The X Factor 3

8/14/2019 The X Factor 3

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l|ead f Edirorral: Des-:SteveHorton,Martin Annable WendyKwoklenior eveloomentditor: Pct"rs esearch:: : , , , 'nebeccaSt . ohnston SophieMort imert:::.::,!4itor:Erendaarshall Productionontroller:An Editor:ayneSwanson Terence trongmanfditorial:rahamColeman, f'larkerirg:ohnBalmond,tr,li::'t:e.faiglenday,ain Reid, Head{ irculation:l,],ll::1,99" ichmond ChrisJenner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSq:,,,'to*tributingrthors:tanton Friedman, Rob lrving, Davjdrr,,lescod,Simon Richmond, FergusFleming, enny M|!J

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CRASFIATf t 1947, rnr USctArMEDTO HAVE FOUND A FLYINGSAUCER EAR ROSWEIL/Nrw Mrxlco. LATERHATSAMEDAY,THEYDENTEDT.WnS THISTHESTART Frnr UFO ovrn-up?

he headlineswere spectacular: RAAI'Captures Flyrg Saucer on Ranch inRoswell', 'At-y Declares Flying Discrc Found', ,Ar,ny Finds Air Saucer on

Ranch in New Mexico'. It was 8 July 1947,and Lieutenant Walter Haut. Publich-rformation Officer at the RoswellArmv AirField (RAAF), ha d just issued the mostilnportant press eleaseof the centurr'.

The timing of the story r'r'as rr-rcial.t u.asreleasedat noon, New Mexico time, but,becar-rse f the time differences in the US,\\;rs oo late for most morning papers. t did,horteveq make it into some evening editions.Tire initial press eleasewas expanded uponbr tl.rebase,and the sheriff s office and localrcr\Sllapers were inundated with queriesir,,r i t tlte media and the public. Then sud-clcnlr. anrid the excitement, the Army AirFrrr.. changed ts story: it was not a UFO.ritel el l . t r ias ust a balloon.

Tire heacllines the next day effectivelykil leci the storr ' : Reports of Flying SaucersDr i indle: \err \ , Iexico "Disc" is only\\eathel Balloon'. Pictures of the 'wreck-age appea red n manv papersover the nextferr'davs.ar.rd her-ressentiallynothing more

was heard about theincident for 30 years.

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The crashed-saucer torywould have remaineduntold had it not been for achance meeting, in 1978, betlveen nuclearphysicistStanton Friedman and a TV stationmanager in Louisiana. \Atrile waiting to beinterr.iewed about his UFO work, Friedmanstruck up a conversation with the stationmanager,who told him that he ought to talkto a man named JesseMarcel. 'He handled

poses with o piece of thesupposed Roswell debris.In o pressconferenceofter the crosh, l wosonnounced thot the ,':lUFO reported in thenewspopers (inset)wcs :l',iust o weother bolloon.


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pieces of one of those flying saucersyou'reinterested in when he was in the military,'th e manaser old Friedman. He lives ver n

. :::Htiuma,Louisiana.'EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT

.,.,,,The next day, Friedman contacted Marcel,tifi.,,lnd found out that he had been the::,'11:,,elligence Officer at the RAAF when a,l :flFng saucer wassupposed to have crashed

on a sheep ranchnear Corona, 120 kmfrom Roswell. Marcel

,:said that his orders.were to collect thecfash wreckage and:deliver it to WrightField in Ohio, where,lthe US Army usuallystockpiled capturedgnemy equrpment.:l:::...As Marcel was,.takJlig the debris tolOhio, Press OfficerWalter Haut officially announced the story.Later that day, t was decided to cover up thetrue events, and a second statement wasmade to the press: the wreckage was justpieces of a weather balloon.

Marcel could not recall the exact dates,,_but riedman shared the information with. UFOfogist William Moore, who had agreedto help in t he investigation. n turn. Moore

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;1,..,:,.qarnecross a story that gave the events a,,,,,,,.,timerame. In the very frst issue of Flymg

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Saucer euieu,TV personalin'Hr,rghie Creenreported that. wh le dr i r ing nearPhiladelphia, he had heard a neu's broad-cast announcing that a UFO had beenrecovered by the Army. Creen tried to findout more, but never heard the storv men-tioned again. It was not much, but at leasthe had a date: ateJune or earlyJulr' 1947.THE SEARCH INTENSIFIESMoore did a search of the Universin' ofMinnesota Library and found the nervspa-pers f rom 8 July 1947 corer ing theCorona-Roswell event. The papers gavenames for the rancher, the sheriff. theRAAF personnel and a time frame.Friedman and Moore went ir-ito high gearand, by 1980,had talked to 62 people con-cerned with the event, ncluding Bill Brazel,son of the rancher u'ho found the wreck-age, neighbours r'r,ho also handled somedebris, such as Loretta Proctor, and JesseMarcel's son,Jesseunlor.Amazingly, Lieutenant \4talter Haut, thePress Officer rvho released the story, wasstill living in Rosrvell.He had a base year-book and n'as helpful in t racking downpeople and filling in details.

By 1986, Friedman and Moore hadtracked down 92 people and published sixpapers. Friedman had convinced the pro-ducers of LlnsolaedMysterieso do a segmentabout Roswell n their NBC-TV programme,

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enabling him, as a consultant, to seek otherrvitnesses. n August 1989, while filming inRoswell, Friedman met with morticianGlenn Dennis. He had worked for theBallard Funeral Home, which providedmortuary services o the base.

For the first time ever, Glenn spokeabout strange activity at the Army base hos-pital in the summer of 7947. Not only had

33 r$We hqd lust gone througho World Wor... Then come thisf ly ing soucer business. f wos

iust loo much for the publicto hqve to deol withColonelThomos efferson uBose, thAir Force

V In the mid-l94os,Mogul bolloons weredesigned to lisfen outfor Soviel nucleortests. The US Air Forcenow clqim rhof fhecrosh qi Corono wqs.one of the fop-secret:Mogul bolloons. fhq .proiect wos scroppedond declossifiedwithin q few yecrc,so why did ir roke rheAir Force so long toreveof the 'lrulh'?

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nu$fthe Army asked him how to deal with 'smallbodies', but he was forcibly thrown out ofthe hospital on his next visit.

Couid alien bodies have been recoveredin the crash? Dennis believes so. He claimsto have met rvith a nurse at the base whotold him about 'very smelly' bodies she hadseer-r eing autopsied by two doctors. Thebodies had brownish-grey skin, big headsrrith slits or holes for nose. ears and mouth.and four slender fingers with no thumb,and no hair. After meetins with Dennis a

few times, the nurse simply disappeared,apparently moving to England. When hetried to contact her, Dennis's mail wasreturned, stamped'Deceased'.

Despite some of the unverifiable detailsof the Roswell Crash, the broadcast ofUnsolaedMysteries n September 1989 was agreat success, being seen by 28 millionpeople in the US. There followed a greatrush of books, TV shows and attacks bydebunkers. By now, the researchershad sep-arated nto two warring factions- while thevall agreed that at leastone UFO had crashedon the Foster ranch, on e group ofresearchers, nhich inclr-rcled Friedman,believed here had been a secondcrash,onthe plains of SanAugustin, New Mexico.ANOTHER CRASHED UFO?The second-crashtheory relies heavily onthe testimony of two key witnesses. he first,Cerald Anderson, contacted Friedman afterseeing a 1990 re-run ofthe (JnsoluedMysteriesdoc-umentary. By this time,the other witness, Grady'Barney' Barnett, haddied, but he had told hisstory to two friends,LaVerne and JeanMaltais, who passed theinformation to Friedmarr.

