The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains · The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains i...

The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountainsincluding the Capertee, Coxs, Jenolan & Gurnang Areas

Volume 1: Technical Report

Hawkesbury-NepeanCMA CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

Department ofEnvironment and Conservation (NSW)

The Vegetation of theWestern Blue Mountains(including the Capertee, Cox’s, Jenolan and Gurnang Areas)

Volume 1: Technical Report (Final V1.1)

Project funded by the Hawkesbury – Nepean Catchment ManagementAuthority

Information and Assessment SectionMetropolitan BranchEnvironmental Protection and Regulation DivisionDepartment of Environment and ConservationJuly 2006

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis project has been completed by theInformation and Assessment Section,Metropolitan Branch.

Section Head, Information and AssessmentJulie Ravallion

Coordinator, Bioregional Data GroupDaniel Connolly

Vegetation Project OfficerGreg Steenbeeke

GIS, Data Management and DatabaseCoordinationPeter EwinKylie MaddenGreg Steenbeeke

Logistics and Survey PlanningGreg Steenbeeke

Field SurveyorsGreg SteenbeekeDaniel ConnollyElizabeth MagareyHelen AchurchRebecca AllportColin HuntVenesser OakesJosh Madden

Aerial Photo InterpretationBob WilsonData capture by Pintech (Pty Ltd)

Data AnalysisGreg SteenbeekeDaniel Connolly

Report Writing and Map ProductionGreg SteenbeekeDaniel ConnollyBob Wilson

Report Formatting

Kerry Oakes

Special thanks to:The numerous land owners including StateForests of NSW who allowed access to theirproperties.

The Department of Natural Resources, ForestsNSW and Hawkesbury – Nepean CMA forcomments on early drafts.

This report should be referenced as follows:

DEC (2006) The Vegetation of the WesternBlue Mountains. Unpublished report funded bythe Hawkesbury – Nepean CatchmentManagement Authority. Department ofEnvironment and Conservation, Hurstville.

PhotosVegetation community profile photographs byGreg Steenbeeke unless otherwise noted.Feature cover photo by Greg Steenbeeke. Allphotographs are held by DEC. To obtain a copyplease contact the Bioregional Data GroupCoordinator, DEC Hurstville

ISBN 1 920887 44 X

The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report describes the distribution and composition of the native vegetation communities for portions ofthe Oberon, Capertee and Lithgow areas within the Hawkesbury – Nepean catchment. It covers over157 000 hectares of land. The project has been completed on behalf of the Catchment ManagementAuthority with the aim to ensure that native vegetation mapping covers all unmapped areas outside ofDEC managed lands in the catchment. The mapping provides a critical information resource for a widerange of support planning, management and monitoring for biodiversity objectives within the catchment.This project has sought to extend recently completed vegetation mapping work carried out across theSouth Coast and Cental Tablelands (Tindall et al. 2004) as part of the statewide vegetation mappingprogram. A small reserve adjoining the mapping area that covers the Jenolan Caves Trust Reserve hasbeen mapped and described within this report, although it was separately funded by the Oberon office ofthe Parks and Wildlife Division.

A comprehensive field survey program was carried out to augment the information gathered in earliermapping projects in the Warragamba Special Area, Western Blue Mountains National Park, WollemiNational Park and the South Coast and Central Tablelands. An additional 302 floristic survey sites werecollected during this project, bringing the total number in the study area and surrounding 20 kilometrebuffer to 1257 full floristic sites. All vascular plants were identified and vegetation, soil and disturbanceinformation were recorded and entered into an electronic database. This data was used to classifyvegetation communities using quantitative analytical techniques. Fifty-seven vegetation communitieshave been identified and each described in separate profiles. Each profile describes the composition andstructure of the vegetation, example locations, disturbance levels present and includes a photograph thatis considered to be representative of the community.

A detailed 1:25 000 scale map of the vegetation communities of the study area has been completed.Although primarily intended for use in developing Property Vegetation Plans under the NSW NativeVegetation Act 2003, this data can now be widely applied to a number of uses ranging fromenvironmental reporting, fire management planning, conservation assessments and field operations. Thismap was constructed using detailed Aerial Photograph Interpretation (API) of nominal 1:25 000 scalecolour photography (1998 – 2002) in conjunction with environmental data layers that describe thepatterns in geology, elevation, rainfall and aspect. Digital data layers are available for use in ARCViewGIS, which describe the distribution of vegetation communities as well as other landscape features suchas exposed rock and cleared land. The derived mapping can now be used to display vegetationcommunities, vegetation structure, disturbance, amount of rock present, understorey type, canopydensity and tree species present. A score for mapping reliability for each polygon is also provided. Thisfine scale information has been collected to assist with site based assessments.

This study identified and described 19 vegetation communities not previously described by recentregional mapping (Tindall et al. 2004). Many are located within the Capertee Valley, a distinctive andunique area for flora within the catchment. The project also identified and mapped four EndangeredEcological Communities (EECs) listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995).These are the Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland, Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamp, White Box–Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland and Montane Peatlands and Swamps. There are also twoEECs listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999).These EECs are the Grassy White Box Woodlands and the Temperate Highland Peat Swamps onSandstone. Twenty-two plant species that are listed under the NSW Threatened Species ConservationAct (1995) were recorded during project surveys.

The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountainsii

CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................11.2 APPROACH............................................................................................................................11.3 STUDY AREA.........................................................................................................................1

1.3.1 Location ...............................................................................................................11.3.2 Environmental Setting .........................................................................................41.3.3 Regional Context .................................................................................................8

2 METHODS.....................................................................................................................................122.1 REVIEW OF EXISTING INFORMATION .....................................................................................122.2 EXISTING SITE DATA ...........................................................................................................122.3 SURVEY STRATIFICATION AND SITE SELECTION ....................................................................132.4 FIELD SAMPLING .................................................................................................................142.5 SITE NOMENCLATURE..........................................................................................................142.6 DATABASE STORAGE...........................................................................................................152.7 TAXONOMIC REVIEW............................................................................................................162.8 AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION..........................................................................................16

2.8.1 Objectives ..........................................................................................................162.8.2 Area Mapped and Photography Used ...............................................................162.8.3 Air Photo Interpretation and Landcover Classification ......................................162.8.4 Feature Code.....................................................................................................192.8.5 Non-canopy Features ........................................................................................192.8.6 Canopy Cover....................................................................................................19

2.9 DIGITAL DATA CAPTURE AND MAP COMPILATION..................................................................232.10 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION..............................................................................................23

2.10.1 Existing Vegetation Classification in the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment ......232.10.2 Relationships between Vegetation Community Classifications.........................242.10.3 Analysis of data .................................................................................................24

2.11 DESCRIPTION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIES.......................................................................252.12 MAPPING VEGETATION COMMUNITIES ..................................................................................26

3 RESULTS......................................................................................................................................273.1 SURVEY SITES ....................................................................................................................27

3.1.1 Sampling Performance ......................................................................................273.2 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION ...............................................................................27

3.2.1 Spatial Accuracy................................................................................................273.2.2 Vegetation Cover...............................................................................................273.2.3 Interpretation Confidence ..................................................................................30

3.3 FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND SPECIES RICHNESS .....................................................................303.4 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION ..............................................................................................303.5 MAPPING DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIES........................................................333.6 RESERVATION STATUS ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................353.7 DISTURBANCE ASSESSMENTS ..............................................................................................41

3.7.1 Disturbance Severity Classes............................................................................414 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................45

4.1 PATTERNS IN VEGETATION COMMUNITIES.............................................................................454.1.1 Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests .........................................................454.1.2 Sydney Montane Heaths ...................................................................................464.1.3 Freshwater Wetlands.........................................................................................464.1.4 Rainforests.........................................................................................................474.1.5 Southern Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forests.................................................474.1.6 Southern Tableland Wet Sclerophyll Forests ....................................................474.1.7 Subalpine Woodlands........................................................................................484.1.8 Southern Tableland Grassy Woodland .............................................................484.1.9 Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland.....................................................................484.1.10 Southern Tableland Dry Sclerophyll Forests.....................................................484.1.11 South East Dry Sclerophyll Forest ....................................................................49

The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains iii

4.1.12 Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forests ............................................................. 494.1.13 Eastern Riverine Forests .................................................................................. 494.1.14 Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands ................................................................. 504.1.15 Western Slopes Dry Sclerophyll Forests .......................................................... 50

4.2 THREATENED SPECIES AND ENDANGERED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES ................................. 514.2.1 Endangered Ecological Communities ............................................................... 514.2.2 Threatened Species and Rare or Threatened Plants ....................................... 53

4.3 RANGE EXTENSIONS........................................................................................................... 564.4 A GUIDE TO FIELD IDENTIFICATION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIES ....................................... 584.5 MAP ACCURACY ................................................................................................................. 60

4.5.1 Sources of Error ................................................................................................ 604.5.2 Common Misapplications.................................................................................. 60

4.6 USING THE MAP AND REPORT ............................................................................................. 604.6.1 PVP and Native Vegetation Management ........................................................ 604.6.2 Fire Management .............................................................................................. 614.6.3 Conservation Assessment ................................................................................ 614.6.4 Vegetation Disturbance Assessment ................................................................ 61

5 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................. 62

APPENDICESAPPENDIX A: FEATURE CODES, SAMPLING EFFORT AND MAP UNIT ALLOCATION......... 64APPENDIX B: PLANT SPECIES LIST.......................................................................................... 91

LIST OF MAPSMap 1: Study Area ......................................................................................................................... 2

Map 2: Elevation and Physiographic Regions ............................................................................... 3

Map 3: Dominant Lithology ............................................................................................................ 5

Map 4: Average Annual Rainfall .................................................................................................... 9

Map 5: Land Tenure..................................................................................................................... 10

Map 6: Bioregions ........................................................................................................................ 11

Map 7: API Data Coverage & Field Traverses............................................................................. 17

Map 8: Vegetation Survey Sites................................................................................................... 28

Map 9: API Confidence Classes .................................................................................................. 29

Map 10: State-wide Vegetation Classes Present in the Study Area.............................................. 36

Map 11: Disturbance Severity Classes .......................................................................................... 44

Map 12: Endangered Ecological Communities Listed under the TSC Act 1995 ........................... 52

The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountainsiv

LIST OF TABLESTable 1.1: Area of each survey mapping area ....................................................................................4

Table 1.2. Elevation limits and averages for each mapping area .......................................................7

Table 1.3: Weather station data for the study area .............................................................................7

Table 2.1: Existing survey data .........................................................................................................12

Table 2.2: Cover abundance scores..................................................................................................14

Table 2.3: Aerial photography interpreted .........................................................................................18

Table 2.4: Visible rock classes ..........................................................................................................21

Table 2.5: Interpreter confidence classes..........................................................................................21

Table 2.6: API understorey codes .....................................................................................................22

Table 2.7: Disturbance severity classes and indicators ....................................................................22

Table 2.8: Disturbance feature types.................................................................................................23

Table 3.1: Broad mapping features with area and proportion of study area .....................................27

Table 3.2: API confidence classes with area and proportion of study area ......................................30

Table 3.3: Map units described in the study area..............................................................................33

Table 3.4: Reservation status, clearing loss, regional and statewide vegetation class by map unit.37

Table 3.5: Area and proportion of disturbance severity classes .......................................................41

Table 3.6: Map unit with proportion of each disturbance intensity class (%) (cells highlighted to showgreatest proportion) ..........................................................................................................41

Table 4.1: Relationship between Endangered Ecological Communities (TSC Act 1995) andvegetation communities described in this report ..............................................................51

Table 4.2: Relationship between Endangered Ecological Communities (EPBC Act 1999) andvegetation communities described in this report ..............................................................53

Table 4.3: Threatened species and rare or threatened Australian plants (RoTAPs) ........................53

Table 4.4: Regionally significant species and subtaxa......................................................................56

Table 4.5: Example diagnostic species list........................................................................................59

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2.1: Canopy Cover Classes.....................................................................................................19

Figure 2.2: API Mapping Pathway and Features................................................................................20

Figure 3.1: Hierachial Classification of Vegetation Communities .......................................................32

The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains 1

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUNDNative Vegetation Mapping is a fundamental information resource required for a myriad of usesassociated with biodiversity and environment planning and catchment protection. While the primaryattributes of such a resource inform vegetation management, it also provides direction on fauna habitatvalues, streamside protection and cultural heritage values.

The western Blue Mountains catchments of the Capertee, Wolgan – Cox’s, Gurnang and Jenolan Valleyswere mapped in four discontinuous areas. The first three of these areas were those areas of privatelands, state forest and crown land tenures unmapped by the south coast regional vegetation mappingproject of Tindall et al. (2004) as part of the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and NaturalResources (DIPNR) State-wide Native Vegetation Mapping Program. The Jenolan Valley was included inthis project at the request of the Oberon office of the Parks and Wildlife Division of the Department ofEnvironment and Conservation (DEC). The request was supported with additional funding. The total areaof mapping undertaken in this project comes to slightly more than 157 000 hectares.

1.2 APPROACHThis project aims to:

Develop a hierarchical classification system in order to describe vegetation patterns using systematicfield data and quantitative analytical methods;

Describe the floristic composition of the defined vegetation communities and their environmentalcharacteristics;

Examine floristic relationships between the vegetation communities found in the study area and thoseoccurring within neighbouring landscapes having particular reference to Tindall et al. (2004);

Delineate the extent of native vegetation cover using recent 1:25 000 scale aerial photography,including a coarse assessment of the intensity and type of disturbance present;

Provide a map of the distribution of vegetation communities over the western parts of the BlueMountains and therefore the upper reaches of the Hawkesbury – Nepean catchment.

Classification and mapping vegetation in NSW has been undertaken using a wide variety of methods andapproaches (Benson 1999; FEWG 1997; Sivertsen & Smith 2001). Each method comes with strengthsand weaknesses in terms of accuracy, efficiency and rigour (FEWG 1997). The adoption of systematicfield methods provides an explicit and repeatable means of describing recurring patterns in floristicassemblages, hereafter termed vegetation communities. These methods afford the application ofquantitative classification techniques that provide robust supporting data to vegetation communitydefinition. In addition, comparison and assessment of broader regional vegetation patterns is more easilyachieved and is less driven by subjective judgements.

Mapping of vegetation communities defined by field data is always a process of interpolation. In thisproject, Aerial Photo Interpretation (API) and extensive field reconnaissance have been used to developan understanding of the patterns in vegetation communities within the areas under consideration.

1.3 STUDY AREA1.3.1 Location

The study area (Map 1) comprises four discontinuous areas that occur in the catchments of the Cox’sand Wolgan, the Capertee, the Kowmung and Jenolan rivers in the western Blue Mountains. As theproject was largely targeting areas outside existing mapping work the boundaries are map edges, reserveboundaries or the Great Dividing Range.

The individual mapping areas are separated by the Gardens of Stone and Wollemi National Parks in thenorth, and by the largely agricultural areas of the Megalong and Cox’s valleys in the south. A very narrowseparation between the Jenolan and Kowmung catchments is within the Kanangra-Boyd National Park,and was captured as part of the Jenolan Trust lands mapping undertaken concurrent to this project.

The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains2

Map 1: Study Area


Map 2: Elevation and Physiographic Regions


There are a number of well-known physiographic landmarks and localities within the study area or near tothe boundaries. A number of these are shown in Map 2. The town of Lithgow lies within the southernboundary of the Newnes (middle) mapping area, and Kandos immediately northwest of the Capertee.Jenolan Caves occurs in the northern isthmus of the southern mapping area. The Capertee Valley formsthe basis for the northern mapping area, and the valley of the Kowmung river tributaries (The Hollandersand Tuglow rivers) forms the majority of the Gurnang (southern) mapping area. Shooters Hill, on theOberon to Goulburn road, is the highest peak (1354 metres) and western boundary of the study area,although Mount Trickett near the top of the hill west of Jenolan Caves (and immediately between the twosouthern mapping areas) is slightly higher (1360 metres).The areas of mapping are presented in Table 1.1. In total, they sum to about 60 percent of the area of a1:100 000 scale map sheet.

TABLE 1.1: AREA OF EACH SURVEY MAPPING AREA

Mapping Area Features Area (ha)

Capertee (Northern) Glen Davis, Mount Airly, Bogee, Kandos SF 74,296.27

Newnes (Middle) Wolgan Valley, Newnes Plateau, Cox’s Valley, Mount Walker 62,297.25

Gurnang (Southern) Shooter’s Hill, Gingkin, Tuglow Caves, Jaunter 17,591.94

Jenolan (Southern) Jenolan Caves, Jenolan River 2,938.87

Total 157,124.33

1.3.2 Environmental Setting

GeologyThe generalised lithology of this area is presented in Map 3. Geologically, two distinctly different terranetypes occur in the study areas, although they are arranged so that one overlies the other. The sandstoneplateaux of the western Blue Mountains are formed of (predominantly) Triassic era Narrabeen sedimentscomprising massive sandstones with inter-bedded shale layers and lenses, tuffaceous shale andconglomerate (Mayne et al. 1974). The sandstones are often indurated with leached iron deposits thatwhen weathered produce a distinctive appearance known as pagodas – owing largely to their similarity tothe Asian architecture. This overlies the finer sediments of the Permian era coal deposits, and those inturn overlie the Megalong Conglomerate and Shoalhaven Beds – the basal units of the mostly flat-bedded Sydney Basin. The older terranes (parts of the Lachlan Fold Belt and Bathurst Batholith) aremostly altered as a result of regional metamorphism and are dipping, tilted and folded strata that in somecases are then intruded by granite plutons. The majority of the metamorphic material is felsic- or quartz-rich – either sandstone altered to quartzite or porphyritic rhyolites and lavas (Mayne et al. 1974), and istypically Ordovician, Silurian or Devonian in age. Large areas are also dominated by limestone and thecalcite-rich shale called marl. The caves at Jenolan and Tuglow, and the economically important depositsat Excelsior (near Capertee) and near Kandos are representative of the major outcrops of massivelimestone. The deposits that make up the southern limestone are Silurian in age, while those in the northare mapped as Ordovician (Brunker & Rose 1967).Smaller areas of both granite and basalt occur in the study area. The majority of the granite occurs in theNewnes Mapping Area, with plutons exposed in the Lithgow, Wallerawang, Wolgan Valley and MountLambie areas, and a small area near Morong Deep in the extreme south-eastern corner of the GurnangMapping Area. Tertiary-age (mostly Eocene to Oligocene, but Miocene in the south) basalt, phonolite andtrachyte overlies the older material in several locations in the Capertee Mapping Area and the Gingkinarea near Tuglow (Brunker & Rose 1967, Mayne et al. 1974). The small bodies in the Capertee areamostly overlie the Narrabeen sediments although a small number of presumably intrusive bodies arefound in older sediments in the Bogee area at the northern end of this mapping area. The largest extentof basic volcanic rock in the Capertee is found on the eastern extension of Cherry Tree Hill where it capsthe plateau of Mount Vincent.Basalt does not make a mapped appearance in the Newnes Mapping Area although there is somesuggestion of the presence of basalt in small bodies on a number of the higher parts of the mapping area.In the Gurnang Mapping Area the basalt largely overlies the Ordovician age quartzite’s, greywacke andslates of the Adaminaby group. Throughout the mapping areas much of the alkali (basalt and related)geology has suffered from clearing as the soils are often deeper than the surrounding areas and muchmore fertile, and the landform is more usually of a rolling pattern making the areas easily cleared andtended.


