The World-s First Passive House, Darmstadt-Kranichstein, Germany

7/23/2019 The World-s First Passive House, Darmstadt-Kranichstein, Germany

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uther view f the Passive Huse i Darstadtraichstei

phtgraph Wfgag Feist

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.

In the mid-1980s the low-energy building was already a legally required energy standard for new buildings in Sweden

and Denmark. !en at that time" the fur ther de!elo#ment of the #rin$i#les of low-energy housing was being

$onsidered" i.e. e%$ellent insulation" #re!ention of thermal bridges" airtightness" insulated gla&ing and $ontrolled

!entilation. 'ased on these $onsiderations" by the author during aresear$h #eriod at the (ni!ersity of )und*Sweden" together with the host" +rofessor 'o ,damson s#e$ialising in

building $onstru$tion. 'o ,damson $ontinued to further #ursue this de!elo#ment with the author until his retirement.

/he #hotogra#h shows the two together with obert astings" one of the #ioneering ,meri$an ar$hite$ts" during an

e!ening e!ent at the 2nd International +assi!e ouse 3onferen$e in 1998 in Duesseldorf.

45eist 19967 . In this #a#er" all the $hara$teristi$s of building $om#onents whi$h determine the energy $onsum#tion of buildings" were

systemati$ally !aried and o#timised in relation to effi$ien$y" e%#ense and li!ing quality. ,s an e%am#le" shows the influen$e of window si&e and gla&ing quality.

Fig 1 iuati resuts at the egiig here is a cacuati f the depede

ce f the heatig dead the si!e f the ga!ed suthfacig widw areas i

a Passive Huse with differet ga!ig "uaities #fr $Feist 1%%&' ( )t*s cear that

tripepae we ga!ig is ecessar+ fr favurae eerg+ aaces #see

world’s first Passive House, Darmstadt-Kranichstein, Germany [ ] http://passipedia.org/examples/residential_buildings/single_-_family_...

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,+pes f ga!ig ad their spe cific vaues( #tt curve( Dr -rtas. with

/023 i 3ache at that tie. heped us t tai this ga!ig fr the first ui

dig pr4ect. the Passive Huse i Darstadtraichstei ice the. this t+pe

f ga!ig has ece c+ avaiae the ar5et

see ,+pes f ga!ig ad their specific vaues

therwise it would be #ossible to redu$e the heating energy requirement to &ero: by using ineffi$ient ele$tri$al de!i$es" for e%am#le" whi$h $reate high internal

gains. ow high the a!ailable internal heat gains really are" was dis#uted e!en ba$k then ; with the $om#leted +assi!e ouse" $arefully measured results finally be$ame a!ailable"

namely around 2 <*m= 4,kk+ >7 . In s#ite of this" e!en after standardisation" $al$ulations are still $arried out using !alues that are far too o#timisti$ o!er > <*m=.

/o #re#are the $onstru$tion of the first +assi!e ouses in essen

. /he minister of e$onomi$s at that time" ,lfred S$hmidt" showed great interest in the de!elo#ment.

/he esear$h ?rou# monitored " the results of whi$h were in$or#orated dire$tly into the $onstru$tion of the first +assi!e ouse at @rani$hsteinA among

other thingsB

alternati!e ar$hite$tural drafts were #re#ared"

the effi$ien$y of !entilation heat re$o!ery units was im#ro!ed"

!entilation regulations were de!elo#ed based on air quality guidelines"

new s#e$ially insulated window frames and shutters were de!elo#ed"

$onstru$tion details for the $onne$tion of building $om#onents were designed"

solar heating te$hnologies and a $on$e#t for heat re$o!ery from waste water were de!elo#ed.

. 5our #ri!ate

$lients formed the +assi!e ouse De!elo#ers So$iety and $ommissioned the ar$hite$ts +rofessor 'ott* idder*

<estermeyer for designing a row of four houses with ea$h a$$ommodation unit ha!ing a floor area of 1>Cm=. 5or this

first #rototy#e of a +assi!e ouse" a series of were further de!elo#ed" the forerunners of whi$h

had already been su$$essfully used in low-energy houses 45eist 19887 .

nly by $ombining all of these measures it was #ossible to a$hie!e the ambitious obe$ti!e of an e%$eedingly small

heating load - howe!er" this $ombination was not !ery e$onomi$al at the time be$ause these $om#onents had to be

manufa$tured indi!idually and therefore they were e%#ensi!e. /he additional $osts in $om#arison with those of a

$on!entional $onstru$tion were offset by the essian De#artment of the n!ironment by >0E. During $onstru$tion in

1991" the house was equi##ed with highly #re$ise data monitoring de!i$es in order to $he$k the a$hie!ement of the

obe$ti!es.

