The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007...

The Western Heritage, Eleventh EditionKagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson EducationAll Rights Reserved

Chapter 3Classical and Hellenistic Greece

Chapter 3Classical and Hellenistic Greece



The Winged Victory of Samothrace. This is one of the great masterpieces of Hellenistic sculpture.

It appears to be the work of the Rhodian sculptor Pythokritos, about 200 B.C.E. The statue stood in the sanctuary of the Great Gods on the Aegean

island of Samothrace on a base made in the shape of a ship’s prow. The goddess is seen as

landing on the ship to crown its victorious commander and crew. The Nike of Samothrace,

goddess of victory. Marble figure (190 b.c.e.) from Rhodos, Greece. 328 cm in height, MA

2369, Louvre, Dpt. des Antiquités Grecques/Romaines, Paris, France. Photograph

© Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY



The Delian League

From 478 B.C.E., Greeks led by Athens moved against PersiaAim of the Delian League was to free all Greeks under Persian rule and sack Persian lands for compensation Forerunner of Athenian EmpirePersians driven from Europe and Aegean cleared of pirates



The Delian League (cont.)

Leadership of CimonAccepted democratic constitution of ClisthenesGained popularity for military successes against Persia and friendly relations with SpartaReplaced by Pericles



Map 3–1 CLASSICAL GREECE Greece in the Classical period (ca. 480–338 B.C.E.) centered on the Aegean Sea. Although there were important Greek settlements in Italy, Sicily, and all around the Black Sea, the area shown in this general reference map

embraced the vast majority of Greek states.



The First Peloponnesian War (ca. 460–445 B.C.E.)

Athens vs. SpartaEarly Athenian dominance449 B.C.E., Athens ends war with Persia



The First Peloponnesian War (ca. 460–445 B.C.E.)

445 B.C.E., Thirty Years’ PeaceAthens gives up mainland possessions outside AtticaSparta recognizes Athenian Empire

Spartan hegemony on land, Athenian hegemony on Aegean



Map 3–2 THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE ABOUT 450 B.C.E. The Athenian Empire at its fullest extent shortly before 450 B.C.E. We see Athens and the independent states that provided manned ships for the imperial fleet, but

paid no tribute; dependent states that paid tribute; and states allied to, but not actually in, the empire.



The Athenian Empire

From alliance to empireAthens kept one-sixtieth of Delian League’s revenues

Lands ringing Aegean



An Athenian silver four-drachma coin (tetradrachm) from the fifth century B.C.E. (440–430 B.C.E.). On the

front (left) is the profile of Athena and on the back (right) is her symbol of wisdom, the owl. The silver from which the coins were struck came chiefly from the state mines at Sunium in southern Attica. Hirmer Fotoarchiv



Athenian Democracy

Under Pericles, freest government yetNo more class restrictions on archonshipCitizenship limited to those men with two Greek parents



Athenian Democracy (cont.)

Popular assembly approves all decisionsPopular court judiciaryNo standing army or police force



Pericles (ca. 495–429 B.C.E.) was the leading statesman of Athens for much of the fifth century. This is a Roman copy in marble of the Greek bronze bust that was

probably cast in the last decade of Pericles’ life. Library of Congress



Court in Athens

Justice placed in hands of citizensNo lawyers and no judgeCases decided by jury of as many as 1,501 membersSimple majority decided verdict



Participants in an Athenian trial could speak for only a limited time. A water-clock (Clepsydra) like this kept the time. The Granger Collection,

NYC—All rights reserved



Women

Excluded from most aspects of public life, controlled by men in private sphereResponsibility of woman to produce male heirs for oikos—householdContrast between real life vs. myth and drama



Women (cont.)

AspasiaCompanion of PericlesAssertive and well-respected in Greek intellectual circles Treated better than most any woman of the time



The Acropolis was both the religious and civic center of Athens. In its final form it is the work of Pericles and his

successors in the late fifth century B.C.E. This photograph shows the Parthenon and to its left the

Erechtheum. © nagelestock.com/Alamy



Slavery

Chattel slavery rare at first, but began to increase around 500 B.C.E.