Map 3: Dominant Lithology


Apart from the narrow strips of Quaternary (Recent) alluvium that form along the main streams there areseveral more extensive areas of alluvium that have formed, in the lower parts of the Capertee, in theupper Cox’s valley and upper Tuglow river. These areas tend to be flat lying and are dominated mostly bysandy alluvium. Typically these areas have been extensively cleared and support little native vegetation.Some areas of organic soils are formed at higher altitudes on parts of the Newnes Plateau and at LongSwamp in the headwaters of the Cox’s River. Some areas on the Newnes Plateau have been identifiedas having aeolian dunes and have been prospected for silica.

MorphologyThe study area comprises a combination of rugged and relatively inaccessible landscapes and rollingterrain that has been largely cleared for agriculture. The main geographic features of the Capertee andNewnes study areas are the extensive sandstone tablelands and the rivers and tributaries which dissectthem. The tablelands are comprised of Narrabeen sediments deposited in the Triassic era (Bryan 1966).This includes the Newnes Plateau, the Ben Bullen Range and Western Wollemi as well as the mesas ofMount Airly and the extension out to Genowlan Point and the Great Dividing Range from Mount Vincentnorth across to Kandos and eastwards north of Bogee. The steep faces of the cliffs form along jointplanes, and the weakening of the underlying sediments by weathering produces sizeable rockfalls andlandslides resulting in a quartz-enriched talus slope below the cliffs.

The areas of metamorphic rock often produce steep, rocky slopes that are usually deeply dissected bythe drainage. The finer-grained materials and the limestone are usually preferentially eroded, leavingsteep-sided (but not usually sheer) ridges with much loose rock. This landscape characterises thesouthern (Gurnang – Jenolan) and the western Capertee mapping areas in particular.

The Narrabeen Sandstone produces an infertile sandy soil (DLWC 2002; Hamilton 1976; Hazelton & Tille1990) which drains well, but has a shallow, sandy structure and low water-holding capacity (Kovac &Lawrie 1990). In areas of lower slope the admixing of organic matter improves the structure and waterholding capacity. The soils that form over the Permian sediments below the escarpments are usually stillvery sandy in nature, with the sandstone talus weathering into the profile. This soil tends to be ofintermediate nutrient status and the additional sand in the profile aids in drainage. The profile can bequite deep, with the accumulation of colluvium producing a deeper, if stony profile. The shale andsiltstone material tend to occur in flatter locations, such as on footslopes or eroded ridges. A clay loamsoil tends to develop in these areas, which is of slightly higher fertility with a better water holding capacity(DLWC 2002; Hamilton 1976; Hazelton & Tille 1990). Clay subsoil & duplex soils may form on slopeswhere shales are weathering (Kovac & Lawrie 1990; Dacre King pers. comm.).

Some areas on the sandstones are also suggestive of higher nutrient levels, and this may relate toobscure areas of basalt, or possibly areas from where the basalt has been relatively recently eroded.Some areas on the sandstone are also affected by interbedded layers of shale. The wet soils that form inthese locations may support a ‘hanging swamp’ community on organic-rich clay soils.

The various metamorphic materials weather to produce soils of character similar to the array of rocksfrom which they are derived. Quartzite weathers to produce a shallow, rocky soil with low to moderatenutrient status and poor water holding capacity, often with cobbles and larger angular stones on thesurface. The shales and interbedded volcanic rocks produce a soil of higher nutrient status that may bedeep in places, but is usually stony. The water-holding capacity of the soils derived from the shales andvolcanics is usually moderate (Kovac & Lawrie 1990). The limestone and marl produce a lime-enrichedsoil (usually a terra rossa) that often has loose rock on the surface and supports a clay soil. It has goodwater-holding capacity, but the steep slopes usually limit the accumulation of soil (Dacre King pers.comm.; Kovac & Lawrie 1990).

The soils over the volcanic and plutonic rocks are usually of low-moderate (granite) to moderate-high(basalt) nutrient status, and often of a clay or gritty clay texture. The soils vary in depth but on flatterslopes can become quite deep. Basalt soils tend to support a grassier community, and near Gingkinchocolate soils and krasnozem form over the basalts, while the granites tend to form podzols and sandyearths of low fertility and low to moderate water-holding capacity (Kovac & Lawrie 1990).

ElevationThere is a large elevation range within the study areas (Map 2). The lowest areas occur around the lowerends of the Capertee and Wolgan rivers, where the altitude drops to 233 metres above sea level (ASL)and 502 metres ASL respectively. The highest elevation within the study area is found on the peak ofShooters Hill, on the Great Divide, which is 1354 metres ASL, although several high peaks occur


throughout the area and much of the elevated plateau country in all mapping areas exceeds 1000 metresASL. Each of the three mapping areas is different with regard to median elevations and terrain. Table 1.2summarises the main elevation characters of all mapping areas.

TABLE 1.2. ELEVATION LIMITS AND AVERAGES FOR EACH MAPPING AREA

Mapping Area Highest Point Lowest Point Elevation Statistics

Capertee (northern) Mount Vincent (1111 metres)(Tayan Peak at 1154m is highest inthe vicinity, but is excluded from themapping area)

Capertee River below Glen Davis(233 metres)

Mean: 532 metresSD1: 171.3 metres

Newnes (middle) Garlands Hill (1221 metres ) Wolgan River at Newnes (502metres)

Mean: 983 metresSD: 129.0 metres

Gurnang (southern) Shooters Hill (1354 metres) Tuglow Hole Creek (860 metres) Mean: 1165 metresSD: 83.8 metres

Jenolan Unnamed peak west of Jenolan Caves(1324 metres)

Jenolan River (638 metres) Mean: 1036 metresSD: 135.5 metres

1: SD: Standard deviation, the value above and below the mean within which 60 percent of all valuesoccur.

ClimateThe climate of the mapping region is variable, being mostly influenced by topography, includingruggedness, position and elevation. Map 4 illustrates the range in average annual rainfall across thestudy areas. The lower elevations of the Capertee Valley experience a warm and dry climate, asillustrated by Glen Davis having the lowest average rainfall values and highest average temperatures ofthe meteorological stations examined. The Lithgow data further support that the influence of topographyin the regional climate is great, the position below the elevated plateau resulting in a decrease in rainfallvalues and slight increase in overall temperatures. The higher elevation tablelands and highland areashave both a cooler and wetter climate (NPWS 2003b; BOM 2005). The mean temperatures and annualrainfall summaries from the various weather stations within and nearest to the study areas are presentedin Table 1.3 (BOM 2005).

TABLE 1.3: WEATHER STATION DATA FOR THE STUDY AREA

Station Mean Temps (oC) Variations in MonthlyRainfall Means (mm)

Rainfall Extremes (mm) –Month and Day Maxima

Mean AnnualRainfall (mm)

Glen Davis (063031) 16.5 - 30.3 (Jan)2.0 - 15.4 (June)

H – 72.7 (Feb)L – 36.8 (Sep)

Month - 226.6 (June)Day – 113.0 (Mar)

634.0

Gurnang (063033) 9.0 – 22.8 (Jan)-1.6 – 7.4 (Jun)

H – 93.9 (Jun)L – 69.2 (Mar)

M – 345.2 (May)D – 200.3 (Mar)

987.8

Sunny Corner(063079)

10.4 – 25.2 (Jan)-0.2 – 7.1 (Jun)

H – 90.8 (Jan)L – 62.7 (Apr)

M – 316.9 (Feb)D – 135.0 (Sep)

926.4

Jenolan SF(063037)

9.7 – 22.4 (Jan)-1.1 – 7.9 (Jun)

H – 124.9 (Jan)L – 76.5 (Sep)

M – 499.0 (Mar)D – 219.2 (Mar)

1158.4

Oberon (063293) 11.8 – 24.0 (Jan)0.2 – 8.2 (Jun)

H – 81.3 (Jan)L – 50.2 (Apr)

M – 227.1 (Apr)D – 76.6 (Sep)

784.9

Newnes Forest(063062)

10.2 – 23.2 (Jan)-0.8 – 9.4 (Jun)

H – 121.0 (Jan)L – 67.9 (Sep)

M – 519.4 (Mar)D – 192.0 (Aug)

1071.9

Jenolan Caves(063036)

11.6 – 25.6 (Jan)0.2 – 9.4 (Jun(

H – 93.5 (Jan)L – 66.3 (May)

M – 429.0 (Feb)D – 153.2 (Aug)

964.3

Lithgow (063224) 11.8 – 25.5 (Jan)0.7 – 10.4 (Jun)

H – 92.9 (Jan)L – 63.7 (Apr)

M – 374.4 (Aug)D – 179.0 (Jun)

860.1

Lidsdale SF(063046)

11.4 – 24.6 (Jan)-0.3 – 9.5 (Jun)

H – 108.5 (Jan)L – 52.2 (Jul)

M – 361.9 (May)D – 148.6 (Apr)

877.4

Landuse and TenureThe mapping area is thought to have been occupied by humans for at least 20 000 years before present(NPWS 1991). The project area boundaries represent part of the traditional home of the Dharuk andGundangarra Aboriginal people (NPWS 1991). Evidence of indigenous use and occupation of the regionincludes artefacts in rock shelters, camp sites, axe grinding grooves, rock engravings, stonearrangements, burial sites and sites of spiritual significance (NPWS 2001a).


European occupation of the region commenced around the year 1814, after a way was found across theCarmarthen Hills (Blue Mountains) and through to the pasturelands astride and to the west of the GreatDividing Range (NPWS 2001a). Initially farming was mostly restricted to the richer alluvial soils in theCox’s Valley (NPWS 1991) and soon after in the Capertee Valley. One of the peaks to the northern endof the study area (Mount Marsden) commemorates that the Reverend Marsden had a large holding in theupper reaches of the Capertee Valley. Agricultural pursuits in the study areas were centred on extensivesheep and cattle grazing, although there are also limited areas of cropping (mainly in the lower parts ofthe Capertee Valley).

Logging has an extensive history in the area, and includes both softwood plantation and nativehardwoods. Pine (mainly Pinus radiata) is grown in extensive plantations in the Newnes Plateau, aroundShooters Hill and Jenolan (Jenolan and Gurnang State Forests) and west of Lithgow. Hardwood, mainlyas natural timber but to some extent also in plantations, is sourced from the Newnes Plateau and the BenBullen area, Kandos SF and in the State Forests between Jenolan and Shooters Hill. Map 5 shows thearrangement of land holdings within the study area, including the location of State Forests and NationalParks.

The area also has an extensive history of coal and shale mining (Mayne et al. 1974). The largest shale oilplants at Glen Davis and Newnes were served by a rail link that extended from Newnes Junction (nearthe current upper end of the Zig Zag Tourist railway) across the plateau and through the GlowwormTunnel down to the town of Newnes. A pipeline to carry shale oil from the processing works at Glen Davislinked with the works at Newnes and the railhead. Production ceased in 1952 owing to the high cost andeasier sources of supply for fuel oils (Mayne et al. 1974). Other areas with mining production were to befound near the village of Capertee, and works were constructed into Mount Airly to extract oil shale, andat Marrangaroo, where the oil shale yielded the best volumes of fuel oil (Mayne et al. 1974). The rim ofthe Capertee valley is identified as having a number of accessible oil shale deposits. Coal continues to bemined in the areas around Lithgow and Wallerawang, and apart from local electrical generation, coal isalso transported to ports at Sydney and Port Kembla by rail. Other mining activities in the area includelimestone (quarried at Excelsior, north of Capertee) and diamonds. The latter is mostly sourced fromstreambeds trapped beneath the tertiary basalts in the Mount Airly and Genowlan Point areas.

Tourism has become a major income earner for the region. Newnes and Jenolan State Forests areamongst the most frequently visited State Forests in NSW(www.forest.nsw.gov.au/recreation/survey/default.asp. Jenolan Caves is a well-known destination, andbeing within easy reach of Sydney is well frequented. The Capertee Valley is well known for theopportunities of farm stays and eco-tourism, while the Newnes Plateau is a relatively accessible locationfor off-road recreation. Military establishments at Lithgow have been responsible for small armsmanufacture and testing.

Map 5 also shows that National Parks comprise a significant proportion of the landscape with extensiveholdings in Wollemi, Kanangra Boyd, Gardens of Stone and Blue Mountains National Parks. Significantareas of leased and vacant Crown Lands remain in the Capertee hills.

1.3.3 Regional Context

The mapping areas straddle the boundary (see Map 6) between the Sydney Basin and the South-easternHighlands Bioregions as delineated in the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA)(Thackway & Cresswell 1995). The purpose of these regions is to establish a framework for conservationplanning using broad landscape characteristics to highlight similar influences on flora and fauna. Theinteractions between climate, geology and broad vegetation are the primary attributes that have beenused. The mapping areas include parts of the Central Coast (CC) and the Central Tablelands (CT)botanical regions (Anderson 1961), with the majority of the areas being in the CT. The CC regionincludes part of the lowest section of the Wolgan Valley, and the lowest parts of the Capertee valley andthe elevated country south and east of Glen Alice.

The four mapping areas all encompass very different areas. The Capertee is very similar to the westernslopes in its landform and some of the species present. The Newnes Plateau is very typical of the upperBlue Mountains, while the valleys of the Cox’s and of the Tuglow are typical of the elevated tablelandareas. The Jenolan mapping area is representative of many of the escarpment forest communities.


Map 4: Average Annual Rainfall


Map 5: Land Tenure


Map 6: Bioregions


2 METHODS2.1 REVIEW OF EXISTING INFORMATIONPrior to this study, regional scale vegetation mapping (1:100 000 scale) for the Burragorang (Fisher et al.1995), Wallerawang (Benson & Keith 1990) and Katoomba (Keith & Benson 1988) and Oberon-Taralga(Fisher and Ryan 1994) mapsheets had been produced. The South Coast and Central Tablelands study(Tindall et al. 2004) had generated modelling and mapping for the mapsheets south and east of Lithgow.Earlier modelling work for the Southern Tablelands was completed by NPWS (2000). The descriptions ofthe vegetation patterns generated by these earlier studies are particularly useful, although the maps arenot appropriate for use at 1:25 000 scale.

Some directed studies had been undertaken in particular areas that had been targeted for reserves anddevelopments, or as part of either localised or more extensive assessments and regional studies. Theseinclude Gardens of Stone NP (EcoGIS 2002), Wollemi NP (Bell 1998) and the Warragamba Special Area(NPWS 2003). In addition, a number of post-graduate and master’s level studies provided survey data forinclusion from the immediately surrounding areas.

2.2 EXISTING SITE DATAPreliminary investigation of the study area suggested that 68 sites existed in the study area. These rangein age from 1982 until just prior to the start of survey. However, since commencing survey, other siteswere identified inside the mapping area boundaries raising total pre-existing numbers to 81. In addition,sites within the immediate vicinity of the study areas were also assessed, and altogether these come to atotal of 955 sites within a 20 kilometre buffer of the study area boundaries.

Existing information has been carefully reviewed in order to collate datasets that have been collectedusing a comparable field survey method. There are a number of studies of relevance that have beenundertaken within and surrounding the reserves. These vary in the type and methodology used tocapture the information and thus their usefulness to this project. Only sites of direct use for this projectwere chosen (i.e. similar methodology and within close proximity to the reserves) for inclusion in analysis.Table 2.1 provides an overview of the studies of relevance to this project and the number of sites utilisedfrom each. Surveys not included are shown to have zero sites utilised.

TABLE 2.1: EXISTING SURVEY DATA

Survey Name/Area SitesUtilised

Total SitesCollected Survey Method Source

Airly Coal Mine 4 4 20 X 20 quadrat;1-7 Braun-Blanquet

Long term vegetationmonitoring, Lembit (pers.comm.)

All Sandstone 16 66 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS held data

All Wollemi 127 410 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet Bell (1998) Wollemi survey

Blue Mountains 3 15 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet

Gellie & Jones, unpublishedNPWS

Blue Mountains City Council 60 181 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet

Steve Douglas, Blue MountainsCity Council

Broad Headed SnakePotential Habitat Survey 3 25 20 X 20 quadrat;

1-7 Braun-BlanquetUnpublished, data collectedby Robert Payne (2001)

Clarence Coal Lease, swampmonitoring 4 4 20 X 20 quadrat;

1-7 Braun-Blanquet Lembit (pers. comm.)

CRA Hunter 38 291 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet

CRA LNE surveys in HunterRegion (Connolly).

EM631GLS 3 9

20x20 quadratSeparate cover /abundance andcombined 1-6 BB

Steenbeeke (2005,unpublished)

Evans Crown Nature Reserve 16 16 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet

Amanda Bryant, NPWSBathurst.