Independently, bothmen told stories aboutdiscovering alien bodiesin or around saucerdebris. And according toAnderson's claims, one


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A Roswell is home tofwo UFOmuseums:the lnternotionol UFOMuseum, ond theEnigmo Museum,where this model of ocrqshedflying souceris on disploy.

tu=*; ;i,[of' the aliens survived the crash.Unfortunatell', becar,rseBarnett had died,he cor.rldnot be quizzed about what he sar.v.As a result, many UFOlogistsexpress eser-rrationsabor.rt he crash at San Augustin.

The factssurrounding the Corona crash,horvel'er, have become almost universallvacceptecl.By the time Friedman's Crashat

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Corona (co-rr i t ren bv ar- iat iotr sciencer'r,riter,Don Ber-liner) rtas publishecl in1992,most of t i re blanks n the story hadbeen fi l lecl n.THE FUtL STORYThe stoll of the Rosr'r'ell crash began on 2Jul,v 1947. rr'hen sheep rancher Mac Brazelheard a porr'elful explosion in the midclleof an electrical storm. The fbllorving morn-ing. Br-azel. 'ho operated the Foster ranchabout 120 krn northlvest of Rosnell and 32krl southeast of the tin,v tor.vn of' (lorona,\\'ent to check on a \vater pllmp. Otr tl-reNar',he discor,ered an area 1 km long stre\vnn'ith debris n'hich, r'vhen he foldecl it severalt irnes, unfolded spontaneoush'. There tr'erealso pieces of nhat lvas later described assmall I-beams with \rerv LurrlsLlAl avender-coioured symbols alorrg tf ie ilsicle of the I.The beams had tl-re wcight of balsa ltoodbut could no t be broken or br-rrned.

On Sundar,l 6.|ulr'. Brazel made the longcross-countrv trip l' ith some of the r'vreck-age in his old pickup truck. He took it tothe Rosrvell Sheriff, George Wilcox, lr,hocontacted the Arrny base and spoke rviththe Intell igence Officer, Major Marcel. He


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in turn checked out the material. andnoted it was verv strange and unlike anydebris seen during his service n \{orld \{hrII. As the Intelligence Officer for t heworld's only atomic-bomb r-rr.rit,Marcel's. judgement could be rel ied upon. TheRosr,vell ase commander, Colonel WilliamBlanchard, nstructed Marcel and SheridanW. Cavitt, a Counter-Intelligence Officer, tofollow the rar-rcherout to the remote fieldand collect the debrisFINDING THE WRECKAGEIn his book, Crash at Coro'na,Fricdrnanpublished Marcel's first-hand account ofwhat he sar,r'':When r,l.e arrived at thecrash site, it rvas amazing to see the vastamount of a rea it covered . It na s nothingthat hit the ground or exploded [on] th eground. It's something that must haveexploded above gror.rnd, trave ling per-haps at a high rate of speed... It wa s quiteobvious to me, familiar lvith air activities,that it wa s not a lveather balloon. nor wasi t a p lane or a missi le. '

The two mellf i l led their vehiclesrvith as mtrch of thedebris as ther colr lc lholcl. 1eavin51 lot ofi t behind. On the\'va)' back to theRoswell base, Marceistopped off at hi shome to shorv someof the crash r.vreck-

ALTERNATIVE XPLANATIONSWhile mostUFO eseorchers qvereiecfedcloims thol o bolloon croshed ol Corono,they hove nol lololly ogreed on whot didfoll from the sky. Ahernqtives include:o FUGObolloon. During 1945, ihe Joponese

lounched over 9,OOOpoper bolloonscorrying explosives. Bul if one crqshed qfCorono, where hod it been in the twoyeors since fhe end of ]he wor?

. US esl rccket. Some reseqrchers suggestthot the Americons were tesling o copfuredunguided missile. This moy hqve fooled thesheep roncher,Moc Brozel, but surely iheArmy would recognizeo missile?And whywould it hove been such o secrel? '

o Teslpilot monkeys. Some reseorchergsuggest thof the recovered'qlien bodies'were jusi rhesus monkeys being used osporl of o militory spoce-trovel experimenl.=e

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V Slonfon Friedmon(right) conlinues roseorch for evidence ofthe crqshes in NewMexico, often mokinglrips lo Roswell qndSon Auguslin lo speokto eyewitnesses.

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ag e to his nife and their son,Jesseunior.The next morning, Colonel Blanchard

ordered the area near Corona sealed off. Alaree eroup of soldiersand militarl, police

i

a.-t' ,.,,i'' "'':': 1|& ==:::::-:,,:,::::'The UFO croshes in NewMexico lqunched the USgovernmenl on o long-termcqmpoign of dis informqtion

Stonion Fr iedmonnU

\ \ e] 'e sent to thelanch :rnci a detailecl.e.r Ic l t \ !as tnadeof the area. Back atthe R\\F, PressOlficer LieutenantHar,rt issued a pressrelease indicatingthat a fl,ving disc hadbeen captured. The

nervs made the local radio and appeared inthe evening editions of the local papers.

Meanlvhile, Major Marcel r'vas nstructedto get a B-29 crelv to take him and the rvreck-age to \{right Field (norv knorur as \,\,'risht-Patterson Air Force Base) in Ohio. On theu'a1,, e stopped at Fort \{orth, Texas, head-quarters of the Eishth Air Force.

Bv this t ime, the Actins Director ofStrategic Air Commancl in \{ashington,General Clemens NlcN{ullen, had heardabor.rt the press release. He con tactedColonel Thomrr: Jel le lsorr DuBose, theChief of Staff ar Forr \Vorth, and told him toinrrent a cover storv and hand over the run-ning of the incident to General RogerRamel', the base comrnander.When Marcel touched down in Fort\{orth, he was met bv Ramev zrnd told,'Don't sal' an,vthing. I'll take c:rre of it.'

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Weather-balloon wreckage and a radarreflector, made of foil and wooden sticks,were brought in with Irving Newton, thebase meteorologist. Marcel posed with thebogus wreckage and the presswas told thata mistake had been made, that it was not aflying saucer, but a radar reflector. After-Wards,Marcel was sentback to Roswell.

The cover story went out about 5 p.-.central t ime, too late for the newspapers,except the last edition of the Los AngelesiTeratdExpress.The subtitle of the head-line was 'General Believes it is RadarWeather Gadget'.ATIEN BODIES FOUNDThe clean-up of the Foster ranch and sur-rounding area took one week, duringwhich time Marcel was forbidden to speakto anyone. The search for debris wasexpanded and, after two days, the mainbody of the saucer was found close to theFoster ranch. An d just over1.6 km from the craft, deadalien bodies were found.

