The Web of Data emerging industries

Michalis Vafopoulos04/04/2013

Contents ① The Web of documents vs. Web of

data– Some technology– Some economics– ..and action

② PSGR project ③ and more…

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The Web of Documents• Simple, big and unstructured• Organized in Silos

But humans:• are interested in Things,no documents & these Things might be in docs or elsewhere

• Limited capacity to extract meaning...

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The Web of Data• Analogy: a global file system ----> global database• Designed for: human consumption ->machines first, humans

later• Primary objects: documents --> things (or descriptions of

things)• Links between: documents --> things • Degree of structure in objects: fairly low ---> high• Semantics of content and links: implicit --> explicit

(Tom Heath)4

The Web of Data: why?

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encourages reuse reduces redundancy maximizes its (real and potential)

inter-connectedness enables network effects to add value

to data

The Web of Data: how?

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– current state on the Web• Relational Databases• APIs• XML• CSV• XLSComputers can’t consume data because:• Different formats & models• Not inter-connected

The Web of Data: how?

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– we need to create a standard way of publishing Data on the Web (like HTML for docs)

This is the Resource Description Framework

(RDF)

(a simple example here from Juan F. Sequeda), more next semester!)

Resource Description Framework (RDF)

• A data model – A way to model data– Inspired form Relational databases and Logic

• RDF is a triple data model• Labeled Graph (semantic networks)• Subject, Predicate, Object<Isidoro> <was born in> <Chios><Chios> <is part of> <Greece>

Example: Document on the Web

Databases back up documents

Isbn Title Author PublisherID ReleasedData

978-0-596-15381-6

Programming the Semantic Web

Toby Segaran

1 July 2009

… … … … …PublisherID PublisherNa

me1 O’Reilly

Media… …

This is a THING:A book title “Programming the Semantic Web” by Toby Segaran, …

THINGS have PROPERTIES:A Book as a Title, an author, …

Data representation in RDF

book

Programming the Semantic

Web

978-0-596-15381-6

Toby Segaran

Publisher O’Reilly

title

name

author

publisher

isbn

Isbn Title Author PublisherID

ReleasedData

978-0-596-15381-6

Programming the Semantic Web

Toby Segaran

1 July 2009

PublisherID

PublisherName

1 O’Reilly Media

Everything on the web is identified by a URI!

link the data to other data

http://…/

isbn978

Programming the Semantic

Web

978-0-596-15381-6

Toby Segaran

http://…/

publisher1

O’Reilly

title

name

author

publisher

isbn

consider the data from Revyu.comhttp://

…/isbn978

http://…/

review1

Awesome Book

http://…/

reviewerJuan

Sequeda

hasReview

reviewerdescription

name

start to link data

http://…/

isbn978

Programming the Semantic Web

978-0-596-15381-6

Toby Segaran

http://…/publisher

1O’Reilly

title

name

author

publisher

isbn

http://…/

isbn978

sameAs

http://…/

review1

Awesome Book

http://…/

reviewer

Juan Sequeda

hasReview

hasReviewerdescription

name

Juan Sequeda publishes data too

http://juansequeda.com/id

livesInJuan Sequedaname

http://dbpedia.org/Austin

Let’s link more datahttp://

…/isbn978

http://…/

review1

Awesome Book

http://…/

reviewer

Juan Sequeda

http://juansequeda.com/id

hasReview

hasReviewerdescription

name

sameAs

livesIn

Juan Sequedaname

http://dbpedia.org/Austin

Linked data = internet + http + RDF

http://…/isbn978

Programming the Semantic Web

978-0-596-15381-6

Toby Segaran

http://…/publisher1

O’Reilly

title

name

author

publisher

isbn

http://…/isbn978

sameAs

http://…/

review1

Awesome Book

http://…/

reviewer

Juan Sequeda

http://juansequeda.

com/id

hasReview

hasReviewer

description

name

sameAs

livesIn

Juan Sequedaname

http://dbpedia.org/Austin

Linked data = internet + http + RDF

Linked Data Principles1. Use URIs as names for things2. Use URIs so that people can

look up (dereference) those names.

3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information.

4. Include links to other URIs so that they can discover more things.

Web as a databaseLinked Data makes the web exploitable as ONE GIANT HUGE GLOBAL DATABASE!

Is there any query language like sql?SPARQL…

May 2007

What is a Linked Data application/service?

Software system that makes use of data on the Web from multiple

datasets and that benefits from links between the datasets

Characteristics of Linked Data Applications

• Consume data that is published on the web following the Linked Data principles: an application should be able to request, retrieve and process the accessed data

• Discover further information by following the links between different data sources: the fourth principle enables this.

• Combine the consumed linked data with data from sources (not necessarily Linked Data)

• Expose the combined data back to the web following the Linked Data principles

• Offer value to end-users

the 5 stars of open linked data

★make your stuff available on the Web (whatever format)★★make it available as structured data (e.g. excel instead of image scan of a table)★★★non-proprietary format (e.g. csv instead of excel)★★★★use URLs to identify things, so that people can point at your stuff★★★★★link your data to other people’s data to provide contexthttp://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/star-scheme-by-example/

Two magics of Web Science: the case of Linked Data

The (practical) question

contextualized & hands-on experience in Semantic Web & Business 3.0 on a unique, fast evolving and semantified dataset

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PSGR project: the answer

The first attempt to generate, curate, interlink and distribute daily updated public spending data in LOD formats that can be useful to both expert (i.e. scientists and professionals) and naïve users.

