The Western Tribune

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Wisotsky Term 1 Final Project by Noshin Chowdhury, Mohammed Iqbal, Rizwan Khan, Richard Lin, Richard Wang, Vincent Wu

Transcript of The Western Tribune

Page 1: The Western Tribune
Page 2: The Western Tribune

Authors:

Noshin Chowdhury

Mohammed Iqbal

Rizwan Khan

Richard Lin

Richard Wang

Vincent Wu

Compiled by: Richard Lin

Citations by:

Noshin Chowdhury

Richard Wang

Wisotsky

Period 1

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The Western Tribune May 2 1873

The Western Dream of the People, by the People, for the People

Richard Lin

Exactly seventy years ago, our nation grew nearly

twice its size. May 2nd 1803 marked the signing of the

Louisiana Purchase, and with that pen stroke across

the document, our nation truly began its journey

onward to the Pacific Coast.

The journey westward is one often described in the

tales of settlers and explorers living the Manifest

Destiny. But it’s not just those who physically move

that want to see the nation stretch from sea to shining

sea. A great part of the expansion west is due to the

work of our government.

The Louisiana Purchase arguably marks the

moment when the dream of expansion west was born.

That dream was originally not one of the common

people, but one of the government.

As former president Thomas Jefferson states,

“[T]his little event, of France possessing herself of

Louisiana,... is the embryo of a tornado which will

burst on the countries on both shores of the Atlantic

and involve in its effects their highest destinies.”

Jefferson’s eyes were set on that land of destiny,

so much so that he believed there was “perhaps

nothing since the revolutionary war [that] has

produced more uneasy sensations through the body of

the nation.”

A year after that statement, France decided to sell

Louisiana. And President Jefferson jumped at the

opportunity and completed “the purchase of the

Louisiana territory, including New Orleans, for $15

million.”

This was but one step of the government of the

United States in their endeavor to spread this country

as wide as possible.

There was then negotiations with Britain about the

United States-Canadian border, and that lead to the

British ceding some of its territory to the US in 1818.

The U.S. in turn lost some territory to the British in a

trade-off.

The following territorial attainment came with the

Adam-Onís Treaty of 1819. This followed

negotiations with Spain about Florida and the western

Boundary of the Louisiana Territory. This treaty gave

the United States the Florida territory and some further

stakes in the west.

About three decades later, the citizens of Texas,

who had formed a state by themselves apart from

Mexico, decided to be annexed by the United States.

Preface

American Progress by John Gast

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The conflict between the U.S. and Mexico over this

territory of Texas would become the Mexican-

American War.

The years during and after the Mexican-American

War represented another great leap forward for the

United States of America, starting with Oregon.

The Oregon Territory was obtained from the

British after great lengthy disputes by many different

countries. At a certain point, “Spain, Great Britain,

Russia, and the United States” all had claimed

ownership of that land. By the 1840s, only Britain and

the United States kept their claims, and by 1846, the

British had given America its land.

Following the defeat of the Mexicans in the

Mexican-American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo gives American a massive land grab, filling in

the bottom left part of the United States map. Its

borders include the Oregon Territory on the north, the

Texas and Louisiana territories in the east, the Pacific

Ocean in the west, and Mexico in the south.

The final nail the completion of the continental

United States is the Gadsden Purchase, where the

United States paid $10 million to Mexico “for a 29,670

square mile portion.” This finalized the shape of the

Continental United States today.

The government continues to expand its borders,

even past the Pacific Ocean. In 1867, the government

purchased the barren wasteland of Alaska from

Russia. There hasn’t been much development in that

area yet, and there may never be, but it’s proof that the

Manifest Destiny lives on past the Pacific.

While it is true that the people of America are what

embody the expansion west, what we must not forget

is the work the government has done to acquire that

land. Without the spirit of our leaders and the

protection of our government toward the Wild West,

A map of the different territories

obtained by the government

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The Western Tribune May 2 1873

the people never would have succeeded forward. But

through the American spirit and the hard work of the

government, the United States now spans from sea to

shining sea. ■

Timber Culture Act

Get 160 acres if you plant trees on ¼ of that

land.

