1. Theileriosis are those tick-borne protozoandiseases associated with Theileria spp. In Sudan, most cases of Bovine theileriosisare caused by Th. annulata (tropical orMediterranean theileriosis) and Th. mutans(benign theileriosis), and Th. parva (ECF)may exist in Southern Sudan.

2. Theileriosis of sheep and goat are caused byTh. hirci (Th. lestoquardi - Malignant ovinetheileriosis) and Th. ovis (mild theileriosis). Equine theileriosis are caused by Th. equi. Transmission: Stage to stage (TranstadialTransmission). 3. 5) divides with schizont inside 2 infected daughter cells 6) 10-15 days post- infection, schizont merozoite (invades erythrocyte (RBC))4) Lymphocyte lymphoblast (enlargedlymphocyte) and * 5-8 days post-infection: found in lymph nodes * Schizonts increase 10- fold every 3 days3) Sporozoite enters7) In RBC,lymphocyte (WBC) schizont merozoite piroplasm (infectticks) 2) Sporozoites transfer to ungulate if tick is attached for 48-72 hrs 1) Sporozoites produced in tick salivary glands8) RBCsingested bynymphs duringfeeding Incubation Period9) Once in gut, undergoessexual reproduction Experimentally Infected: 8-12 daysmotile stage, moves to Naturally Infected: up to 3 weeksticks salivary gland 4. PathogenesisTick inoculation of sporozoiteslymphocytesin local lymph nodeschizonts lymphoidproliferation merozoiteserythrocytespiroplasmsticks. Damage mainly by schizonts. 5. Swelling of the draining lymph node, usually theparotid. Generalized lymphadenopathy. Fever 40 41o C 6. Poor condition and severe lymphadenopathy in heifer 7. Lacrimation and corneal opacity 8. Dyspnea 9. Diarrhoea 10. Recumbency 11. Death usually within three weeks ofinfection 12. In case of Equine theileriosis there is fever, anaemia,jaundice and haemoglobinuria.Jaundice in a horses eye 13. Occasional cases of brain involvement occur andare characterized by circling, hence turningsickness or cerebral theileriosis due to thepresence of schizont in the cerebral capillaries. 14. Splenic enlargement. Severe pulmonary emphysema and edema along withhydrothorax and hydropericardium. Generalized lymphoid hyperplasia. Small lymphoid nodules (the so-called pseudo-infarcts) arepresent in liver, kidney, and alimentary track. The carcass is emaciated and hemorrhages are evident in avariety of tissues and organs. 15. Pulmonary emphysema and edema The Ln. is enlarged and diffusely pale, andcontains numerous petechiae.Multiple pale foci on the corticalsurface of the kidney arelymphoid infiltrates. 16. Emaciated Carcass Kidney, There are multiple petechiae onthe surface of the cortex. The lymphnode near the hilus is markedly enlargedHydropericardium 17. East Coast Fever only occurs where R.appendiculatus is present, although occasionallyoutbreaks such areas have been recorded due tothe introduction of tick-infected cattle from anenzootic area. 18. In sick animals, macroschizonts are readilydetected in biopsy smears of lymph nodes andin dead animals in impression smears oflymph nodes and spleen. 19. There are two types of schizonts (Kochs Blue Bodies)Macroschizont: one with large chromatin granules gives (8-16 macromerozoites).Microschizont: one with small chromatin granules gives (50-120 Micromerozoites) (Sexually differentiated) and infect RBCs. 20. In the field, diagnosis isusually achieved by findingTheileria parasites inGiemsa-stained bloodsmears and lymph nodeneedle biopsy smears 21. Theileria PiroplasmosisLymphoblasts containingTheileria parasites 22. The indirect fluorescent antibody test is ofvalue in detecting cattle which have recoveredfrom ECF. 23. Differential diagnosis1. Heartwater because of pulmonary edema and hydrothorax. Examination of brain smears and lymph node or spleen impression smears can differentiate between the two diseases.2. Trypanosomiasis because of edema, lymphadenopathy, and anemia. Blood and lymph node smear examination will normally differentiate between the two diseases.3. Babesiosis and anaplasmosis because of anemia. These diseases can easily be differentiated from theileriosis on examination of blood smears.4. Malignant catarrhal fever because of lymphadenopathy and corneal opacity. Examination of blood and lymph node smears will clearly differentiate between the two diseases. 24. Treatment Tetracyclines have a therapeutic effect ifgiven at the time of infection but they are ofno value in the treatment of clinical cases. 25. Control Integrated approach involving resistant animalbreeds. Vaccination by infection-and-treatmentmethods. 26. Strategic application ofacaricides. 27. Dipping 28. Recommended actions if theileriosis is suspected Notification of authoritiesTheileria species including Th. annulata have beenreported in Sudan; however, Th. parva, is exotic.East Coast fever and diseases caused by otherexotic Theileria spp. must be reported to state orfederal authorities immediately upon diagnosis orsuspicion of the disease. 29. 1. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/clinical-signs-photos.php?name=theileriosis2. http://www.vetnext.com/search.php?s=aandoening&id=73289151820%20278