The Why and How of Acknowledgement
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Transcript of The Why and How of Acknowledgement
The Why and How of Acknowledgement
2014 Wisconsin PBIS Leadership ConferenceSession B1
Marla Dewhirst [email protected]
Shannon Young, Principal and CounselorEnrich, Excel, Achieve Learning Academy
Rebecca Gerow, CounselorCrandon School District
Definition of Positive Acknowledgement:
Positive acknowledgement is the presentation of something pleasant or rewarding immediately following a behavior. It makes that behavior more likely to occur in the future, and is one of the most powerful tools for shaping or changing behavior.
• Preview the need for acknowledgements of the classroom and how they tie into the school-wide acknowledgement plan.
• Understand why we acknowledge appropriate behavior.
• Generate classroom examples of incentives to utilize.
Objectives of
Session
Links to Keynote
Acknowledgement System The purpose of an acknowledgement
system is to: Foster a welcoming and positive
climate Focuses staff and student attention
on desired behaviors Increases the likelihood that
desired behaviors will be increased. Reduces the time spent correcting
student misbehavior
Human Behavior is Functional
• It serves a purpose• The result or consequence of the behavior
affects the future occurrence of that behavior
• Effective strategies will be used more often than ineffective strategies
• Problem behavior can be more efficient than appropriate behavior
• Inappropriate behavior is serving a function for each individual
Human Behavior is Predictable
• Environmental conditions can set up, set off, or maintain problem behavior
• This environmental factor serves as a predictor or antecedent for the behavior
• If the misbehavior works to gain a consequence that supports the persons goal, it is likely to be continued
• By looking for the antecedents and consequences problem behavior can become predictable
Human Behavior is Changeable
Strategies can be put in place to reduce the problem behavior and to increase appropriate behavior.
Make the problem behavior • Irrelevant – no need• Inefficient – replacement behavior serves
the same function• Ineffective – behavior does not lead to the
desired consequence
Why Use Acknowledgements? Reinforce the teaching of new behaviors
Harness the influence of kids who are showing expected behaviors to encourage the kids who
are not
Strengthen positive behaviors that can compete with
problem behavior
Prompt for adults to recognize behavior
Why Use Acknowledgements? Encourage school-wide behaviors to be displayed in the future
Improve our school climate
Create positive interactions and rapport with students
Overall, we earn time back to teach and keep kids in the classroom where they can learn from us!
Every time any adult interacts with any student, it is an instructional moment!
Rationale-What Does 5 Positives to 1 Negative Mean? Students should experience predominately
positive interactions (ratio of 5 positives for every negative) on all locations of school.
Positive Interactions=• Behaviorally specific feedback as to what the student
did right (contingent)• Smile, nod, wink, greeting, attention, hand shake,
high five (non-contingent) Negative Interactions=
• Non-specific behavioral corrections• Ignoring student behavior (appropriate or
inappropriate)
How Does 5 to 1 Happen?
All Staff are expected to: Interact in a friendly, supportive manner at all times---students,
parents, guests and colleagues Initiate positive interactions by:
• Making eye contact• Smiling nodding, winking• Welcoming• Offering a greeting• Asking if assistance is required• Provide positive feedback regarding appropriate student
behavior• Maintain an attitude of respect and support, even when
correcting student behavior
5 : 1 Ratio, It’s not Just for Kids
Business Teams:• High Performance = 5.6 positives to 1negative• Medium Performance = 1.9 positives to 1 negative• Low Performance = 1 positive to 2.7 negatives
Losada, 1999; Losada & Heaphy, 2004
Successful Marriages:– 5.1 positives to 1 negative (speech acts) and – 4.7 positives to 1 negative (observed emotions)
Gottoman, 1994
Gottman Information
• Predicted whether 700 newlywed couples would stay together or divorce by scoring their positive and negative interactions in one 15-minute conversation between husband and wife. Ten years later, the follow-up revealed that they had predicted divorces with 94% accuracy. Marriages that last:
o 5.1 to 1 for speech acts and 4.7 to 1 for observed emotions
Marriages likely to end in divorce:o 1 positive to 1.3 negative ratio likely to end up in
divorce
15
SYST
EMS
PRACTICES
DATASupportingStaff
Behavior
Supporting
DecisionMaking
SupportingStudent Behavior
STUDENT OUTCOMES
Social Competence & Academic Achievement
Practices-How Staff Interact with StudentsDefine:
*3-5 school-wide expectations*Classroom managed vs. office referred
behaviorTeach/Pre-correct
*Behaviors like we teach academics with Cool Tools
*In the moment reminders/redirection*Pre-correct to “get” expected behavior
Model:*Adults practice what we preach*Students practice what we teach