Grab the opportunity while you can!

Issued by the United

States Government

Advertisement

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The Western Tribune May 2 1873

The Mexican-American War: American Dominance and Expansion in North

America

Richard Wang

The relationship between Mexico and American

has always been irregular, as both nations were new

fledglings in the early 19th century. Soon, with the

combination of the Manifest Destiny and the victory

over Mexico in 1847, Americans have shown their

dominance in North America and gained the rights to

extend their influence to the West.

A paramount event in American westward

expansion, the Mexican American War was also a

decisive war for both parties, for the victors of the war

would ultimately impede progression of the

vanquished. As the victors, Americans ought to

recognize the past opportunities of westward

expansions that they were fortunate to obtain and the

new opportunities that were created.

After the passing of the State Colonization Law of

March 24, 1825, Americans were able to obtain a sitio

(4428.4 acres) of pastureland and a labor (177.1 acres)

of land for cultivation in Texas. To receive this land,

Americans had to take an oath, which primarily

comprised of accepting

Christian values.

Americans quickly

moved into Texas to

redeem their land.

While Americans

have often been

admonished by Native

Americans from moving

westward in the past,

Texans invited

Americans to populate

their lands, a new

opportunity that shaped

the view of American

expansion in this

century. The invitation,

however, soon was

revoked by the growing

History

Dawn at the Alamo

Image of the additions of land through the

Mexican American War (also includes a picture of

the acquisition of Oregon Territory, which was not gained because of the war). Along with the

Oregon Territory, the land from the war extends

the southern part of America to the western coast.

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conflict within Texas. The result: the Texan

Revolution and the ensuing Mexican-American War.

The conflicts within the Mexican government

showed the unstable nature of the Mexican

government. Santa Anna essentially repealed the

protective Mexican Constitution of 1824, which

exempted Texans from taxes, tariffs, and other

payments. In addition, Anna dissolved the state

legislature and took power. These actions provoked

the American sense of liberty, causing them to unite

against the rising tyrant, Santa Anna.

On March 6, 1836, the Battle of the Alamo

represented the resolute will of Americans in Texas.

Defending their land, the Texan soldiers at the Battle

of the Alamo fought until they died. Even though the

residents at the Alamo Mission were all killed, eight

Mexican soldiers died for each defender. The

American determination to move westward was

instilled in this moment, revealed by the psychological

strength of Texans.

It was during this war when former President

James Polk expressed the Manifest Destiny to the

public. Regardless of the role of slavery in the

annexation of states, the entire movement west was

indicative of the strength of America, tied closely with

the American’s ability to roam westward. Polk was an

emblem of this desire to explore. In just four years,

Polk added 1.2 million square miles to the nation. His

gamble during his career displayed the American

determination to fight to move westward.

Had Polk not decided to declare war against

Mexico, the Mexican-American War would not have

occurred. Had Americans not wanted to cultivate land

in Texas, Anna’s insurrection would simply be glossed

over. These events, however, did happen because

Americans prided themselves in liberty and

opportunities.

Following the end of the war, the Treaty of

Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed, marking a new period

of westward expansion. America, in addition to

securing Texas, won New Mexico and California for

$15 million. A new chapter of history was written that

day, California soon provoked one of the largest

movements to the West, marked by an impulse greater

than the religious sentiments of the Manifest Destiny:

gold. ■

A copy of a rare document signed by Stephen Austin for a female Old Three Hundred, one of

the 297 grantees who received land in Texas in

1824.

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The Western Tribune May 2 1873

How the Transcontinental Railroad Changed America

Noshin Chowdhury

Origin of the Transcontinental The 1850s were a time of westward expansion for

the United States. The California Gold Rush and

Nevada Silver Rush pushed U.S. Americans further

and further west with the promise of economic

prosperity. Congress passed the Pacific Railroad Bill

that allowed financial support for the railroad

companies. On May 10, 1869, a golden spike was

driven at Promontory, Utah, signaling the completion

of the first transcontinental railroad in the United

States.