/he em#hasis of these +assi!e ouse measures was on the are the de$isi!e $om#onents. /his still a##lies for

subsequently built +assi!e ouses.

'esides these measures

solar $olle$tors for the #ro!ision of domesti$ hot water

and a subsoil heat e%$hanger for #reheating the fresh air were used.

/he house has e%tremely good thermal insulation" whi$h has fun$tioned outstandingly sin$e the house was o$$u#ied 1> years ago.

?rass roofB umus" non-wo!en filter" root #rote$ti!e membrane" >0 mm formaldehyde-free $hi# boardA

<ooden light-weight beam I-beam of wood" stud link of hardboard" $ounter lathing" sealing with

#olyethylene sheeting bonded without ointing" gy#sum #lasterboard 12.> mm" wood-$hi# wall#a#er"

emulsion #aint $oating" entire $a!ity FF> mm filled with .

0.1

5abri$ reinfor$ed mineral renderA

2G> mm of e%#anded #olystyrene insulation +S installed in two layers at that time" 1>0H12> mmA1G> mm sand-lime bri$k masonryA

1> mm $ontinuous interior gy#sum #lasteringA wood-$hi# wall#a#er" emulsion #aint $oating

0.1F


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Surfa$e finish on fibreglass fabri$A

2>0 mm #olystyrene insulation boardsA

1C0 mm $on$reteA

F0 mm #olystyrene a$ousti$ insulationA

>0 mm $ement floor finishA

8-1> mm of #arquet" adhesi!eA

sealing sol!ent-free

0.16

/ri#le-#ane low-e gla&ing with @ry#ton fillingB (g -!alue 0.G <*m=@.

<ooden window with #olyurethane foam insulated framework 32-foamed" 353 free" hand$rafted

0.G

3ounterflow air-to-air heat e%$hangerA

)o$ated in the $ellar a##ro%. 93 in the winter"

$arefully sealed and thermally insulated"

the first one to use ele$troni$ally $ommutated D3 fans.

heat

re$o!ery

rate a##ro%.

80E

, subsequent measurement of the airtightness in $tober 2001" for e%am#le" ga!e 4+e#er

200>7 . /hermogra#hi$ images show that the building $om#onents a$tually are free of thermal bridges. Do$umentation of the $onstru$tion with numerous site #hotos $an be

found in the 3onferen$e +ro$eedings of the first International +assi!e ouse 3onferen$e 4+/ag 199C7 . , des$ri#tion with initial measured results was #ublished in the #a#er+assi!e ouse in Darmstadt-@rani$hstein: 45eist 199G$7 .

/he hot water is heated using solar !a$uum tube $olle$tors >.6 m= #er household or 1.F m= #er #erson.

Jatural gas is used for se$ondary heating. /he flat-$olle$tor thermal system $o!ers about CCE of the $onsum#tion in the +assi!e ouse in Darmstadt-@rani$hstein.

'e$ause the #ro!ision of domesti$ hot water re#resents the greatest energy requirement of this house" an effi$ient domesti$ hot water system is of great im#ortan$e. /he

heat distribution and $ir$ulation #i#es ha!e therefore been #la$ed inside the thermal en!elo#e and are well insulated.

, +assi!e ouse $an only fun$tion with a " be$ause the a!erage annual !entilation heat losses are 6> k<h

#er square meter of f loor s#a$e" this is more than twi$e the +assi!e ouse heating demand. /his was already known due to the in!estigations during the #re#aratory resear$h

#roe$t.

/hus in @rani$hstein a balan$ed su##ly air and e%haust air !entilation system with a highly effi$ient $ounterflow air-to-air heat e%$hanger was used - but it had to be s#e$ially

ada#ted for this #ur#ose be$ause at the time" the fans used had a !ery high ele$tri$ity $onsum#tion.

In this #roe$t" D3 fans with ele$troni$ $ommutators were used for the first time known as 3 motors.

During o#eration" a heat re$o!ery rate of o!er 80E was measured after o#timisation of the flow geometry.