In 1990, Stanton Friedmaninterviewed an Army Air Forcesphotographer (wishing to beknown only asFB) who claims tohave seen bodies in the fieldnear Corona. FB says he wasstationed at the Anacostia NavalAi r Station, Washington D.C.,

) Glenn Dennis, heRAAFmorticion, modethese sketches of theRoswell oliens bqsed onthe description given fohim by o nurse of lheRAAF.The olien shedescribed beors someresemblonce o fhecreoture in the outopsyfootoge (below)releosed in 1995. But,occording to the ollegedoutopsy comeromon,the film is of on olienrecovered from o UFOcrosh on 31 May 1947,neor Socorro, NewMexico - nof oronq orSon Augustin.

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when he and a fellorv photogra-pher were ordered to flr' to theRAAF. When thev arrived atRoswell, the nto tneu n-ere taken

, to a tent irr a field and told tophotograph its contents.'Tl.rererras oLrrbodies couldsee. recal ls FB, going on to

describe heir headsas appearing too largefor their small bodies.

SinceJannarv 1995,more than 30 coun-tries hale broadcastportions of a supposedalien autopsy. Atrd while the aiien in thefiln.r appears to be similar to a few e,vewit-nessdescriptions, the supposedcameramanclaims to have taken the footage on 31 May1947 near Socorro, New Mexico. Couldthere have been a third UFO crash?

According to Ray Santilli, the music pro-ducer who claims to have bought the filmfrom the cameraman, a number of rnilitarypersonnel rom 1947 ecognize he alien asthe creature recovered from a saucercrash

In the next issue, LT O I'ILE dissectsheRoswellalien autopssootageand asks: s it amonq-spinninghoax or thereal hing?

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Tnr coNSPIRAcYHEoRIES PUT* : :UND.EB. .- ;iFrs'' ''1"{,f ter President John F. Kennedvannounced to Congress in IIar1961 that the US should 'comrnit

r itself, before this decade is out, tolanding a man on the moon and returninghim safely o earth,' the race to the moonbegan. The Cold War was at its height, and\ASA was one of the leading weapons inthat batt le.

Br-rtt was he SovietUnion who made a1lthe eariv advances.They launched the firstmalr nto space n 1961,and the f irst womann\'o lears later. Thev were also the first toolbit tl-re arth.

The US had their successes.oo. when.less han a r-earafter Kennedy'sspeech,JohnClenn became the first American to orbitthe earth. Triurnph turned to tragedy in

EA Apollo | | blosted off ,from Floridq's KennedySpoce Cenfer on t6 July| 969, londing on themoon four l:tr ,"*" ,.twos only eight yeore sincePresideni Kennedy {inset} 'commified rhe US to themoon proiect. Hoox 'theorisfs soy NASA could:'nol hqve perfected theirlunor progromme so fosf.

ruE$ruT!r rn O PHOTOGRAPHS EREFAKED,WHAT WEREN EASONS?ii

Jar-ruary 967, however,when Apollo1 explocled n flames during testing,killing the three astronautson board.

The many flaws that had lead tothe fire meant that a complete designoverhar.rlwasrequired. Many at NASAfelt that the end of the decade deadlinervould prove unfeasible.IMPOSSIBTE DREAMIt lvas he need to fulfil Kennedy's promisewhich Californian author Bil l Kaysingbelieves sparked the NASA conspiracy,.Betrveen 1956 and 1963,Kaysingworked asa technical writer for a company involved inthe Apollo missions. During this t ime,Kaysingclaims, NASA carried out a feasibiliq,study which found they had only a 0.0017


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l lc l celrt chancc of landing a man on thenroon an d returning him to earth. Kaysingbelieves t rvas mpossible for NASA to gofl'om 0.0017 o 10 0per cent by 1969.

Some people believe Kaysinghas a point.The technologl rsed o f1yApol lo I I to theInoon \\as extremell pr irn i t i re cornparedr i i th today's tandards.n lact. he on-boardcomput-er ad essmemorv tharr r rrodernrrashingmachine.1I,A.91"?.El_T RMA Nc EIrr his book, Wr,Npun llprtr to the ,V1oon.Ikysirrgcla ims har NAS arrc l he Defenselnte l l igence gencr (DL\ r r 'orked togetheron faking the Apol lo I I moon larrd ing.AnemptySarurnV rocket ras aunched,bur fellback t-o ar lh \vhen t rr 'as rr t of the prrb l icgaze.NASA also a l leger l l rcreateda lurrar 'landscape n an rrrrdergloundca\ern at aremote Nevada site.

Meanwhile, the astronaut.s nrl \ l issior-rControl were takiilg part in a nleticlrloush-staged performance designed to fool rhepublic - and especialh he Russians intobeliering rhey had landed on the moon.Fakephotographsand film were taken an d

astronauts return to earth staged bying a dummy space apsule rom an

ane into the ocean.

Ka,vsing goes onto suggest that th eastronautswere brain-washed to guararlteetheir co-operationnith the hoax.

Another American;;;t;;, nnrpn ,.,e,also trelieves thatastronauts could nothave made it to themoon. In his book,I{ASA Mooned, merica ,Rene claims thatthe Apollo spacecraft

the;, nor,rld score a propagalda coup agailst 327 km. Suclr,eienfrthe Sor ets and keep the c lol lars roUing in sp.r r redon fhe Amer icon

tecl r r rologl ro take r r rcrr afel r to lhe moon he spenf neor ly twobr t l re errc l of the lgttU.. r l rer resor ted to hours h Vostok ,fakirrg the ltr tral landings. This ensurecl r l rat reochingon ohi tude of

for funding their real spaceprojectsJOINT CONSF.I.RACY.\nother hoax rheory,c la ims rhat the

sPce Proglromme.

Amer icarrs and Sor ets secret ly devclopcdtheir space techrrologr roeether . NAS.\faked the Apollo photoeraphs because thevand the Soviets tere bui lding basesor r r l rernoon lo use as a staging posr for a full-blorrnbaseon Mars. . Soaie

B: I. t' . Rei t t rurhis theory rvas triugered by a spoofdocumer ar; cal ed Al ernn ue'l'h ep.madetryAnglia TY's SrienreRzporlserie:. riginallyscheduled or All Fools' Day. he programmervas ctual lvbroadcast n 2o.f rne 1977. t

Tlrc Weatherffiffil @boNm}1 OIDA\. lu t , \ l- 1 192dYear No ' :l l I

RevisionOfABTIStudictlIStre&[i

Will ArriveAsAPolloTakes ff

Unma$tNixon ls SeenOffcr ingShif tlf Plan 'altcrsi

BY Jack B' l l

orxrnt tu! !F1: :


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fheir souls?RolphRen6, ooxTheorist

rd"i;^ came p with hree *.i,,L .

caused a deluge of response from worriedvieu'ers - in many ways comparable to thepublic panic following Orson Welles' famous?Var,9l he Worlds adio broadcast of 1936.

