The Vietnam War and American Society: 1954-1975. Deepening American Involvement - Chapter 31:i -
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Transcript of The Vietnam War and American Society: 1954-1975. Deepening American Involvement - Chapter 31:i -
The Vietnam War andAmerican Society: 1954-1975
Deepening American Involvement- Chapter 31:i -
Vietnam has a history of resisting control by other countries for 2000 years (China,
Japan, France, and the US).
[Image source: http://www.egeltje.org/archives/blah/trungsis.jpg]
During the19th century, France added Cochin-china,
Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin,
and Laos totheir empire.
Indochina at time of conquest in 1883.
[Image source: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0254/img0054.jpg]
By the early 20th century, these
areas were combined and administered collectively as French Indo-
China.
Vietnam supplied raw materials to France and purchased manufactured
goods in-return (Mercantilism).
The empireof Japan
temporarily severed this connection, when they occupied
Southeast Asia during World
War II.
Vietnamese guerillas gained valuable experience opposing the Japanese occupation.
After World War II, the French attemptedto reassert their control over Indochina.
Nationalist Ho Chi Minh lead communist cadresin fighting to expel the French from Vietnam.
[Image source: http://www.leksikon.org/images/vo_nguyen_giap.jpg]
The Viet Minh defeated the French at the battle of Dien Bien Phu and forced to surrender their position in Indo-China.
The Viet Minh employed the tactic of “holding on to the belt of the enemy”.
In 1954 a conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland, to determine the fate of Vietnam.
Vietnam was temporarily
divided in half – the northern part controlled by the Communists, and the southern part
backed by the United States.
Ngo Dinh Diem complicated
matters whenhe unilaterally declared South
Vietnam an independent
republic in 1955.
American support for
South Vietnam was based on the fear that communism
would spread among
neighboring nations (the
Domino Theory).
The world by the early-1960s.
In 1960 President Eisenhower sent 675 military advisers to train South Vietnamese troops.
By the end of 1963, there were more than 16,000 Americans
advisers in Vietnam.
To win the ideological war, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara developed
the concept of “flexible response” – fighting only as much as needed.
The Viet Cong and the NVA (North Vietnamese Army) didn’t
practice “flexible response”.
This led to an escalation in the Vietnam War, with no end in sight.
The Republic of South Vietnam
attempted to deprive Viet Cong
guerillas of the support fromthe people by
relocating them into strategic
hamlets.
These strategic hamlets, which were little better than prison camps, helped the
government extend control into rural areas.
Increasingly South Vietnam was seen as a puppet of the
imperialist Americans.
[Image source: http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blyviet105.htm]
Buddhist monks, in protesting
President Diem’s policies, brought
international condemnationof his actions.
President Kennedy communicated to the South Vietnamese military that the United States would not interfere with their efforts
to remove President Diem from power.
Three weeks following Diems’ demise, President Kennedy was felled by an assassin’s bullet.
Lyndon Baines Johnson
succeeded Kennedy as president,
inheriting his commitments to the Republic of SouthVietnam.
[Image source: http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/Vietimages/Cartoons/levine.htm]
In August 1964 North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked the destroyer U.S.S. Maddox (DD 731).
Action report from the U.S.S. Maddox
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
voted by the Congress gave
President Johnson carte blanch to whatever was necessary to
defend America’s interests.
President Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin incident to get Congressional
approval for escalating America’s military rôle in Vietnam.
[Image source: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.html]
Some people wish to see a similarity between presidents Johnson and George W. Bush, but . . .
Originally, Americans had been advisors, training the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN).
Now the United States took a more-active rôle in propping-up the South Vietnamese government, . .
. . . especially since they proved unable to field an army that could successfully defend their country.
By 1965, the Viet Cong had
managed to expand the territory
under their control in
South Vietnam.
North Vietnamese troops and
supplies flowed into
South Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
[Image source: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.html]
In spite of large numbers and
advanced weaponry, the United States failed to drive the Viet Cong out of South Vietnam.
[Image source: http://members.aol.com/veterans/warlib6v.htm]
In early-1968 Viet Cong forces launched the Tet
Offensive, striking civilian
and military command
centres, hoping to spark a a
general uprising.[Image source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive]
Televised images of the brutally of war began to shape public opinion.
General Luan summarily executes Viet Cong Officer Van Lem,”codename” Bay Lop (photo by Eddie Adams A.P. 2/68)
President Johnson’s popularity suffered accordingly.
[Image source: http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-presapp0605-31.html]
What rôle has the media played in contributing to negative public opinion regarding this and other conflicts?
How do the casualty-rates between the Vietnam War and the Iraq War compare?
Today, the mainstream media and social-progressive elites are working hard to make the
analogy that the War in Iraq is another Vietnam.
[Image source: http://www.neveryetmelted.com/?p=2907]