/his $ontinuously o#erating $omfort !entilation system #ro!ides a $onstant su##ly of fresh air to ea$h a$$ommodation unit.

,t the lowest setting" 100 mK*h of fresh air is su##lied to the li!ing and slee#ing areas in ea$h unit. /his means" that with a four #erson household" the s#e$ifi$ quantity of

fresh air would amount to 2> mK #er #erson #er hour. /he unit then o#erates $onstantly at this rate inde#endent of the a$tual number of #eo#le in the building for the

best as shown by e%#eriments with $om#le% !entilation $ontrols that were not worth it. (sers $an" howe!er" manually $hange the setting if the $hoose.

,t the highest setting" between 1C0 and 18> mK*h are su##lied.

%haust air is drawn away from the humid rooms like the kit$hen and bathrooms in $orres#onding quantities. Su$h high-effi$ien$y !entilation systems had not been a!ailablebefore the +assi!e ouseA it was only in 199G that de!elo#ment by the esear$h ?rou# for 3ost-effi$ient +assi!e ouses was so far ad!an$ed that se!eral manufa$turers started

to #rodu$e serial units of this quality for the market. /oday these units ty#i$ally dis#lay the following $hara$teristi$sB

heat re$o!ery effi$ien$y of o!er 80E"

ele$tri$ity $onsum#tion of less than 0.F <h*mK transferred air - see the $ertified units at htt#B**www.#assi!.de 4htt#B**www.#assi!.de7.

/hese !entilators in the +assi!e ouse fun$tioned faultlessly for between 16 and 1> years" until they were re#la$ed during the $ourse of routine reno!ation work by newer

#rodu$ts from the same manufa$turer.

/he +assi!e ouse in @rani$hstein was finished in $tober 1991 and has been inhabited by four families sin$e then. /he interior finish materials were sele$ted to $reate as little

indoor air #ollution as #ossible. /he insulating materials are airtightly se#arated from the interior by $ontinuous interior #laster or !a#our retarders without any ga#s ; as

a##ro#riate from a building #hysi$s #ers#e$ti!e. /he good air quality was $onfirmed by a se#arate in!estigation within the $onte%t of a so$ial s$ien$e study" whi$h obe$tified user

a$$e#tan$e 4ohrmann 199F7 .

Due to #arti$ularly well-insulating and airtight sliding shutters as tem#orary heat #rote$tion" it was e!en #ossible to o#erate one of the a$$ommodation units as a &ero-heating-

energy house: without any heating in the years 199F to 199C 45eist 199>7 .


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6rsssecti f the Passive Huse i Darstadtraichstei

/he measurements in the +assi!e ouse in Darmstadt-@rani$hstein ha!e $onfirmed that the ele$tri$al $onsum#tion for household a##lian$es $an be redu$ed to one third of its

$urrent a!erage !alue with #resently a!ailable te$hnology. /he additional gas $onsum#tion for a##li$ations whi$h require heating energy amounts to less than 1>E 4bel*5eist

199G7 . /hese sa!ings whi$h were due to effi$ient te$hnology alone ha!e also remained $onsistent throughout the years.

5or the first +assi!e ouse in Darmstadt-@rani$hstein we did not yet dare to omit the radiators. owe!er" this and following #roe$ts #ro!ed that the

" so that the remaining heating $ould be easily su##lied !ia the su##ly air system and

there was no need for a se#arate heat distribution system any longer.

/hese results $orres#ond with the simulation but not with the $urrent standard $al$ulation #ro$edures. /his #rom#ted us to systemati$ally re!ise the heating load $al$ulation

during a resear$h #roe$t 4'isan& 19997 . /he resulting" !ery sim#le #ro$edure is now a!ailable as the +assi!e ouse +lanning +a$kage 4+++7 for designers" and #ro!ed itself also

in subsequent $al$ulations using this tool for the +assi!e ouse in Darmstadt-@rani$hstein. show the $om#arison between the heating energy balan$e$al$ulated in +++ for a $on!entional building whi$h barely meets the requirements of the nL !alid sin$e 2002" and the +assi!e ouse in Darmstadt-@rani$hstein. In ea$h

$ase" an end-of-row house was used for $al$ulations. /he result for the house a$tually built is whi$h is !ery near to the a!erage measured !alue.