Frappels Block, Sunny Corner SF 17 17 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet

Amanda Bryant, NPWSBathurst.

Gardens of Stone 81 81 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet Washington


Survey Name/Area SitesUtilised

Total SitesCollected Survey Method Source

Hakea dohertyi study 58 123 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet Steenbeeke (1996)

Honours (Kowmung) Study 132 150 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet Steenbeeke (1990)

Ivanhoe North collieryrehabilitation survey 4 4 20 X 20 quadrat;

1-7 Braun-Blanquet Lembit (pers. comm.)

Mount Werong 0 5 20 X 20 quadrat;Presence only

NPWS held data, Mjadwesch(unpubl.)

NP Southern CRA 40 40 20 X 20 quadrat;1-7 Braun-Blanquet NPWS southern CRA survey

Outside CRA records 1 109 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS held records

Priority 5 ManagementArea (P5MA) 58 800 20 X 20 quadrat;

1-7 Braun-Blanquet Tindall et al. (2004)

Royal Botanic Gardens 32 51 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet

Benson and Keith mapping ofKatoomba (1988) andWallerawang (1990)

Southern Zone CRA 179 250 20 X 20 quadrat;1-7 Braun-Blanquet

NPWS held survey data,Beukers.

Steve Bell 42 43 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS held data (Bell unpubl.)

Taralga 1:25k sheet 3 42 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS held data (RBG)

Turon River NP 38 38 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS survey (Gellie unpubl.)

Warragamba Special Area 104 630 20 X 20 quadrat;1-7 Braun-Blanquet NPWS (2003b)

Winburndale Flora Reserve 36 36 20 X 20 quadrat;1-6 Braun-Blanquet NPWS survey (Bryant & Lembit)

2.3 SURVEY STRATIFICATION AND SITE SELECTIONField surveys employed by a number of projects (e.g. NPWS 2003b) have used a stratified survey designto assist with the selection of survey sites. Stratification is a method used to reduce the landscape intomore homogenous sampling units so that sampling effort can be spread across the variation inenvironments present. Generally strata are derived from data layers describing the geology, rainfall,elevation and aspect (NPWS 2003; Sivertsen & Smith 2001). Important considerations when developinga stratification include the following; how comprehensive the coverage is, the scale at which it is able tobe used, what accuracy it shows to the expected boundaries, how well it ‘dovetails’ with adjacent areaswhen these have coverage, and whether it represents a character of the environment that is likely to havean effect upon vegetation distribution.

Initial layers considered for stratification in this project included the geology (a composite of lithology andage of the formation), aspect, altitude (in five separate elevation bands) and a simple woody – non-woodyvegetation layer. However, closer examination of the distribution of geological units in the study area(particularly in the Newnes Mapping Area) revealed that the digitised mapping of the area was displacedby up to 800 metres to the northwest from its actual position. This was considered an unacceptable levelof error, so this layer and those derived from it were rejected as possible stratification and mappinglayers. The soil layer – one of the few layers that would yield information about the physical environmentat a site – was also rejected as the coverage was inconsistent in source scale (1:250 000 and 1:100 000)and value. The mapping areas were covered by more than one classification system of soil landscapemapping and the variations were not able to be joined together easily and would have produced artificialboundaries to units along map boundaries (Kovac & Lawrie 1990; Kovac & Lawrie 1991; King 1993; King1994).

Instead, stratification was developed from the detailed interpretation of landscape and vegetation featurescompleted during this project. Each mapped polygon (Section 2.8) represents a homogenouscombination of ‘landscape’ that includes geology, rock cover, dominant canopy species and understoreyfeatures. Feature codes, describing dominant canopy species and structural formations within uniquesubstrates, were used as stratum. In this way a 1:25 000 scale map of substrate underpinned siteselection across the range of climatic and altitudinal gradients present in the three distinct study areas.

Sample sites drawn from existing studies were reviewed against the stratification. Unsampled strata werehighlighted in Arcview GIS against available access trails in order to identify potential sample points.Where strata fell across multiple land tenures, public lands were selected preferentially in order to


expedite travel and access times. Further priorities were allocated to localities where multiple strata couldbe sampled in close proximity to each other. Survey of State Forest tenures was completed under permitnumber 21924. Access to privately owned tenure followed verbal or written permission from landowner ormanager.

2.4 FIELD SAMPLINGField survey sought to sample areas that were typical of the surrounding vegetation and were as free ofobvious disturbance as possible.

Sampling was carried out in teams of two people consisting of a botanist and an assistant. Species thatcould not be identified in the field were recorded to the nearest possible family or genus and tagged forlater identification. Species that could not be identified accurately were taken or sent to the NSWHerbarium for identification.

Field sample sites were 0.04 hectares in area. The area was marked out using a 20 by 20 metre tape-bounded quadrat, although in some communities (such as riparian vegetation) a rectangular configuration(ten metres x 40 metres) of the plot was required. Location was determined from Garmin 12 GlobalPositioning System to as good and accuracy as possible (usually less than 10 metres) and this pointlocated at a corner of the plot (usually the SW corner). Within each survey plot all vascular plant specieswere recorded and assigned a cover abundance score using a modified six-point Braun-Blanquet scale(Poore 1955) as shown in Table 2.2 below.

TABLE 2.2: COVER ABUNDANCE SCORES

Score Cover Abundance

1 Rare, few individuals present (three or less) and Cover <5%;

2 Common and cover <5%;

3 Very Abundant and Cover nearing 5% OR Cover from 5% to <25%;

4 Cover from 25% to less than 50%;

5 Cover from 50% to less than 75%;

6 Cover 75% or more

Estimates were made of the height range, projected foliage cover and dominant species of eachstructural stratum recognisable at the site. Measurements of slope and aspect were taken. Notes werealso made on geology, soil type and soil depth. The percentage of outcropping rock, loose surface rock(cobbles more than 40mm on the longest dimension), litter and bare soil were estimated. Evidence ofrecent fire, erosion, clearing, grazing, weed invasion or soil disturbance was also recorded. The locationof the site was determined using a Garmin 12 global positioning system (GPS), using the AGD66 Datum.Elevations were read from the GPS, and where not considered accurate to within 10m were augmentedby a value taken off 1:25 000 topographic maps. Digital photographs were also taken at each site andare attached to the floristic site data in a database operating in Microsoft Access.

2.5 SITE NOMENCLATUREFor the purpose of managing existing and new field data, each site was initially recorded in reverse date(YYMMDD) format with a dash and the site number for the day. For instance, 050422-4 would representthe fourth site collected for the day during the survey on the date April 22nd, 2005. This allowed sites tobe entered into the database in a manner that placed the sites into chronological order when storedallowing rapid updates of data and assessment of survey effort. Following the completion of intensivesurvey, each survey plot was given an eight-digit alphanumerical survey identification number. Aseparate survey identification code was also given to all data to distinguish its source. Using this systemenables the reader to understand basic geographical information about the survey site.

For example, site number EDT06M1M, which is the corrected version for the site listed above:

The first three letters “EDT” refer to an abbreviation of the first characters of the 1:25 000 topographicmapsheet name, in this case the Edith mapsheet, and are usually either the first three consonants or avowel and two consonants where that sheet name begins with a vowel.


The fourth and fifth digits “06” refer to the site number by mapsheet, ie. the sixth site on this mapsheet.Previous studies using this numbering system were taken into account and numbering of the sites wasamended accordingly to follow on from previous surveys.

The sixth character “M” refers to the geological substrate evidenced at the site in this caseundifferentiated metamorphic materials. The geologies found within the study area were coded asfollows:

A = Alluvium (primarily gravels and organic soils, although extensive sandy soils in some partsB = BasaltC = ConglomerateD = Devonian Sediments (mostly quartzite with some porphyritic rhyolite)G = GraniteL = Limestone and marlM = Metamorphic materialsN = Narrabeen SandstoneO = Ordovician metamorphicsP = Permian Sediments (coal, sandstone, siltstone and shale)R = Rhyolite and porphyryS = Silurian metamorphicsT = Talus materials, usually downslope of Narrabeen sediments cliff-facesZ = Quartzite

The seventh character “1” refers to the generalised aspect observed at the site (east in this case) usingthe following categories:

1 = 67.6 – 112.5 or E2 = 112.6 – 157.5 or SE3 = 157.6 – 202.5 or S4 = 202.6 – 247.5 or SW5 = 247.6 – 292.5 or W6 = 292.6 – 337.5 or NW7 = 337.6 – 22.5 or N8 = 22.6 – 67.5 or NE

The eighth character “M” is used to describe the morphology. Morphology coding is as follows:

C = CrestU = Upper SlopeL = Lower SlopeM = Mid SlopeV = Open DepressionD = Closed DepressionS = Simple SlopeF = FlatR = Ridge

2.6 DATABASE STORAGEAll the data collected during field survey was entered into a Microsoft® Access97 database. Thisdatabase was developed by NPWS to facilitate the storage, entry and manipulation of systematic floristicsurvey data. Database entry windows are similar to the format used for field proformas to minimise dataentry errors. All species recorded are coded using the Census of Australian Vascular Plant Species(CAPS). New species or subspecies, as identified by the Royal Botanic Gardens, not previously listed inthe CAPS were assigned new codes to the master CAPS database. An extensive data validationprocedure was undertaken to ensure that the data entered into the Access database matched what hadbeen recorded in the field. Accuracy of survey site locations was also reviewed against original fieldsheets. Site photographs have been electronically attached to sites and stored with the database.


2.7 TAXONOMIC REVIEWFor this project, all nomenclature was reviewed and standardised across data sets for analysis.Synonyms were updated to reflect currently accepted revisions. Nomenclature was standardised tofollow Harden (1990-1993 and revised editions 2000-2002). Recent taxonomic revisions have beenidentified using the Flora Online Website that has been developed by the Royal Botanic Gardens (2005).The principal outcomes of the taxonomic review are as follows:

All exotic species were identified and excluded from the analysis dataset; The review highlighted species that were likely to have been incorrectly identified or incorrectly

entered into the database. Original field sheets were reviewed to determine the status of thesespecies and where data entry errors were detected, changes were made to the database. Wheredata entry errors were not detected, species were reviewed against existing literature. Where thisindicated them to be outside their likely range, and no confirmation had been made, the record wasdeleted from the database;

The review highlighted inconsistently collected records of species containing subspecies or varieties.In such cases, subspecies were either lumped to species level or were assigned to a singlesubspecies or variant if only one sub-specific entity is present in the study area;

The review identified groups of species within which a regular inaccuracy in clear identification couldbe occurring as a result of season of survey or poor ability to distinguish in the field due to missingmaterial or life stages;

The review identified species hybrids that are not recognised formally in the literature. These wereassigned to one or other of the parent species based on the predominance of either in surroundingenvironments; and

The review highlighted flora species identified to genus level only. Samples identified to genus levelonly which were low in number and low in cover scores (less than five percent cover) were deletedfrom the analysis dataset. Where genus only samples were numerous, but could not be clearlyassigned to a single species, they were left unchanged.

2.8 AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION2.8.1 Objectives

Extensive Aerial Photo Interpretation (API) was required to generate a complete spatial coverage of theWestern Blue Mountains (Map 1) showing the distribution of landcover elements. The API component ofthis project has been used to meet several objectives. These are to:

• Quantify the extent of native vegetation cover across the mapping area;• Guide and inform the mapping of vegetation communities derived from field data; and• Provide an index of relative vegetation condition for all native vegetation cover.

2.8.2 Area Mapped and Photography Used

Air photo interpretation of the Western Blue Mountains was completed by a single interpreter using 1:25000 scale aerial photos. Table 2.3 shows the aerial photographs used and Map 7 illustrates the extent ofeach coverage and the routes traversed.

2.8.3 Air Photo Interpretation and Landcover Classification

Air photo interpretation of landcover components as required by this project essentially involved reducingthe variability in the landcover continuum according to a set of prescribed but open-ended criteria.An API stratification of all landcover within the Western Blue Mountains was undertaken by applying thefollowing attribute classes to each polygon. The Aerial Photos were interpreted to provide information on:• Canopy Type• Non-canopy Features• Crown Cover• Visible Rock• API Confidence• Understorey• Disturbance Severity and Type of Disturbance


Map 7: API Data Coverage & Field Traverses


Attributes for each of these themes were encoded directly into ArcView GIS for each polygon.Approximately 27 000 polygons were mapped with an average patch size of 4.1 hectares. To ensureconsistency in the interpretation of features across the Study Area, interpretation was tied to explicitmapping thresholds within each of the above themes.

The prescribed minimum patch size for mapping was one hectare. However, smaller patch sizes weremapped at the interpreter’s discretion. Small areas considered significant enough to map included rockoutcrops, rainforest patches, sedgeland and heathland. The mapping pathway is presented in Figure 2.2.

TABLE 2.3: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY INTERPRETED

Title Run Prints DateBATHURST 1 43-45 1998

BATHURST 2 17 1998

BATHURST 3 11-12 1998

BATHURST 4 22 1998

BATHURST 11 40 1998

BATHURST 12 44-46 1998

KATOOMBA 8 48 2002

KATOOMBA 9 29 2002

KATOOMBA 10 75 2002

MT POMANY 11 99-105 2004

MT POMANY 12 11-22 2004

MT POMANY 13 97-107 2004

MUDGEE 12 38 2004

MUDGEE 13 31-33 2004

OBERON 7 49 1999

OBERON 8 46 1999

OBERON 9 45-47 1999

OBERON 10 73-75 1999

OBERON 11 62-68 1999

OBERON 12 15-21 1999

OBERON 13 18-22 1999

WALLERAWANG 8 8-10 1991




WALLERAWANG 12 32 1991








WALLERAWANG 8 45 1998


Title Run Prints DateWALLERAWANG 9 53-55 1998





2.8.4 Feature Code

A primary requirement of the API was to map patterns of similar species composition within the upperstratum of native vegetation across the Study Area. The conventional process of delineating such areasby drawing a line of best fit between areas that are typically occupied by a species or group of specieshas the effect of reducing the variability of the landcover into “canopy types”. Field traverses were usedto relate photo patterns with canopy species composition.

A table of canopy types was compiled throughout the course of the project from field observation andreference to other data sources such as plot based floristic survey and previous vegetation mapping (SeeTable 2.1). All vegetation cover classified as having a crown cover greater than three percent (crownseparation ratio of less than five (Walker & Hopkins 1984)) was allocated a canopy species code basedon the dominant combinations of the upper stratum species.

Canopy types were described using a two level hierarchy. The first level in the hierarchy, Level 2,described a broad, recurring pattern in upper stratum species within a unique habitat. This unique habitatmost often reflected similar geological substrates and topographic positions. The second level in thehierarchy, Level 3, was allocated for distinct patterns of species that could be identified within the broaderpatterns described in Level 2 and retained similar environmental characteristics.

A complete list of feature codes is provided in Appendix B.

2.8.5 Non-canopy Features

Other landcover features mapped include non-vegetated and highly modified landcover such asinfrastructure and cleared lands. A list of non-canopy features is provided in Appendix A.

2.8.6 Canopy Cover

An eight-scale classification of Crown Separation Ratio was utilised as a relative measure of canopycover (Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1: Canopy Cover Classes

Adapted from Walker and Hopkins (1984)

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Closed, Mid dense to Sparse Vegetation Cover: canopy map codes 1-4

All vegetation cover that displays canopy integrity has been mapped. Canopy integrity has been definedas having a Crown Separation Ratio less than two (equivalent to canopy cover greater than ten percent).All vegetation cover falling within this class and with an area greater than one hectare has been mapped.This covers a range of sizes from large expanses of vegetation cover to remnant patches in clearedlandscapes. They are attributed with a code describing the canopy species present, visible rock, thenature of the understorey, the severity and main types of disturbance present and an API confidenceindex.

Sparse Vegetation Cover: canopy map code 5

A regular feature of native vegetation cover in disturbed environments is the presence of scattered treesabove an open or absent understorey, in a mosaic of cleared and remnant vegetation. Areas having aCrown Separation Ratio between two and five (equivalent to canopy cover between three and tenpercent) are considered not to display canopy integrity. In view of this, attribution with a code describingthe canopy species present and the nature of the understorey has been left to the discretion of theinterpreter. Attributes indicating visible rock, the severity and main types of disturbance present and anAPI confidence index have been included.

Sparse to Very Sparse Vegetation Cover: canopy map codes 6-8

This includes obvious features such as man made structures, cleared paddocks, etc. Specific non-vegetative features attributed include landslides, rock outcrops and water bodies. Areas having a CrownSeparation Ratio greater than five have not been attributed with a code describing the canopy speciespresent and the nature of the understorey.

Visible RockVisible rock (Table 2.4) was interpreted for the purpose of providing information that may be of interest forfurther scientific survey investigation (herpetological, botanical) as well as for fire management andlogistics (fuel and bushfire behaviour mapping, helicopter access points) etc.

TABLE 2.4: VISIBLE ROCK CLASSES

Code Class

0 NIL1 Visible – 10%

2 10 - 25%

3 25 – 50%

4 50 – 75%

5 75 – 100%

Interpretation ConfidenceFour classes of interpreter mapping confidence were applied to each mapped polygon (Table 2.5).These classes enable users to understand the reliability of the mapping features.

TABLE 2.5: INTERPRETER CONFIDENCE CLASSES

Mapping Confidence Class Confidence Assessment Criteria1: Very High • Sites visited, features checked

2: High• Confident extrapolation from localised sampling• Interpretability of features considered high, consistent with features sampled

elsewhere

3: Medium• Not visited• Some similarity with features sample elsewhere• Uncertainty in species interpretation

4: Low

• Site or locality not visited• Remote area• Inconsistent with features sampled elsewhere• Low confidence in species interpretation


Understorey ClassesUnderstorey characteristics were interpreted where they were visible and grouped into a number of broadclasses, as in Table 2.6. Understorey has been collected for a number of reasons. Firstly, it provides anadditional layer of information that can be used to more accurately delineate vegetation communitydistribution. Secondly, it can be used to clarify habitat values for fauna. Understorey features are mostreliably interpreted from mesic and sheltered forests, rocky open woodlands and through lower canopycover vegetation formations. It is least reliable for understorey characteristics that lie between mesic andxeric.

