat I might end up waiting decadesfor a result,” says Boltasseva, whoturned 35 in January. “Optics excitedme because it’s the technology ofthe future and touches all aspects ofour lives.”
She is an associate professor atPurdue University, in West Lafayette,Ind., at both the school of electricaland computer engineering and theBirck Nanotechnology Center. Herresearch focuses on plasmonic meta-materials, which are man-madecomposites of metals and insulatorswith optical properties not foundin nature. She says she’s hoping the
new materials will lead to advancedoptical technologies applicable tohigh-performance microscopes andcomputers, improved solar cells, andnew devices for the emerging field ofquantum information technology.
“One of our goals is to manipu-late light effectively at the nanoscalelevel and to create novel opticalnanodevices,” she says. “My team isstriving to bring materials researchand engineering into the field ofplasmonic metamaterials, an exper-tise that is largely missing.”
N A N O P O S S I B I L I T I ES
Optical transmission of data is fasterthan wire transmission and can carryinformation without degradation overlong distances. But finding materialsthat allow cost-effective and efficientoperation of nanoscale optical cir-cuits has been tricky.
The wavelengths used for opticaldata transmission lie in the visibleand near-infrared spectrum, 500 to1550 nanometers, too large to inter-act with particles whose dimensionsare in the neighborhood of 10 nm.This has hindered the developmentof chips containing nanoscaleoptics circuitry. Not only canshorter wavelengths—ultravioletand X-rays—be harmful to humanbeings, but current methods of gen-erating, transporting, and detectingthem are too costly and complex.So Boltasseva’s team is developingmaterials and metal-basednanodevices that attract and man-age light waves at the nanoscale.
“The challenge is the large wavelength of light. Traditionalapproaches can’t focus lasers ondimensions smaller than the order
of the wavelength itself,” she says.“This limits the sizes of optical inte-grated chips needed for the nextgeneration of computers, because
you can’t shrink the dimensions ofthe conventional optical intercon-nects and components. So our goalis to focus, guide, and route thelight at the nanoscale.”
Metals at the nanoscale levelsupport oscillations of free-floatingelectron clouds, which draw lightto the metal nanoparticles that
would otherwise pass around them.Optical nanophotonic circuitscould then manipulate and con-trol the routing of the harnessedlight in devices much tinier thanconventional lasers and fiber sys-tems. The most efficient metals forthat are gold and silver. But theyare expensive, cannot be combined with materials used in conven-tional semiconductor devices, andabsorb too much light.
Instead, Boltasseva and herteam are developing cost-effectivemetamaterial devices for harness-ing and controlling light that canalso be integrated with today’ssemiconductor materials. “ We’refinding the right materials, tailoringand optimizing their properties, andmaking unit cells—or metamaterial
‘atoms’—out of them,” she says.“There’s no single answer to what
the best plasmonic material is,”she adds. “We’ve identified severalclasses of materials for specific appli-cations, including nanoscale opticalinterconnects and high-sensitivity sensors, improved solar cells, andpowerful microscopes capable ofviewing things at nanoscale levels.Each requires different materials.”
Boltasseva’s group was able tget promising results with near-infrared wavelengths by pushinthe limits of doping, a commonsemiconductor performance-enhancing technique in whichelectrons are added to a materiato create additional charge and
metallic properties.Boltasseva found that adding
aluminum or gallium to zinc ox(used for display panels) donateenough free-floating electronsto create a metallic material intelecommunication wavelengtharound 1500 nm. But shorter wavelengths require a differentapproach. That’s where alternatplasmonic materials come in.
“There’s a limit to how high you can dope semiconductors,”she notes. “You can’t get them tobehave like a metal in the visibllight range, so we had to l ook at
other materials, including metanitrides such as titanium nitridand zirconium nitride.” She is alooking into how to tailor and fitune other materials to focus anroute visible light.
T H E E A R LY YE A R S
Born in Kanash, Russia, about700 kilometers east of Moscow,to parents who were engineers,Boltasseva tinkered with resistortransistors, and lightbulbs as a teand she earned national honors iRussia’s Physics Olympics. She sait was her father and her high sch
physics teacher who motivated hto pursue physics and engineerinBoltasseva graduated from th
Moscow Institute of Physics andTechnology, where she earnedbachelor’s and master’s degreesapplied physics and mathematiin 1999 and 2000. She then earnher Ph.D. in electrical engineeriin 2004 from the Technical Univsity of Denmark (DTU), in KongLyngby, just outside Copenhage
After brief stints as a researchscientist for two start-up IT companies that manufactured opticcomponents, she returned to DTfor a postdoctoral and faculty ption. Purdue hired her in 2008 aan assistant professor of electri-cal and computer engineering. was pr omoted this year to tenurassociate professor.