Fig 7 ,his is hw a edfterrace huse wud e uit

tda+. ased the era atia reguatis #00/(

Hwever. the aace was cacuated usig the PHPP

,he heatig csupti was 89 5Wh:#;a(

Fig & ,his aace was suse"uet+ cacuated fr the

Passive Huse aread+ uit i 1%%1 i Darstadtraich

stei usig the PHPP #edfrw huse( ,he resut was

1<8 5Wh:#;a(. a vaue that is v er+ cse t the actua

csupti vaue


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/he o##ortunity for a$$urate measurement of the tem#eratures and heat-flows in the +assi!e ouse in Darmstadt-was es#e$ially !aluable for s$ientists. /ogether with a user

#roto$ol on an hourly basis" it was #ossible to $om#are measured !alues of the house with the results of the dynami$ simulation 45eist 199Ga7 . <ith this de$isi!e model" !arious

a##roa$hes $ould be $onfirmedA e.g. the instationary thermal $ondu$tion #ro$esses $ould be re#rodu$ed in e%a$t detail as well as the radiant heat in the rooms and the

tem#erature $ourses on gla&ing surfa$es. 5or the first time" !alidated instationary dynami$al building models for normally used residential buildings be$ame a!ailable .

,s of 2010" the same four families are still li!ing in the first +assi!e ouse in Darmstadt @rani$hstein and the measured s#a$e heating demand remains 10 k<h*m=a heated

li!ing area or /5,. Jo large maintenan$e measures ha!e yet been undertaken and all building ser!i$es remain un$hanged from their original $onfiguration. /he fa$ade" roof and

windows remain un$hanged.

Fig = >esuts f the eerg+ csupti easureets i the Passive Huse i

Darstadtraichstei? t + the heatig eerg+ is drastica+ reduced #+

ver %<@ cpared t a AraB ew uidig f the sae +ear(. ut as the

gas csupti fr destic ht water #due t gd isuati ad a sar ther

a cectr( ad husehd eectricit+ csupti #usig particuar+ efficiet

appiaces. eg the A2w 0erg+ >efrigeratrB + ra. deveped + C Er

gard( #)ustrati / ariri PH)(

In 199>" ,mory )o!ins" the ,meri$an energy eff i$ien$y #ioneer 4)o!ins 19GG7" 4)o!ins" <ei&sM$ker 199>7 !isited the +assi!e ouse in Darmstadt-@rani$hstein. )o!ins

$ontributed quite substantially to the transformation of the +assi!e ouse $on$e#t from a s$ientifi$ e%#eriment to a #ra$ti$al im#lementation. is $omment wasB

A. this is t 4ust a scietific eperiet ,his is the suti Gu wi 4ust have t redesig the detais i rder t reduce the additia csts ad that wi e pssie.

) a cvicedB

/he e%$ellent results formed the basis for the in 199C" with whi$h the wides#read im#lementation of the +assi!e ouse

$on$e#t began. <ithin the esear$h ?rou# methods for more sim#lified #lanning of +assi!e ouses were worked out" e.g. the +++" the +assi!e ouse +lanning +a$kage 4,kk+

167" 4+++7 . +ilot #roe$ts with larger numbers of se$ond generation +assi!e ouses were built and the de!elo#ment of +assi!e-ouse-suitable $om#onents was started. /he

esear$h ?rou# for 3ost-effi$ient +assi!e ouses #lays a key role in the e%$hange between building #hysi$s and building #ra$ti$e.


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Fig 8 easured resuts fr the heatig utput i the Passive Huse i Darstadt

raichstei? this did t eceed I= W:; at a+ tie. eve durig the etree+

cd witer f 1%%J:1%%I #see as $Feist 1%%I' (

,fter the $om#letion of the first four terra$ed houses and their o$$u#ation by tenants" it soon be$ame $lear from tests #ressurisation test" !olume flow rate $om#arison and

$ontinuous monitoring energy $onsum#tions" tem#eratures that the obe$ti!es a$tually had been a$hie!ed 45eist*<erner 199F7. 5or e%am#le" the heating $onsum#tion was

in 1991*92" the first year of o#eration" whi$h was only of the $onsum#tion in $om#arable ordinary homes"

in 1992*96" the se$ond year of o#eration" this was only of the $onsum#tion in $om#arable homes

less than on a!erage in the following years

/hese measured $onsum#tion !alues were so unbelie!ably low that" for many years afterwards" the total final energy $onsum#tion in$luding household energy whi$h was

measured as 62 k<h*m=a" was wrongly inter#reted as the heating energy $onsum#tion of the +assi!e ouse in #rofessional $ir$les" be$ause this a##eared to be more #lausible

a$$ording to the state of de!elo#ment at that time. owe!er" the 62 k<h*m=a in$luded all of the energy $onsum#tion of the four terra$ed houses in$luding household

ele$tri$ity" ele$tri$ity $onsum#tion in the basement and gas $onsum#tion for $ooking and #ro!ision of domesti$ hot water. It is remarkable that the energy sa!ings of 90E were

a$hie!ed solely by a##lying im#ro!ed te$hnology.

