TheFall$ofNew$ France · TheFall$ofNew$ France By:$Ms.$Hasan$ March$6,$2013$ $ $...

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The Fall of New France By: Ms. Hasan March 6, 2013 Source: Defining Canada, History, Iden@ty and Culture , (2002) McGraw Hill

Transcript of TheFall$ofNew$ France · TheFall$ofNew$ France By:$Ms.$Hasan$ March$6,$2013$ $ $...

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The  Fall  of  New  France  

By:  Ms.  Hasan  March  6,  2013      Source:  Defining  Canada,  History,  Iden@ty  and  Culture,  (2002)                                McGraw  Hill  

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Mind  on…  •  The  Rise  and  Fall  of  New  France:  

•  hKp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdDgnQSpot0  

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Overview  •  A  significant  event  for  Canadian  History,  Culture  and  Iden@ty  •  The  conquest  of  New  France  was  one  of  the  concluding  events  for  European  Empire  Builders    •  ‘7  years  War’-­‐  had  a  large  toll  on  people  of  Quebec  (there  were  huge  food  shortages)  •  Aboriginal  fight  for  their  survival  •  Fall  of  Louisbourg-­‐  Tides  began  to  change  in  favour  of  England  •  Seige  of  Quebec-­‐  BaKle  of  the  Plains  of  Abraham  (Bri@sh  defeat  France)  •  French  Canadians  and  Aboriginals  fall  under  Bri@sh  Rule  

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7-­‐Years  War    • A  struggle  for  survival  for  the  French  Canadians  and  Aboriginals  • Britain’s  Prime  Minister  William  Pit  (1757)  focuses  on  North  America  to  defeat  France  •  If  France  is  gaining  ground  in  Europe,  England  would  gain  ground  in  North  America.  

• Britain  controlled  13  colonies  (Land  under  the  Hudson’s  Bay  Charter)-­‐  1/3  of  the  territory  that  makes  up  Canada  and  Acadia.  

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7-­‐Years  War  •  French  Expansion-­‐  By  1755,  French  held  Mississippi  Valley  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  •  Discontent  with  the  Bri@sh  rule  in  the  13  colonies  

• Ohio  Valley  becomes  a  killing  ground,  as  both  sides  fight  for  territory.  • Vic@ms  were  ocen  seKlers-­‐  Their  scalps  were  taken  as  proof  of  the  kill  

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Aboriginal  Position  • Some  became  allies  of  French  and  English,  but  some  believed  neither  French  nor  English  could  help  protect  their  land.  • ‘Why  don’t  you  fight  on  your  own  land  and  on  the  sea?  Why  do  you  fight  on  our  land?’  

• Many  s@ll  preferred  alliances  with  the  French  

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Aboriginal  Position-­‐  Value  line  

• If  you  were  an  aboriginal  during  the  1700’s,  would  you  have  allied  with  the  French,  the  Bri@sh  or  neither?  

• Be  prepared  to  defend  your  posi@on!  

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Montcalm  and  Voudreuil    • Montcalm-­‐  French  General    • Had  contempt  for  Aboriginals  

• Voudreuil-­‐  Governer  of  Quebec  (A  na@ve  French  Canadian)  •   Voudreuil  is  allies  with  the  Aboriginals  • Montcalm  and  Voudreuil  argued  over  how  the  baKles  should  be  fought  

•  July  1758-­‐  15,000  Bri@sh  soldiers,  largest  army  amassed  in  NA  at  that  @me,  aKacked  Montcalm  and  French  at  Fort  Carillon    

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Fall  of  Louisbourg  (1758)    Bri@sh  determined  they  had  to  capture  Louisbourg  because:  1.  It  was  a  powerful  French  Fort  in  the  Atlan@c  

Region  that  served  as  a  naval  base  for  the  French  Navy  

2.  It  protected  the  entrance  of  St.  Lawrence  3.  It  was  refuge  for  French  Pirates,  who  

captured  New  Englanders  ships  •  39  ships,  12  000  troops  were  sent  by  Britain  to  aKack  Louisbourg  

   

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     William  PiK  orders  Louisbourg  be  ‘totally  demolished,  razed,  and  all  material  destroyed’    ‘It  seems  the  Bri;sh  inten;on  is  not  to  breach  the  walls,  but  rather  to  kill  everyone  and  burn  the  town’  