TABLE 2.6: API UNDERSTOREY CODES

Understorey Code Dominant Understorey Elements10 • Mesic / Rainforest11 • Intermediate – moist; Shrubs

12d • Dry – intermediate; Shrubs12r • Dry; rocky, Shrubs / scrub (xeric)12x • Dry; Shrubs / scrub (xeric)13 • Dry; Shrubs and grasses14 • Dry – intermediate; Shrubs and grasses16 • Acacia species

18a • Moist – swamp; Shrubs and sedges on gully alluvium18s • Dry – moist; shrubs and sedges associated with seepage areas19 • Dry; mallee and shrubs21 • Riparian complex

21a • Moist; shrubs and grasses on alluvium

Disturbance Severity ClassesAll vegetation cover was assessed for disturbance. An initial code was applied to indicate the severity ofdisturbance based on a subjective assessment using a number of predefined indicators. This was athree-class system, including Low, Medium and High. The two most dominant types of disturbance wererecorded in separate fields. Disturbance severity and type are displayed in Tables 2.7 and 2.8respectively.

TABLE 2.7: DISTURBANCE SEVERITY CLASSES AND INDICATORS

Code Severity Indicators of Disturbance• Tracks may be present but not clearly evident from API• Weeds not clearly evident from API• Canopy gaps likely to be natural

1 Lowest Disturbance

• Regrowth <10%• Limited areas of weed infestation evident (eg in canopy gaps)• Trails clearly evident• Canopy gaps and regrowth associated with trails (timber extraction) evident• Moderate disturbance associated with clearing or part clearing evident• Regrowth 10 - 30%• Past grazing activity evident (small dams, yards, buildings etc)

• Scattered or clustered areas of Eucalypt regeneration, Acacia spp.• Kunzea spp. etc.

2 Moderate Disturbance

• Limited areas of erosion, bare soil or landslip

• Severe disturbance associated with community or industrial infrastructure• Such as roads and powerlines easements are clearly evident

• Severe weed infestation evident• Regrowth >30%

• Continuous even aged stands of Eucalypt regeneration, Acacia spp.• Kunzea spp. etc

3 High Disturbance

• Large areas of erosion, bare soil or landslip


TABLE 2.8: DISTURBANCE FEATURE TYPES

Disturbance Code Disturbance Feature Type11 • Roads, Trails (within or adjacent polygon)12 • Transmission Line13 • Weeds14 • Canopy Gaps15 • Regrowth16 • Grazing / Pasture17 • Cultivation18 • Plantation / Woodlot (not pine wildlings)19 • Rural Residential Subdivision20 • Urban / Industrial Development (includes mining areas)21 • Recreation Area22 • Small Dam23 • Open Water24 • Erosion / Bare Soil25 • Landslip26 • Building27 • Pioneering shrubs / Acacia28 • Windthrow29 • Clearing / Pt clearing30 • Recent fire31 • Viney Scrub32 • Allocasuarina verticillata / Bursaria spinosa33 • Pine wildlings34 • Exotic trees other than pine (willow / poplar etc)

2.9 DIGITAL DATA CAPTURE AND MAP COMPILATIONThe line work from the Aerial Photo Interpretation was completed on transparent overlays and delineatedon every second photo frame.

The transfer of line work to a GIS format used a scanning and photogrammetric rectification process foreach annotated photo. Ground control points were established using topographic maps and a 1:25 000series of digital orthographic photos. These control points were used to rectify (the adjustment used tocompensate for distortion due to change in elevation) and geo-reference (reference the spatial locationby using the locations of known features) each photograph. Following this process, the raster data wasconverted to vectors, cleaned, and in turn converted to polygons.

A digital data layer supporting topology was cleaned and built in the ArcInfo GIS package. Polygonshave been labelled with the attributes identified during interpretation process as per feature code table(Appendix A) and Tables described above.

Vegetation Pattern Code (Formation, Sub-formation, Feature);

• Crown Cover;

• Structural Formation;

• Visible Rock;

• API Confidence Class;

• Understorey;

• Disturbance Severity and Disturbance Feature (two fields).

2.10 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION

2.10.1 Existing Vegetation Classification in the Hawkesbury – Nepean Catchment

Multiple vegetation classification systems have been applied to the native vegetation cover of theHawkesbury – Nepean catchment (RBG 1:100 000 series) or in part NPWS (2000; 2002; 2003), Bell(1998), Tozer (2003). The scale of both the classifications of the vegetation as well as the derived mapproducts is highly variable such that no single system can be applied to the whole region. This arises


because there is a wide variety of different uses for vegetation maps ranging from site based planningassociated with urban development and clearing applications through to regional planning and firemanagement. Detailed delineation of vegetation communities is used to highlight endangered ecologicalcommunities and is a requirement of fine-scale mapping used by councils and land managers (e.g. ESP2001; NPWS 2002; Bell 2002) while estimates of clearing and regional vegetation patterns are sought byregional conservation planning projects (Thomas et.al. 2000; Tindall et al. 2004).

The recently completed vegetation classification of the South Coast Priority Five Mapping Area (P5MA)(Tindall et al. 2004) provides the most complete single-source coverage of the broad vegetationcommunities in the southern Hawkesbury – Nepean catchment. However, the northern catchmentincludes large areas of reserved lands (Wollemi, Blue Mountains and Yengo National Parks) for whichthere is more detailed vegetation classification though the mapping remains coarse Bell (1998) and (Bellet al. 1993). By contrast local council mapping adjoining the study area is detailed in both classificationand mapping (ESP 2001).

2.10.2 Relationships between Vegetation Community Classifications

In order to assess the floristic relationships between vegetation classifications used in severaloverlapping and/or adjoining regions, all available site data within a 20 kilometre radius of the study areawas included in the analysis. In this way, the allocation of sample sites to vegetation communitiesdescribed by other studies (Tindall et al. 2004; Bell 2004; ESP 2001) could be tracked in any newanalysis. Further the relationships between the addition of new sites collected by this project and theseexisting sites could be assessed in the same way. In all, some 1257 data points were analysed. 466 sitesoccurred within areas mapped as part of this project, including the Jenolan Caves Trust Reserve.

2.10.3 Analysis of Data

All data was compiled and a full list of all species recorded was examined to standardise taxonomyacross the various studies. In most cases the taxa below species level (varieties and subspecies mainly)were not recorded consistently (even within surveys). Therefore all taxa below species level werecollapsed upwards unless they could be shown to be reliable. Species considered unlikely to be in thearea were also examined for validity, and where possible site records were examined to determine eitherto accept as recorded, or rejects the entry as a data error. Species that had been segregated as part of ataxonomic review within the last 20 years were collapsed under the species in the broad sense (toremove errors induced by date of sampling). Where a group of species shows poor discernability in thefield these were also collapsed under a single taxon and it treated in the broadest sense.

Analysis of all data from all 1257 sites was undertaken using the analyses in the PATN suite (Belbin1994). A number of different analyses were run in an effort to ascertain the relationships between thespatial data layer and the floristic sites. Two separate sets of analyses were conducted, and initial mapconstruction was based on the first and confirmed with the second. The first set of runs was conductedon data containing species data as extracted from the Vegetation Survey Database, with genus-only andsingle occurrence species within the dataset. Masking for all species of less than two sites occurrencewas applied to the dataset using the appropriate option in PATN and analyses run in accordance with theprocedures outlined below. The second set of analyses were conducted using the complete data set withsingle-occurrence taxa and those recorded only to genus level physically removed prior to analysis.

Analysis of the data was undertaken using three different approaches. An initial non-hierarchicalclustering method (ALOC) using the kulczinski coefficient was applied to the data set, using five seedsand a maximum of 100 groups with 50 iterations. In the first analysis this produced 98 groups, in thesecond it generated 99 groups. As the method starts with randomly chosen seeds the groups generatedin one run will not necessarily be labelled the same in subsequent runs, although in most cases sites willend up in similarly-composed groups following each run.

Secondly, an association matrix displaying dissimilarity scores between all pairs of sites was producedusing the ASO module in PATN. An unweighted pair group arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) clusteringstrategy was applied to the matrix to derive a hierarchical classification from the bottom up (FUSE) and asimilar approach from the top down using Polythetic Divisive clustering (PDIV). The default beta value of–0.1 was used on all analyses, and a total of 100 groups was requested from the analyses.

A dendrogram was produced to display the hierarchical relationships between both individual sites andgroups of sites from each of the three different analyses. Two sites in vegetation sampling are rarely


identical given the natural continuum of vegetation patterns in the landscape. The question facing theanalyst is to what degree are differences worthy of justifying unique groups of sites. These decisions arebased on field observations and experience with similar vegetation. This interpretation results in either abroader or finer classification depending upon the aims and limitations of project.

Groups of sites were examined using the species that characterise the group, the structural features suchas height and tree cover, along with physical characteristics such as geology, topographic position andaspect. These groups were matched to the spatial layer and communities allocated to groups ofpolygons based on similarity of coding strings and the frequency and similarity of floristic sites located ineach polygon class.

2.11 DESCRIPTION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIESVegetation communities have been described in detail using a number of features. Firstly, combinationsof sites defining unique groups in the cluster analysis were used to identify the characteristic flora speciesof that group. These species are presented as a summary for each community in the profiles found inVolume Two. These are known as Map Units and describe the location, dominant or characteristicspecies (generally tree species), broad understorey description and structure. Each Map Unit is given alabel to describe the vegetation present. This label is generally found only in this study in order todifferentiate it from any other study unless: (a) sites used to describe a community have been used in anadjoining study that replicates the methods used here (e.g. NPWS 2003) or (b) a community defined inthis study was based solely on sites collected in other studies (e.g. Tindall et al. 2004)

Each profile includes a brief summary of key identifying features. These include commonly occurringplant species and habitat characteristics. Example locations are also given, as is a sample photograph toguide in recognition of the community. The proportion of each disturbance class (percent) found withinthe mapped vegetation community is also presented along with figures highlighting the total extant areaof the community within the study area. Data describing the vegetation structure (height and vegetationcover) has been generated from field sample points.

Each profile includes a list of diagnostic species. This species list is derived from the field site data andcan be used to help define the floristic composition of a community in relation to all others present in thestudy area. A concept known as ‘fidelity’, developed by Keith and Bedward (1999) based on Westhoffand van der Maarel (1978) provides a systematic method for identifying ‘diagnostic’ or ‘characteristic’species within an assemblage. This approach recognises that within given vegetation community aspecies may be conspicuous by the frequency and abundance with which it has been recorded.However, in other communities the same species may only occur sparsely, at low abundance or not atall. Patterns may be revealed by analysing the performance of each individual species found within eachcommunity. Table 2.9 describes the criteria used to define positive, negative, uninformative and constantspecies. Positive species are recorded more frequently within a community and/or at a higher mediancover abundance than in all other vegetation communities. Positive species also include those that areonly recorded within the target community irrespective of their frequency of detection or abundance. Aspecies that is present in all other communities but is less common or abundant or not present at all inthe target community is defined as a negative diagnostic species. A constant species is one that occursconsistently within many communities. Uninformative are those that are recorded at lower abundanceand less frequently across all communities. The profile lists all species classified as positive, negativeand constant. Some uninformative species have been included in the species list to aid field identification.

TABLE 2.9: DEFINITIONS OF DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES

Occurrence of Species in Residual Map Units

Frequency>=35%AND C/A>=2

Frequency<35%OR C/A<2 Frequency=0

Frequency>=35%AND C/A>=2 Constant Positive

DiagnosticPositiveDiagnostic

Frequency<35%OR C/A<2

NegativeDiagnostic Uninformative Positive

Diagnostic

Occurrence ofSpecies within

Target Map UnitFrequency=0 Negative

Diagnostic Uninformative -

C/A = Cover Abundance


2.12 MAPPING VEGETATION COMMUNITIESThe mapping of vegetation communities integrated patterns in canopy and understorey from aerial photointerpretation with soil and geology mapping. Soil and geological influences are included within the aerialphotograph coding as each code is structured hierarchically underneath major landscape and geologicalfeature.

Allocation of a vegetation community to a mapped feature code was achieved using the following steps.Firstly, a number of vegetation communities appear as highly contrasting patterns on aerial photographs.These include swamps, rainforest, heaths and River Oak forests. These communities can be mappedwith a high degree of reliability and correlate strongly with classified site data.

Secondly, eucalypt dominated vegetation codes were intersected with sample data. Feature codes thatachieved 100 percent agreement in samples describing a single vegetation community in the analyseswere allocated to that community. Feature codes that did not achieve complete agreement betweensample point located within it were assessed for spatial accuracy. Sites that reached agreement within a40 metre tolerance of the polygon boundary were subsequently allocated to the vegetation community.Sites that continued to indicate an alternative community to that described by the API feature code wereinvestigated. Individual polygons were assessed against the mapping reliability code and, where low,were recorded to that suggested by the sample point. Feature codes that retained mixed sampleallocations were allocated to the vegetated community suggested by the majority of samples and thecomposition of both site and polygon data strings. A small number of codes were not sampled and thesewere allocated to a vegetation community based on field traverses or were amalgamated with adjoiningcommunities based on similar geological, structural and floristic attributes.

Vegetation communities defined by sites that were all located outside of the study area were excludedwhere they described vegetation communities found in environmental domains not present in the studyarea.


3 RESULTS3.1 SURVEY SITESField sampling was conducted from December 2004 until October 2005. A total of 302 full floristic surveysites were sampled during this period. These sites augmented the existing 955 sites that were extractedfrom previous studies (Section 2.2). The total number of sites utilised in analysis reached 1257, of which346 occurred within the study area. This equates to a sampling density of one site per 454 hectares,slightly better than the one site per 500 hectares nominated in the project brief. These sites aredisplayed on Map 8.

3.1.1 Sampling Performance

Field survey sites sampled 160 of the 187 (85 percent) native vegetation feature codes mapped fromaerial photographic interpretation and associated fieldwork. The apportioning of sampling effort betweenthe feature codes is shown in Appendix B. Unsampled feature codes comprise less than 0.5 percent ofthe remaining vegetation cover. Appendix B includes sites from pre-existing surveys.

3.2 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATIONAerial Photo Interpretation of vegetation patterns has been completed over the study area. In total over203 different vegetation and landscape features have been mapped. These include vegetation patternsas well as landscape features such as rock outcrop and man made infrastructure such as powerlineeasements and transport corridors.

3.2.1 Spatial Accuracy

The spatial accuracy of the API data layer is based on a detailed comparison of ten percent of polygonsagainst linear and high contrast landscape features obvious in orthorectified 1:40 000 digital air photoimages and orthorectified digital images of the 1:25 000 topographic mapsheets.

Over 95 percent were found to be within a tolerance of 37.5 metres. Spatial accuracy is best on flatto undulating topography of the plateaux and plains and worst on the steep escarpment slopes anddissected gorges of the sandstone tablelands where displacement is greatest.

Coding transfer error between photo linework and digital coverage was found to be less than onepercent based on a sample review of original coding attribute and digital coverage.

3.2.2 Vegetation Cover

The combined coverage’s of vegetation mapping indicate that almost 100 000 hectares have beenidentified as native vegetation cover. This comprises over 62 percent of the mapping study area. Table3.1 below indicates the area and proportion of broad mapping features found in the study area.

TABLE 3.1: BROAD MAPPING FEATURES WITH AREA AND PROPORTION OF STUDY AREA

Broad Mapping Feature Area (ha) Proportion (%)

Native Vegetation Cover 99752 62.50

Cleared-Severely Disturbed Land 50143 31.43

Plantation and Woodlot 8972 5.62

Exposed Rock 62 0.003

Unassessed Vegetation 660 0.004

Total 159589 100


Map 8: Vegetation Survey Sites


Map 9: API Confidence Classes


3.2.3 Interpretation Confidence

The classes describing the confidence in the interpretation of the landscape features are shown in Map 9and provided in Table 3.2 below. Over 75 percent of the study area was mapped with a high or very highlevel of confidence based on either visitation of sites or the extrapolation of patterns based on visitedareas (as described in Section 2.8). Lower confidence levels were recorded in areas that presentedunique photo patterns to the interpreter. In most instances these are located in areas that wereinaccessible as a result of tenure or terrain.

TABLE 3.2: API CONFIDENCE CLASSES WITH AREA AND PROPORTION OF STUDY AREA

Interpretation Confidence Area (ha) Proportion (%)Very High 16506 10.34

High 72240 45.26

Medium 19300 29.94

Low 490 12.09

Unassessed or Cleared 61444 38.50

Total 159589 100

3.3 FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND SPECIES RICHNESSThe study area spans two botanical divisions, the Central Coast and Central Tablelands. Some 1551indigenous species have been recorded from all field data used in the analysis. The full list of nativespecies found in the study area and adjoining environs is presented in Appendix B.

Species richness was estimated as the mean number of species found within each vegetation communityusing standard sites of 400 square metres. Mean richness scores varied between nine and 49.1 taxa persite. The results for each individual community are presented in each vegetation community profile(Appendix A). Communities supporting lower richness scores generally included swamp, mallee andheath communities. Forests on shale or basalt soil and on sheltered aspects of the escarpment slopes orwithin the gorges of the sandstone plateau support the highest mean species richness scores.

3.4 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATIONQuantitative analysis of all site data suggested 100 groups when a dissimilarity score of 0.93 was appliedto classify the floristic variation. Figure 3.1 illustrates the hierarchal relationships between these groups,and displays relationships with other classifications developed by Tindall et al. (2004) and Bell (1998).These groups of sites underpin the definition of each of the vegetation communities described in thisreport.