atura gas fr heatig K easured vaues fr 1%%1 7<<J

/he +assi!e ouse $o#ed su$$essfully with the i$y $old winter of 199C*9G" during whi$h the designed standard e%ternal tem#eratures were $onsiderably e%$eeded" $ausing

#roblems in relation to $omfort in $on!entionally heated houses. Jot only did the heating $onsum#tion remain below 11 k<h*m=a almost the same as the #re!ious

$onsum#tion" but also all homes were equally warm 45eist 199Gb7 .

/he first +assi!e ouse in Darmstadt-@rani$hstein had $om#letely fulfilled the e%#e$tations #la$ed in these #rototy#es. Jow the fo$us shifted to whether the additional

$onstru$tion $osts due to indi!idual #rodu$tion $ould be redu$ed or not. /his l ed to the

.

Sin$e the first +assi!e ouse #rototy#es in @rani$hstein the from o!er >0 000 uros to

between C 000 and 1> 000 uros #er a$$ommodation unit today ; less for a large a#artment building and more for a single-family home. /his means that today +assi!e ouses

are affordable for e!eryone. /hanks to the enormous the +assi!e ouse is worthwhile:" if an a!erage future final energy #ri$e of C $ents*k<h for heating oil or

natural gas is assumed. 3urrently" these fuels often $ost moreA there is no blank s#a$e: for $ost-effe$ti!eness any more" and that are now

a!ailable im#ro!e the situation e!en more. 5or e%am#le" the @f< De!elo#ment )oan 3or#oration $urrently #romotes the $onstru$tion of +assi!e ouses with a low-interest

loan of >0 000 uros.

!en without this funding" the $onstru$tion of +assi!e ouses in$reased shar#ly o!er the last few years. ,bout 600 a$$ommodation units were $om#leted by the end of 1999 in

?ermany aloneA by the end of 2000 there were 1000" and by 200C between C000 and G000 had already been $onstru$ted. Se$ond-generation +assi!e ouses also a$hie!ed the

e%tremely low #roe$ted energy $onsum#tion !alues 45eist 20007 A do$umentation about this $an be found hereB nergy use ; measurement results.

'ut #rogress is not ust based on quantity. 'e$ause of the " the quality is getting

better while at the same time #ri$es are falling. /he is also in$reasingB it has now be$ome $lear that the +assi!e ouse is a building

standard and not a s#e$ial building method. +assi!e ouses ha!e been built as

free-standing single-family homes"

as terra$ed houses

and as multi-storey buildings.


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%#erien$e with non-residential buildings has also been gainedB se!eral offi$e buildings" s$hools and kindergartens ha!e been $om#leted" and the +assi!e ouse fa$tory building

in Nwingenberg started o#erating in Oay 2000.

<hat is im#ortant is that the o$$u#ants of the +assi!e ouses feel ha##y in their homes. /heory and #ra$ti$e are in agreement hereA due to !ery good thermal insulation the

interior surfa$e tem#eratures are high e!erywhere" e!en at free&ing outdoor tem#eratures. Draughts and differing radiant tem#eratures are thus #re!ented seeB /hermal $omfort.

/his has been $onfirmed by measurements in built houses.

/he feedba$k is e%tremely #ositi!e" statements su$h asB Awe have ever fet cd hereB" Aif we decide t uid agai. it wud defiite+ e a Passive HuseB" Awe have hard+

had t use the heatig A

suffi$e to show the general tenden$y.

,he su prvides csiderae heat #thergraphic iage f the iterir.

with radiati fr the su( 6-F->, is paraut i the Passive Huse

#)> iage Feist(

Sa!ing energy: has lost its stigma of being for as$eti$s only. It is #ossible to a$hie!e the

en!ironmental #rote$tion obe$ti!es by in$reasing #ros#erity and not by abstaining from $omfort . In this day and age" this is the only o##ortunity for #utting im#ro!ements into

#ra$ti$e. /his also a##lies to other areas of energy use" e.g. in trans#ortation. Im#ro!ed effi$ien$y without sa$rifi$ing tra!elling $omfortB in the P)oremoP

4htt#B**www.loremo.$om*7 #roe$t" a marketable solution is being de!elo#ed using this a##roa$h.