Immigrants The transcontinental railroad employed many

immigrants, who performed hard labor for low

wages. Most laborers were Irish decent but then they

decided to hire Chinese immigrants in order to speed

the process of laying the track. About 6,000 Chinese

workers laborers were hired in 1865. The Chinese

workers held a strike for shorter hours and better

wages however they failed. Chinese immigrants were

essential to the formation of the country but faced

discrimination even after the completion of the

railroad.

Social and Economic Impacts An obvious aspect of U.s life that was most

impacted by the completion of the railroad was

travel. Before the railroad, it took almost six months

and cost $1000 just to travel from New York to

California. Now the railroads allows people to travel

in that distance for $150 in a week. For the first time,

Americans could freely travel! This changed both

business and pleasure travel.

More accessible means of transportations led to

growth through expanding markets and cheaper

distribution, as well as increased possibilities for

partnership and exchange of ideas. This allowed for

more expansive idea of the industry and access to

information and skills.

After a few years of the railroad operating, it

was already shipping $50 million worth of fright

from coast to coast every year. Because of a faster

transport to industrial settings, there

was a marked production boom that

sped up the process of making goods.

Despite the benefits that the

railroads brought, it had some

negative consequences. The most

important consequence was the force

relocation of Native Americans from

their lands. This resulted in

widespread destruction of Native

Technology

Virginia & Truckee San Francisco to Carson,

Nevada Ticket Order 1870's

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The Western Tribune May 2 1873

American cultures and ways of life. The military was

brought in to fight Native American tribes. ■

COMIC STRIP

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The Myth of a Western Dream

Mohammed Iqbal

In Western cities such as San Francisco, cities are

buzzing with overly excited workers looking for pay

and a chance to raise a better life. Business

entrepreneur Levi Strauss has recently exploded with

“waist overalls” a new invention that has taken storm

in the Paris of the West. In the West, many

innovators are furthering to make life on the Western

frontier easy as possible by creating advantages of

those who seek great fortune. For example, Maria J.

Osborne a female worker who arrived in June set up

business to clean clothes for the miners. [See below

for interview].

While there are business opportunities here in the

West, the West is also looking for some workers.

However, some of the work here is harsh, requiring

long hours with gruesome tasks. For example,

recently the government decided to connect the East

and the West coast of America by the rapidly

growing industry, railroads. You may have heard

about the thousands of miles of tracks laid out to

allow better transportation. However, these tracks did

not appear overnight. These tracks were placed by

hardworking railroad workers.

Railroad workers are given little to no pay and

often are endangering their lives. Though, workers

are mainly immigrants, it requires a lot of brute force.

Tracks weigh approximately 132 lbs per yard and

workers and required to lay about 100 yards

everyday! Furthermore, supervisors watched over

workers as vultures, waiting to beat a dead a horse.

Workers were treated like slaves, given punishment

for anything supervisors seemed were not best fit.

Workers were forced into a corner and were not able

to protest due to railroad companies being able to

replace workers.

Op-Ed

Miners pose for the picture

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However, being a railroad worker in the West wasn’t

the only hard job, it was nearly financial suicide to

become a farmer.

Unfortunately for farmers, the government did

nothing to support them causing the rise of new

national parties such as the Populist Party. Many

farmers gained land due to the Homestead Act,

however land in the West were infertile causing

farmers to struggle to maintain a steady profit.

Manufactures didn’t make the farmers jobs any easier

as well; farmers were given advanced farming

equipment on a loan, however not many were able to

pay their debts. Many farmers requested for

greenbacks but the government would not budge.

Railroad companies weren’t making lives easier as

well as they charged more for freight trains than

passenger trains. Work in the West was atrocious,

very few positive job opportunities were available in

the West but it simply doesn’t just end there. Cities

were a foreground to failure.