The documentary de declared that the*o*euently, a team of

and government

n ond fhe restdie with

save the human race. The first alternativewas o detonate controlled nuclear r'l.arheadsin the atmosphere to allow pollution todispersento space. he secondalternativewas o build huge subterranean bunkers tohouse he rich, intelligent and powerful eliteof the world. But Alternative Three was hechosenplan.nrIrBru4I_lYr ! : j j__In this scenario,humans would colonize thenearest planet capable of sustaining life -Mars.According to the programme, a.jointAmerican and Soviet space probe had

APOttO T DISASTEROn 27 Jonuory 1967, o lewdoys before Apollo l's lqunchdote, there were moiorproblems wirh the commqndmodule. As fhe qstronqutsworked in the module,disqster struck. Jusi offer 6.3Opm, o shorl tronsmissioncome from Apollo f , 'We'vegol o fire in the cockpit.Wifhin seconds, thelemperolure hqd soqred tol,4OO"Cdu e to lhe module'sinflommoble pure oxygenolmosphere. Astronquts GusGrissom, Ed White ond RogerChqffee were osphyxioted bycorbon monoxide. Conspirocy

theorists cloim ihcrf NASAcould not possibly hoveworked out "" t oi cqusedfhe fire (obove), solved ql lthe module's design fqults,builr o new on e qn drr...*frliy r.rt *.. to fhemoon in only two yeors.

ffi$ai*aalready been sent to explore the far side ofthe moon in the late 1950s.A joint lunarbasewould be built as a launching post fora proper Martian base.Once the Mars baseswere in place, the rich and powerful would"abandon earth for Mars, leaving the rest ofhumanity to fend for themseh'es on adoomed earth.

As unlikel-vas all this mav seem, mauvr,ielers rvere taken in bv the documentarv.

{ During the Cold Warbelween the USA qndrhe USSR, lhe roce tosend o mon to ihemoon wos of greotimportonce, os it couldbe used lo suggeslideologicol superiorify.In *re eorlr;tot-*:j" "spoce roce, the Sovietswere cleorly oheod.

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Mars and believe they have proof that alienruins exist there. The most compellingevidence they claim, is the famous 'face onMars' photograph. NASA say he picture isjust a trick of the light.

The head of TMM, Richard Hoagland,changed the group's name to the Enterprise

despite the fact that it was advertised inmany newspapers as a spoof. It also had acast l ist of actors at the end of theprogramme and a copyright notice reading1 April 1977.

The programme was not shown in theUS, which fuelled conspiracy theories thatthe 'truth' was being kept from them.Suspicions grew when people claimed thatcopies of the book Alternatiae Three werehard to find, and that they were beingwithheld by the government.

There is another theory that is gainingmomentum. An American research groupcalled The Mars Mission (TMM) havespent nearly 20 years analysing pictures of

) This photogroph,foken from Viking l,

. shows the'foce onMqrs'. NASA soy it is orock formqtion 1.8 kmwide. The shot of rhemoon (inset),sent bockto eorth by o Russionprobe in 1965, showswhot RichordHooglondcloims is on ortificiolslructure (circled).

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33 1*.Neil Armsfrong reloyedthe messqge o MissionControl thot two lorge,mysterious obiects werewotching themDr Vlodimir Azhozho,Moscow Universil'ynt , ,

Mission in March 1996 becausehe believeshe has found evidence of artificial strLtctllreson the moon. Hoagland says e has eachedthese conclusions by using simplegeometrical calculations.rosT ctvt t tzATloNImages of the earth taken from satellitephotographs at 100 metre resolution shorvstraight l ines, circles and sqttares,represent ing roads, houses and ci t ies.Hoagland was aware of this and, rvhen helooked at the moon, he claims o have oundgeometric shapesat 100 metre resoltition onits surface.He believes her-are the remainsof huge glass structures built to protectlunar cit ies. Without the constt 'aints of


13/31

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gravity, Hoagland argues, these structuresare much larger than anything we couldbuild on earth. He estimates hat one ofthem, which he calls 'The Tower', couldhave been up to 12 km high. He believesthe,v overed much of the lunar surfaceandare still visible from earth as the darkerpatches on the moon. Hoagland says heypoint to a lost interplanetary civi l ization,arrd believes the Apollo astronauts werearrareof their existence.ATIENS ON THE MOONLeading British UFO researcher,TimothyCood, goes one step further. In his book,Bqond Top Secret,Cood reports that theastronautsactually sarv liens on the moon.The evidence for this extraordinary claimis an alleged secret conversation between)Iission Control and Aoollo 11 astronauts\ei l Armstrongand BuzzNdr in. which wasmonitored by Soviet c ient ists.

Dr Madimir Azhazha,a Russianphvsicist

*-+.


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BE,I_IIND FIE,

DO THEUNDEADROAM TfIEEARTHDRINKINGHUMANSLOOO?ON IS THEREMEDICALEXPLANATIONFOR AfvlPlRlSm?rrnrrrnYHrsroRrnruavloPescooINVESTIGATES

T j: f hen Arnod Paole was attacked by ataaaf J vampire, he knew what to do to saveI t his soul. He tracked the creature to#ffi its grave and thrust a stake.throughits heart, smearing his own body with theblood. He would often retell the tale to fel-low villagers, drawing gaspsof admiration.Life went on as normal unti l Paole brokehis neck in a fall and wasburied at the localgraveyard.Then Paole seemed lo comeback from the dead.

Villagers began complainingabout being bothered by Paole,and dead bodies were found.drained of blood. Rumours-ofvampirism spread and a group ofAustrian Army officers were sentto investigate. They disinterredPaole's body, and what thdy sawconfi rmed everyone'sfears.

The off icers reported thatPaole wa s 'complete and unde-cayed... fresh blood had flowedfrom his eyes, nose, mouth andears; the old nails on his handsand feet, along with the skin, hadfallen otf, and new ones hadg.o*h. Since they saw f,rom this


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that he was a vampire, they drove a stakethrough his heart... whereupon he gave anaudiblegroan and bled copiously: '

This is one of the.many casesof vam-pirism recorded in the Austrian officerslaccount from the 1730s. Entitled Vis:14mtRcpcrtum 'Seen and Discovered') . ihereport details several other exhumations,and a subsequent epidernic of vampirism'.Clearly, something had happened to thevillagefs in their post-mortem state. Butcould i t real lybe vampir ism?MODERN BETIEFS;***r*lt,;q**:@A survey by California State Universityrevealed that more than 27 per cent,'ofAmericans believed vampires were real. If

, askedwhat such a vampire looks like, thesebelievers would probably describe th e. creatures portriyed in numerous films,which have as their source Bram Stoker'slB97 novel.Drarula.

This vampire is depicted as a handsomear istocrat . exual ly r t ractedby - and to -both sexes.By day, he rests.in a coffin inhis castle; by night, he has the power offlight, setting forth to drink blood. Despitethese superhuman attributes,=lhisvampireis terrified b1'crosses, arlic and light.

There ii* horu..'.., anorher type ofvampire, that of folklore, which is foundthroughout history in most cultures. This'. vampire's attributes are very different tothose portrayed in the media. Gone is the

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cultured aristocrat - the vampire of folk-lore ls an ordlnary peasant.

Unl ike his media counterpart . he folk-lore vampire resides n a graveyard. suallywithout a coff in. \Mh...uf ' the mecliavam-pire loveshi s 'undead' stateand trave]s arto seek out [urther vict ims. the l-olklbievampire hates he condition, never wandei- "'"-ing beyond his or her village. The gapffi# 1eThe vqmpire legend is o kindof incesfuous, ribcrophilous,orql-qnql.sodist icql l - inwresfling mqtch

MouriceRichordson,uthor

n\ w#between the two is so great that it is true tosay hat the media vampire and the folklorevampire would neyer meet socially.

