The War Ends

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The Civil War EndsThe Civil War Ends

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Total WarTotal War• General Ulysses S. Grant General Ulysses S. Grant

named commander of the commander of the Union Union army in March 1864

• Grant’s strategyGrant’s strategy– Pursue Lee in VirginiaPursue Lee in Virginia– General Sherman pushGeneral Sherman push to the to the

AtlanticAtlantic

• Sherman uses total warSherman uses total war to cut a path 60 miles wide and 300 miles long through Georgia– His success aids in Lincoln’s aids in Lincoln’s

victory in the election of 1864victory in the election of 1864– Breaks the spirit of the SouthBreaks the spirit of the South


Battle Date State Leaders N/S

V & I

The The WildernessWilderness

May 4 – 6, 1864

Virginia Grant

Lee

Confederate victory, but Union did not retreat and kept pressing Lee


WildernessWilderness Campaign

• Both forces fought in a Both forces fought in a mangle of trees and mangle of trees and brush brush – So thick it was difficult to So thick it was difficult to

see each othersee each other

• Union lost 17,000 menUnion lost 17,000 men– Grant vowed not to retreatGrant vowed not to retreat

• June 1864, at Petersburg June 1864, at Petersburg they dug trenches and they dug trenches and fought for 10 monthsfought for 10 months

• On On April 3, 1865 the April 3, 1865 the Union took RichmondUnion took Richmond, , the Confederate capitalthe Confederate capital– Confederates attempted to Confederates attempted to

burn itburn it



Victor & importance of outcome

AtlantaAtlanta July 16 – Sept 2, 1864

Georgia ShermanSherman

Hood

Union captured the “heart of the South” launched the “march to the sea” leading to total wartotal war


Lincoln’s 2Lincoln’s 2ndnd InaugurationInauguration

• March 4, 1865March 4, 1865– Cold, windy, rainy day in Cold, windy, rainy day in

Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

• Lincoln spoke in front of Lincoln spoke in front of the Capital buildingthe Capital building– Dome was completeDome was complete

• John Wilkes Booth was an John Wilkes Booth was an invited guestinvited guest

• Recalled the major cause of Recalled the major cause of warwar

• Vowed to restore peace & Vowed to restore peace & unityunity

“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his

widow, and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.”


“There is nothing left for me to do but go & see General Grant, & I would rather die a thousand

deaths.”

CONFEDERATE LINES BREAK ON APRIL 2, 1865

LEE RETREATS WEST OF RICHMOND

UNION BLOCKED HIS ESCAPE ROUTE


V & I

Appomattox Appomattox CourthouseCourthouse

(surrender)(surrender)

April 9, 1865

Virginia GrantGrant

Lee

Lee signs the Unions terms of surrender; Confederates were allowed to return home with property (except weapons)

Main Battles Main Battles -Review-Review

Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, April 9, 1965

Lee surrendered to GrantLee surrendered to Grant

Confederates sent home without weapons

Jefferson Davis is captured Jefferson Davis is captured on May 10 & the war officially ends& the war officially ends

“I felt like anything rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly…though [the cause]…[was] one of the worst for which a people ever fought, and one which there was the least excuse. I do not question

the sincerity of the great mass of those who were opposed to us.”


Cost of the WarCost of the War

• Deadliest war in US Deadliest war in US historyhistory– 620,000 dead620,000 dead– 535,000 wounded535,000 wounded

• 3,000,000 served3,000,000 served– About 10% of the About 10% of the

populationpopulation

• North & South combined North & South combined spent more than 5 times spent more than 5 times the spent in the previous the spent in the previous 8 DECADES8 DECADES

Casualties

Union Confederacy

Death from wounds

110,070 94,000

Death from disease

249,458 164,000

Total death rate

23 percent 24 percent

Wounded 275,175100,000

(approx.)

Economic Costs• Federal loans and taxes to finance the

war totaled $2.6 billion = $36.5 billion today

• Federal debt on June 30, 1865 rose to $2.7 billion = almost $37 billion today

• Confederate debt ran over $700 million = $9 billion today

• Union inflation reached 179% by 1865

• Confederate inflation rose to 9,000%


Constitutional AmendmentConstitutional Amendment• Union Army marched Union Army marched

through the South & through the South & released slavesreleased slaves– The officers read the The officers read the

Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation at each plantationat each plantation

• Jan. 1865 – Lincoln Jan. 1865 – Lincoln urged Congress to end urged Congress to end slaveryslavery

• 1313thth Amendment Amendment passed in 1865passed in 1865– Ended slavery in AmericaEnded slavery in America– By year’s end, 27 states By year’s end, 27 states

ratifiedratified– 8 in the South ratified it8 in the South ratified it


Lincoln AssassinatedLincoln Assassinated

• Lincoln shot 5 days Lincoln shot 5 days after the surrenderafter the surrender – While watching a play at While watching a play at

Ford’s Theatre in Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

• He’s shot by by a a Confederate supporter, Confederate supporter, John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth– Booth jumped onto the Booth jumped onto the

stage and escapedstage and escaped– Broke his leg in the Broke his leg in the

processprocess


Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s Assassination• Secretary of State Secretary of State

William Seward was William Seward was stabbedstabbed– He later recovered He later recovered

• Vice President Andrew Vice President Andrew Johnson was supposed Johnson was supposed to be assassinatedto be assassinated

• Booth was tracked & Booth was tracked & killedkilled

• The other conspirators The other conspirators were hanged or were hanged or imprisonedimprisoned


AssassinationAssassination Aftermath Aftermath• Lincoln died the next Lincoln died the next

morningmorning– The bullet could not The bullet could not

be removed from his be removed from his brainbrain

– First president to be First president to be assassinatedassassinated

• Vice Pres. Andrew Vice Pres. Andrew Johnson was sworn Johnson was sworn in as in as the 17the 17thth President of the U.S.President of the U.S.

Funeral procession for President LincolnFuneral procession for President LincolnFuneral procession for President LincolnFuneral procession for President Lincoln

Victory parade after the Victory parade after the surrendersurrender

Victory parade after the Victory parade after the surrendersurrender


Causes Immediate Immediate EffectsConflict over slavery in the territories Abolition of slaveryAbolition of slavery

Economic differences between the North & South Devastation of the SouthDevastation of the South

Failure of Congress to compromise Reconstruction of SouthReconstruction of South

Election of Lincoln as presidentLong-Term Long-Term EffectsGrowth of industryGrowth of industry

Secession of Southern states Government more powerGovernment more power

Firing on Fort Sumter Nation reunitedNation reunited

The War Ends

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