Cities in the West are congested, as more fortune-

finders plead in search of what they believe is their

destiny. Cities are highly unsanitary with very few to

offer. There are many bandits on the way here and

communication is very hard. Often times, people

have to wait 3 months for a new letter, assuming it

was sent safely. This was due to the Pony Express;

though communication with the Eastern coast was

possible, it was highly unreliable as bandits would

steal and ransack Pony Express members. It was

practically impossible to live in the West as a sane

person, the disadvantages here clearly outweigh the

advantages. Only a brave and ignorant soul would

decide to move towards the West. ■

San Francisco population

skyrocketing with the

expansion westward

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Interviewer: Maria J. Osborne is a female

worker in San Francisco cleaning garments to support

her and her family. Maria, what made you decide to

pioneer to the West?

Maria J. Osborne: Well, I come from

Mississippi and my son was looking for adventure.

He believed that he could find gold here, hoping he’d

make a fortune. But one day he sent a letter, telling

me how he missed his mama and how he wished he

could have a clean pair of trousers again. So then me

and the girls decided we’re heading West, but not just

because of my son. I saw a future in the West, I

thought I could clean those 49ers for a mighty profit.

And sure I did.

Interviewer: Well that’s mighty brave of you,

could you explain the mindset of all these locals?

Maria J. Osborne: Everyone here is money

hungry, everyone thinks that they could achieve a

greater life here. Many who arrived here, are trying to

escape debt, so far the West gives them hope that

there might be great treasure awaiting.

Interviewer: Would you say that the people here

are relying on luck? What do you think of this?

Maria J. Osborne: Luck is an important factor,

but this is only about luck. There are other job

opportunities here than just being a 49er. Haven’t you

seen those foreigners working on them locomotives.

Two miles out there's a large number of farmers,

Outta here there's, factories, If ya looking for a job,

San Fran sure has one.

Interviewer: Well that's great news, but what's

the city like? What are the cities in the West like?

Maria J. Osborne: Each city has its own

advantages. However I’ve witnessed that the

population has soared! When I first arrived I

remember a few shacks. Now there's rows and rows

of houses. But that’s not all, I’ve heard a group of

Mormons were able to escape persecution by creating

some city in Utah. The West has a great potential

with nearly every city having its advantages.

Interviewer: Thank you any final words?

Maria J. Osborne: The west has a plan for

everyone that comes. It may not be pretty but you

may never know. ■

Interview- Maria J. Osborne

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The Western Tribune May 2 1873

It is Better Not to Rush

Rizwan Khan

On January 24th, 1848 James W. Marshall

discovered a gold nugget in the American River

while constructing a sawmill. This discovery led to

thousands of immigrants and Americans to flood to

the west, who were commonly referred to as “49ers”.

If you found large amounts of gold it was a way to

get rich quick but most miners didn’t find enough

gold to make them rich. In addition with a low

chance of succeeding there are other difficulties a

miner can face such as poor living conditions and

constant looting. Which made many Americans

ponder whether it was worth the time and money to

make the journey.

The first obstacle many people faced was

making the journey to California which was over two

thousand one hundred miles which took three to

seven months. Within this time many people would

run out of provisions or the condition of their wagons

deteriorated. A more predominant issue was the rise

of Cholera. By the late spring of 1849 there were

reports of major outbreaks of Cholera. It was certain

that the mass migration of thousands of Americans

contributed to the spread of the disease. Some

symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting. The release

of these fluids leads to dehydrations and with a lack

of supplies it easily killed hundreds.

After arriving to California there are several other

burdens that you have to face. Being a miner required

a lot of physical body strength. One of the more

popular methods of finding gold was a method called

“panning”. Panning required the person to squat by a

river and put dirt from the river in a pan while

constantly shaking the pan until he finds gold. Even

A cholera warning in a local gold

finding area.

Op-Ed

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The Western Tribune May 2 1873

after an entire day of work a typical miner earned

about six to ten dollars while a pair of boots costed

twenty five dollars. Food and housing were

extremely expensive as well as some other basic

needs.