To understand why there was a universalbelief in the folklore vampire; it is necessaryto go back ohly 200 years, to an eia whenthe causesof many ilhlesses were a mystery,and post-mortem decay littlE'"understood.The maioriry of peoplebeliered that deathu, 'd dirJa.e tere the work ol God. Bur romtime to time, sitr.rations arose tn'at madepeople suspicious hat another, .more sinis-rer. force was at work.MYsTThIOUS DEATHSThis was particularly the case when anotherwise healthy person died suddenly -be it under mysterious circumstances,or ofheart failure, infectious diSease r a'stroke.At a time when there was lit t le medicalknowledge, an explanation was found byblaming the deaths on the supernatural: avampire had sucked the life from the livingto sustain its undead state. The villagerswotild then consider the possibility that thedeceasedhad also become a vampire.

The corpses f such people would thenbe exhumed and -examined for tell-talesigns of vampirism. These included skinregeneral ion.growth of hair and nai ls. a

, ruddy and well-fed cor,nplexion,and bleed-ing orif ices.The undead were also knownto groan and break'wind.Today, the processofputrefaction (bod-ily decay) is weil known to science. In thepast, however, what happened to a corpse

tu


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Iatswoman

V According to folklore,if q creqture shows noreflection in c mirror, itis o sure sign ofvompirism. Methods forcomboiing vompiresdiffer from counlry tocountry, but fhe mostenduring qre fhose ofmiddle-Europeonfolklore. A crucifix orholy woter is used torepel the undeod, qndo shorpened stgkedriven through its heortro kill ir. Finolly,stuffing the decd .vgmpire's mouth with

gorlic ensurei it" sloys deod.

ffidaacB-

after burial was shrouded in mystery.What and fart. In many communities, the heartthe vampire-hunters thought was proof of was removed, the body burned, and thethe undead state was, in fact, the typical ashes hrown into a river.decomposit ion of a body. If, once this had been accomplished,

As a corpse decays.,asesare produced the phenomena did not disappearJ athat quickly build up inside the body. caus- search would be made for further bodresing it to swell and become bloated. The that exhibited signs of th e r.rndead.soft t issue of the genital ia also become Methods for hunting r-ampires variedswollen with gas and, in inen, the penis from country to countn, but once aand scrotum reach a size rarely encoun- search w-as egun, finding rnore r.ar.npirestered in life. in the past, a corpse seen at could b guaranteecl. \ot even animalsthis stage.would look better fed than in were safe rom zealousr-ampire unters.life. And the erect poenis f a decomposingbody could have s,rftgested hat it was to vA M P I R E E P.!.,?:.fl!.1c ssome extent sexually active. Thus, an infectious and fatal illness pre-

Once the exhumed corpse was officially sent in a village often resultecl in andeclared to be a vampire, various methods outbreak of vampires - especiallv f manywere employed to put the spirit to rest.The people touched the corpses vhile clisinter.most popular method was o dr ive a sharp r ing and destroying hem.stake through the vampire's heart. This Redding the historical accounts of vam-would result in an explosive discharge of pires, it is evident that the observationsfluids and gas,causing the corpse to groan made rverecorrect - the ur-rdead

'|---?nid look larger and healthier than-4$u' did look larger and healthier than,ilry- ' in life. They appeared to have grownnew skin. and longer rrai ls. eeth and'hair: thev contained fresh 'blood' whichdripped from the nose, month and other

_rffi orifices; and, occasionally, the undead+"- groaned and broke rt ind.

s=I?=

But the interpretation of the phe-., nomena wa s wrong. With no other

explanation to account for what wasobserved, t is understandable how the

belief in vampiresspread to so many cul-tures as people attempted to explaindisease, death and decay in refer-ence to their own experience.


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re%reffi ffi3'-Ynlns oF DILIGENT RESEARCHPROVEDTO JENNY COCKELLTHAT SHE HAD LIVED BEFORE.NOW THE LIVING WITNESSTO REINCARNATION TALKSABOUT HER PAST AND HERFUTURE LIVES

ince childhood, Jenny Cockell vividlyremembers being Mary, a mother of eightchildren, from Malahide, near Dublino Ireland,ffi early this century.In 1987,Je*y set about proving she had once beenMary. Her quest was a success. Not only did she find

Mary's surviving children, she managed to reunite thefamily that had been separated for m.rny years.

Chatting across the kitchen table in herNorthamptonshire home, the married mum of tworeveals herself to be down-to-eartho intelligent andready to make jokes about her experiences. She treatsother people's views with respect. But there's onequestion that always annoys her:

#sSff i t ' * i r r i tatedwhenpeople ask, \Arhendid it allstart?' I've alwaysremembered my past lives,sincelwasababy.

Mosf people find it hqrd to remember theirchildhood, let qlone detqils of post lives.It's true that a lot of people forget about their livesbefore the age of six. But I believe that everyone haslived before, but that theyjust don't remember. \Arhenwe're young children, we do remember things aboutthose past lives. saw t in my own children, from theway they played and acted. My daughter had been agrandmother somewhere n eastern Europe and myson was a soldier in France.How would you describe reincErnotion?I believe it's the continuation of the inner person,which is a kind of energy. A&renour bodies wear outand die, this energy goes on to live in a new body.People like to talk about the 'soul', but I find this canbe very confusing because of the religious overtones. Iam not r'eligiousat all. Anyvay, it's not my place to tellother people what to think. I dislike people who say'this is the only way of looking at things.'

Bur if we ore ql l reincqrnqted, whot qbouf theworld's constonfly exponding populotion?If you go right through history and consider allforms of life being reincarnated - so an animal could

ENNY COCKELLPastLives,Future Lives

I.mtil th.@thot oI ild b66rung^"'"'-if R0I

a Post Lives, Future Lives sJenny Cockell'ssecond book. Init she describes he lives thoishe hod in ihe post qnd thelives she will live in the future.Cockellhos seen'os for qheqdos fhe yeor 2285 when she willbe Sheryl Voughn, o leenogerliving in Colifornio.


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come back as a human, that sort of thing - it's apossibility. Also, we're probably coming back quicker.More people do seem to be remembering their pastlives. But I really don't worry about these things.I'm much more interested in what is actuallyhappening to me.You come from q broken home. Could thesfress of your childhood hqve been o foctorin enqbling you to remember the lives youhove hod before?Under stress withdraw back into my subconscious,and that's what we're talking about - access o thesubconsciousmind. This must be part of the reasonI've alwaysbeen able to remember my past lives.I have engrossedmyself in these memories. I wouldlike to see a personality profile conducted on peoplewho believe they havebeen reincarnated. I would notbe surprised to find that they all shared anintroverted personality.How do you know fhot your posr-lifememories qre reql qnd nof iusf yourimoginotion?I knew in the same way that you know that your ownmemories of childhood, or your past,are real - theyfelt that way. I had also talked to my family aboutthese memories. As with anyone, though, there aregapsbetween the incidents I do remember.