Worked on farms, in minesLiberation of slaves was commonSlavery based not on racist ideology but military prowess



Slavery (cont.)

In 406 B.C.E. Athenians released all slaves of military age and granted citizenship to those who would fight in an ongoing war



Religion in Public Life

Participating in religious life was a matter of patriotism and good citizenshipActing against religious beliefs was akin to an act against the stateMerciless punishments for blasphemies



The Great Peloponnesian War (432–404 B.C.E.)

Corcyra-Corinth disputeSparta refuses to arbitrate dispute with Athens, essentially insisting on armed conflictPeloponnesian League vs. Athenian EmpireAthenian naval disaster ensues after ill-conceived invasion of Sicily



The Great Peloponnesian War (432–404 B.C.E.)

Thucydides: naval leader, historianPersia aids Sparta, Athenian subject states rebelAthenian Empire dismantled 404 B.C.E.



Struggle for Leadership Among Greek States (404–338 B.C.E.)

Spartan HegemonyAthenian leadership briefly replaced by SpartanContinuing intermittent conflict with PersiaThebes and recovered Athens ally against Sparta in two wars



Struggle for Leadership Among Greek States (404–338 B.C.E.)

Theban HegemonyConflicts with Sparta and reborn Athenian EmpireGreeks weakened by two centuries of internal warfare



Classical Greek Culture

Athenian Golden Age—between Persian & Peloponnesian warsArts & letters inspired by creative tension:

Greek pride vs. fear of overreaching (hubris vs. nemesis)Individual vs. society



Drama and Architecture

Attic tragedy—Aeschylus, Sophocles, EuripidesBuildings like the Acropolis honored the greatness of Greek civilization



The three orders of Greek architecture, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, have had an enduring impact on

Western architecture.



The theater at Epidaurus was built in the fourth century b.c.e. The city contained the Sanctuary of Asclepius, a god of healing, and drew many

visitors who packed the theater at religious festivals. Hirmer Fotoarchiv



This storage jar (amphora), made about 540 B.C.E., is attributed to the anonymous Athenian master artist

called the Amasis painter. It shows Dionysus, the god of wine, revelry, and fertility, with two of his ecstatic female worshippers called maenads. Bibliotheque

Nationale de France—Paris/The Bridgeman Art Library International



Philosophy

Same humanistic focus as in art and architectureParmenides, Zeno: reality is fixed and unchanging, change is illusoryEmpedocles: four basic elements: fire, water, earth, airAtomist theory: atoms as smallest units of matter



Philosophy

Materialism vs. idealismSophists received pay for teaching rhetoric, dialectic, and argumentation



Philosophy (cont.)

Socrates (469–399 B.C.E.)Dialectical method399 B.C.E., put to death for bringing new gods into the city and corrupting the youth

Plato (429–347 B.C.E.)Student of Socrates; first systematic philosopherFounded the Academy in Athens



Philosophy (cont.)

Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.)Student of Plato; interest in biologyTutored young Alexander the GreatFounded the Lyceum



Map 3–3 ANCIENT ATHENS This sketch locates some of the major features of the ancient city of Athens that have been excavated and are visible today. It includes

monuments ranging in age from the earliest times to the period of the Roman Empire. The geographical relation of the Acropolis to the rest of the city is apparent, as is

that of the Agora, the Areopagus (where the early council of aristocrats met), and the Pnyx (site of

assembly for the larger, more democratic meetings of the entire people).



The Erechtheum: Porch of the Maidens The Erechtheum, located on the north side of the Acropolis of Athens, was a temple to the goddess Athena in her

oldest form as Athena Polias, the protector of the city. It was built between 421 and 407 B.C.E., probably to

replace an older temple the Persians had destroyed in 480. Roy Rainford/Robert Harding/Getty Images





replace an older temple the Persians had destroyed in 480. Steve Allen/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images





replace an older temple the Persians had destroyed in 480.