Acknowledge:Immediate, intermittent, long-term
reinforcements for expected behaviors to ensure future compliance
Re-teach:*Consequences for non-compliance*Review of expected behavior*Addition of needed behavioral/academic
supports
Components of Acknowledgement Plans
Immediate/High frequency/Predictable/TangibleDelivered at a high rate for a short period while teaching
new behaviors or responding to problem behaviorName behavior and tie back to school-wide expectation
upon deliveryExamples: “Caught Being Good”, “Lincoln Loot”, “Titan
Bucks”, positive referrals, points for privilege levels – turned in for tangible/non- tangible prize
Intermittent/UnexpectedBring “surprise” attention to certain behaviors or at
scheduled intervalsUsed to maintain a taught behaviorExamples: Raffles, special privileges, principal random call
Long-term CelebrationsUsed to celebrate/acknowledge accomplishmentALL kids, all adultsExamples: Quarterly activities: popcorn party, class movie,
class field day
Guidelines for Use of
AcknowledgementsReinforcements are for every student inthe classroom, regardless of where theyfall in the PBIS triangle.Over time, move from:
• other-delivered to self-delivered (extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation)
• Highly frequent to less frequent• Predictable to unpredictable• Tangible to social
Adapt to data analysis feedback: “boosters”
Individualize for students needing greater support systems
Effective Environments---Critical FactorsResearch conducted in the work environment (Buckingham and
Coffman2002) , identified the following critical factors as positivelycontributing to an effective classroom. • Educators, Students and Parents:
– Know what is expected– Know curriculum and instruction in place to get good
learning outcomes– Receive recognition for demonstrating expectations– Have a co-worker who cares and pays attention.– Receive encouragement to contribute and improve– Can identify someone they “relate to”– Feel the mission of the class makes their efforts
worthwhile– See staff and students committed to doing a good job– Feel they are learning new things and getting better– Have an opportunity to learn and teach
Example Strategies to Acknowledge Appropriate Behavior• Examples:
– Verbal praise– Thumbs up, high five– Token Economy– Notes/phone calls home or to principal– Student of the hour/day/week– Special privileges earned through group contingency
Acknowledging Appropriate BehaviorEffective strategies are…
Clear and specificContingent on desired behaviorApplied immediatelyTeacher initiatedFocus on improvement and effortProvided frequently during acquisitionFade as skill develops Avoid comparison/competition across childrenSincere and appropriate for student’s ageIncludes hierarchy of alternatives
Specific and Contingent Praise
• Praise should be…– …contingent: occur immediately
following desired behavior– …specific: tell learner exactly
what they are doing correctly and continue to do in the future
• “Good job” (not very specific)• “I like how you are showing me
active listening by having quiet hands and feet and eyes on me” (specific)
Establish a Continuum of Strategies to Acknowledge
Appropriate BehaviorSpecific and Contingent
Praise
Group Contingencies
Behavior Contracts
Token Economies
Acknowledgement of Appropriate Behaviors
Specific and Contingent Praise-Make eye contact and use behaviorally specific language. Provide immediate feedback and acknowledge appropriate behavior often.
Group Contingencies All for one-If entire class completes work on time they all get 10 minutes free time. One for all-Students divided into groups. Groups earns points, and group with most points wins reward. To each his/her own-Independent Group Contingency-everyone who earns points receives a reward.
Utilize Behavior Contracts (group or individual) Token Economy that can be based on how school
reward system operates.
Group Contingency Considerations
• Promotes team work
• Uses peer influences to correct inappropriate behavior • May result in conflict within the classroom
• Good opportunity for modeling/role playing and teaching class wide appropriate behavior (embedding skills)
Small Group Contingency• Small Group
The reward is given to all members of a group. Individual performance can effect the entire
group. (Members must perform at or better than a specified level
to receive a reward and are competing with other groups in the class.)
Team competition promotes higher interest and participation
Can promote unhealthy competitionGroup may not have equal chance for success
(may need to change the groups periodically)
Example: Small Group ContigencyMrs. Robinson’s class is divided into 4 groups.Example A: Members of the group help earn tokens for their
group. Groups that earn at least 20 tokens by the end of the day are admitted to compete in the “Spelling Bee” or
“Who Wants To Be A Millionaire” game.Example B: Mrs. Robinson’s class is divided into 4 groups.
Each member must earn 5 tokens each day in order for the
entire group to participate in the game (receive a
reward). Example C The 2 groups receiving the highest number of
tokens for the day participate in the game (receive a reward).
