TheDeadSeaScrollsCommunity$ TheEssenes - Barrie … · TheEssenes&theDeadSea Scrolls ... The Dead...
Transcript of TheDeadSeaScrollsCommunity$ TheEssenes - Barrie … · TheEssenes&theDeadSea Scrolls ... The Dead...
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The Dead Sea Scrolls Community The Essenes
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The Essenes
WHO: Strict Jewish sect 1st century BCE – 68 CE messianic
WHERE Qumran, Jerusalem, throughout Israel
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The Essenes & the Dead Sea Scrolls
WHY IMPORTANT Oldest known biblical manuscripts Significant firsthand glimpse into a 1st century BCE & 1st century CE Jewish
community
OTHER JEWISH GROUPS besides the Essenes Sadducees Pharisees – forerunners of the rabbis Zealots (1st century CE) Jesus and his first followers
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1. WHERE
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Qumran
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Qumran -‐ THEN
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Qumran -‐ NOW
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Qumran - Views The watchtower
Looking south, along the shores of the Dead Sea, towards Masada
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Qumran Views – Writing room inkwells
“the Scriptorium” or
Writing Room
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2. WHEN
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150 60 1 68 70
BCE CE
1. Originated here? After Antiochus Epiphanes’ persecution
3. Originated here? Reign of Queen
Salome
68 Qumran destroyed 70 Jerusalem destroyed
5 BCE – 30 CE: Jesus 30 – 62 CE: James
Mid 30’s – mid 60’s: Paul 70 – Destruction of Jerusalem
After 70: rabbinic Judaism After 70: first gospels
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2. Originated earlier?
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The Teacher of Righteousness Led by the Teacher of
Righteousness A community of priests,
laypeople Went into the wilderness
Violent men have sought my life
Because I have clung to Thy Covenant.
I thank Thee, O Lord, For Thou hast fastened Thine
eye upon me. Thou has saved me from the
zeal Of lying interpreters, And from the congregation of
those Who seek smooth things.
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A few facts The community existed for almost 200 years In 68 CE, Qumran destroyed, along with all its
inhabitants. Prior to the Roman conquest, they deposited their
scrolls in jars and hid them in caves. These were discovered in 1947, 1948. Over 800 scrolls have been found. First scholars to work on the scrolls were Christian,
largely Roman Catholic
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A Sensational Find
The Dead Sea Scrolls –
The most important
biblical archeological find
of the 20th century
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Why all the excitement ??
Jewish Christian
Earliest biblical manuscripts
New Jewish writings No writings from other
groups -- except Philo – 1st century CE Josephus – 70/80 CE Talmud – 2nd century
reflecting earlier traditions
Messianic Jewish community Led by an inspired teacher Strict Torah-observance Purification ritual Meal of bread and wine Terminology – Community
of the Way; New Covenant
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3. WHY DID THEY FORM
THIS COMMUNITY?
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Why? ?
To create a congregation of the righteous
To be ready for God’s messianic kingdom World is evil – worst time in human history God has to intervene soon to create a better
world
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What did they Expect Would Happen? Restoration of the Davidic monarchy Jerusalem will be the pre-eminent city Israel the pre-eminent state
Rule of the righteous Righteous will triumph – eternal life Righteous dead will be resurrected The unrighteous will be killed – eternal death
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What did they Expect Would Happen?
Universal implications God will be worshipped by all humanity Universal peace
….and best of all … Eternal life for the righteous
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How would this come about? They were actively preparing for such a world
“In the wilderness, prepare the way of the Lord, make straight in the desert a highway for our God” (Isaiah 40:3)
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How would this come about ?
Some thought God would do it directly. ZAP!
Others thought that a “messiah” would help God achieve this new state of affairs
So… What’s a messiah? 21
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What’s a Messiah? A Messiah is a human being who
appears at the end time, when God recreates the world.
becomes the Davidic king over a restored Israel
assists God in eliminating all the unrighteous people and rulers, rewarding the righteous with eternal life.
In sum, a messiah is a world-transformer
It will be a time of unparalleled peace. 22
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4. HOW WERE THE SCROLLS
DISCOVERED?
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Scrolls – found in Large Jars
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1 Some Key Players
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The Scrolls – Some in Fragments; Some Whole
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The Scroll Team
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“The Scrollery”
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5. WHAT DO THE SCROLLS
SAY?
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The Scrolls
Books of the Hebrew Bible – except Esther – OLDEST BIBLICAL MANUSCRIPTS
Own writings: Community Rule Copper Scroll Temple Scroll War Scroll Hymns Messianic texts Damascus Scroll
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Year I • Vow to uphold Torah as interpreted by the community • Vow to separate • Studies Torah
Year II • Examined; admitted conditionally into the community, the new covenant • Property held in escrow
Year III • Full acceptance into the Community • Property reverts to the community • Admitted to the pure meal • Allowed to participate in discussions
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From the Community Rule What awaits the righteous… …It shall be healing, great peace in a long life, and
fruitfulness, together with every everlasting blessing and eternal joy in life without end, a crown of glory and a garment of majesty
in unending light.
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From the War Scroll This shall be a time of salvation for the people of God, an age of dominion for all the members
of His company and everlasting destruction for all the company of Belial [=Satan]…The dominion of the Kittim [=Romans] shall come to an end and iniquity shall be vanished, leaving no remnant; for the sons of darkness there shall be no escape.
The sons of righteousness shall shine over all the ends of the earth; they shall go on shining until all the seasons of darkness are consumed and, at the season appointed by God, His exalted greatness shall shine eternally to the peace, blessing, glory, joy, and long life of all the sons of light.
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From the Copper Scroll In the vale of Achor under the stairs which go eastwards 40 cubits, a box filled with silver weighing in all 17 talents In the tomb of …the third, 100 gold bars. In the great cistern which is in the courtyard of the little
colonnade, at its very bottom, closed with sediment, 900 talents.
In the cistern of the esplanade which is under the stairs, 42 talents
In the cave of the old Washer’s House, on the third platform, 65 gold bars.
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From the Thanksgiving Psalms Violent men have sought my life Because I have clung to Thy Covenant.
I thank Thee, O Lord, For Thou hast fastened Thine eye upon me. Thou has saved me from the zeal Of lying interpreters, And from the congregation of those Who seek smooth things.
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From Psalms attached to the Community Rule
My eyes have gazed On that which is eternal,
On wisdom concealed from men On knowledge and wise design Hidden from the sons of men
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Significant Similarities
Jesus’ First Followers DSS Community
Messianic Torah-observant Inspired teacher: Jesus
Baptism Communal meal Opponents
Paul Sadducees/Temple priests
Messianic Torah-observant Inspired teacher: the
Teacher of Righteousness Water ritual – purification Communal meal Opponents
The Liar Sadducees/Temple priests
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Why Important?
Oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible
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First-hand Glimpse into 1st century Judaism 1st Century BCE & 1st century CE
Helps us understand Jesus’ First Followers in Jerusalem who shared many of their beliefs and practices
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York at Qumran
Barrie lecturing at Qumran to 29 York/Atkinson
Students - 2001