The striding god from Artemisium is a bronze statue dating from about 460 B.C.E. It was found in the sea near Artemisium, the northern tip of the large Greek island of Euboea, and is now on display in the Athens Archaeological Museum.

Exactly whom he represents is not known. Some have thought him to be Poseidon holding a trident; others believe he is Zeus hurling a thunderbolt. In either case, he is a splendid

representative of the early Classical period of Greek sculpture. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY



The Hellenistic World

Three-century expansion of Greek culture through Mediterranean & Asia



This freestanding statue of the Charioteer of Delphi is one of the few full-scale bronze sculptures

that survive from the fifth century B.C.E. Polyzalos, the tyrant of the

Greek city of Gela in Sicily, dedicated it after winning a

victory in the chariot race in the Pythian games, either in 478 or

474. The games were held at the sacred shrine of the god Apollo at Delphi, and the statue was placed within the god’s sanctuary, not far

from Apollo’s temple.

The Charioteer of Delphi. Dedicated by Polyzalos of Gela for a victory either in 478 or 474

B.C.E. Greek (Classical). Bronze, 180 cm in height. Archaelogical

Museum, Delphi, Greece. Photograph © Nimatallah/Art

Resource, NY



Macedonian Conquest

Philip of Macedon (r. 359–336 B.C.E.)Conquest of Greece, 338 B.C.E. (Athens under Demosthenes)League of Corinth—formed to invade Persia under Philip



Alexander the Great

Alexander III (356–323 B.C.E.)Took power at 20Conquered Egypt and Persian Empire, to IndiaVast Persian treasury released to economic advantageDied of illness at 33



Map 3–4 ALEXANDER’S CAMPAIGNS The route taken by Alexander the Great in his conquest of the Persian Empire, 334 to 323 B.C.E. Starting from the Macedonian capital at Pella, he reached the Indus Valley before being turned back by his own restive

troops. He died of fever in Mesopotamia.



Alexander’s Successors

Ptolemy I, founder of Egyptian dynasty ending in 30 B.C.E. with death of CleopatraSeleucus I, founder of Mesopotamian Seleucid DynastyAntigonus I, founder of Antigonid Dynasty in Asia Minor & MacedonEconomic pressures fostered class conflicts which weakened Greek unity



Hellenistic Culture

Macedonian conquest ended Greek independence and the central role of the polis



One of the masterpieces of Hellenistic sculpture, the Laocoön. This is a Roman copy. According to legend, Laocoön was a priest who warned the Trojans not to take the Greeks’ wooden horse within their city. This

sculpture depicts his punishment. Great serpents sent by the goddess Athena, who was on the side of the Greeks, devoured Laocoön and his sons before the

horrified people of Troy. Interfoto/Alamy



Hellenistic Culture (cont.)

Philosophy (Athens)Epicureanism—life of withdrawn happiness possible through reasonStoicism• Founded by Zeno• Aim of humans is the virtuous life, lived

in accordance with natural law• Divine reason, the guiding principle of

nature: Logos



Hellenistic Culture (cont.)

Alexandria, Egypt—great center of learning under Ptolemies; museum, libraryEuclid: plane & solid geometryArchimedes: geometryAstronomy: heliocentric theory of the solar system (minority view)Eratosthenes: geographer



A page from On Floating Bodies. Archimedes’ work was covered over by a tenth-century

manuscript, but ultraviolet radiation reveals the original text and drawings underneath.

The Archimedes Palimpsest (pen & ink on vellum) Greek School/Private Collection/Photo ©

Christie’s Images/The Bridgeman Art Library



Map 3–5 THE WORLD ACCORDING TO ERATOSTHENES Eratosthenes of Alexandria (ca.

275–195 B.C.E.) was a Hellenistic geographer. His map, reconstructed here, was remarkably accurate for its time. The world was divided by lines of “latitude” and

“longitude,” thus anticipating our global divisions.

The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition Kagan | Ozment | Turner | Frank Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007...

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