The Way it was

Computers

In 1971, IBM introduced the 8-inch floppy disk, initial capacity was about 100K bytes (100,000 characters)

• 1000 fit on diskette• 100,000 on standard zip

Meet ENIAC, the world's first computer - Comp...

ENIAC

• Revolution - activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation (Webster’s)

• Ponder for a moment the changes that you have experienced so far in your lifetime. ( List several examples)

• Underlying Theme• A need or problem encourages creative efforts to meet the need or solve the

problem. (Plato)– “Necessity is the Mother of Invention”

• Modern Examples– Microwave - 1947, 5.5’ tall cost =$5,000– Cell phones - 1973 – Water filtration– Automobiles

Agricultural Revolution

• Introduction of new farming techniques and methods in Britain in the early 1700’s

• Before the Change– Open-field farming - keep 1/3 of the land fallow to

replenish the soil• Dutch ingenuity

– Created more arable land– Used new crops (turnips and clover) to restore fertility

• British copy– “Turnip” Townshend - crop rotation– Jethro Tull - seed drill & horse drawn hoe

• Enclosures - Fenced in European lands, including those lands that had once been considered common for local farmers and villagers– Changes

• Eliminated the small independent farmers

• Created a new land aristocracy

• Caused the increase in efficiency because it was a commercial venture

The Catalyst for the Industrial Revolution

• Rise in Population– More people = more need for manufactured

goods

• Rise in Food Production– Lower food priced = more money to spend on

manufactured goods

• Entrepreneurs realized the potential profit in making goods more efficiently

The First Industrial Rev.

• Industrial Revolution - when people began using new power sources to run mechanical devices.

• British Geographical Advantages– Sea - isolation– Rivers - transportation– Coal & Iron - raw material essential to

industrialization

• Additional Advantages (Britain)– Property rights led to an increase in

Entrepreneurs– Those who risk their wealth by investing in new

technology or new business ventures

– Profits were protected

– Overseas colonial empire• Raw materials

• Trade partners

• Labor

– Belief in Capitalism• The use of private money or goods to produce a

profit of more money or goods in a free market

– Banking system

Innovations

Textile Industry• Domestic System - work

done in workers homes– Changes - Rise in demand

facilitated change• Spinning Jenny - James

Hargreaves• Water Frame - Arkwright• Ultimately how might this

affect the worker’s value?

– Result• Arkwright “Father of the

Factory System”• Cartwright invented the first

power loom

Innovations

• Iron and Coal

• Bessemer process

• Gas lit streets

• Vulcanized Rubber

• John McAdam

• Steamboats and Locomotives

Impact on Society• Men replaced by women and children

– Cheaper labor & no need for skilled artisans– Rise in unemployment and child employment

• Samuel Slater's factory– 7 boys and 2 girls between the ages of 7 and 12 to run his spinning

machines.– received between 33 and 67 cents per week, while adult workers in Rhode

Island were earning between $2 and $3 a week.  By 1820 1/2 of Rhode Island's factory workers were children.

• The Wage system– Maximum profits, labor supply, comparable work salaries, men vs.

women• Workers dependent on owners for means of production

The New Ideas Established by the Industrial Revolution

• Capitalism - an economic system in which most business is privately owned– Market economy - a system free from government regulation

(Smith) The Wealth of Nations– Businesses can compete freely against each other– Promoted ‘laissez-faire’ – a significant change– Figures

• Adam Smith• Thomas Malthus – population growth• David Ricardo – “Iron Law of Wages”• Andrew Canegie• Cornelius Vanderbilt• John D. Rockefeller

Theories Supporting the Industrialists

• David Ricardo – “Iron Law of Wages”– Wages should be kept at the lowest levels because

there was a surplus of labor supply– Wages are naturally regulated by

_______________ & __________________– Questions 1-5 handout– Page 250 – Why is it actually not advantageous in the long

term to provide factory laborers a higher wage

?

• 311,742,894• 6,869,346,834• 1804• February 2012• 251,804• 12 years 3 months

• US Population• World Pop• 1st Billion People• 7 Billion• # of years to reach 1 B• 5 --- 6

• Thomas Malthus – An Essay on the Principle of Population– Population will grow faster than

• Population grows exponentially (geometrically) vs Subsistence grows arithmetically

• Definite poverty/misery would be the result

• 1 Earth

The Outcry for Reforms and Regulations

• Luddite Movement

• Labor Unions

• Sadler Report• 9 years old

• Legalizing unions

• Northwestern England – “Black country”

• Manchester – 2 toilets for every 250

• 60% of children died before 5

Competing Views• Utilitarianism - every act of a society should be judged in

terms of its utility or usefulness to society (Jeremy Bentham)

– A law was useful and therefore good if it led to the “greatest happiness of the greatest number”

– Education was needed for people to apply the philosophy

– The government should create conditions to enable as many people as possible to find happiness

– Explain a scenario using minimum wage where it would and would not be a utility.

Competing Views• Socialism – governments or society own the means of production

and operate them for the welfare of all of the people.– Abolish the profit motive and competition in capitalism– Capitalists, owners and workers should share in the profits

• Utopian Socialists - people could live at peace with each other in small cooperative societies– Robert Owen (some success)

• People should not be dependent on employer• People would cease to be selfish if they lived in good environments• New Lanark, Scotland

– Nonprofit stores, free schooling, improved working conditions

– Social Democracy – move from capitalism…

Karl Marx• Published the Communist Manifesto (with Engels)

– “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles” - ex. The capitalist phase of the 1800’s

– Inequalities caused struggles between those that owned property and those that didn’t

• Bourgeoisie - owners• Proletariat - working class

– All wealth is created by labor but only a small fraction goes to the laborer– Surplus value - the profits that go the the owners and is not shared with

the laboring working class– The Revolution - workers will unite to take the means of production from

the capitalists to establish socialism• Dictatorship of the proletariat - provisional gov’t• Education would bring them to the light and the provisional gov’t would

“wither” away• “pure communism” would be left - truly classless society• “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”

Evaluate

• Identify 1 positive and 1 negative for each of the economic/political theories.

• Utilitarianism

• Capitalism

• Socialism

• Communism

Effects on Society

• “Separate Spheres”

• Business world was without moral control therefore…..

• Industrialization brought great power to Countries and paved the road towards imperialism.

• Immigration

• Middle Class developed

• Standard of Living

• Physical Science

• Social Sciences