It is #leasing that many ar$hite$ts" #lanners" #rodu$t de!elo#ers and #ro#erty de!elo#ers ha!e a##lied the +assi!e ouse $on$e#t. If we $an $ontinue together to a$$elerate its

im#lementation and a##ly our e%#erien$es for the refurbishment of e%isting buildings as well" then we will be able to master the task of $limate #rote$tion and $ontribute to a

fairer distribution of energy globally" as well as in$rease !alue $reation in regions and thus $reate additional em#loyment o##ortunities ; and most im#ortantly ; enabling #eo#le

to li!e a $omfortable and worthwhile life in #ros#erity" today and in the future. Sustainable growth is #ossible with the +assi!e ouse - as Oark Nimmermann outlined in detail at

the 9th +assi!e ouse 3onferen$e in 200> in )udwigshafen 4Nimmermann 200>7 .

6paris f easured eerg+ csupti #eft( with the eerg+ aace

cacuated + the Passive Huse Paig Pac5age #PHPP( fr the Passive Huse

i Darstadtraichstei Fr the PHPP. see PHPPLaaces

S$ientists" ar$hite$ts" engineers and other $ontributors from !arious dis$i#lines #layed a #art in making the +assi!e ouse in Darmstadt-@rani$hstein a su$$ess. /he author would

like to e%#ress thanks to all those in!ol!ed. /he #re#aration of the e%#erimental $onstru$tion was based on the results of many forerunner #roe$ts and on findings from building

#hysi$s" building engineering and systemati$ $om#uter-assisted systems analysis.


n 9 2015-03-20 08:44



nergiebilan& und /em#eratur!erhaltenA +rotokollband Jr. > des ,rbeitskreises kostengQnstige +assi!hMuser" 1. ,uflage" +assi!haus Institut" Darmstadt-199G

" +roto$ol Lolume Jo. > of the esear$h ?rou# for 3ost-effi$ient +assi!e ouses" 1st dition" +assi!e ouse Institute"

Darmstadt-199G +IRs list of #ubli$ations

nergiebilan&en mit dem +assi!haus +roektierungs +aketA +rotokollband Jr. 16 des ,rbeitskreises kostengQnstige +assi!hMuser" 1. ,uflage" +assi!haus Institut"

Darmstadt-1998

A +roto$ol Lolume Jo. 16 of the esear$h ?rou# for 3ost-effi$ient +assi!e ouses" 1st dition" +assi!e ouse

Institute" Darmstadt-1998 +IRs list of #ubli$ations

'isan&" 3.B ei&lastauslegung im Jiedrigenergie- und +assi!hausA +assi!haus InstitutA 5a$hinformation +I-1999*2A igen!erlagA Darmstadt-1999.

A +assi!e ouse InstituteA /e$hni$al Information +I 1999*2A Darmstadt-1999 +IRs list of

#ubli$ations

<itta bel und <olfgang 5eistB rgebnisse &um Strom!erbrau$h im +assi!haus Darmstadt-@rani$hstein: in Stroms#aren im +assi!haus:A +rotokollband

Jr. G &um ,rbeitskreis @ostengQnstige +assi!hMuserA +IA Darmstadt" 199G.

in Sa!ing ele$tri$ity in the +assi!e ouse:A +roto$ol Lolume Jo. G of the esear$h

?rou# for 3ost-effi$ient +assi!e ouses" +assi!e ouse Institute" Darmstadt-199G

5ors$hungs#roekt +assi!e MuserA +roekt&iele - mit einem @ommentar des ,utors &ur 2. ,uflage 199>" Institut <ohnen und (mwelt" Darmstadt" 1. ,ufl. 1988" 2.