This toiling is not a recent development

either. During the early 1850s, the diminishing

amount of gold and the increasing population in

California made it even more difficult to make a

profit from being a miner. This led to constant

looting. Bandits usually targeted foreigners and

attempted to steal their gold. In order to protect their

gold, most foreigners melted their gold into common

household items and covered them with black soot to

disguise them from bandits.

Was it worth for the average miner to spend

most of his day looking for gold? For the most part, it

wasn’t and the California gold rush fell short out of

their expectations. But that didn’t mean that going to

California equals a loss in profit. Most merchants and

other businesses gained most of the wealth from the

miners that spent 16 hours a day working. By

working long hours most of their clothes and

materials wore out quickly and they had to buy more

clothes. This lead to Levi Strauss, a German-born

tailor, to quickly become a success. Even though the

chance of you becoming rich as a miner are close to

nothing, there are certainly other ways to obtain

wealth. The American Dream to get rich quick

continues. ■

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The Pioneer

Vincent Wu

The spirit and determination of the pioneer years

ago to keep pushing and expanding westward is the

foundation and an important part of America.

The Louisiana Purchase was the first step in

expanding the Nation towards the West and into what

it is today. As overpopulation and crowding plagued

began to plague cities in the east, Manifest Destiny

pushed pioneers and motivated them to go to the

West in order to have a chance at getting new

possibilities for themselves and their families. Their

journey was not an easy one. The movement of

settlers into the West required “trails” to be explored

and mapped out before settlers could safely, or as

safely as possible, get from where they were to new

unexplored lands of possible riches.

Pioneers set off on loaded wagons carrying only

cloth, knives and possibly guns. One of the most

popular and famous trails was the Santa Fe Trail,

which started in Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe

in New Mexico. Another famous trail was the Oregon

Trail, which led from Independence to Portland,

Oregon. The settlers that moved here included many

Mormons who were persecuted for their religion.

Pioneers had many difficulties while trying to

reach their destination, and even after they had

reached it. In order to make way for all this land that

the pioneers expanded on, Native Americans were

not happy about being pushed out of their land for the

Americans and as a result, travelers who went on

their routes alone were attacked by multiple tribes,

including the Kiowa and Comanche. Many battles

between the Natives and the US government raged on

for disputes over land until about the 1890’s when the

Natives had finally lost and been pushed to

reservations so that the US could completely expand.

Other than the disputes between Natives and the US

for land, many other countries also had a grip on

parts of land on the continent that the US needed. For

example, Britain had control over land in Oregon, but

the conflict was resolved by a treaty. However on the

Southern side of the West, Mexico had control over

Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Florida. America

fought a hard battle against Mexico in order to gain

control over the land and allow pioneers to expand

even farther.

Settlers that did make it to the Western frontier

faced many droughts, floods, fire, blizzards, plagues,

and still raids by Native Americans. They had to

make their own shelters by digging hills, or stacking

blocks of prairie turf. Many farmers, while getting

new land to farm couldn’t make much profit, instead

they went into debt. Many of them couldn't make

Postface

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much money since many farmers planted the same

crops, causing the value of the crops to drop.

Why would there be so many farmers if it wasn’t

profitable, and instead sent many of them into debt?

The federal government passed many acts that were

incentives for new pioneers and other people to want

to settle in the west to perhaps escape city life. The

Land Ordinance Acts set up a system that allowed

settlers to purchase land. The Morrill Land Grant

Acts also gave land to states and supported farmers

by financing their education. The Homestead Act was

one of the big attractions to pioneers and settlers. It

offered 160 acres of land free to anybody who could

live and cultivate the land, attracting hundreds of

thousands of people to the land.

And with those thousands of people came the

foundation of our nation. Through arid desert and

snowy mountains, through fire and water, snow and

sun, the pioneers of America had pushed and

continue to push the boundaries of this nation. And

with each push comes new life and identity within

our borders. From that, we define America. ■

The trails of the pioneers

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