Behavioral Contracts• A written document that specifies a contingency
for an individual student or in this case…whole class
• Contains the following elements:– Operational definition of BEHAVIOR– Clear descriptions of REINFORCERS– OUTCOMES if student fails to meet
expectations – Special BONUSES that may be used to increase
motivation or participation.
Establishing a Token Economy• Determine and teach the target skills• Select tokens• Identify what will be back-up reinforcers• Identify the number of tokens required to receive
back-up reinforcers• Define and teach the exchange and token
delivery system• Define decision rules to change/fade the plan• Determine how the plan will be monitored• **Consider randomly delivering rewards**
Tips for Using Tangible TokensTIPS:
– Ensure an adequate supply– Take steps to prohibit counterfeiting– Develop a system for “spending” tokens– Establish an efficient system of record
keeping
ADVANTAGES:– Works like money (use as an immediate
reward, but actual “prize” is purchased later)
– Takes less time – Less expensive
Meeting Token System Challenges• Use tokens that students can “cash in” for back up
reinforcers • Change the color and/or design of tokens frequently
to discourage counterfeiting.• Ensure an ample supply of tokens• Ensure all students have fair chance of earning
rewards.• Provide visual prompts in all settings• Include information and encouraging messages on
daily basis• Select criteria for earning rewards based on data
already being collected (e.g., attendance, grades)• Continue school-wide efforts and align your
classroom rewards system with the school-wide system.
Classroom Continuum of StrategiesFree & Frequent
Intermittent Strong & Long Term
Verbal PraiseSmileStickersRubber StampsThumbs upHome Notes
Token Economy Phone CallsSpecial PrivilegesComputer TimeSocial/Free TimeSpecial Seat
Group ContingencyField TripSpecial ProjectRecognition Ceremonies
Acknowledgement System Self-CheckAs you develop your acknowledgement system make
sure you check for the following: The system is simple to use Clearly defined criteria for earning rewards Ongoing opportunity to earn rewards Flexible enough to meet the needs of diverse students Aligned with the school-wide reward system Supportive of and aligned with the data collection system Supportive of behavioral and academic success Meaningful back-up reinforcers Varied to maintain student interest Age-appropriate Hierarchical: Small increments of success are recognized with
small rewards
Reinforcing Behaviors
• It is important to only reinforce behaviors which are observable and measureable.
• Clearly state the expectation –– Example: Students who are quietly
standing in line, facing forward, keeping their hands and feet to them self
– Non-Example: Students ready for lunch
Guidelines
• Reward demonstration of school-wide expectations (contingent)
• Avoid trying to motivate by withholding incentives
• Avoid taking away incentives already earned
• Should target all students
When Selecting Reinforcers. . .Remember: Not everyone is
reinforced by the same rewardTry to personalize the reinforcers by
offering varietyRotate through different reinforcers
so options vary throughout the year
Tangible Reinforcements• Pair tangible reinforcers with praise
statements.• Pairing tangibles with verbal praise
gradually teaches students to become motivated by praise alone.
Types of Reinforcers
SensoryNaturalMaterial
Generalized Social
Sensory ReinforcersSensory reinforcers are things you can hear, see, smell, or touch:o Listen to musico Sit in special chairoHold a stuffed animal/toyoChoose a posteroWatch a movie
Natural Reinforcers
Natural reinforcers are things students like to do/ask to do during free time:
oPlay a gameoRead a bookoFree time with a friendoPlay a sportoBe in charge of materialsoPut up a bulletin board
Material ReinforcersMaterial reinforcers work for
studentswho require immediate
reinforcement in smaller amounts:
oStickersoMaterials: pencils, pens, paper, bookmarksoTrading cardsoMovie TicketsoFood couponso Juice drinks
Generalized Reinforcers
Generalized reinforcers work for students who can delay gratification, as the reinforcer is exchanged for an item of value at a later time:
o Raffle ticketso Tokenso Poker chipso Points/credits
Social Reinforcers Social reinforcers should be paired
with other types of reinforcers when students are first learning new
skills:oSmileoWinkoComplimentoEffective praiseoProximity
Sample Interaction Activity
Thank you, Mary, for picking up the trash
on the floor. Because you demonstrated
responsibility, which is one of our expectations, I want to acknowledge
you with a Beary Good Slip. Good job!