Whqt's the eorliest life you remember?\Arhen was a child, one of the most peacefulmemories I have is being a hunter dressed n skins,climbing over a wooded hill, going towards asettlement of round huts by a lake. From theresearchI've since done on these and other details,I believe this was a Stone Age village in Scotland -about 3,000yearsago.Whof encourqged you fo investigqte yourprevious lives further?Over the years, had made notes about the memoriesand spoke to people about Mary. I also used to drawmaps of Malahide, where Mary had lived. I didn'tbother saving any of these maps, but it was always hesame one. In 1980,a new bookshop opened in myhome town and I ordered a large-scalemap of theMalahide area.When it arrived, the roads and thelandmarks matched up with u'hat I used to draw fairlyaccurately.This was my first confirmation that thedreams and memories I had'rvere real.How did you follow this up?I read books on reincarnation and talked to peopleabout the subject. I had my psychic abilities tested atNene College n Northampton. Then, in 1988,started a course of hypnotic regression. 'nanted tolearn more about Mary, her life and her children.Your reseqrch broughf Mory's five remoiningbrothers ond sisters together qgoin. Do youstill see fhem?I seeSonny fthe eldest brother and the first ofMary's surviving children thatJennv metl mostly, theothers essso. That's their choice. Thev don't needme as much as they need each other. That rvasone ofthe hardest things for me to do - letting go after allthese years.When did premonitions of your future livesfirst stqrt?\Arhen wrote my first book I Yesterday'shild,renl,I thought people might find it really hard to acceptmy past lives, so vou can imagine how I felt aboutrevealing the lir,es had seen in the future aswelllI had my first vir,id experiences of a future life in1990. There was a feeling of being an Asian girland a sensation of this being in the future.Through hypnosis, I have since identified the girlas coming from Kokuwa in Nepal. Her name will beNadia Tenchan.

Hove you ever been fo Nepol?No, and I'm unlikely to go there because havemultiple allergy syndrome, so I can't have theinjections you need. I'll just have to wait until I get


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natural immunity in my next life. Again, I've drawnout maps of where I will live. The fact that I had apremonition of red earth checked out - there arecertain parts of Nepal where the rock formationshave created red soil.There qre gqps between eoch of your lives.Whof hoppens in fhese in-between periods?\Arhen I went to Ireland to film atelevision documentary aboutMary, we managed to locate theexact room in the Dublinhospital where I had died. I wasovercome with a very weirdfeeling when I went in there,and I actually walked outbackwards- which is how Iremember leaving the last time.

leIt was the strength of theemotionsand the mernorieshatconaincedme that... I wasreliaing a past life.

known about for a lons time about the way theworld will develop.So how will rhe world develop?There will be a reduced population, partly becauseofthe increase n particular diseases, uch as cancerand new viruses. Interpretation is the biggest pitfall.You get used to the feelings and can sensewhether

things will happen in a few weeksor a couple of months, butgenerally it's vague.How hos your life chongedsincegoing public wirhyour story?Some people still think that I'mcrazy.But the best thing is howmany other people I 've come

ffiFIn the sameway people describe near-deathexperiences, I had seen Mary's body on the bedand the nurses rushing all around her. I was goingtoward a shaft of light. There were different coloursall around me. Then suddenly there was a brightburst of light. I felt like all the uselessemotions of lifewere being peeled away and I was eft exposed,surrounded by people, but feeling warm andcomfortable. It's the same kind of relationship a babyhas with its mother.You seem to be yery cerloin obout fheseexperiences.That's ust the way t is. Some memories are veryclear. For example, with Mary, I alwaysknew that theperiod of time involved was from the 1890s o the1930s. knew that my name was Mary and that I hadlived in Ireland. I really can't explain how or why -the knowledge was ust there. For the premonitionsof future lives, I believe the details provided byhypnosis because they tally with other things I have

acrosswho say hey have had similar experiences. t'sbeen a tremendous relief - like coming out of thecloset.Lots of things that I thought were quirky aboutme I've found are ust typical of people whoremember past lives.Hqve your psychic gifis ever been qproblem for you?There are times when it has been hideous. Myhusband's businesswas going fine, but when I gotglimpses of the future, it looked absolutely dreadful.Then his businesscollapsed. That put me off lookinglinto the futurel for a while.Whqr qbout your future in this life?Well, I've known when I'm going to die since I wasabout 21..I thought at the time, 'I must rememberto take out a pension!' I might be a year or two outon the exact date, but it feels right. Anyvay, I'll findout eventually.And it will certainly be a veryinteresting experiment. FFn


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;1

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PHECIES FoRrHr,

ichel de Nostradame, Similarevents.Nostradamus' rvi l l cnlminate n the vear 2000, hepopularly known by his predictions, culled from a mixture veal of Christ's SecondComing.Latin name Nostradamus, of astrologv and alchemv and 'Tl-re -r-rillennium,'Nostradamus

n often spent his evenings delivered n coded verses n \rrote to his son, shall end all. '- like a gypsywith a crystal ball - in his book CenturiesAt first glance futr.rre The key to his propheciesuntil he went into a deep trance his versesmake little sense,bnt lies not only in the translation butand saw nto the future. On one in-depth studies byvarior.rsscholars in the interpretation, u.hich can

-- . such night. Nostradarnus witnessed have shed much light on their vary greatly from scholar to scholar.

date he had predicted. FromFez hereignuillI \ , {^^. , r r \T^.r - - r^- , , - ,oAA P E RltO U S TIM ES ""^- . -L^+L-.-- , t L '^, -^a-Many of Nostradamus' 900 reach o those f Europe,predictions relate to catastrophic His outlook for the millennium Fire their cityand cut decisiuely:.u.: lo al the end.of thisr,.,1.1gventrt the end of this wasominous. He wrote that in Thegreatoneof Asia b1 and

1:,,:''nr_illennium.n view of the chilling 1999 a 'Great King of terror' will and b1seaa largegroup,4ccuracywith which he predicted rule, 'blood and pestilence will Th,c rosshat has scared tiffhis own death, his prophecies can redden two rivers' and 'pestilence, will bedriaenout to death.not be taken too lightly - especially war and famine shall fall upon the Astrologer and psychoanalysists inceother prophetspredict earth.' These events, he predicted, Peter Lorie believes his predicts


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Nostradamus. Cayce used thetrance state as a means offoreseeing the furure. Hi spessimisticview of the mil

- as here, in the use of the Frenchword 'feu', which could betranslated quite differently as thedestruction of 'fire' or as' inspirat ion' n a rel ig ioussense.Again, in another verse, he line'La loi Moricqueon aerra diffeittiftranslatesas 'The law of Moor rrillbe seen o decline.'AstrologerErika Cheetham thinks it refers tothe law of Morocco, or the \Ioors.and interprets the verseas the endof the Islamic faith. On the otherhand, Lorie readsMoor as more',and interprets this verseas the fallof communism.PSYCHIC PROPHETOther prophets are more explicitin their predictions. One of themost famous n modern timeswa sthe American psvchic healer EdgarCayce(1877-1945) Like

prophet:c spirif

-h ,r ' . . . ' , iearthquake in San Francisco and,1.1:f ires n Lo s -$geles jusr two yearslarer .- \s rer . \ lanhattan hasl I lasescaped but rhere s st i l l t ime.Cavcesarr-hese disastersei rrvith rh e magnericpoles lipping,

so that nor th becomes south, avice versa, causing tidal wavesearthquakes that destroy thdFinally, n the year 2000.heforetellsof rhe SecondCominChrist - and a new age of peace.

