The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.
-
Upload
cornelius-osborne -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.
![Page 1: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and
Evolution
Biol 366
Spring 2014
![Page 2: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Tree of Life: The Big Picture
EukaryotesArchaeaBacteria
ca. 4 bya
now
>3.5 bya
>2 bya
membrane-boundnucleus, organelles, etc.
![Page 3: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fig. 1.1 from Simpson
![Page 4: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Green plants share:
• Chlorophylls a (ancestral) and b
• Starch storage
• Stellate flagellar structure
• Certain gene transfers from the chloroplast to the nucleus
• And other features (see Ch. 3)
![Page 5: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Green plant diversity:
• Ca. 350,000 species
• Two major groups: 1) chlorophytes (marine and other green algae) and 2) streptophytes [freshwater green algae and embryophytes (= land plants)]
• A major branch (clade) in the eukaryotic Tree of Life
![Page 6: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fig. 3.1 from Simpson
![Page 7: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Some definitions
• Clade = branch on an evolutionary tree, a lineage, includes an ancestor and all its descendants. Ex.: Green plants, chlorophytes, land plants.
• Paraphyletic group = a group that includes an ancestor and some (but not all) of its descendants, indicated by double quotation marks. Ex.: “Green algae”
![Page 8: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chlorophytes
![Page 9: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fig. 3.1 from Simpson
![Page 10: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Basal streptophytes
desmids
Spirogyra
CharaNitella
(Judd et al. 2008)
![Page 11: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Conjugation inSpirogyra
Haplontic life cycle (haploid dominantor zygotic meiosis)
The only diploid cellIs the zygote
zygote (2n)
haploid body
![Page 12: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
biology.unm.edu
mason.gmu.edu
CharalesHaplontic but some havemulticellular gametangia(gamete-producing structures)
♀
♂
![Page 13: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Generalized charophyte life cycle:Alternation of generations
XX
gametangia
gametophyte
![Page 14: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Embryophytes (land plants) share:
• Cuticle• Alternation of generations (multicellular
sporophyte and multicellular gametophyte)• Multicellular gametangia (gamete-producing
structures)• Multicellular sporangium (spore-producing
structure)• Embryo (young sporophyte)• Parenchyma? (more likely ancestral)
![Page 15: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Generalized embryophyte life cycle:Alternation of generations
![Page 16: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Bryophytes
• Hornworts, liverworts, mosses• Gametophyte-dominant• No vascular tissue (except conducting
cells in a few mosses)• Separate male and female
gametophytes• Sperm must swim to the egg, therefore
need water for fertilization and therefore must remain small
![Page 17: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
hornworts
liverwortsmosses
![Page 18: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Plant Tree of Life: Embryophtes
Tracheophytes(vascular plants)HornwortsLiverworts
ca. 450 mya
now Mosses
“Bryophytes”
![Page 19: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Liverwort gametophyte
![Page 20: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Liverwortthallus showing air pores
![Page 21: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
LiverwortMulticellular gametangia(male = antheridia)
![Page 22: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
LiverwortMulticellular gametangia (female = archegonia)OogamyRetention of zygote within the female gametophyteMulticellular embryo
![Page 23: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hornworts
G
S
![Page 24: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Moss male gametangia(= antheridia)
Capsule = sporangium of the sporophyte
![Page 25: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Generalized embryophyte life cycle:Alternation of generations
![Page 26: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
• Vascular tissue (tracheids) present• Include lycophytes (quillworts, clubmosses,
spikemosses), monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns), and spermatophytes (seed plants)
![Page 27: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Fig. 4.1 from Simpson
![Page 28: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Lycophytes & Monilophytes
• Quillworts, clubmosses & spikemosses (= lycophytes); ferns, whisk-ferns, & horsetails (= monilophytes);
• Independent gametophytes and sporophytes• Sperm must still swim to the egg• Most are homosporous; a few evolved
heterospory• Many homosporous ferns have means of
avoiding self-fertilization
![Page 29: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lycophytes
Selaginella (spikemoss)
Lycopodium and friends (clubmosses)
Isoetes (quillwort)
![Page 30: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Whisk-fern (Psilotum)
Ferns (Leptosporangia)
Monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)
horsetails
![Page 31: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
1n
2n
2n2n
2n
1n spores
gametophyte
sporophyte
Nutritionally independentsporophytes andgametophytes
![Page 32: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fern Life Cycle,Fig. 4.32, Simpson
![Page 33: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Lignophytes (woody plants) & Spermatophytes (seed plants)
• Secondary xylem (wood) & bark, heterospory, seeds, eustele, pollen (also pollen tube, pollination droplet)
• Includes gymnosperms and angiosperms
![Page 34: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fig. 5.1 from Simpson
![Page 35: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Gymnosperms
• Conifers, gingko, cycads, Gnetales
• Molecular data support this group as having a single common ancestor
• No obvious defining character (see characters for Lignophytes & Spermatophytes)
![Page 36: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Female cone with each scalebearing usually two ovules; directly exposed to pollen
Male cones with eachscale bearing two or more microsporangia
![Page 37: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
biology.ualberta.edupine pollen
pine microsporangia
male
female
![Page 38: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fig. 5.7 from Simpson
![Page 39: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Angiosperms
• “Dicotyledons”, monocotyledons• Heterosporous (ancestral)• Sporophyte-dominant (ancestral)• Pollen = male gametophyte (ancestral)• Archegonia lost; embryo sac = female
gametophyte; ovules enclosed in carpels (indirect pollination)
• Double fertilization produces zygote + primary endosperm nucleus
![Page 40: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Flower = a short, determinate shoot bearing highlymodified leaves, some of which are fertile (i.e.,bearing either microsporangia or megasporangia),with the megasporangia in carpels
![Page 41: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Animal pollination syndromes
![Page 42: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Wind pollination
![Page 43: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
A wide range of fruit types…
![Page 44: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fig. 5.7 from Simpson
![Page 45: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Angiospermae.html
![Page 46: The Wonderful World of Green Plant Diversity and Evolution Biol 366 Spring 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649daa5503460f94a982e8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
over 300,000 species of angiosperms
The wonderful world of land plant diversity