– Describe what the student did right– Explain how the behavior relates to the
expectation– Verbally link the behavior with the
reinforcer
Low Cost Reinforcers• Positive parent telephone contacts
with students present• Coupons (purchased with established
numbers of tokens) for the following:– Extra P.E. (Music, Art, Computer)– Sit by a friend for a class period– Use teacher’s chair at student’s
desk– Sit at teacher’s desk– Lunch with teacher-once a month– Earned activity period for a
preferred activity– Early release pass
Summary• Rewards are effective when
– Tied to specific behaviors– Delivered soon after the behavior– Age appropriate (actually valued by
student)– Delivered frequently – Gradually faded away
School District of CrandonCrandon Elementary School
Jamee Belland, PrincipalRebecca Gerow, School Counselor
Crandon Elementary School❖500 students 4K-5❖Two Native American Tribes❖Entering 4th year Universal level
Cardinal Cash ❖ Staff give Cardinal Cash to students displaying
appropriate behavior
Cardinal Cart❖ Purchase items with Cardinal Cash❖ In a central location ❖ Teacher stocks the cart every morning❖ Support staff volunteer to manage cart❖ Some items kept in the classroom for
purchase
Students can put their Cardinal Cash in a classroom bucket for a weekly drawing and write their name on the classroom Cardinal PRIDE 100s chart.
Cardinal PRIDE
When the classroom 100s chart is filled, students earn a short 10-15 minute acknowledgment chosen by the teacher or the class. The classroom also earns a Gold Coin. Examples: ❖Extra Recess (teacher supervised)❖Dance Party❖Popcorn during reading❖Lunch in the classroom❖Special Theme Day: PJ, hat, socks, sunglasses, slippers, etc.
Classroom-Wide
School-WideThe entire school is acknowledged when the 100’s Chart in the Elementary Lunchroom is full. Gold Coins❖ Good behavior.
Blue Coins❖ Weekly attendance rate of 96 % or higher
Red Coins❖ Two classroom 100’s chart for academics.
Weekly Assembly❖ Weekly student and staff winners are drawn❖ VIP Recess Tub❖ Classrooms earning a coin announced❖ Monthly winners are drawn on the first Monday
of each month
“All for One” Group Contingencies
The Golden Lunch Tray❖ Each week the principal picks a winning K-2 and a winning
3-5 classroom Acknowledging whole group behavior in the classroom❖ Marbles and Links❖ Keep it simple❖ Eat lunch in the classroom
Attendance Acknowledgements❖ Perfect Attendance (No tardies and no absences) ❖ Outstanding Attendance (Gone 2 days or less)
➢ Quarterly acknowledgement➢ Get announced/name in paper ➢ Pie in the face➢ Duct tape the principal
Staff Acknowledgements❖ Weekly
➢ Reserved parking spot➢ Coffee Coupon➢ Jeans for free a day
❖ Randomly➢ Staff drops
Helpful Tips❖ Acknowledgement system run by someone other
than the internal coach❖ Utilize support staff❖ Divide maintenance task among ALL staff❖ Have someone seek out donations❖ Have go-getters on the team
Enrich, Excel, Achieve Learning Academy
6-12 Charter SchoolWausau School District
Preparation Respect Integrity Determination Excellence
Core Values
Parfaits have layers and so does our plan! The focus behaviors all the time are work
completion and development of core values. Everything points back to these two facets. There are multiple incentives and ways to
acknowledge the behavior we want to see.
It’s like a parfait…
Consistency among staff
PRIDE
PBIS at EEA
Clear Consistent (this is critical) Taught regularly and then re-taught
Expectations
Feedback on work Tickets if the student
wants them (that can be redeemed in our store)
Slip for demonstrating core values
Benefits for getting required work done per day◦ Shortens the school day
by one hour
Benefits for getting more than the required amount of work done◦ Can shorten the day by
one more hour Benefits for perfect
attendance (individual) Benefits for all school
attendance End of semester
drawings
Acknowledge in many ways
Acknowledgements
Credit slips are posted as students finish credit
The students completing the most work are acknowledged with a “You rock”. This is posted on the classroom door and in the main shared area.
Bells are rung every time a student completes a credit.
More acknowledgements…
Even more acknowledgements
Everyone on the same bus Moving in the same direction PBIS is more about “training” the adults! Consistency is critical in our
acknowledgement plan, not just in addressing misbehavior.
Consistency
All-school (for the sake of building community)
Some for smaller groups ◦ Attendance◦ Credit completion◦ Work completion ◦ For a variety of goals, whether school wide or by
the room
Celebrations
In addition to SWIS, track what is important to you. For us it’s daily work completion and attendance.
Data
Frequently Asked Question#1
Shouldn’t children this age already know what is expected of them and how to behave?