In all 53 vegetation communities were extracted from the analysis to describe patterns in nativevegetation cover and composition in the study area. Stand alone map unit numbers were allocated toeach, while a further three additional communities were split using detailed aerial photographinterpretation to highlight structural variations in the parent community.

The selection of these communities from the pool of 100 groups was achieved by firstly ensuring that allgroups that featured a sample site located within the study area were included. Secondly any groups thatdescribed vegetation communities found on environmental domains not present in the study area wereexcluded. This latter process excluded a number of groups associated with the Kowmung Valley, centralWollemi National Park, dry tablelands environments of Bathurst and adjoining ranges as well as basaltcaps in the Blue Mountains. These are noted within Figure 3.1 as occurring outside. Patterns achievedfrom the aerial photo stages were then compared to highlight any potential gaps in vegetation patternsnot sampled by sites located within the study area.

Of the 53 vegetation communities 22 were related to existing classifications of Tindall et al. (2004) andfour of Bell (1998). Vegetation communities were said to be equivalent where any sample site used todefine a community in previous studies formed a component of site groups achieved during this analysis.Where more than one classification unit from previous studies was present within a group of sites thenthe classification with the majority number of sites was used.


Figure 3.1 illustrates twelve broad clusters of site groups that describe similar landscape and floristicfeatures. These are resolved to finer site groups that have been used to define each vegetationcommunity or map unit.

The first cluster identifies Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests (Keith 2004) found on the NewnesPlateau and adjoining Narrabeen Sandstones. Map units (26 & 28) describing the highest elevationexposed sandstone sclerophyll forests were not defined by any sites used in previous analysis, whileMU30 was strongly related to classifications used by both Tindall et al. (2004) and Bell (1998). Thesecond cluster assembles taller forests found on sheltered narrabeen sandstones at elevations above700 metres ASL as well as exposed forests found on residual permian sediments. The most sheltered ofthese forests (MU8) did not share an overlap with sites used to describe previous classifications. This islikely to arise from undersampling in the upper mountains area, as the community is present in the MountVictoria area. The latter groups however achieved strong associations with previous classifications.

Montane Heaths (Keith 2004) are highly variable. The third broad cluster describes them. MU44 andMU46 both share sites used to describe the Blue Mountains Heath (Tindall et al. 2004), however each ofthe map units occupy very different landscape positions. MU47 is an unusual feature of Genowlan Pointand sites were equivocal between the Ti willa Kanangra Heaths and Blue Mountains Heath (ibid). Thedistinctive pagodas of the western Blue Mountains support a very sparse heath cover, and this isrecognised by MU43. This is closely related to the Pagoda heaths of Bell (1998), while only a single sitefrom the Blue Mountains Heath of Tindall et al. (2004) was a member of this group.

The fourth cluster describes shrub/grass forests and woodlands found on Permian sediments along thedividing range between Lithgow and Capertee. A poor association with other classifications was achievedwithin this cluster largely because it is describing environmental domains not previously sampled. OnlyMU31 was strongly related to grassy tablelands forests of Tindall et al. (2004).

No associations were achieved within the next cluster, where the low rainfall grassy woodlands of theCapertee Valley are described. These forests and woodlands are more typical of the central westernslopes of NSW and there are few similar environments present within other areas of the Hawkesbury –Nepean catchment.

Cluster eight describes Tableland Grassy Woodlands found in the western Lithgow valley. Again many ofthese environments have been sampled for the first time, and it is not surprising that there were fewoverlaps with sites describing regional communities. Only a single site from Regional Map Unit 17 wasincluded within the site group used to describe MU33.

This was not the case for the next two clusters, describing exposed grassy woodlands and tallersheltered forests of the eastern tableland around the Oberon and Lithgow Plateaux. Many sites wereencompasses from several studies within these clusters, although MU35 and MU6 included sites frommultiple regional units. This may relate to a higher numbers of observers used within these clusters ofsites and may also go some way to explaining the number of affiliated communities that occur justoutside the study area boundary.

Tall grassy forests associated with riparian zones and hollow depressions are described by Cluster 9.Many sites were shared between the regional analysis of Tindall et al. (2004) and this study. Only thelower elevations associated with MU15 and the considerably drier environments of MU20 did not warrantequivalence between the studies.

Swamps and montane bogs and wetlands are another highly variable community (Cluster10). Ouranalysis indicated that a large number of these communities appear to occur outside of the study area,particularly those associated with Blue Mountains sandstones. The Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps(MU50 & 51) were clearly distinguished from other upland swamp communities associated with the KingsTableland in Blue Mountains NP. Similarly the Capertee Melaleuca Thickets were not found to beassociated with any previous classification. However the grassy fens (MU53) are part of a moreextensive assemblage found across the southern tableland.

Only small areas of warm temperate rainforest (Cluster 11) are present in the study areas on the NewnesPlateau. These form part of a widespread sandstone gully rainforest found across the Sydney Basin.


The final cluster describes a large number of forests growing on sheltered aspects in riarpian situations orescarpment slopes. These forests are generally herbaceous and shrubby associated with fine -grainedloamy soils derived from shales, basalt, limestone, porphory and alluvium. A number of groups within thiscluster were associated with the southern Kowmung gorges and were not considered further. Howeverthe upper reaches of this gorge country around Jenolan Caves did include a number of sites describinggrassy woodlands that are more extensive throughout the northern Kowmung and Kanangra gorges. Thelimestone (karst) of the Jenolan Caves area is a distinctive assemblage, and a number of structural formshave been identified to describe the vegetation on the limestone outcrops.

Figure 3.1: Hierarchal Classification of Vegetation Communities

Broad DescriptorRegional Map Unit Name Map Unit Name | | | | |

No Match MU26 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint-Silvertop Ash Layered Open Forest _No Match MU26a |____________DSF136 MU30 Exposed Blue Mountains Sydney Peppermint-Silvertop Ash Shrubby Woodland ____________|_____

outside (Wollemi) _ |outside (Wollemi) |____ |

No Match MU27 Mount Airly Sydney Peppermint-Narrow-leaved Stringybark-Silvertop Ash Shrubby Woodland ____|______ |outside (Wollemi) __________|______|____

No match MU8 Newnes Sheltered Peppermint-Brown Barrel Shrubby Foret ___ |

DSF136 MU29 Sandstone Slopes Sydney Pepermint Shrubby Forest __|____ |DSF136 MU28 Sandstone Plateau and Ridge Scribbly Gum-Silvertop Ash shrubby Woodland ______|________ |DSF8 MU25 Montane Exposed Silvertop Ash Wodland _____ | |DSF8? MU24 Montane Slopes Stringybark Forest ____|_________|______|____________________HL124 MU44 Sandstone Plateaux Tea Tree - Dwarf Sheoak-Banksia Rocky Heath _ |HL124 MU46 Newnes Plateau Dwarf Sheoak - Banksia |_ |HL124/HL120 MU47 Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak Heathland _|_________ |

outside (southern) __ | |Outside (Loombah Heath) _|________|___________________ |

no match MU43 Pagoda Rock Sparse Shrubland _________________ | |outside (Wollemi) ______________ | | |outside (Wollemi) | | | |

no match MU32 Tableland Scribbly Gum-Narrow-leaved Stringybark Shrubby Open Forest outside | outside | outside | |

no match MU38 Capertee Grey Gum - Narrow-leaved Stringybark-Scribbly Gum-Callitris Shrubby Forest | no match MU39 Capertee Hills Blue-leaved Ironbark-Callitris Shrubby Forest | | no match MU42 Capertee Hills White Box-Tumbledown Redgum-Ironbark-Callitris Shrubby Woodland | DSF14 MU31 Montane Ridge Broad-leaved Peppermint-Mountain Gum Grassy Forest |

outside | | outside | | outside | | | outside | | | |

no match MU21 Capertee-Wolgan Slopes Red Box-Grey Gum-Stringybark Grassy Woodland | no match MU20 Capertee Roughbarked Apple-Redgum-Yellow Box Grassy Woodland | |

no match MU19 Capertee Box-Narrow-leaved Ironbark-Callitris Grassy Woodland & MU18 Capertee Marl Grassy Box Woodland | | no match MU41 Capertee Slopes Slaty Gum-Grey Gum-Mugga-Callitris Open Forest | | | no match MU16 Capertee Limestone Hills Grey Box-Grass Tree-Spinifex Grassy Woodland | | no match MU17 Capertee Box-Kurrajong-Grey Gum Grassy Woodland | | | no match MU33 Coxs Permian Red Stringybark-Brittle Gum Woodland | no match MU36 Tableland Apple Box-Bursaria Grassy Open Forest | | GW23/GW17 MU33 Tableland Broad-leaved Peppermint-Brittle Gum-Red Stringybark Grassy Open Forest | |no match MU7 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint- Mountain Gum-Brown Stringybark Layered Forest MU73/MU14/MU8 MU35 Tableland Gully Mountain Gum-Broadleaved Peppermint Grassy Forest | no match MU14 Tableland Mountain Gum-Snow Gum-Daviesia Montane Open Forest | WSF73 MU6 Montane Sheltered Narrow-leaved Peppermint Forest | WSF73 MU5 Jenolan Brown Barrel-Mountain Gum-Narrow-leaved Peppermint-Blackwood Montane Grassy Forest | | WSF73 MU4 Sheltered Gully Brown Barrel Ferny Forest | |

outside | | outside | | | outside | | | | outside(Megalong) | | | | outside (Kowmung Valley) | |

no match MU15 Tableland Hollows Black Gum-Black Sally Grassy Open Forest | GW220 MU11 Tableland Gully Snow Gum-Ribbon Gum Grassy Forest | | GW19/GW520 MU13 Tableland Ribbon Gum-Blackwood-Apple Box Forest | | no match MU55 Tableland Riparian Scrub Complex | | | GW220 MU9 Mount Vincent Basalt Ribbon Gum Grassy Forest | | | GW23 MU34 Tableland Slopes Brittle Gum-Broad-leaved Peppermint Grassy Forest | | GW17 MU12 Lithgow-Abercrombie Grassy Woodland | | |

outside | | | outside | | outside | | |

FRW130 MU50 & MU51 Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps | GL257 MU53 Mountain Hollow Grassy Fen | | FOW54 MU52 Newnes Plateau Rush-Sedge Snow Gum Hollow Wooded Heath | | |

outside | | | | outside | | | | outside | | | | outside | | | | | outside | | | | | outside | | | |

High ElevationTableland Exposed Grassy Forests

Tableland Sheltered Forests

Capertee Permian GrassyDry Forests and Woodlands

Tableland Grassy Woodlands (mid elevation)

TablelandsTall Grassy Forests

Exposed Montane Narrabeen Sandstone Forests and Woodlands

Montane Sheltered Sandstone and Exposed Permian Forests

Montane Heaths

Exposed Tablelands Shrubby Woodlands


3.5 MAPPING DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIESA total of 57 vegetation communities have been mapped within the study area along with six additionallandscape features. The distribution of the statewide vegetation classes (Section 3.4) is shown in Map10. Table 3.3 indicates the total area for each vegetation community grouped into structural classes.Structural classifications are based on tree height and crown separation (Walker and Hopkins, 1990).

TABLE 3.3: MAP UNITS DESCRIBED IN THE STUDY AREA

Map Unit Region Map Unit Name(Tindall et al. 2004)

State-wide Vegetation Class(Keith 2004)

Map Unit Area withinStudy Area (ha)

1 Sandstone Gully WarmTemperate Rainforest

RF114 Sandstone ScarpWarm Temperate Rainforest

Northern Warm TemperateRainforest

4

2 Mountain Gully Grey MyrtleDry Rainforest

RF38 Grey Myrtle DryRainforest

Dry Rainforest 39

3 Hillslope Talus MountainGum - Brown Stringybark -Grey Gum - Broad-leavedHickory Moist Forest

No match Southern Escarpment WetSclerophyll Forests

2695

4 Sheltered Gully BrownBarrel Ferny Forest

WSF73 Cool Montane WetForest

Southern Tableland Wet SclerophyllForest

71

5 Jenolan Brown Barrel -Mountain Gum - Narrow-leavedPeppermint - BlackwoodMontane Grassy Forest



2691

6 Montane Sheltered Narrow-leaved Peppermint Forest



1701

7 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint - MountainGum - Brown StringybarkLayered Forest

No match Southern Tableland Wet SclerophyllForest

2477

8 Newnes ShelteredPeppermint - Brown BarrelShrubby Forest

No match Sydney Montane Dry SclerophyllForest

2200

9 Mount Vincent BasaltRibbon Gum Grassy Forest

GW20 Tablelands BasaltForest

Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland 303

10 Capertee Residual BasaltBrittle Gum - StringybarkLayered Open Forest

No match Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland 142

11 Tableland Gully Snow Gum- Ribbon Gum Montane GrassyForest

GW520 Tableland SwampFlats Forest

Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland 1586

12 Lithgow - AbercrombieGrassy Woodland

GW17 Lithgow - AbercrombieGrassy Woodland

Southern Tableland GrassyWoodland

122

13 Tableland Gully RibbonGum - Blackwood - Apple BoxForest

GW19 Abercrombie-TarloFootslope Woodland/ GW520Tableland Swamp Flats Forest

Southern Tableland GrassyWoodland

861

14 Tableland Mountain Gum -Snow Gum - Daviesia MontaneOpen Forest

No match Subalpine Woodlands 1739

15 Tableland Hollows BlackGum - Black Sally OpenForest

GW520 Tableland SwampFlats Forest

Subalpine Woodlands 384

16 Capertee Limestone HillsGrey Box - Grass Tree -Spinifex Grassy Woodland

No match Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands 108

17 Capertee Box - Kurrajong -Grey Gum Grassy Woodlands


18 Capertee Marl Box GrassyWoodlands


19 Capertee Box - Narrow-leafIronbark - Callitris GrassyWoodland






20 Capertee Rough-barkedApple - Redgum - Yellow BoxGrassy Woodlands


21 Capertee - Wolgan SlopesRed Box - Grey Gum -Stringybark Grassy OpenForest

No match Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forest 9369

22 Kanangra Gorge ShelteredGrey Gum Forest

DSF37 Kowmung-WollondillyGrassy Gorge Forest

Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forest 342

23 Jenolan Limestone ScrubWoodland

No match Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forest 66

24 Montane SlopesStringybark Forest

DSF8 Tableland Ridge Forest South East Dry Sclerophyll Forest 428

25 Montane Exposed SilvertopAsh Forest

DSF8 Tableland Ridge Forest South East Dry Sclerophyll Forest 208

26 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Silver-topAsh Layered Open Forest


7601

27 Mount Airly SydneyPeppermint - Narrow-leavedStringy - Grey Gum ShrubbyOpen Forest


1041

28 Sandstone Plateau AndRidge Scribbly Gum - Silver-top Ash Shrubby Woodland

DSF136 Blue MountainsRidgetop Forest

Sydney Montane Dry SclerophyllForest

3240

29 Sandstone Slopes SydneyPeppermint Shrubby Forest



3000

30 Exposed Blue MountainsSydney Peppermint - Silver-topAsh Shrubby Woodland



6864

31 Montane Ridge Broad-leaved Peppermint - MountainGum Grassy Forest

DSF14 Western TablelandsDry Forest

Southern Tableland Dry SclerophyllForest

1283

32 Tableland Hills ScribblyGum - Narrow-leavedStringybark Shrubby OpenForest

No match Southern Tableland Dry SclerophyllForest

1697

33 Tableland Broad-leavedPeppermint - Brittle Gum - RedStringybark Grassy OpenForest

GW23 Tableland Hills GrassyWoodland


1041

34 Tableland Slopes BrittleGum - Broad-leavedPeppermint Grassy Forest

GW23 Tableland Hills GrassyWoodland/GW17 LithgowAbercrombie Grassy Forest


3077

35 Tableland Gully MountainGum - Broad-leavedPeppermint Grassy Forest

MU73 Cool Montane WetForest/DSF 14 WesternTablelands Dry Forest/DSF8Tableland Ridge Forest


797

36 Tableland Apple Box -Bursaria Grassy Open Forest

No match Southern Tableland Dry SclerophyllForest

384

37 Cox’s Permian RedStringybark - Brittle GumWoodland

DSF14 Western TablelandsDry Forest


3048

38 Capertee Grey Gum -Narrow-leaved Stringybark -Scribbly Gum - Callitris -Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest

No match Western Slopes Dry SclerophyllForests

9247

39 Capertee Hills Blue-leavedIronbark - Callitris ShrubbyForest


328

40 Capertee Slopes RedIronbark - Red Stringybark -


855





Narrow-leaved StringybarkShrubby Woodland

41 Capertee Slopes SlatyGum - Grey Gum - Mugga -Callitris Open Forest


2004

42 Capertee Hills White Box -Tumbledown Redgum -Ironbark - Callitris ShrubbyWoodland


5931

43 Pagoda Rock SparseShrubland

No match Sydney Montane Heath 1898

44 Sandstone Plateaux TeaTree - Dwarf Sheoak - BanksiaRocky Heath

HL124 Blue Mountains Heath Sydney Montane Heath 1925

45 Newnes Plateau Tea Tree -Banksia - Mallee Heath


46 Newnes Plateau DwarfSheoak - Banksia Heath


47 Genowlan Point DwarfSheoak Heathland

HL124 Blue MountainsHeath/HL120 Kanangra TiWillaHeath

Sydney Montane Heath 16

48 Limestone Karst No match no match 50

49 Rock Outcrop No match no match 12

50 Newnes Plateau ShrubSwamp

FRW130 Blue Mtns -Shoalhaven Hanging Swamps

Coastal Heath Swamp 394

51 Newnes Plateau HangingSwamp

FRW130 Blue Mtns -Shoalhaven Hanging Swamps

Coastal Heath Swamp 274

52 Newnes Plateau Rush -Sedge - Snow Gum HollowWooded Heath

FOW 54 Tablelands SwampWoodland

Montane Bogs and Fens 46

53 Mountain Hollow GrassyFen

GL257 Tablelands FlatsGrassland

Montane Bogs and Fens 98

54 Capertee - WolganRiparian Rough-barked Apple -River Oak Open Forest

No match Eastern Riverine Forests 1142

55 Tableland Riparian ScrubComplex

FRW55 Riparian Herbfields(possible only)

Eastern Riverine Forests 119

56 Wolgan Riparian ScrubComplex

FRW55 Riparian Herbfields(possible only)

Eastern Riverine Forests 43

57 Capertee RiparianMelaleuca Thickets

No Match Inland Floodplain Shrubby Wetlands 32

59 Non-native Vegetation -Pine plantation / woodlot /shelter

Non-native vegetation Non-native vegetation 8872

60 Non-native Vegetation -Other exotics (willow etc)

Non-native vegetation Non-native vegetation 97

61 Unclassified ( <1ha patchof remnant vegetation adjacent/ within cleared lands)

No match No match 660

62 Cleared and SeverelyDisturbed Lands

Cleared and SeverelyDisturbed Lands

Cleared and Severely DisturbedLands

50143

Total 157356

3.6 RESERVATION STATUS ASSESSMENTTable 3.4 presents figures describing the regional reservation status for each vegetation community. Theregion refers to the Hawkesbury – Nepean catchment. Reservation Status is calculated for the area(hectares) and proportion (percent) of each vegetation community located within NPWS estate, as at May2004.