distu bances ollowing theeruption of Mount Etna in SiEtna erupted in 1991, ol lowedfurther eruprions n the Phil ippishortly after. Cayce also told of r ,.:L

wasout l ined in his predicr ionsabout a ser ies [ natural

inspired con predictport iculor fhings in o

The last prediction reflec*i'ihepropheciesas rold in the New

that a new religion, originating inFez,Morocco, will bring about thecollapse of Christianity in Europe.Astrologer A. T. Mann, on theother hand, thinks Nostradamuswaspredicting a new Arabianpower invading Europe, bringingwar, violence and destruction in itswake. BecauseNostradamus' versesare so vague, however,researcherstend to seewhat they want to seein their interpretations. Often, themeaning can hinge on one word) The prophet Edgor Coyce'sow'the Woll SrreetCroshof1929 (inset) ten months beforeir hoppened. He wos olso qfqith-heoler, ond lreoted over15,(X)Opofents in his lifuiime.

Testament Book of Revelations. nparticular the lines 'there wa sagreatearthquake.. .and the starsheaven ell unto the earth...

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widespread destruction in San. ,'l...:;:]lFrancisco, os AngelesandManhatran. n 1989, here wasanil l -

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24/31

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{ Theeorrhquoke hot shook LosAngeles n | 994 seemed o fulfilCoyce's redictions. ul LA s necrthe SonAndreos ouh, whereeorthquokes often occur.in Central America. Among theirmanv achievementswas the abilityto map the heavenswith pinpointaccurac\'.Har-ing no Christequivalent to set their dates by,they turned to the stars.The resultwas he Mavan 'Long Count',based on the movements of theplanet Venus. This dirided timeinto a ser ies f crclesbeginnir rgwith the birth of \-enus. Each cyclewas 1,872,000 avs ong. The o'clethat we are now liring in began on13 August 3114BC nd rrill end on22 December AD2012.

The Mayanswere certaill abolltthis current cycle and believed.moreover, that it was the last one.

become more lropical. and mossand ferns will grow' is uncanny -

erv mountain and islandwereout of their places.'Cayce was a deeply

ls man and i t is more thanthe cataclysmic

in the Bible had some:e on his v is ions.But his

made in 1934,ofIs n the Arctic', whereby

or semi-tropical climates will

icularly in the light of morerit,,,i,,in"y"" script- known os fhe

. - wos the key totheir complex cqlendor.

pbded, ir reveoled the Moyon'sir.fieend of the world.

recent concerns about the polarice-capsmelting as a result ofglobal warming.

Many of Cayce'sotherprophecies have been accurate. n1939, or example, he predictedthat two Arnerican presidents woulddie in office, amid a climate ofviolence and racial unrest, althoughhe stopped short of naming dates.

His supporters sayhe wasreferring to Franklin Roosevelt,who died in 1945 - the year whichended a war that sawgenocide ona huge scale andJohn F.Kennedy, shot during a time ofracial strife, in 1963. But scepticswould argue that Cayce'sprophecywas vague, at best a lucky guess.The US is rarely free from violenceand racial unrest, and historyshows hat, sooner or later, apresident is bound to die in office.MAYAN PROPHECIESNostradamus and Caycewere bothChr ist ians. o t is not surpr is ingthat they should follow themillennial lead set by Revelations.What is disturbing, however, sthat that they should besupported by prophets who notonly knew nothing ofChristianity but who used atotally different calendar.The Mayanswere anadvanced civilization thatexisted about 1,500yearsago


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one sfoled tre sun, ondplonets orronged in o stside (lefi). Srudies by NASA hovelhd when only two of t{rese- Jupiter ondtheie is o 2O per cenfoctivity. Sinceqctivity,-fhiseorth's ci6t lf olt

by monyincrease of stat ic in radio waves.

'Grand Cross' . s t is cal led,occursso rarely rhar nobody has everrecorded whar happens when theentire solar svstent assumes this , ,position. Stephen Plagemann an d '

The disrurbancencreases irh thenumber of planers nvolved. he

33Once it had ru n its course. heworld, they said,would encl indevastating l oods, earthquakesand fires - which is remarkabh.simi lar o the Chr isr ianprophecie. .Some critics claim that humansacross he globe havean innatefear of fire and flood and that theprophecies are therefore merelvmanifestations of this fear. yetscientific evidence points to thefact that something is definitelygoing to occur at the millennium.In 1980,ProfessorHideoItakawa,Japan's rocket programme

pioneer,usedcomputerprojections o show hat, on 19.\ugrist 1999,heralded by a solareclipse. he sun an d th e planets

r-ill take on the shape of a cross.Coincidentally, the arms of thecrosswill fall in the astrologicalsigr-rs f Aquarius, Taurus, Leo andScorpio. Astrologers believe thiscorresponds to the four riders ofthe -\pocalypseas described in theBook of Revelations.SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCEApart from the astrological andreligious implications, however,there is also ample scientificevidence to show that such aconfiguration will have harmfuleffectson our planet. NASA studieshave shown that when threeplanetsslot nto a 90" or 180"arrangement, there is a marked

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26/31

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;ust before Christmas 1995,American AIDS patientJeffGetty was given an unusual

,,,D,eks,he sc ientist who performed,,ihe,,experiment,admitted that the,,cellqhad not reproduced in Getty's,:,,blood. uckily for Getty, the,,eiperiment did not kill him. At,ihe time of the transplant, criticswarned of the r isk that viruses'from the baboon may infect Getty,i0 r that he may die from a

complication known as graft \rersushost' disease,where the baboonand human immune systems attleit out to destroy each other.ANIMAT TRANSPLANTSThe Getty experiment was hemost recent n a Iong l ine ofattempts by surgeons to transplantanimal organs or tissue ntohumans. Over the last 30 years, anumber of theseexper iments.known as xenotransplants', havehit the headlines: n 1984, BabyFae' was given a baboon's heart,only to die 20 days ater.

Nine years ater .surgeonsnPittsburgh, USA, transplanted ababoon's liver into a 35-year-oldman. He lived for 70 days.

* 7*1=.,'=

A In o widely-publicized cross-specieslronsplonf, AIDS sufferer Jeff Gefiyreceived on iniection of bone morrowtoken from o boboon, os theseonimols qre HIV-resislont.

;-=.:*; ,

;'-=.5*sl=.:._.*=Ji l present a bone-marrowtransplant from a baboon. Doctorshoped that the marrow wouldprocluce enough white blood. cellsto help Getry o fighr off rheeffectsof the HIV virus.

Unfor tunately, he transplantfailed. Two months later.Steven

!-9odo


27/31

rE=-:.. : 7f ,t {llt

'Realistically, t isr-rnlikely hat we'll ever be able toachieve enough human organdonations o meet our needs,'saysChris Rudge, consultant transplantsurgeon and Chairman of theEthics Commitree of the BritishTransplantation Society.Becauseofthis.scienr isrsre ooking roarrimals o make up the shortfall.Th e race s nol 'on to find asuccessfulmerhod of transplantingar-rimal rgans nt o humans.TRANSGENIC PIGSSoor-r. urgeons n th e UK clairrther rr i l l be readl to transplantspeciallradaptedpi g hearts r-rtohuman patient-s.

