The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin...
-
Upload
delilah-weaver -
Category
Documents
-
view
261 -
download
2
Transcript of The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin...
![Page 1: The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin America –Upper Class Peninsulares – people of European descent.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/56649f175503460f94c2d9f6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Wars of Independence in Latin America
![Page 2: The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin America –Upper Class Peninsulares – people of European descent.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/56649f175503460f94c2d9f6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Reasons for Revolution– Social Structure of Latin America– Upper Class
• Peninsulares – people of European descent born in Europe sent over to the Americas to rule the colonies
– Middle Class• Creoles – people of European descent born in the
Americas• Creoles resented second class status to peninsulares,
high taxes, and mercantilist policies
– Lower Class• Mestizos – part European and part Native American• Mulattoes – part European and part African• Native Americans – original people living in the Americas• Slaves – mostly Africans
![Page 3: The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin America –Upper Class Peninsulares – people of European descent.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/56649f175503460f94c2d9f6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Immediate reason – Spain and Portugal are attacked by Napoleon
• Enlightenment ideas• Haiti’s struggle (1791-1804)
– slave revolt inspired by French Revolution and led by Toussaint L’Overture
– rebel forces win because of leadership, desire, and luck (yellow fever)
![Page 4: The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin America –Upper Class Peninsulares – people of European descent.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/56649f175503460f94c2d9f6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Wars of Independence on the South American Continent
– Creole elite led revolutions against Spanish and Portuguese rule
– Creoles feared French-controlled Spain – liberal class reforms – so they formed Creole juntas or political committees, ended peninsulares rule and took over South America
![Page 5: The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin America –Upper Class Peninsulares – people of European descent.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/56649f175503460f94c2d9f6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• San Martin in Rio de la Plata
– The junta in Buenos Aires not only succeeded in defeating Spain n what would become Argentina but also sought to liberate Paraguay and Uruguay
– A revolutionary force led by Jose de San Martin helped Bernardo O’Higgins liberate Chile then liberated the loyalist stronghold of Peru
![Page 6: The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin America –Upper Class Peninsulares – people of European descent.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/56649f175503460f94c2d9f6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Simon Bolivar’s Liberation of Venezuela
– Simon Bolivar helped establish the liberating junta in Venezuala; civil war breaks out between royalists and republican supporters – llaneros (cowboys) and slaves
– Bolivar is exiled but eventually returns to liberate modern day Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuala
– Bolivar and San Martin disagreed on the future political structure of Latin America; San Martin eventually quietly left and went into exile in Europe
– Battle of Ayacucho – marked the end of Spain’s effort to retain South American Empire
![Page 7: The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin America –Upper Class Peninsulares – people of European descent.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/56649f175503460f94c2d9f6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin America –Upper Class Peninsulares – people of European descent.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/56649f175503460f94c2d9f6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Independence in New Spain– the lower class is united by a Creole priest Father
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (a poor parish priest) against the local junta; many atrocities are committed by the revolutionaries and royalist forces
– Father Hidalgo is captured and executed; Jose Morelos y Pavon, a mestizo priest and much more radical than Hidalgo, becomes the leader of the revolution
– the popular uprising ends after five bloody years of fighting
– fear of liberal reforms unites conservative forces behind a former royalist general, Agustin de Iturbide; he declares independence from Spain and is declared emperor
![Page 9: The Wars of Independence in Latin America. Reasons for Revolution –Social Structure of Latin America –Upper Class Peninsulares – people of European descent.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/56649f175503460f94c2d9f6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Brazilian Independence – nonviolent revolution– owned by Portugal – after Portugal is invaded by Napoleon
the ruling family flees to Brazil; Prince Joao makes reforms to appease locals
– after Napoleon is defeated King Joao VI returns to Portugal but leaves his son Dom Pedro behind to rule; eventually Dom Pedro declares an independent Brazil and becomes emperor