Map 10: State-wide Vegetation Classes Present in the Study Area

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns37

T AB

LE 3

.4:

RES

ERVA

TIO

N S

TATU

S, C

LEA

RIN

G L

OSS

, REG

ION

AL

AN

D S

TATE

WID

E VE

GET

ATI

ON

CLA

SS B

Y M

AP U

NIT

Map

Uni

tPr

imar

y R

egio

nal M

ap U

nit

Stat

e

Map Unit Area WithinStudy Area (ha)

Estimated Extant Areain HNCMA (ha)

Estimate of Clearing inHNCMA (%)

Estimate of Pre-Clearing Area in DECEstate

1 S

ands

tone

Gul

ly W

arm

Tem

pera

te R

ainf

ores

tR

F114

San

dsto

ne S

carp

War

mTe

mpe

rate

Rai

nfor

est

Nor

ther

n W

arm

Tem

pera

te R

ainf

ores

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>720

05-

20%

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ount

ain

Gul

ly G

rey

Myr

tle D

ry R

ainf

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est

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est

3975

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illsl

ope

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s M

ount

ain

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row

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rey

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kory

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ores

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atch

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ther

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Scl

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sts

2695

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row

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ores

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ophy

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rest

7160

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5 J

enol

an B

row

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arre

l - M

ount

ain

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arro

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Pep

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tane

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ores

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outh

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elan

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rest

2691

1032

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6 M

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ne S

helte

red

Nar

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0137

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7 N

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atch

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8 N

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atch

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ount

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11 T

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1739

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Prim

ary

Reg

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108

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3240

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3000

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6864

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idge

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The

Veg

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Map

Uni

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nit

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e





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ty G

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late

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ree

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atch

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atch

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Prim

ary

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ate





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amps

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ush

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ats

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ough

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atch

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tern

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55 T

able

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plex

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atch

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3.7 DISTURBANCE ASSESSMENTS

3.7.1 Disturbance Severity Classes

Evidence of human related impacts over the mapping area is extensive (Map 11) with around 58 000hectares of land likely to have been cleared or remains as very sparse scattered trees (less than twopercent crown canopy cover). Almost a third of the native vegetation cover in the study area displaysevidence of high levels of visible disturbance on aerial photographs. This is particularly prevalent acrossthe Newnes and Oberon Plateaux where forestry is a primary land use, and the Capertee Valley whereclearing for grazing has fragmented and disturbed significant areas. Evidence of these impacts includescanopy gaps, regrowth trees, soils disturbance, tracks and roading, and weeds.

Disturbance mapping can underestimate impacts in forested areas as impacts may affect subcanopyvegetation and are not always visible using remote-sensing techniques such as those used in this project.Table 3.5 provides a summary of disturbance severity classes across the mapping area.

The impact of disturbance on the composition and structure of vegetation will vary with the type oflanduse. Forestry, mining or agriculture for example, will display very different disturbance patterns onphotographs. Different components of the ecosystem are affected. These impacts are not quantified forthe purposes of this report. However the spatial data can be used to highlight where impactingprocesses are either still active or have been present in recent years.

TABLE 3.5: AREA AND PROPORTION OF DISTURBANCE SEVERITY CLASSES

Code Severity Classes Area (ha)* Proportion (%)*

A Low Level Disturbance 26653 16.70

B Medium Level Disturbance 34516 21.63

C High Level Disturbance 37677 23.61

Cleared Land and Plantation 59115 37.04

Total 159569

Table 3.6 lists the proportions of each vegetation community that have low, medium and high levels ofdisturbance. The highly disturbed class is mostly comprised of the scattered trees and regrowthvegetation disturbance type that describe a very open and often significantly disturbed canopy. A rangeof understorey types may be present varying from improved pasture grass to secondary native grassland.It is often apparent that areas of high disturbance continue to support high levels of native species.

The vegetation communities featuring the highest levels of disturbance are generally those found onlandscapes with richer soils such as basalt, alluvium, shale and other fine grained sediments. These arethe areas that have historically been subject to intensive agricultural activities such as clearing, loggingand grazing. Capertee valley communities, alluvial grassy forests and woodlands and tall montane brownbarrel eucalypt forests are examples.

TABLE 3.6: MAP UNIT WITH PROPORTION OF EACH DISTURBANCE INTENSITY CLASS (%) (CELLSHIGHLIGHTED TO SHOW GREATEST PROPORTION)

Map Unit Name % LowDisturbance

% ModerateDisturbance

% HighDisturbance

TotalArea (ha)

1 Sandstone Gully Warm Temperate Rainforest 100.0 3

2 Mountain Gully Grey Myrtle Dry Rainforest 76.5 16.4 7.0 38

3 Hillslope Talus Mountain Gum - Brown Stringybark - Grey Gum- Broad-leaved Hickory Moist Forest

52.2 33.0 14.8 2695

4 Sheltered Gully Brown Barrel Ferny Forest 66.5 33.5 0.0 71

5 Jenolan Brown Barrel - Mountain Gum - Narrow-leavedPeppermint - Blackwood Montane Grassy Forest

13.5 48.7 37.7 2690

6 Montane Sheltered Narrow-leaved Peppermint Forest 15.4 42.4 42.2 1700

7 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Mountain Gum -Brown Stringybark Layered Forest

1.7 10.9 87.4 2477

8 Newnes Sheltered Peppermint - Brown Barrel Shrubby Forest 46.2 37.6 16.2 2156




% HighDisturbance

TotalArea (ha)

9 Mount Vincent Basalt Ribbon Gum Grassy Forest 4.3 1.8 93.9 302

10 Capertee Residual Basalt Brittle Gum - Stringybark LayeredOpen Forest

18.7 26.2 55.2 142

11 Tableland Gully Snow Gum - Ribbon Gum Montane GrassyForest

5.1 38.7 56.2 1584

12 Lithgow - Abercrombie Grassy Woodland 0.0 14.4 85.6 121

13 Tableland Gully Ribbon Gum - Blackwood - Apple Box Forest 25.7 46.1 28.2 859

14 Tableland Mountain Gum - Snow Gum - Daviesia MontaneOpen Forest

9.5 31.1 59.4 1713

15 Tableland Hollows Black Gum - Black Sally Open Forest 1.7 8.6 89.7 383

16 Capertee Limestone Hills Grey Box - Grass Tree - SpinifexGrassy Woodland

33.0 14.3 52.6 108

17 Capertee Box - Kurrajong - Grey Gum Grassy Woodlands 8.5 27.1 64.4 1532

18 Capertee Marl Box Grassy Woodlands 6.4 15.3 78.3 1140

19 Capertee Box - Narrow-leaf Ironbark - Callitris GrassyWoodland

0.8 11.6 87.6 5550

20 Capertee Rough-barked Apple - Redgum - Yellow Box GrassyWoodlands

6.8 24.7 68.5 5452

21 Capertee - Wolgan Slopes Red Box - Grey Gum - StringybarkGrassy Open Forest

36.0 45.7 18.4 8990

22 Kanangra Gorge Sheltered Grey Gum Forest 39.6 50.1 10.3 342

23 Jenolan Limestone Scrub Woodland N/A N/A N/A 66

24 Montane Slopes Stringybark Forest 1.9 72.8 25.3 427

25 Montane Exposed Silvertop Ash Forest 22.5 75.7 1.8 207

26 Newnes Plateau Narrow-leaved Peppermint - Silver-top AshLayered Open Forest

8.6 41.2 50.1 6472

27 Mount Airly Sydney Peppermint - Narrow-leaved Stringy - GreyGum Shrubby Open Forest

100.0 0.0 0.0 0.9

28 Sandstone Plateau And Ridge Scribbly Gum - Silver-top AshShrubby Woodland

21.0 79.0 0.0 46

29 Sandstone Slopes Sydney Peppermint Shrubby Forest 22.4 53.1 24.5 2947

30 Exposed Blue Mountains Sydney Peppermint - Silver-top AshShrubby Woodland

4.4 95.6 0.0 9

31 Montane Ridge Broad-leaved Peppermint - Mountain GumGrassy Forest

33.3 43.7 22.9 1281

32 Tableland Hills Scribbly Gum - Narrow-leaved StringybarkShrubby Open Forest

10.6 22.3 67.1 934

33 Tableland Broad-leaved Peppermint - Brittle Gum - RedStringybark Grassy Open Forest

2.2 44.5 53.3 1041

34 Tableland Slopes Brittle Gum - Broad-leaved PeppermintGrassy Forest

37.7 53.4 8.9 3077

35 Tableland Gully Mountain Gum - Broad-leaved PeppermintGrassy Forest

7.6 72.0 20.4 797

36 Tableland Apple Box - Bursaria Grassy Open Forest 19.2 45.2 35.7 384

37 Cox’s Permian Red Stringybark - Brittle Gum Woodland 10.9 55.2 34.0 3033

38 Capertee Grey Gum - Narrow-leaved Stringybark - ScribblyGum - Callitris - Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest

42.4 31.2 26.4 9114

39 Capertee Hills Blue-leaved Ironbark - Callitris Shrubby Forest 6.5 73.4 20.0 328

40 Capertee Slopes Red Ironbark - Red Stringybark - Narrow-leaved Stringybark Shrubby Woodland

62.4 35.0 2.6 855

41 Capertee Slopes Slaty Gum - Grey Gum - Mugga - CallitrisOpen Forest

21.3 46.1 32.6 2004

42 Capertee Hills White Box - Tumbledown Redgum - Ironbark -Callitris Shrubby Woodland

48.2 26.6 25.1 5913

43 Pagoda Rock Sparse Shrubland N/A N/A N/A 1898




% HighDisturbance

TotalArea (ha)

44 Sandstone Plateaux Tea Tree - Dwarf Sheoak – Banksia RockyHeath

75.7 8.4 16.0 1053

45 Newnes Plateau Tea Tree - Banksia - Mallee Heath 6.8 63.8 29.4 143

46 Newnes Plateau Dwarf Sheoak - Banksia Heath 14.4 30.9 54.7 247

47 Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak Heathland 33.8 66.2 0.0 16

48 Limestone Karst N/A N/A N/A 50

49 Rock Outcrop 89.4 4.0 6.6 12

50 Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamp 58.2 28.7 13.1 394

51 Newnes Plateau Hanging Swamp 86.7 8.4 5.0 272

52 Newnes Plateau Rush - Sedge - Snow Gum Hollow WoodedHeath

76.1 23.9 0.0 45

53 Mountain Hollow Grassy Fen 0.4 13.2 86.4 97

54 Capertee - Wolgan Riparian Rough-barked Apple - River OakOpen Forest

2.3 48.4 49.3 1142

55 Tableland Riparian Scrub Complex 5.1 71.9 23.0 119

56 Wolgan Riparian Scrub Complex 0.0 0.0 100.0 42

57 Capertee Riparian Melaleuca Thickets 0.0 0.0 100.0 31

58 Acacia Thickets 0.0 0.0 100.0 411

59 Non-native Vegetation - Pine plantation / woodlot / shelter 0.0 0.0 100.0 3730

60 Non-native Vegetation - Other exotics (willow etc) 0.0 0.0 100.0 89

61 Unclassified ( <1ha patch of remnant vegetation adjacent /within cleared lands)

4.0 0.4 95.6 21

62 Cleared and Severely Disturbed Lands 0.0 0.0 100.0 49708

Grand Total 14.9 21.7 63.5 136803


Map 11: Disturbance Severity Classes


4 DISCUSSION4.1 PATTERNS IN VEGETATION COMMUNITIESThe collection of systematic field data and quantitative multivariate analysis has confirmed that patternsin the composition and distribution of vegetation communities in the study area are influenced by complexinteractions between geology, soil type, topography, elevation and rainfall. Different environmentsdistinguish the separate mapping areas, with plant species characterised by those common to either theNSW western slopes, Montane Sydney Sandstone or metamorphic substrates of the Eastern Tableland.The following sections provide an overview of how the changes in environmental characteristics result incorresponding variation in vegetation composition. The sections below represent the breakdown of thedendrogram into broad vegetation groups as described in Section 3.4 (Figure 4), with communitiesarranged in classes and formations in Keith (2004). Derived Map Units are also related to Tindall et al.(2004) as the Gurnang and Cox’s mapping areas share a common boundary with that work. It should benoted that mapping boundaries will differ between projects given their study was produced at a scale of1:100 000, which is approximately 16 times coarser than this project, executed at 1:25 000 scale.Consequently, a number of the map units described in that study have been divided when presentedhere.

4.1.1 Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests

The Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests occupy higher elevation positions (mostly above 900metres altitude) on sandstones of the Triassic era Narrabeen sediments. These communities defined byMap Units 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 are characterised by the distinctive sclerophyllous understorey ofsandstone environments. The density of the shrub layer varies between the map units however eachinvariably included species of legumes (Acacia, Dillwynia, Pultenaea) and Proteaceae (Hakea, Isopogon,Petrophile, Telopea). This collection of communities is also united by some similarities in the canopy withsilvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) a common member. Most are likely to be referable to the BlueMountains Ridgetop Forest of Tindall et al. (2004) however those associated with the highest elevationsof the Newnes Plateau are less strongly associated.

Map Unit 26 describes several combinations of tree species of quite different appearance, although eachshare similar overall floristic composition. A low open woodland of twisted white-trunked gums (scribblygum (E. sclerophylla) and brittle gum (E. mannifera)) grows on the shallow sandy soils of exposed slopesand crests that mark some of the higher ridges of the Newnes Plateau. The shrub layer may be sparseand the grasses (such as red-anther wallaby grass (Joycea pallida)) very prominent. Other forms of thisMap Unit appear as denser stands of small diameter individuals of trees such as E. sieberi, BlueMountains ash (E. oreades) and narrow-leaved peppermint (E. radiata). The blue-green juvenile leavesof broad-leaved peppermint (E. dives) are often prominent at the same height as the shrubs. This variantis also found on some of the deeper friable sandy soils of the higher plateau.

Map Units 28 and 30 represent sandstone woodlands and forests with a well-developed heath and shrublayers. The latter is typical of the forests on higher elevation Narrabeen Sandstones that underlie thecapping of the Newnes Plateau itself. The gradation into Sydney peppermint (E. piperata) - E. sieberidominated forest is apparent along many of the fire trails that extend to the outer boundary of NewnesState Forest and into Wollemi and Gardens of Stone National Parks. The distinctive E. oreades is nolonger found in the canopy. The abundant grass layer of snow grass (Poa) and Joycea found in MU26are not characteristic of the extensive sandstone plateau forests. Map Unit 28 is closely related to MU30though it tends to occupy rocky sites with skeletal soils, typically at the end of long narrow ridges leadingto cliff edges. The understorey may be heathy, sometimes with the mallee E. stricta growing amongst E.sclerophllya and E. sieberi.

Another of the montane sandstone ridgetop forests is described by Map Unit 27. This community doesnot equate easily with this Keith (2004) class and its position in the dendrogram reflects this difficulty.Sites that fall on Mount Airly, a residual sandstone landscape in the Capertee Valley, define Map Unit 27.While E. piperata is present, the narrow-leaved stringybarks (E. sparsifolia and E. tenella) also occur, asdoes grey gum (E. punctata). A shrub layer of geebung (Persoonia linearis) and blunt beard heath(Leucopogon muticus) reflect the lower elevation and rainfall experienced in this area.

Map Unit 29 falls in another part of the dendrogram that represents the sheltered aspects of montanesandstone environments, although still falls under the broad Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forest


class. This community is widespread and common across the upper Blue Mountains. The forest isgenerally taller than the adjoining ridgetop forests, is dominated by E. piperita, sometimes with brownstringybark (E. blaxlandii) or E. radiata. The ground layer often supports a high cover of bracken fern(Pteridium esculentum). The forest grades into Map Unit 8, a tall gully forest found in the narrow gorges.While closely related floristically as shown in the dendrogram, that map unit shares more in common withthe Southern Tablelands Wet Sclerophyll Forests Class of Keith (2004).

4.1.2 Sydney Montane Heaths

Heathland Communities are common in the study area on skeletal soils in exposed areas of the NewnesPlateau, through Ben Bullen and the Mount Airly mesa to the northern end of the Capertee. These fallwithin the Sydney Montane Heaths of Keith (2004) and mostly are included within the Blue MountainsHeath of Tindall et al. (2004). There are five Map Units (43, 44, 45, 46, 47) involved in this group, with thehanging swamp unit (MU51) showing greater similarity to the heaths than to other wetlands. Fourseparate alliances can be identified in the analysis.