Behavior that is acknowledged is more likely to occur again.
Behavior that is ignored is less likely to be repeated.
No good behavior should be taken for granted or it may decline.
Frequently Asked Question#2
Praising feels unnatural. Won’t kids think it sounds phony?
The more you praise, the more natural it will feel.
If you praise appropriate behaviors that truly happened, there is nothing phony about it.
Kids who get praise will tend to praise others.
Frequently Asked Question#3
Isn’t Praise Manipulative and Coercive?The purpose of praise is to reinforce
and increase positive behavior with the student’s knowledge.
Praise helps clearly describe expectations so that students can successfully meet them.
Frequently Asked Question#4
Isn’t giving a reward like bribing students to do what you want them to do?
A bribe attempts to influence or persuade someone to produce a desired behavior that hasn’t yet happened.
A reward reinforces a desired behavior that has already happened.
Frequently Asked Question#5
Won’t students come to depend on tangible rewards? Don’t extrinsic rewards decrease intrinsic motivation?
Tangible rewards should be accompanied with social rewards.
When a message that recognizes a student’s efforts as being responsible for success is given with a reward, internal motivation will actually be strengthened.
Frequently Asked Question #6
Shouldn’t rewards be saved for special achievements?
By acknowledging only the “big” behaviors, adults send the message that every day behaviors of courtesy, responsibility, and respect are not important.
Small steps on the way to achievement need to be recognized.
Frequently Asked Question #7
Do students in middle and high school still need acknowledgement?
People of all ages, including adults, need to be recognized and acknowledged for their efforts.
Students of all ages need recognition, praise, and rewards particularly during the difficult transition of adolescence.
Acknowledgements• Book-Best Behavior: Building Positive Behavior Supports in
Schools. Sprague & Golly, 2004. www.sopriswest.com• PDF-LRBI Checklist: Positive Reinforcement. Utah State Office
of Education: Least Restrictive Behavior Interventions (LRBI) Resources. www.usu.edu/teachall/text/behavior/LRBIpdfs/Positive.pdf
• PPT-Acknowledgement Systems: Catch ‘em being Good by Chris Borgemeier, PhD. Portland State University www.web.pdx.edu/~cborgmei
• PPT-Maximizing Effectiveness Using Positive Behavior Support Methods in the Classroom: Reward Systems, Florida’s Positive Behavior Support Project
• PPT-Effective Classroom Practice: Strategies to Acknowledge Appropriate Behavior-Center for PBS, College of Education, University of Missouri
References• Brophy, J. (1998). Motivating Students to Learn. Boston: McGraw Hill. • Conroy, M. A., Sutherland, K. S., Snyder, A., Al-Hendawi, M. & Vo, A. (2009). Creating a
positive classroom atmosphere: Teachers’ use of effective praise and feedback. Beyond Behavior, 18(2),
pp. 18-26.• Evertson, C., & Emmer, E. (1982). Preventive classroom management. In D. Duke (Ed.),
Helping teachers manage classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
• Evertson, C. M., Emmer, E. T. & Worsham, M.E. (2003). Classroom Management for Elementary Teachers. Boston: Pearson Education.
• Freiberg, J., Stein, T., & Huan, S. (1995). Effects of a classroom management intervention on student achievement in inner-city elementary schools. Educational Research and Evaluation, 1, 36-66.
• Good, T. & Brophy, J. (2000). Look Into Classrooms. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.• IRIS Center, Research to Practice Instructional Strategies. Nashville: Vanderbilt University.• Johnson, T.C., Stoner, G. & Green, S.K. (1996). Demonstrating the experimenting society
model with classwide behavior management interventions. School Psychology Review, 25(2), 199-214.
• Kern, L., Clemens, N.H. (2007). Antecedent strategies to promote appropriate classroom behavior. Psychology in the Schools, 44(1), 65-75.
• Newcomer, L. (2007, 2008). Positive Behavior Support in the Classroom. Unpublished presentation.
• Shores, R., Gunter, P., & Jack, S. (1993). Classroom management strategies: Are they setting events for coercion? Behavioral Disorders, 18, 92-102.
• Simonsen, B., Fairbanks, S., Briesch, A., Myers, D. & Sugai, G. (2008). Evidence-based practices in classroom management: Considerations for Research to practice. Education and Treatment of Children, 31(3), pp. 351-380.
Resources:
• www.pbis.org• www.wisconsinpbisnetwork.org• www.missouri.org• http://flpbs.fmhi.usf.edu• www.modelprogram.com• www.phillipmartin.info