The View from 60,000 Feet
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Transcript of The View from 60,000 Feet
The View The View
from 60,000 Feetfrom 60,000 Feet
Evolution and DiversityEvolution and Diversity
of Steelheadof Steelhead
Ken CurrensPacific Coast Steelhead Management Meeting 2010
West Africa, 1930
Things weren’t always as they are now
The present is often more interesting if we know something about the past
Eocene North AmericaEocene North America 55-30 Million 55-30 Million
Years AgoYears AgoBegan with rapid warmingBegan with rapid warming
Tropical forests in Pacific NorthwestTropical forests in Pacific Northwest
Polar climates similar to Pacific Polar climates similar to Pacific Northwest todayNorthwest today
Large lakes and inland seas; none of existing Large lakes and inland seas; none of existing mountain rangesmountain ranges
British ColumbiaBritish Columbia40-50 Ma 40-50 Ma
Salmonidae Salmonidae already presentalready present
Eosalmo driftwoodensis
IncludedIncluded• ThymallinaeThymallinae• CoregoninaeCoregoninae• SalmoninaeSalmoninae
Start of long-term Start of long-term cooling trend cooling trend
Continued coolingContinued coolingallowed dispersalallowed dispersal
southwardsouthwardLate Miocene Late Miocene (10-5 Ma) (10-5 Ma)
The Sabertooth SalmonOncorhynchyus (Smilodonichthys) rastrosus
Continued coolingContinued coolingallowed dispersalallowed dispersal
southwardsouthward
Plio-Pleistocene Plio-Pleistocene (5-0.1 Ma) (5-0.1 Ma)
Fossil Fossil O. australisO. australisIn Lake Chapala, In Lake Chapala, MexicoMexico
Distribution of western trouts Distribution of western trouts in North America in North America
about 1900 about 1900 ((from Behnke 1992from Behnke 1992))
Diversity of extant Diversity of extant western trouts western trouts
Coastal cutthroat
Westslope cutthroat
Yellowstone cutthroat
Rio Grande cutthroat
Colorado River cutthroat
Greenback cutthroat
Mexican golden trout& undescribed trout
Apache trout
Gila trout
Rainbow trout O. mykiss
Bonneville cutthroat
Humboldt cutthroat
Lahontan cutthroat
Paiute cutthroat
Whitehorse & Alvord cutthroats
California,& Kern golden trouts
Extant distribution does not simply reflectreflect colonization
to the south
Extant distribution does not Extant distribution does not simply reflect southward simply reflect southward
colonizationcolonization
Formation of mountain ranges
Shaping old rivers & creating new ones
Faulting in Basin & Range
Columbia basalts & Columbia basalts & Snake River flowsSnake River flows
Volcanic lava floods
Glaciation
Extant distribution does not simply reflectreflect colonization
to the south
Extant distribution does not Extant distribution does not simply reflect southward simply reflect southward
colonizationcolonization
Formation of mountain ranges
Shaping old rivers & creating new ones
Faulting in Basin & Range
Columbia basalts & Columbia basalts & Snake River flowsSnake River flows
Volcanic lava floods
Glaciation
No O. mykiss in the Columbia River as recently as 70,000-
50,000 years ago
Extant distribution does not simply reflectreflect colonization
to the south
Extant distribution does not Extant distribution does not simply reflect southward simply reflect southward
colonizationcolonization
Eoc
ene
Mio
cene
Olig
ocen
ePleistocenePleistocene
PliocenePliocene
23
5.35.3
34
2.62.6
Species & Subpecies of North American trout
HuchoBrachymystaxSalvelinus
OncorhynchusSalmo
Salmo Oncorhynchus
Two Morphologically Two Morphologically Different Forms of Different Forms of
Steelhead TroutSteelhead Trout
Inland or fine-scale form Inland or fine-scale form with redband trout-like with redband trout-like characteristicscharacteristics
Coastal formCoastal form
Landlocked “redband” trout with Landlocked “redband” trout with cutthroat-like characteristics cutthroat-like characteristics ((OncorhynchusOncorhynchus sp.) sp.)
Extant distribution does not simply reflectreflect colonization
to the south
Coastal & Inland forms thought to reflect dispersal after isolation & differentiation in glacial refuges
Mexican golden trout& undescribed trout
Most primitive forms of Most primitive forms of O. mykiss O. mykiss occur near occur near
Gulf of CaliforniaGulf of California
Primitive TraitsPrimitive Traits
Derived TraitsDerived Traits
California & Kern golden trouts
McCloud redband
Upper Klamath redband
Goose Lake, Warner,& Chewaucan redbands
Fort Rock redband
Catlow Valley redband
Columbia River redbands
Coastal rainbow trout & steelhead
White River redband
Earliest Earliest O. mykiss O. mykiss evolved evolved around the Gulf of California & around the Gulf of California &
dispersed northdispersed north
Gulf of CaliforniaGulf of California
SacramentoSacramento
San Joaquin San Joaquin
KlamathKlamath
?Columbia Columbia
Oregon Desert BasinsOregon Desert Basins
Reached Columbia River Reached Columbia River 32-50K years ago32-50K years ago
Gulf of CaliforniaGulf of California
SacramentoSacramento
San Joaquin San Joaquin
KlamathKlamath
?Columbia Columbia
Oregon Desert BasinsOregon Desert Basins
Tahoe Glaciation 32K years ago
Glacial Lake Missoula
Upper Fraser
Puget Sound
10-15 K 10-15 K years agoyears ago
C CCCCBB B
G
G
EG
B
EEE
BBBA
A
B
C
AAAAEFFFFFFF
AAAA
CBBCBF
AAA
ADDDDGGGGBBBBBB
CAAAAAAA
BBBBBBB
CE
BBBA
AAA
CB
G
Columbia River
C C
Ca
non
ica
l Va
riat
e II
I
K
H
H
IHH
K
HIntermediates?Harney (H), Catlow (I)Fort Rock (K)
N
NMN
M
NN
NQ
Q
MM
M
M
M
M
MMMM
M
MN N
NNN N
Klamath:Upper Klamath headwater (M), Upper Klamath Lake (N)Coastal Klamath mountains (Q)
-30 -20-25 5-15 -10 -5 0
-10
-5
0
5
-15
Canonical Variate I
L
L
L
J
J
JJJ
OO O
OO
Sacramento:Goose Lake (L), Warner Lakes (O)Chewaucan (J)
L
SacramentoSacramento
San Joaquin San Joaquin
KlamathKlamath
?Columbia Columbia
Oregon Desert BasinsOregon Desert Basins
Glacial Lake Missoula
Upper FraserPuget
Sound
Steelhead life-history contributed to greater O. mykiss diversity
than often recognized
SacramentoSacramento
San Joaquin San Joaquin
KlamathKlamath
?Columbia Columbia
Oregon Desert BasinsOregon Desert Basins
Glacial Lake Missoula
Upper FraserPuget
Sound
Large river systems were more important that glaciation in
diversity of O. mykiss
Ability to Explain Differences
SacramentoSacramento
San Joaquin San Joaquin
KlamathKlamath
?Columbia Columbia
Oregon Desert BasinsOregon Desert Basins
Glacial Lake Missoula
Upper FraserPuget
Sound
Basins now isolated from large river systems played key roles in
the evolution of steelhead
Fishing for Ancestral Steelhead in the Oregon Desert Basins, 1985
Things weren’t always as they are now
The present is often more interesting if we know something about the past