Boltasseva’s more than twodozen commendations for her winclude the 2011 TR35 Award, MTechnology Review ’s annual listinof 35 innovators under 35 whose work, says the magazine, is chaning the world.
P R O F I L E
PEOPLE
T H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E .
AlexandraBoltasseva:A Rising StarCreating new materials tomanipulate light B Y S U S A N K A R L I N
NANOTECHNOLOGY
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D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 3 T H E I N S T I T U T ET H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E . O R G
Kenneth N.Stevens ACOUSTICS PIONEER
Member Grad e: LIFE FELLOW
Age: 89; Died: 19 AUGUST
Stevens was apioneer ofspeechacoustics,including itsproduction,perception,
and processing.For nearly six decades,
he studied the connectionbetween engineering andlinguistics to grasp what cre-ates the vocal sounds peo-ple produce and why many
languages generally rely onsimilar patterns of sound.In 1972 he published hisquantal theory, which sug-gests that humans naturallyprefer speech sounds thatare easier to produce, such asthe vowels a, i , and u and theconsonants b, d , and g . Hisresearch was helpful in thedesign of speech-recognitionequipment.
Stevens began his careerin 1952 as a researcher at Bolt,Beranek, and Newman (nowBBN Technologies, a subsid-iary of Raytheon), in Cam-bridge, Mass. He left in 1954to join MIT as an assistantprofessor of electrical engi-neering. He was promoted toassociate professor in 1957and full professor in 1963. Hespent the rest of his career atMIT, retiring in 2007 at theage of 83.
He received the U.S.National Medal of Science in1999 for “leadership and pio-neering contributions to thetheory of acoustics of speechproduction and perception.”
He was honored with the2004 IEEE James L. FlanaganSpeech and Audio Processing
Award for “fundamental con-tributions to the theory andpractice of acoustic phonet-ics and speech perception.”
Stevens, who receivedbachelor’s and master’sdegrees in engineering physicsin the 1940s from the Univer-sity of Toronto, earned a Ph.D.in electrical engineering in1952 from MIT.
IEEE MEMBER
Dennis FreemanFreeman was appointed dean ofundergraduate education at MIT.
A professor of electricalengineering at MIT since 1997,Freeman is a member of itsResearch Laboratory of Electron-ics, where he investigates cochlear
micromechanics. He and his research group werethe first to measure the sound-induced movementof cells and accessory structures in the inner ear.
He has served on a number of committeesat MIT, including the committees on curriculaand on global educational opportunities for MITundergraduate students. Freeman has receivedseveral teaching awards from the school, includingthe Ruth and Joel Spira Award for DistinguishedTeaching and the Irving M. London Teaching Award.
Freeman is a member of the IEEE Electron
Devices Society.
IEEE FELLOW
David PlantPlant was one of six researchersto receive a Killam ResearchFellowship from the CanadaCouncil for the Arts. Close toUS $1 million will be sharedamong the recipients to supporttheir research efforts.
Plant is a professor of electrical and computerengineering at McGill University, in Montreal. Hespecializes in broadband communications and
is working to improve the bandwidth, speed, andpower consumption of optical interconnects.Plant and his team pioneered the development ofvery-large-scale integrated circuit technology foroptical interconnects.
He is the IEEE Photonics Society’s vice presi-dent of conferences and was general chair of the2013 IEEE Photonics Conference, held in Septem-ber in Bellevue, Wash. Plant is a former associateeditor of the society’s newsletter and is also amember of the IEEE Communications Society.
IEEE MEMBER
Sossena Wood Wood was elected chair of the U.S.National Society of Black Engi-neers. She is serving a one-yearterm and is working with theexecutive director to coordinatethe society’s operations. She wasnational vice chair of the NSBE
from June 2012 until April. Wood is a graduate student researcher and
Ph.D. candidate in bioengineering at the Uni-versity of Pittsburgh, where she is helping todevelop one of the first anatomically detailedelectromagnetic simulations of a human headfor ultrahigh-field magnetic resonance imaging.
A C H I E V E M E N T S I N M E M O R I A M Jan C. WillemsPROFESSOR EMERITUS
Member Grade : LIFE FELLOW
Age: 74; Died: 31 AUGUST
Willems was professoremeritus at
the Univer-sity ofGroningen, inthe Nether-
lands, where he specialized incontrol systems and theory.