L nlike prerious animal-rohrinantransplants. he hearts rrill comefrom 'uansgenic pigs pigs that

havebeen geneticallyengineered so. .that their heartswill be acceptedbythe human body.Th e biggesrproblem lacingscientisrs ivinganimal organs o humans s thatour immune system ejecrs foreign'

a.*

.:

'*.ffifl**-**So why are doctors transplanting

animal organs?The answer s thatthere are not enough humanorgans available.Becauseofincreased health awarenessandpublic safetycampaigns, there arelessyoung people dyrg, and it isyoung people who are the primedonors of transplant organs.In the meantime, the waitinglists for transplant operations growlonger. In the UK in 1994, therewere at least 5,000 patients waitingfor a kidney transplant but,becauseof the shortage of suitabledonated organs, only I,744operations were carried out. And,in 1996, he amount of donatedorgans in the UK actually fell tenper cent on the 1995 otal.

:l

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lt,,:viole:n!''ands known as

|ltiis.is a problem even if theted organ comes from a

, bufcan be avoided byan organ that is closelyto the patient who ising it. This is why kidneysar e

,i:lonatedby close relatives.the patient receivesa

,r:!Jectron.:fureigntissuecomes romttre reiection s evenmore

'hlperacute rejection'. This canturn the organ into a black swollenmasswithin minutes, as the tissuedies and the blood clots.

But the closer an animal isgenetically to a human, the lessviolent the rejection will be. Thismakes chimpanzees the idealorgan donors for humans. But theyare an endangered species,whichis why US researchershave usedbaboons instead.THE PERFECT PIGIrnutran, the British researchcompany behind the transplanttrials, has bred transgenic pigs toovercome this problem. Theychose pigs because:o the risk of disease spreadingfrom pigs to humans is lessthanfrom baboons. because we havebeen breeding pigs in captivity forhundreds ofyearso pigs breed much faster thanbaboons and have larger litters,so they can meet the demand fororgans more quicklyo pigs look less ike humans thanapes, causing essof an ethicaldilemma. heart valvesand insulin from

Rihol unknown onimol viruses:ibe tronsmited during the course

hqve led to cqlls

ftarJfli":rne r;;"?9I'*u*oiipigs have beensuccessfully sed in humanoperations for years.Imutran's scientistshad togenetically engineer pig embrrosin order to trick the immunesystem nto believing that theorgan was human.

ln August 1992.a rirgin sowwasgiven fertility treaLment so that she

33 t*.We won'f slort doingtronsplonrs ril l we'reconfidenf fhof we'Ye gofthe scienceright

DovidWhite. murron-n\r ,would produce a great many eggs.She was mated with a boar and thefertilized eggs were then washedout firom her body. Scientistsinjected these eggswith humangenes, n a process calledtransgenesis.The result wasAstrid,dubbed 'the pig with a humanuch operotions.


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{ Somenewspoper lorieshoveled to unfounded eors hot fronsgenicoperotionsmoy cousehumons odeveloponimol chorocleristicsflertheiroperotions.heart' by newspapers. n fact, thesurfaceof Astr id 'scel lscorr tainshuman protein, rvhich should stopthe rejection of he r organs ftransplanted nto a human.

Astrid has prodr.rced hreegenerat ions f t ransgenic igs.In October 1995, mutran took th ehearts from ten of these pigs andtransplanted them into tenmonkeys to seewhether theywould work. They alsotransplanted regular pig heartsinto other monkeys,so that theycould compare them with thetransgenicpig hearts.None of thetransgenic hearts died instantlyand two of them survived for morethan 60 days, compared to thenormal hearts rvhich lasted anaverageofjust 55 minutes.

ry'

The next stage s to try thesehearts on humans. If the trials area success,mutran believes ha ttranssenic pigs could solvetheworld's organ crisis. They will bespecially red to meet humandemands for new hearts, kidneysand pancreases.NATURAT CONCERNSBut the day when a patient will beroutinely offered a pig's heartwhen waiting for a transplant isstill some time away.Meanwhile,Imutran will have to address heconcerns hat many people haveabout xenotransplants.

The biggest f'ear s that deadlydiseases vill be transferred fromanimals to humans via suchtransplants. A virus lurking in apig's heart or baboon's kidneymight infect the pat ient .causinganer,v isease hat may then spreadthror.rghout the population. Thepo-ssibilitvhat 'rnad corvclisease'hasal leadv rr fcr ed l r t r r r rarrss a

re.:' . :1=ps'ffi

i 3* n_i' J+;

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worr)4ng example of how suchthingq can happen. The origins ofthe HIV virus are still not known,trut one theory is that it came fromdonkeys in WestAfrica.': ,. rlmutran takes hese concernsseriously.We'vebeen working on,thib or some years now. There's a,the6retical risk that pig infectioncould be transferred to a human,'a spokesperson saicl.To redr,rce hisrisk. Imutran breeds ts pigs in

controlled conditi ons, and testseach pig. and each organ. ol arrrpossible nfection. It alsokeepsarecord of everv pig that is breclan d monitors its health closelr'.

Even so ,a number of Britishdoctors are so concerned aboutthese risks that, in April 1996,theylaunched a group to opposeanimal-to-human transplants.

The pressuregroup People forthe Ethical Treatment of Animals

A Tronsgeniconimols con be mode toproduce cerloin proleins in rheir milkthot people with genetic diseoses ock.Th e proteins,which he lp the immunesystem, con lhen be given fo humons.animals to prorlde spare partsfor humans is the r-rltimate formof slavery.'CAUTIOUS APPROACHIn March 1996,an independentmedical watchdog, the NuffieldCourlcil on Bioethics, published areport looking at these ssues. hereport 'sconclusion vas'Proceed,br-rtproceed rr'ith car.rtion,ahvayspaving attention to the higheststandardsof patient care andar-rimalr'elfare.' he council saidthat no trials on humans should goahead lntil a specialgovernmentcomrnittee had been set up.

The report also raised anotherquestion: how would it feel to havea pig's heart beating nside you? tis recommended that patientswh owere offered animal organs shouldbe counselled.

Still, those working at thecutting edge of this technologyhave conjured up an amazingvision of the future. One day,according to transplant surgeonRoy Calne, we may all own acustom-made transgenic pig, readyto provide us with organs. r__should they be needed. *

;6goopsEo()

fThe risks ossociotedwithpossible rqnsmissionofdiseqsesqs q consequenceof xenolronsplqntotionhqve not been odequotely

deqlt withNuffield ouncil n Bioethics

FF(PETA) is also strongly opposed toxenotransplants. PETA believe that,if the money spent on researchinto xenotransplants was spent or1educating people abor.rt he needfor organ donors, then thedemand for organs could be met.

'We already slaughter over amillion pigs a year for humanconsumption,' said Tony Vernelli,campaign co-ordinator for PETA.'Now we're breeding more toreplace our failed organs.Using


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The X Factor 3

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