The most different of the communities from the Blue Mountains Heaths described by Tindall et al. (2004)is Map Unit 43. Sandstone outcropping known as ‘Pagodas’ dots the cliff edges of the sandstoneescarpments of the Newnes Plateau, Wolgan and Capertee Valley. Map Unit 43 describes these openheath communities that grow amongst these rocks where common fringe-myrtle (Calytrix tetragona) andLeucopogon muticus are most common. Some sites feature scattered native cypress pine (Callitris)growing from rock cracks and crevices. Map Unit 44 is found in similar situations to Map Unit 43, althoughthere is less pagoda outcrop and more exposed rock sheets. The form of the community is usually amatrix of moderately dense thickets of Banksia, tea-tree (Leptospermum) and dwarf sheoak(Allocasuarina nana) with clumps of dryland sedge (Lepidosperma) and carrot-bush (Platysace).

The third grouping consists of three Map Units (45, 46, 47). Each are united by a high abundance ofAllocasuarina nana and Banksia species. The Genowlan Point Heath (MU47) on Mount Airly has beenseparated in the spatial presentation (map) as it is recognised as an Endangered Ecological Community(EEC) under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995) (TSC Act 1995). However, based onsite data there are minor flortistic differences between this community and those found on the NewnesPlateau. The rare mallee Wolgan snow gum (Eucalyptus gregsoniana) is found in MU46 above the heathlayer, which can include a moderate cover of tussock graminoids like the sword-sedge (Lepidosperma).The lower-growing form (MU45) typically has less groundcover, but may also have some exposed rocksheets.

4.1.3 Freshwater Wetlands

There are two statewide vegetation classes of freshwater wetlands found in the study area. These areCoastal Heath Swamps (Map Units 50, 51, 52), and Montane Bogs and Fens (Map Units 52 and 53). Allwetland map units occurring in the study area are recognised as EECs under the TSC Act 1995. Theseclasses form disjunct clusters in the dendrogram.

The Newnes Plateau features elongated flat swamps along open drainage depressions. These shrubswamps (Map Unit 50) are restricted to the high elevation sandstone plateau. These swamps areperiodically waterlogged. The general condition in the community is one of saturated peaty soils with ahigh sand content. The shrub layer is often moderately dense, and a thick groundcover dominated bysedges and rushes protects the soil surface. In some areas subject to continual overland flow this covermay be reduced in extent, but other species take advantage of the exposed soils and some (particularlythe bladderworts – Utricularia) thrive. Many of these wetland species are also found on the shallowdepressions located on the higher ridgelines of the Newnes Plateau. Here (MU52) snow gum (E.pauciflora) is scattered above a woody shrub layer of Leptospermum species.

The Hanging Swamps (MU51) found on the Newnes Plateau are also closely related to the drainage lineshrub swamps (MU50). Different analyses clustered the sites with either wetland or heathlandcommunities highlighting the similarities between the two assemblages. The community is entirelydependent on the seeping of groundwater from the sandstone strata.

The Montane Bogs and Fens (MU53) are located away from the sandstone geology, in close associationwith recently deposited alluvium adjoining Permian or Ordovician sediments. These are essentially wettussock grasslands, with very few areas of woody vegetation to be found within the Map Unit.


4.1.4 Rainforests

There are two main types of rainforest community in the study area. These are recognised in Keith (2004)as Northern Warm Temperate Rainforests (MU1) and Dry Rainforests (MU2). Both are usually dominatedby a single species, or a few species, and typically have a sparse shrub layer (if at all) and moderatevalues for the groundcover density. Emergent eucalypts sometimes tower above the rainforest canopy.

The sandstone canyon warm temperate rainforests (MU1) form tiny isolated patches in the study area.However, they have an extensive spread across the Blue Mountains. It is dominated by coachwood(Ceratopetalum apetalum) and sassafras (Doryphora sassafras). Black wattle (Callicoma serratifolia) andlarger ferns (Todea, Cyathea) often make up the undergrowth.

Dry rainforests (MU2) in this area are usually dominated by a dense canopy of grey myrtle (Backhousiamyrtifolia). At some sites a low sprawling fig (Ficus rubiginosa) dominates, while others include scrubbeefwood (Stenocarpus) or prickly tea-tree (Melaleuca styphelioides). Dry rainforests, as the namesuggests, occur in areas of lower rainfall sandstone talus, quartzite and limestone in the Capertee valley.

4.1.5 Southern Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forests

There are few examples of wet layered forests in the study area. Map Unit 3 is a depauperate example ofsuch a forest. It is found on sheltered escarpment slopes and gullies usually underlain by PermianSediments. The understorey is ferny, features a high number of wattles in the small tree layer and a mixof low growing sclerophyllous species. The community is restricted in the Hawkesbury – Nepeancatchment to areas north of the Cox’s River catchment.

4.1.6 Southern Tableland Wet Sclerophyll Forests

Southern Tableland Wet Sclerophyll Forests of Keith (2004) implies a tall mesic forest, however, they aremore commonly tall open eucalypt forests with a herbaceous or ferny understorey. They all occur onhigher elevations of the eastern tableland with rainfall exceeding 900 mm per year. Six Map Units (4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9) fall within this Statewide Vegetation Class. The analysis clusters these Map Units into theprimary substrates on which they grow, therefore they are split into different parts of the dendrogram.

Map Unit 9 has been identified from sites located outside of the study area, however the Mount VincentBasalt Cap supports a forest that is very similar to those of adjoining basalt caps of Mount Coricudgy andKerry Mountain. The understorey is open with herbs and ferns dominant, with a tall to very tall canopy ofribbon gum (E. viminalis) sometimes with blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon). This unit has been almosttotally cleared, and few remnants exist in private hands and along very narrow road reserves. Map Units5 and 6 are similar in height and structure although they grow on metamorphosed sediments of thecentral and southern tablelands. Tall forests of brown barrel (E. fastigata) and mountain gum (E.dalrympleana) are found in the gullies, while forests of E. radiata occupy the sheltered slopes. Both ofthese Map Units are closely related to the Cool Montane Wet Forests described by Tindall et al. (2004).

A number of the wet sclerophyll forests occur on the high elevation sandstone plateaux of Newnes andMount Airly. Map Unit 8 is a tall forest found in the gorge and gully systems of the Newnes Plateau andfeatures tall E. fastigata, E. oreades, monkey gum (E. cypellocarpa) and E. piperata. However theunderstorey is noticeably shrubby with sclerophyllous species shared with the surrounding sandstoneforests and woodlands. Given the sandy soils, the ground cover is poor in herbaceous cover and species.Indeed, the Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests will often grade into this unit, as illustrated by theirimmediate proximity in the dendrogram. Map Unit 4 represents the sheltered sandstone forests found inthe most protected of the gully sites, with a very dense fern layer and an absence of shrubs such asLeptospermum and Acacia species. Both of these communities share some resemblance to the MoistMontane Sandstone Forest of Tindall et al. (2004).

Map Unit 7 is another tall forest found on the Newnes Plateau. This community is restricted to the highestelevations on the enriched sandstone capping of the central plateau. Tall stands of E. blaxlandii, E.radiata, E. dalrympleana and E. oreades are distinctive in otherwise exposed locations. The ground coveris grassy and the shrub layer is sparse and is not typical of other montane sandstone vegetation. Itshares more in common with the tall forests of the metamorphosed sediments of the Jenolan and OberonPlateau. For this reason it has been aligned to the Southern Tableland Wet Scleophyll Forests ratherthan the Sydney Montane Dry Sclerophyll Forests of Keith (2004). The community is likely to be restrictedto the Newnes Plateau.


4.1.7 Subalpine Woodlands

There are two Map Units (14 and 15) that fall with the Subalpine Woodlands Statewide Vegetation Class.Both of these are communities dominated by snow gum (E. pauciflora). The first of these (MU15) occursin frost hollows and drainage lines above 900 metres altitude. Both E. pauciflora and black gum (E.aggregata) are prominent, above a very grassy ground cover. These forests often grade into the treelessmontane bogs and fens.

The second is a very dry community (MU14) with a mountain gum (E. dalrympleana) and snow gum (E.pauciflora) canopy over a grassy groundcover. A layer of shrubs may be present, and almost invariablythis is dominated by broad-leaved egg-and-bacon pea (Daviesia latifolia). The community favours poor,stony sites in exposed positions particularly on hillcrests and on slopes.

4.1.8 Southern Tableland Grassy Woodland

The Southern Tableland Grassy Woodlands of Keith (2004) are extensively distributed across the broadplateax south from Bathurst. There are two Map Units (12 and 13) that are covered by this class,although both are closely related to the Tableland Clay Grassy Woodlands. Small areas of granite areexposed near the southern limit of the Cox’s-Lithgow area, just east and south of Mount Walker. Thewoodlands found here (Map Unit 12) are moderately tall and dominated by E. viminalis and E. pauciflorawith a dense cover of snow grasses (Poa sp.). Map Units 15 and 11 are both closely related in thedendrogram, although these have been allocated to the Subalpine Woodlands and Tableland ClayGrassy Woodland respectively.

In the drier western Capertee Valley, Map Unit 13 occupies narrow gullies and flats. The soils appear tomostly be fine-grained alluvium. A dense grass cover of weeping grass (Microlaena) and Poa isprominent, as are clumps of Lomandra. A moderately tall canopy of apple box (E. bridgesiana) and E.viminalis distinguishes the community from the surrounding ironbark and stringybark dominated dryshrubby woodlands.

4.1.9 Tableland Clay Grassy Woodland

Tableland Clay Grassy Woodlands are associated with deeper soils found on richer alluvium or basaltsoils. There are two communities (Map Units 10 and 11) that are suggestive of this broader statewidecommunity. Map Unit 11 is aligned to the Southern Tablelands Flats Forest of Tindall et al. (2004) and isfound along creeks, flats and gullies at high elevations. The forest is dominated by E. viminalis, E.dalrympleana, E. pauciflora and E. rubida with a snow grass dominated ground cover. Smaller shrubssuch as silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) dominate rather than the taller wattles found in Map Unit 13.

Map Unit 10 falls in the dendrogram among other grassy and herbaceous communities of the CaperteeValley. It delineates an open forest and woodland growing on the residual basalt caps of Mount Airly –Genowlan and Mount Vincent. The basalt capping is thinner in these locations, and as a result the tallerforests found on Mount Vincent does not occur. Soils often show a mixed composition, with theunderlying coarse Tertiary sediments exposed above Triassic sandstone and below the basalt.Consequently more deeply rooted species illustrate these influences, with trees such as E. mannifera andCapertee stringybark (E. cannonii) recorded in this community. However, the ground cover retainssufficient moisture to maintain a cover of herbs and grasses not found on the surrounding sandstone.

4.1.10 Southern Tableland Dry Sclerophyll Forests

The Southern Tableland Dry Sclerophyll Forests form a closely related group of communities in thedendrogram. These are species poor, low growing woodlands and open forests on crests and steepslopes along the Tablelands and Great Dividing Range. Map Units 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 comprisethe communities that fall within this statewide class.

Map Units 31, 32 and 37 show close relationship to the Western Tablelands Dry Forests of Tindall et al.(2004). These forests are less than 20 metres in height and include a range of typical tableland eucalyptssuch as E. dives, inland scribbly gum (E. rossii), red stringybark (E. macrohyncha) and E. mannifera. Asclerophyllous shrub layer is usually present. However, Map Unit 32 includes several species such assunshine wattle (Acacia terminalis) and E. sparsifolia, more common to the adjoining Triassic sandstonesthan the sediments of the tablelands.

Some communities within this class include a grassy ground cover, while still supporting a low growingcanopy. Map Units 33, 34, 35 and 36 share these features. The first two of these map units align with the


Tableland Hills Grassy Woodland of Tindall et al. (2004). These are exposed grassy woodlands with avariety of tableland eucalypts mixing in the canopy, above tussocks of Joycea pallida and Poa. MapUnits 35 and 36 however are grassy, semi-sheltered forests of the tableland hills and rises. Given thescale of the regional analysis, these units are likely to have been included within the broader TablelandHills Grassy Forests of Tindall et al. (2004). Map Unit 35 describes the taller forests found on thesheltered slopes and gullies of Mount Walker, near Lithgow. It comprises a tall canopy of E. dalrympleanaand a smaller tree layer of E. dives. A greater number of herbaceous species are found amongst thegrassy ground cover than is found in the adjoining exposed Map Units of 33 and 34. Map Unit 36 issimilar, though it is dominated by E. bridgesiana and occupies the higher and drier sites of the westernCox’s Valley. The community is more extensively distributed outside of the Hawkesbury – Nepeancatchment.

4.1.11 South East Dry Sclerophyll Forest

There are two Map Units (24 and 25) that fall in the higher elevations of the South East Dry SclerophyllClass. They are associated with the montane environments of the eastern tablelands along the westernfringe of the Blue Mountains reserve system. Exposed sites with stony shallow soils of both the residualPermian sediments and the Ordovician metasediments are the favoured habitat for these communities.While both map units are likely to fall within the broader forests of the Tableland Ridge Forest of Tindall etal. (2004) they do occupy different topographic positions and therefore are easily distinguished on theground. Map Unit 25 is closely associated with ridges where E. sieberi forms a densely stocked canopylayer. Map Unit 24 mainly occurs on slopes and other semi-sheltered sites with E. blaxlandii replacing E.sieberi as the dominant tree species. The forest is generally taller and includes fewer of the shrubs typicalof rocky ridgetop habitats.

4.1.12 Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forests

The Central Gorge Dry Sclerophyll Forests describe the vegetation associated with the heavily dissectedWollondilly, Wingecarribee, Kowmung and the lower Cox’s rivers. There are only small areas of thissystem found in the current study area, at the lowest elevations of the Jenolan Valley. Map Unit 22, asthe community name implies, is more common across the gorges of Kanangra-Boyd National Park. It is adry shrubby forest dominated by E. punctata and thin-leaved stringybark (E. eugenioides) and occupiesvery steep slopes. It forms part of the Kowmung-Wollondilly Grassy Gorge Forest of Tindall et al. (2004).

Both Map Units 21 and 23 do not sit easily within any of the statewide or regional vegetation mappingclassifications. Both have been allocated to this statewide class based on similarities of landscapeposition rather than floristic similarity. Map Unit 23 is an open shrubby forest growing on the JenolanLimestone outcrop. It is only found in this location. Map Unit 21 is however an extensive feature of the dryPermian escarpment slopes of the Wolgan and Capertee Valleys. It includes both E. punctata and redbox (E. polyanthemos) as canopy dominants, in a community that resembles some habitats of the CentralGorges of the Burragorang Valley in the Warragamba catchment. Floristic analysis also suggests someminor association with Western Dry Sclerophyll Forests.

4.1.13 Eastern Riverine Forests

Eastern Riverine Forests are included within the Forested Wetlands Statewide vegetation formation ofKeith (2004). There are four Map Units (54, 55, 56 and 57) that are suggestive of this broader class. TheCapertee and Wolgan Valleys support significant areas of streamside vegetation. Map Unit 54 describesthis community, which is dominated by a mix of river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) on the bank of thestream or river, with rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda) and eucalypt species on the adjoiningterraces.

The remaining Map Units of this class are highly variable scrub communities along narrow riparian strips.The variability arises from both natural flood events that occur infrequently as well as human impactsassociated with land clearing. Map Unit 57 is a flax-leaved paperbark (Melaleuca linariifolia) dominatedthicket found on the swampy alluvial fans of the Capertee Valley. The thickets are probably enlarging(certainly according to some landholders) and may be taking advantage of the sedimentation of streamchannels providing a flat, well-watered environment in which they can grow.

The Wolgan River marks a complex of eucalypt forest and regenerating Acacia and Leptospermumspecies. Map Unit 56 describes this scrub-woodland. At higher elevations similarly structuredassemblages are found along the Jenolan River and the Cox’s River. Again regenerating wattles and tea


trees are commonly forming a moderately dense stand beneath an open canopy of cold-climateeucalypts such as ribbon gum (E. viminalis) and black sally (E. stellulata).

4.1.14 Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands

The Capertee Valley is situated in the far northwestern corner of the Hawkesbury – Nepean catchmentand presents a unique area for plant species. This is because the climate is one of low rainfall and theenvironment is shaped from moderately fertile Permian Sediments and Ordvician metamorphic rocks. It isone of the few areas within the catchment that comprises vegetation typical of the western slopes, othersbeing the Burragorang Valley and the Cumberland Plain. The Capertee Valley retains significant areas ofthe Statewide Vegetation Class known as Western Slopes Grassy Woodlands. Map Units 16, 17, 18, 19,20 all fall within this class. These communities are all likely to conform to the EEC of White Box – YellowBox – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland, listed under the TSC Act 1995 and the Grassy White BoxWoodlands listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act(1999) (EPBC Act 1999).

Map Unit 19 describes the vegetation community that extends across the gentle rises of Permiansediments of the valley floor. Species of box tree including white box (E. albens), grey box (E.moluccana) and yellow box (E. melliodora) grow in combination with narrow-leaved ironbark (E. crebra)to form an open woodland. Small trees of Callitris are sometimes present. The understorey is grassy, andin most cases only a few shrubs occur, scattered through the mid-layers. This Map Unit grade into MapUnit 20 in minor depressions, gullies and flats. In these locations Angophora floribunda, E. melliodora, E.polyanthemos and Blakely’s red gum (E. blakelyi) form the dominant canopy species. Clearing hasheavily fragmented both of these communities and many remnants are in stages of regrowth. This mayhave contributed to the difficulty in separating these communities in the analyses. Additional sampling islikely to be required.

In the southern area of the valley, near to and within the Gardens of Stone National Park, there are twocommunities that have been mapped on limestone-influenced soils (Map Units 16 and 18). Map Unit 16 islocated on limestone outcrops and presents a very distinctive community of grass trees (Xanthorrhoeaspecies), spinifex (Triodia scariosa) and a very open canopy of E. moluccana / E. albens intergrades.Adjoining these outcrops are soils derived from shale mixed with limestone, known as marl. Thisproduces an orange-coloured clay soil. Eucalyptus moluccana is typically the dominant canopy species,above a very open cover of grasses and scattered kurrajongs (Brachychiton populneus). Clearing hasremoved extensive areas of this community in the valley. It is floristically very similar to MU19, and hasbeen separated in the analyses on the basis of the distinctive soil properties.