,ufl. 199>

A +roe$t obe$ti!es ; with remarks by the author about the 2nd edition 199> " Institute for ousing and n!ironment" Darmstadt" 1st edition

1988" 2nd edition 199>

+assi!hMuser in Oitteleuro#aA Dissertation" (ni!ersitMt @assel" 1996

" Dissertation" (ni!ersity of @assel 1996

<olfgang 5eist und ohannes <ernerB ?esamtenergiekennwert T 62 k<h*m=a:A 'undesbaublatt 2*199F

" 'undesbaublatt 2*199F

<olfgang 5eist rsg.B ?edMmmte 5ensterlMden im +assi!haus:A +assi!haus-'eri$ht Jr. 9A Institut <ohnen und (mweltA Darmstadt" 199>.

A +assi!e ouse e#ort Jo. 9A Institute for ousing and n!ironment" Darmstadt-199>

<olfgang 5eist" /obias )ogaB Lerglei$h !on Oessung und Simulation: in nergiebilan& und /em#eratur!erhalten:A +rotokollband Jr. > &um ,rbeitskreis

@ostengQnstige +assi!hMuserA +IA Darmstadt" anuar 199G.

in nergy balan$e and tem#erature $hara$teristi$s: +roto$ol Lolume Jo. > of the esear$h ?rou# for 3ost-effi$ient

+assi!e ouses" +I" Darmstadt" anuary 199G

<olfgang 5eistB Der MrtetestB +assi!hMuser im strengen <inter 199C*9G:A ?-Inform" 12*199G.

A ?-Inform" 12*199G

<olfgang 5eistB +assi!haus Darmstadt-@rani$hstein - +lanung" 'au" rgebnisse:" 5a$hinformation +I 199G*F" 1. ,uflage" 1C Seiten.

,lso a!ailable in nglishB A /e$hni$al Information +I 199G*F" 1st edition" 1C #ages

+IRs list of #ubli$ations

<olfgang 5eistB rfahrungen obekti!B Oessergebnisse aus bewohnten +assi!hMusern:A inB /agungsband &ur F. +assi!haus /agung. +assi!haus Dienstleistung

?mb" 1. ,uflage" Darmstadt-2000

A in the 3onferen$e +ro$eedings of the Fth +assi!e ouse 3onferen$eA +assi!e ouse Ser!i$es

?mb" 1st edition" Darmstadt-2000

,mory )o!ins" A armonsworth 19GG

,mory )o!ins" .-(. !on <ei&sM$ker" ). unter )o!insB 5aktor LierA Do##elter <ohlstand - halbierter Jatur!erbrau$h:A OQn$hen 199>

" Ouni$h 199>

/agungsband der 1. +assi!haustagung" 1. ,uflage" +assi!haus Institut" Darmstadt-199C

A 1st edition" +assi!e ouse Institute" Darmstadt-199C +IRs list of #ubli$ations

+e#er" SUrenA @ah" li!erA 5eist" <olfgangB Nur Dauerhaftigkeit !on )uftdi$htheitskon&e#ten bei +assi!hMusern - 5eldmessungen. 5ors$hungs!orhaben im

ahmen der nationalen 'eteiligung an der ,rbeitsgru##e 28 RSustainable Solar ousingR der Internationalen nergie ,gentur I," 1. ,uflage" +assi!haus Institut"

Darmstadt-200>

. esear$h #roe$t in the $onte%t of the national #arti$i#ation in the task 28 RSustainable solar

housingR of the International nergy ,gen$y I," 1st dition" +assi!e ouse Institute" Darmstadt-200>

5eist" <.A +fluger" .A @aufmann" '.A S$hnieders" .A @ah" .B +assi!haus +roektierungs +aket 200F" +assi!haus Institut Darmstadt" 200F

" +I" Darmstadt-200F )ink to informationsB +++ ; +assi!e ouse +lanning +a$kage

'ernd ohrmannB So&ialwissens$haftli$he !aluation des +assi!hauses in Darmstadt:A +assi!haus-'eri$ht Jr. 11A Institut <ohnen und (mweltA Darmstadt"

Se#tember 199F.

A +assi!e ouse re#ort Jo. 11A Institute for ousing and n!ironmentA Darmstadt" Se#tember 199F.

Oark NimmermannB +assi!haus und 2000-<att-?esells$haft - <el$hes sind die erausforderungen einer na$hhaltigen ntwi$klungV: im /agungsband

der 9. +assi!haustagung" )udwigshafen" +I" Darmstadt-200>

in the 3onferen$e Lolume of the 9th International +assi!e

ouse 3onferen$e" )udwigshafen" +I" Darmstadt-200>


n 9 2015-03-20 08:44



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The World-s First Passive House, Darmstadt-Kranichstein, Germany

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