 Augus;ne  du  Drucour,  Governer  of  Louisbourg  

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Effects  of  the  War  on  People  of  Quebec  • Farms  and  homes  were  destroyed  • Food  shortages  widespread    • In  April  1759,  ra@ons  were  cut  to  a  few  ounces  of  bread  a  day  • Price  of  food  inflated  • Some  people  resorted  to  ea@ng  grass  in  order  to  survive  

• Small-­‐pox  epidemic    

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Fall  of  Quebec  •  1759-­‐  James  Wolfe  sends  29  warships  (heavily  armed)  and  15,000  soldiers  to  Quebec  •  July  12,  1759-­‐Bombardment  of  Quebec  (lasted  9  weeks)  •  Farms  and  livestock  are  destroyed  within  150  miles  along  the  St.  Lawrence  •  Sept  13,  1759-­‐  Fall  of  Quebec  •  Sept  8,  1760-­‐  Capitula@on  of  Montreal  (Voudreuil  surrenders  New  France  to  General  Amherst)  •  Ar@cle  XXVII  of  Capitula@on:  

1.  Free  to  exercise  the  Catholic  Religion  2.  Savages/Indian  Allies  shall  be  maintained  in  the  lands  they  

inhabit.  

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Battles  with  New  France  

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Fall  of  New  France  

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Consequences  of  the  Conquest  •  February  10,  1763-­‐  Treaty  of  Paris  ended  the  ‘7-­‐years  war’  • New  France  became  a  Bri@sh  Colony  • Military  rule  ended  •  James  Murray  becomes  first  governor  of  the  colony  •  French  Canadians  could  keep  religion  and  its  ins@tu@ons  including  seigneurial  •  Fur  trade  remains  intact-­‐  French  Canadians  act  as  ‘guides’  only  for  the  Bri@sh  

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Life  in  Quebec  under  Murray  and  Carlton  •  French  Canadian  merchants  faced  many  hardships  •  Mercantalism-­‐  s@ll  is  the  main  force  governing  colonial  economic  policy  (But  now  under  England’s  rule,  not  France)  •  Bri@sh  Merchants  take  over  the  Fur  Trade  •  French  Canadians  not  allowed  to  vote/hold  public  office  because  of  their  own  religion  •  Atlan@c  Canada-­‐  some  expelled  French  Canadians  returned  •  Mainly  went  to  New  Brunswick  and  along  St.  Lawrence  •  Acadia  flourished  with  a  French  community  again  

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Aboriginals  and  the  Conquest  •  The  conquest  was  a  disaster  for  the  Aboriginals  • When  English  and  French  were  baKling  over  control  of  North  America,  Aboriginals  could  form  alliances  or  stay  neutral-­‐  they  could  pit  one  colonial  power  over  the  other,  but  now  with  Bri@sh  control,  they  had  lost  this  strategic  posi@on.  •  Loss  of  guns/ammuni@on  and  trade  goods.      • Were  not  given  ‘gic  distribu@ons’  for  living  on  aboriginal  land  •  In  the  regions  to  the  West  of  the  13  colonies,  the  Bri@sh  con@nued  to  move  into  aboriginal  territory  

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Pontiac-­‐  The  War  Chief  •  Confederacy  of  the  7  fires  (7  na@ons)  •  Pon@ac  emerged  as  a  leader  •  He  wanted  the  aboriginals  to  rid  their  dependence  on  European  goods  and  return  to  a  tradi@onal  way  of  life  •  He  convinced  the  members  of  the  confederacy  to  make  war  against  the  English  •  In  the  summer  of  1763-­‐  7  na@ons  took  9  Bri@sh  Forts  

•  General  Amherst  was  outraged!  •  He  decided  to  spread  smallpox  against  the  aboriginals  by  giving  them  blankets  used  by  those  infected  with  the  disease  •  Pon@ac  signed  a  Peace  Treaty  in  1765  

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Pontiac  The  War  Chief  

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Royal  Proclamation  and  Royal  Commission  • Governers  were  given  power  to  seKle  land  which  now  belonged  to  the  English  King-­‐  soldiers  were  to  be  given  land  grants.  •  In  1996-­‐  Royal  Commission  of  Canada  decided  that  they  needed  to  examine  the  past  to  reveal  a  cache  of  secrets.  • History  has  not  been  wriKen  yet  from  the  Indian  Perspec@ve  • No  government  had  the  right  to  grant  lands  to  seKlers  that  belonged  to  the  Aboriginal  peoples!