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The context first…

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Economy after the Web

New form of property• Public, Private, Peer (e.g. Wikipedia)

The right to: • Use-modify-benefit-transfer resources

• Energetic & connected consumption• Pro-sumption

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Research question

Web economy: from potential to actual

Enable new virtuous cycles in the economy through Linked Open Data

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Outline ① EU Unification: institutions-technology② Why Linked Open Data? ③ Economic LODo the story so faro how to starto use caseso engineering

④Government Budget⑤Tenders ⑥Spending⑦Business Information ⑧Next steps

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EU Unification: the institutions Best in theory – poor in practicea (complicated) market example• monetary policy, currency, eurozone • European Single Market • fiscal policy FORTHCOMING

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EU Unification: the technology Linked Data or Web of data• “publish once, use many times”. • different consumers extract different

slices of the data for different purposes• publish in context:

value & “meaning”

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EU Unification: the technology

• Linked Data (LD) + Open Data =LOD• Economic LOD as “data currency”

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Why LOD?

• Transparency & innovation

Network effects: enabling users to • bidirectional & massively processable

interconnections among data • re-using the existing infrastructure in the

government and business spheres

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Economic LOD: the story so far

• Isolated/fragmented behind technological & institutional barriers• General statistics: Eurostat etc. • LOD2 case • LOTTED (Linked Open Tenders Electronic Daily)

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Economic LOD: how to start A general model

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Economic LOD: use cases

• Business applications on top• Users: citizens, gov., EU, business• track the life-cycle of every financial flow:

evaluate budget allocation, tenders, spending and their efficiency• pre-allocate resources on provisional

public works • receive & submit information in real-time

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Economic LOD: engineering

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Government Budget• heterogeneous repositories & methods (mainly PDF)

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Tenders • Closed data in HTML• Public Contracts Ontology (PCO), e.g. – pco:Contract and pco:AwardCriterion

• Common Procurement Vocubulary• now working on linking our ontology to:– Payments Ontology – GoodRelations – FOAF

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Spending • most dynamic & open part• increasing number of countries/cities• raw & structured data• leader: the Greek Clarity project• spending decisions ex-ante to execution• Actually every decision

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www.publicspending.gr (*****)• based on Greek Clarity & Tax information• semantify, interconnect, clean, visualize,

SPARQL endpoint, daily update• PSGR ontology Links to– WESO products classif. – UK Payments Ontology– DBpedia and Geonames– …more to come

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Business Information • Registries: mainly closed• Key standards– Classification of Products by Activity (CPA)– eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)

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Business Information

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Next steps

• Working on our basic ontology• Real-life examples & apps• Bad news: A long way to go• Good news: we have started

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PSGR ① why Linked Open Data (LOD)② LOD in Greece③ issues ④ WHERE MY MONEY GOES App⑤ local spending in EU demo ⑥ to the future

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Why public spending LOD

omore & better information oobjective and processable information

for economic/political “dialogue”• to promote competition• to decrease cost • to judge the efficiency of policy mixtures• to enable participation

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LOD in Greece: current status

• in its infancy – NO Apps yet• 2-3 stars• Open not Linked• very limited public awareness

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LOD in Greece: why it is important

• quality of information during economic crisis• transparency & efficiency in funding

development

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Issues ohow can we initiate the virtuous cycle of

creation?demonstrate LOD’s added value

ohow to get the most out of data?local & global interconnections

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In few words,

Apps, Apps, Apps…..

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WHERE MY MONEY GOES in Greece publicspending.gr

• the first LOD App in Greece• daily updates• open spending linked data, endpoint &

visualizations

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WHERE MY MONEY GOES in Greece publicspending.gr

• Input 1.“Diavgeia” (all public spending decisions online daily)

API, average data quality, rich information• Payer, payee (amount, VAT number, name)• CPA 2008: Classification of products by Activity• CPV 2008: Common Procurement Vocabulary• Original decision text in pdf

2. TAXIS (official Tax Information System)VAT number validation and profile request

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Checklist ①Ontology – enriching with core vocub. ②Basic visualizations ③SPARQL endpoint - thedatahub④Interconnections– Product classifications – Open Corporates– Greek LOD (e-proc, geodata, dbpedia)– EU and US (CPV -> NAICS)

⑤Demos & services⑥Public awareness - working with the media , hackathons,

courses, theses 58

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Architecture

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publicspending.gr ontology

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Network analysisBetweenness Centrality: how often a node appears on shortest paths between nodes in the network

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Size: Betweness Cent.Color: HUB (HITS)

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Node size:Weighted- In Degree Cent., Node color: PageRank

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Competition in telecoms

Comments, ideas and more

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Additional material

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History of LD• Linked Data Design Issues by TimBL July 2006• Linked Open Data Project WWW2007• First LOD Cloud May 2007• 1st Linked Data on the Web Workshop WWW2008• 1st Triplification Challenge 2008• How to Publish Linked Data Tutorial ISWC2008• BBC publishes Linked Data 2008• 2nd Linked Data on the Web Workshop WWW2009• NY Times announcement SemTech2009 - ISWC09• 1st Linked Data-a-thon ISWC2009• 1st How to Consume Linked Data Tutorial ISWC2009• Data.gov.uk publishes Linked Data 2010• 2st How to Consume Linked Data Tutorial WWW2010• 1st International Workshop on Consuming Linked Data COLD2010

More Examples• http://data-gov.tw.rpi.edu/wiki• http://dbrec.net/• http://fanhu.bz/• http://data.nytimes.com/schools/scho

ols.html• http://sig.ma • http://visinav.deri.org/semtech2010/

References

• Weaving the Economic Linked Open Data• The Web Economy: Goods, Users, Models, and Policies• Public Spending: Interconnecting and Visualizing Gr

eek Public Expenditure Following Linked Open Data Directives

• A Framework for Linked Data Business Models

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