Willems was an assistantprofessor in MIT’s depart-ment of electrical engineer-ing from 1968 to 1973. Duringthat time, he studied optimalcontrol and the algebraic,nonlinear Riccati equation,
which arises in the contextof infinite-horizon optimalcontrol problems in continu-
ous or discrete time. In 1973he joined the University ofGroningen as a mathemat-ics professor. He was namedprofessor emeritus in 2003.
He was a cofounder ofthe journal Systems andControl Letters (publishedby Elsevier), which debutedin 1981, and was its manag-ing editor until 1994. He waseditor in chief of the Societyfor Industrial and AppliedMathematics’s Journal onControl and Optimizationfrom 1989 to 1993.
Willems was presidentof the Dutch MathematicalSociety from 1994 to 1996.In 1995 he cofounded theDutch Network of Systemsand Control (now the DutchInstitute of Systems andControl), a graduate schoolfor students from the Neth-erlands’ nine universitydepartments active in sys-tems and control theoryand engineering.
A member of the IEEEControl Systems Society,
Willems received the 1998IEEE Control Systems Awardfor “seminal contributions tocontrol theory and leadershipin systems research.”
After receiving a bach-elor’s degree in engineeringfrom the University ofGhent, Belgium, he earned amaster’s degree in electricalengineering in 1965 from theUniversity of Rhode Island,in Kingston, and a Ph.D. inthe same subject in 1968from MIT.
Frederick T. Andrews
FORMER IEEE
COMMUNICATIONS
SOCIETY PRESIDENT
Member Grade : LIFE FELLOW
Age: 86; Died: 15 SEPTEMBER
Andrewsheld anumber ofIEEEleadershippositions,including
1986 president of the IEEECommunications Society.
During the 1970s he wachair of the society’s Transmission Systems and Electronics Product committe
Andrews served as the firsvice president of the IEEEFoundation, established
in 1973. In 1992 he becamdirector of IEEE Division Iand chair of the IEEE Stratgic Planning Committee.
Andrews began his carein 1948 as a researcher at BTelephone Laboratories. H was appointed laboratorydirector in 1962 and came be involved with many of tcompany’s pioneering innotions as phones moved frovacuum tube–based techngies to solid-state and digittransmission systems.
In 1979 he was promotto executive director and wgiven the task of resolvingthe systems issues associa
with the evolution of digittelephone networks. Hepioneered a technique inthe early 1980s to eliminacross-talk interference frodigital transmissions.
When the U.S. govern-ment ordered the breakupBell Labs in 1984, he becaone of the founding corporate officers of Bellcore, anow-defunct subsidiary, iLivingston, N.J. He retiredin 1990.
Andrews was honored with the 1998 IEEE HaradPratt Award for “sustainedcontributions and com-mitment to the institute,particularly for leadershipstrategic planning and eletronic product developme
He earned a bachelor’sdegree in electrical engi-neering in 1948 from Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
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18 T H E I N S T I T U T E . I E E E .T H E I N S T I T U T E D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 318
I E E E M E M B E R Richard Schwartzhas spent a good half-century play-ing wind instruments: the recorder,
which he picked up in college, theoboe after graduating, and the flutesince his mid-50s (he’s now 71).
So when he stopped by a favor-ite music store this year in SantaMonica, Calif., he couldn’t helpbut notice some musically subparmodels of simple flutes. “I thoughtI could do better than that,” saysSchwartz, an electrical engineeringconsultant since leaving the aero-space industry in the 1990s.
Home from the music store, hescoured the Internet to learn how tomake his own plastic flutes, then triedhis hand at making them from poly-vinyl chloride pipe. PVC is relativelyeasy to cut, drill, and file, and it’sreadily available in hardware stores.
He once made a high-pitchedpiccolo out of PVC pipe to play in alocal parade, but a flute is more dif-ficult, he says, because pitch errorsare more obvious in its lower fre-quency range. After his first dozenattempts foundered because thesecond-octave notes weren’t onpitch, he decided to make 100 flutesin 3 months from standard half-inch(1.27-centimeter) outer diameterPVC pipes. “That’s what I figured Ihad to do to teach myself,” he says.
Schwartz uses Flutomat, a com-puter program that calculates theposition and hole diameters. “Formost wind instruments, each fingerposition can produce several notes,depending on the mouth positionand blowing pressure,” he notes.
“But Flutomat does not calculateharmonic frequencies, and the highnotes kept coming out flat. I had tofind a way to correct that.”
One problem with flutes of PVCpipe is that they are straight cylin-ders; actual flutes are barrel-shaped.
“I put a half-inch pipe with a slightlysmaller internal diameter on thehead end, observed the result, and
did some calculations to determihow much of the thicker-walledpipe was needed to get the fluteperfectly in tune,” he says.
Schwartz can produce a flute inabout an hour. “The time-consumpart is tuning them,” he says. “Yohave to adjust the size and posi-
tion of each hole to get the rightfrequency.” The flute also comescheap: home-repair stores sell PVpipe in 6-meter lengths for US $5
As he gradual ly gives his batcof PVC flutes to friends, he is tuing his attention to making PVCvariations of piccolos that werepopular in blues clubs during thlate 1920s and early 1930s. “I’mtrying to see how good I can makthem,” he says. “There are a lot ofdesign compromises and trade-o
Schwartz has applied his engineering know-how to his hobby.
“I figured out that the equations foa sound wave traveling through apipe are the same as for an electrmagnetic wave traveling throughtransmission lines,” he says. “At fiI thought I was brilliant. But after Google search, I learned that somone discovered that same thing 50
years ago and wrote a paper on itBut the scholarly music communignored him, and nothing came o
A perfect model would use coputational fluid dynamics to figuout how the air flows through theflute, but then, he adds, “the computing really gets ugly.”
For the time being, Schwartzis using a popular antenna andtransmission-line finite-elemenmodel to so lve the sound wave’sdifferential equations and to stuthe best models for the featuresthe flute, such as the head cavitand tone hole.
—
S E V E R A L Y E A R S into his hobbyof building unmanned aerial vehi-
cles (UAVs), IEEE Member AnishMohammed earned some geek credwhen he met William Premerlani,who’d written some of the initialopen-source software that galvanizedthe do-it-yourself drone commu-nity. “He called me a true UAV addict!”Mohammed recalls, laughing.
Mohammed, an independentmanagement consultant in informa-tion and data strategy in Woking,about 50 kilometers southwest ofLondon, has degrees in medicine andinformation security. He has longmaintained a side interest in robotics.Shortly after his 2002 move to the
United Kingdom from his nativeIndia, he began tinkering with designkits from Vex Robotics and LegoMindstorm. He wentfrom building remote-controlled airplanesand helicopters tobuilding drones.While traditionalremote-controlledaircraft are controlledmanually via a wire-less network from theground, drone modelsare programmed tofly themselves.
“I was lookingfor ways to reducethe number ofcrashes and found asoftware componentthat programs anautopilot takeoverif the craft flies outof preprogrammedboundaries set withGPS,” he says.
He began to col-lect the individualcomponents for a
quadcopter (four-rotor) drone andbuilt one from scratch. That wasin 2010. Since then, he has built10 multicopters—aircraft with morethan two rotors—including an octo-copter made with eight rotors, as well as two fixed-wing aircraft. Therotors of his largest multicopters are
more than a meter in diameter.Mohammed flies multicopters
both manually and autonomously.“I was really interested in all
the algorithms that help hold themulticopter in the air and fly andallow fixed-wings to fly along aprogrammed path,” he says. “There’sa whole bunch of challenging mathand theory for doing that.”
Mohammed says he spends10 to 20 hours each week workingon or testing his drones. He flies hiscopters with fellow enthusiasts in anearby park.
“It’s the configuration—making
it stable—that takes the most time,”he says.The cost for DIY drones depends
on “how geeky you want to get,” hesays. Both fixed-wing and copterdrones can cost from US $300 to$3000, depending on their acces-sories. Higher-end models, forinstance, might include a videocamera that enables the flier on theground to see where the aircraft isheaded in real time.
Mohammed says it’s exhilaratingto build something and make it fly:
“After all the long hours and wantingto give it a rest, the day I get a droneoff the ground and into the air, it’slike, ‘Wow! I got it right!’”
— Susan Karlin
P A R T - T I M E P A S S I O N S
P A S S I O N
Making flutes
O C C U P A T I O N
Electricalengineer
H O M E TO W N
Hawthorne,Calif.
Anish MohammedUp in the Air
P A S S I O N
Building and flying drones
O C C U P A T I O N
Technology strategyconsultant
H O M E T O W N
Woking, England
Richard Schwartz Music Man
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