The footslopes of the northern escarpment of the Valley also comprise another grassy box woodland(MU17). The community appears to define a transition between Ordovician basement rocks or shale-derived Permian soils overlain by sandstone talus. The community retains a canopy of E. albens, thoughit can also include E. punctata. Ground cover is grassy and shrub layers sparse.

4.1.15 Western Slopes Dry Sclerophyll Forests

The dry Capertee Valley also supports western slopes plant species in the dry sclerophyll forests foundon the shallow infertile soils of the western hills. These are a distinctive cluster of communities (MapUnits 38, 39, 40, 41, 42) that appear together in the dendrogram, and are classified as Western SlopesDry Sclrophyll Forests of Keith (2004). Primarily these are shrubby ironbark and cypress forests andwoodlands.

One of the clear examples of the western influence is Map Unit 39. This community is typified by theblue-leaved ironbark (E. nubila) and Callitris, both being species more common on the western slopesand ranges. This forest also includes Leucopogon muticus as a prominent shrub species, a further link tothe Brigalow Belt vegetation found on sandstone soils around Coonabarabran and Mendooran. However,a very similar shrubby forest (Map Unit 38) is far more extensive across the residual Permian hills andrises. A wide variety of eucalypts are present with E. punctata the most commonly recorded, and redironbark (E. fibrosa) and the threatened Capertee stringybark (E. cannonii) also frequent.

There are several steeply incised gorges in the western hills of the Capertee Valley. These expose theunderlying Devonian and Ordovician metasediments. The open shrubby woodland found here (MU42) isdominated by E. albens, tumbledown redgum (E. dealbata) and E. crebra. This community is tranistionalbetween the grassy box woodlands of the valley floor (MU19 and 20) and the residual Permian Ironbark –Callitris (MU38 and 39). As a result, it includes many of the shrub species found in these latter map units.


Two other dry shrubby sclerophyll forests are found on the steep Permian escarpment slopes that markthe western limit boundary of Wollemi National Park. Map Unit 41 is a moderately tall forest found on thelower talus slopes. One of the dominant tree species is slaty gum (E. dawsonii), an endemic to the slopesand ranges of the Wollemi escarpment. Dense stands of Callitris are commonly found within thecommunity, reflecting past disturbance from adjoining agricultural activities. Some sites may also featurethe distinctive mugga ironbark (E. sideroxylon). The shrub layer is very sparse, as is the ground cover.Further upslope Map Unit 40 is more prominent, with E. fibrosa and E.punctata dominating the steepertalus slopes.

4.2 THREATENED SPECIES AND ENDANGERED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

4.2.1 Endangered Ecological Communities

EECs are recognised under both the NSW TSC Act 1995 and the Commonwealth EPBC Act 1999.

The NSW Scientific Committee have scheduled under the TSC Act 1995 a number of EECs that arerelevant to the vegetation that is found in the study area. These EECs are:

White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland

Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin,South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Autralian Alps Bioregions

Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps

Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland

Several of these are also nationally listed EECs under the EPBC Act 1999.

Grassy White Box Woodlands

Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone

The determinations that accompany these listings provide information on habitat, typical species andexample locations. These were used to relate the vegetation communities defined in this report tohighlight potential EECs. Tables 15 and 16 highlight the relationships between the two. Several of theEEC determinations describe broad vegetation communities that have been divided into their componentparts in this report. The distribution of all EECs located within the study area is shown in Map 12.

TABLE 4.1: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENDANGERED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES (TSC ACT 1995) ANDVEGETATION COMMUNITIES DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT

Endangered Ecological Community Name Corresponding Vegetation Community (This Report)

Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New EnglandTableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, South EastCorner, South Eastern Highlands and Autralian AlpsBioregions

Newnes Plateau Snow Gum Hollow Wooded Swampy Heath(MU52)

Mountain Hollow Grassy Fen (MU53)

Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps (MU50)

Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak Heathland (MU47)

White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland

Capertee Box – Narrow-leaved Ironbark – Callitris GrassyWoodland (MU19)

Capertee Marl Box Grassy Woodlands (MU18)

Capertee Rough-barked Apple – Redgum – Yellow Box GrassyWoodlands (MU20)

Capertee Limestone Hills Grey Box – Grass Tree – SpinifexGrassy Woodland (MU16)

Capertee Box – Kurrajong – Grey Gum Grassy Woodlands(MU17)

Lithgow - Abercrombie Grassy Woodland (MU12)


Map 12: Endangered Ecological Communities Listed under the TSC Act 1995


TABLE 4.2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENDANGERED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES (EPBC ACT 1999) ANDVEGETATION COMMUNITIES DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT

Endangered Ecological Community Name Corresponding Vegetation Community (This Report)

Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone

Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps (MU50)

Newnes Plateau Hanging Swamps (MU51)

Newnes Plateau SnowGum Hollow Wooded Swampy Heath(MU52)

Grassy White Box Woodlands

Capertee Box – Narrow-leaved Ironbark – Callitris GrassyWoodland (MU19)

Capertee Marl Box Grassy Woodlands (MU18)

Capertee Rough-barked Apple-Redgum-Yellow Box GrassyWoodlands (MU20)

Capertee Limestone Hills Grey Box-Grassy Tree-Spinifex GrassyWoodland (MU16)

Capertee Box – Kurrajong – Grey Gum Grassy Woodlands(MU17)

4.2.2 Threatened Species and Rare or Threatened Australian Plants

Records of threatened species were compiled from the Atlas of NSW Wildlife, NSW Herbarium, and allsystematic survey site data. This information indicates that a total of 29 threatened species have beenrecorded within the study area. A further eight species listed on the Schedules of the TSC Act 1995 mayoccur in the area but have yet failed to be noted owing to lack of survey or timing of survey. Eighteenadditional species listed by Briggs and Leigh (1995) as Rare or Threatened Australian Plants (RoTAPs)are also recorded within the study area.

Table 4.3 lists the threatened species recorded within the study area. It includes species that are listedunder the TSC Act 1995 and/or RoTAP (Briggs and Leigh, 1995). Codes describing their status are asfollows:

• V-Vulnerable, E1-Endangered (TSC Act 1995);• 2 -Distribution of less than 100 kilometres, 3-Distribution greater than 100km (RoTAP);• E-Endangered, K-Poorly Known, R-Rare, V-Vulnerable (RoTAP);• C-Within Conservation Reserve, a-Adequately Reserved (>1000 plants), I-Inadequately Reserved

(<1000 plants), “-“-Reserve level unknown, t-Total Population within Conservation Reserve (RoTAP).A number of species in the following list (Table 4.3) are provided despite no records in the immediatelysurrounding area, or records in similar habitats to those found during the study but not within the studyarea itself. The list given has been made broad to be encompassing of species that may be in the area.Likewise, in the Map Unit profiles, the threatened species listed are given as 'definite' and 'possible'depending on the known records and expert judgement of habitat similarity.

TABLE 4.3: THREATENED SPECIES AND RARE OR THREATENED AUSTRALIAN PLANTS (ROTAPS)

Scientific Name TSC Act RoTAP Known SpeciesHabitat

Total KnownDistribution

Likely Distribution WithinStudy Area

Acacia asparagoides - 2R Dry sclerophyll forest andheath on sandstone Newnes Junction to Lawson Newnes Junction area

Acacia clunies-rossiae+ V 2RC-t Grey gum dominated

open forests Kowmung and Cox's ValleysMay occur in lowest parts ofKowmung Valley and nearJenolan

Acacia flocktoniae V 2VC-Narrabeen sandstones, indry sclerophyll forest andwoodlands

Mount Wilson to Picton Newnes Plateau

Acacia matthewii - 3RC-Shrubby open forest ofgrey gum, slaty gum,ironbark and Callitris

Rylstone – Capertee toDharug NP

Capertee Valley, esp. GlenDavis, mainly near Sir JohnsPoint





Apatophyllumconstablei E1 2EC- Grey gum - ironbark open

forest Glen Davis area Green Gully

Atkinsonia ligustrina - 2RCaShrubby Sydneypeppermint - silvertop ashforest

Wallerawang and eastthrough Wollemi NP Newnes Plateau

Baloskion longipes V 3VC- Broad cold flats andswampy areas

South from near MountWerong to Clyde Mountain Montane hollow communities

Boronia deanei V 3VCa Wet heaths and swampheaths South from Newnes Mainly in Newnes Plateau

Swamp Heath

Carex klaphakei E1 - Riparian communities Cox’s valley / Blackheath,Mount Werong, Penrose Cox’s and Kowmung rivers

Darwinia peduncularis V 3RCi Rocky sandstone heathsand pagodas Honsby to Glen Davis Pagoda rock and sand-stone

heath communities

Derwentia blakelyi V 2K

Damper places in streamlines; soaks andseepages in montanecommunities

Clarence to Peel River(Bathurst) and CoricudgyRange; Tuglow

Mainly between Newnes andthe upper Cox's headwaters,but also near Tuglow

Digitaria porrecta E 3E Grasslands on better soils Prior to syudy, only north ofthe Liverpool Range

Capertee Valley – enrichedsoils in northern parts

Dillwynia stipulifera - 3RCa Swamp heath onsandstone

Lithgow district andBudawang ranges Newnes Plateau

Discaria pubescens - 3RCaGrassy to shrubbywoodlands and forests,often on enriched soils

Victoria to Queensland Capertee Valley, Cox’s Valley,Jenolan area

Diuris aequalis+ E1 3VC- Grassy forests ontablelands and ranges

Braidwood to Kanangra andLiverpool

In montane communities southfrom Lithgow

Diuris tricolor (D.sheaffiana)+ V 3K Grassy box woodlands Western slopes of NSW

south from Qld Likely in Capertee Valley

Epacris muelleri - 3RC- Skeletal soils on damprock faces

Blue Mountains and WollemiNPs

Sandstone scarps in Newnesand eastern Capertee

Eucalyptus camphora E1 3VC- Cold broad flats andmontane hollows

Nullo Mountain to MegalongValley

Capertee, Cox's andKowmung valleys

Eucalyptus cannonii V 2VCi Sclerophyll forests Upper Wolgan Valley toCapertee Valley

Widespread in Wolgan andCapertee valleys

Eucalyptusgregsoniana - 3RCa Heath communities on

sandstone Newnes Plateau Newnes Plateau

Eucalyptusmacarthurii V 2RCi Cold broad flats and

montane hollowsTablelands south fromOrange

Montane hollow communitiesin Cox's and Kowmung valleys

Eucalyptuspulverulenta V 3V Hillside woodlands often

over graniteBathurst – Lithgow toBombala Southern Mount Walker area

Eucalyptus robertsoniisubsp. hemisphaerica V 2V Hillside grassy

peppermint communities South and east from OrangeHigher peppermintcommunities around Jenolanand Gurnang

Euphrasia bowdeniae V 2VCit Wet seeps in rockysandstone areas

Higher Blue Mountainsplateaux

Swamp heaths and hangingswamps

Euphrasia scabra E1 3KCa

Wetter areas in CentralGorge Dry SclerophyllForests and SouthernTablelands WetSclerophyll Forests

Mainly south from JenolanMontane and grey gumcommunities in southernmapping area

Geranium graniticola - 3RC- Montane woodland Oberon to Kanangra- BoydNP Throughout Gurnang section

Gonocarpuslongifolius 3RC-

Shrub communities onsandstone and nearstreams

Armidale to the BlueMountains Throughout





Goodenia macbarronii+ V 3VC- Ephemeral swamps,

seeps and soaks South from QueenslandWetter areas in dry sclerophyllforest in Capertee and Cox'svalleys

Grammitis stenophylla E1 - Rainforests and damperplaces in gullies

Queensland to NSW southcoast

Newnes and Wollemi gulliesand gorges

Grevillea evansiana V 2VC- Dry sclerophyll forest onsandstone Western Wollemi Eastern Capertee and south to

near glowworm tunnel

Grevillea obtusifolia E1 2E Ironbark, grey gum andstringybark forests Pantoney's Crown to Kandos Pantoney's Crown to Kandos

on Permian strata

Haloragodendronlucasii + E1 2RCat Along and near creeks

upstream of canyonsNewnes Plateau; FrenchsForest

Eastern side of NewnesPlateau

Kunzea cambagei+ V 2VCa Montane heathcommunities

Mount Werong and BindookPlateau area

May be in SE corner ofsouthern mapping area

Lastreopsis hispida E1 - Wet sclerophyll forest andgullies

Blue Mountains only inNSW, also Victoria Eastern Newnes Plateau

Leionema sympetalum V 2VC- Rocky sandstone heathsand pagodas Capertee Valley area Pagoda rock and sand-stone

heath communities

Leucochrysumgraminifolium - 2R Rocky sandstone heaths

and pagodasWestern Newnes Plateau toMount Airly Pagoda rock communities

Leucopogon fletcherisubsp. fletcheri + E1 2RC- Shrubby peppermint

woodland and forest Middle Blue MountainsMay be in sandstone woodlandon eastern side of Caperteeand Wolgan

Lomandra fluviatilis - 3RCa Streamside communities Royal NP to Colo River Capertee and Wolgan Rivers

Notochloe microdon - 2RC- Wet heaths and swamps Elevated parts of the BlueMountains Newnes Plateau

Olearia quercifolia - 3RC- Wetter areas and soaksover sandstone Blue Mountains Newnes Plateau

Persoonia acerosa - 2VC- Heath and dry sclerophyllforest on sandstone

Central Blue Mountains toHilltop Elevated Sandstone plateaux

Persoonia hindii E1 -Dry sclerophyll forest andwoodlands oversandstone

Newnes Plateau andwestern Wollemi

Newnes Plateau and easternCapertee

Persoonia hirsuta E1 3KCi Dry sclerophyll forest,woodland and heath

Putty and Glen Davis toHilltop

Hassan's Walls and near GlenDavis

Persoonia marginata V 2V Dry sclerophyll forest Kandos to Lidsdale Ben Bullen, Kandos andNewnes

Persoonia recedens - 2R Dry sclerophyll forest Newnes to Gurnang Newnes mapping area andGurnang Mapping area

Phebalium bifidum E1 2E Shrubby ironbark forestand heath Genowlan Point to Bogee Genowlan Point to Bogee

Philotheca ericifolia V 3RC-

Dry sclerophyll forests,often shrubby, in ironbark- Callitris communities,often in damper spots

Upper Hunter and Narrabrito Peak HIll Capertee valley

Philotheca obovalis - 3RCa Heath Higher Blue Mountains Newnes Plateau

Pomaderris brunnea V 2VC- Streamside communities Colo River and upperNepean River Capertee and Wolgan valleys

Prostantheracryptandroides V 2RC-t

Dry sclerophyll forestsand shrubby woodlandson sandstone and talus

Glen Davis north to Warialda(northern NSW) Glen Davis area

Prostanthera hindii - 2KC- Shrubland and woodland Rylstone, Wollemi, Caperteeand Newnes

Sandstone areas of Caperteeand Newnes plateau





Prostanthera stricta V 2V

Shrubby woodlands andheaths on basalt soils;margins of dry rainforeston metamorphics

Mount Vincent to beloweastern side of MountGenowlan (Widden Valleypopulations now not thisspecies)

Mount Vincent to beloweastern side of MountGenowlan

Pseudanthusdivaricatissimus - 3RCa Heath and rocky sites Far northern NSW to

Victoria, at higher altitudesRocky heaths through-out thearea, mainly on sandstone

Pultenaea glabra V 3VCaDry sclerophyll forest, talldamp heath and creeklines

Glen Davis to higher BlueMountains

Green Gully near Glen Davisand Newnes

Pultenaea sp.(Genowlan Point) E1 - Shrubby woodlands near

cliff lines Genowlan Point Genowlan Point

Thesium australe+ V 3VCi+

Areas with muchThemeda grass, includingforests, woodlands andgrasslands

Elevated areas fromQueensland to Tasmania,but not recorded in thecentral tablelands

Suitable habitats (similar tothose in northern NSW)observed during study

+ Species marked with this symbol are not identified from the area, but suitable habitat and range limitssuggest that the species may possibly be present, but as yet is unrecorded.

4.3 RANGE EXTENSIONS

A number of species identified during the most recent survey effort provided records of extensions ofrange. The list includes threatened or significant species that are known from new locations at somedistance from those at which they were previously known, and species and subtaxa which are beingrecorded from a botanical region for the first time during this survey, when compared to the dataextracted from the PlantNET website (DEC 2005). Table 4.4 provides the list of species, and the reasonfor their consideration. Species for which range extensions were not drawn from the surveys undertakenfor this project are not included in this list. Eighty-eight native species are recorded as having rangeextensions. A further fifteen exotic species are also included in range extensions.

TABLE 4.4: REGIONALLY SIGNIFICANT SPECIES AND SUBTAXA

Regionally Significant Species ReasonAbutilon oxycarpum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionAcacia dorothea New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionAcacia gunnii New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionAcacia leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionAcianthus fornicatus New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionAmyema bifurcatum var. bifurcatum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionAristida caput-medusae New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionAsperula scoparia New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionAustrodanthonia racemosa ssp.obtusata

Range extension to Central Tablelands (CT) botanical region. Occurs in scattered localitiesin the western Capertee Valley.

Bacopa monnieri New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionBothriochloa decipiens New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionBrunonia australis New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionCallitris glaucophylla New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionCalotis cuneata var. cuneata New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionCassinia leptocephala New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionCentaurium spicatum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionChorizema parviflorum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionCymbopogon obtectus New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionDendrophthoe glabrescens New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionDigitaria brownii New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionDigitaria divaricatissima New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region


Regionally Significant Species ReasonDigitaria porrecta New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionDillwynia sericea New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionDiuris alba New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionDodonaea sinuolata subsp. sinuolata New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionEchinopogon intermedius New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionEnchylaena tomentosa New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionEucalyptus blakelyi New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionEucalyptus blaxlandii New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionEucalyptus crebra New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionEucalyptus dawsonii New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionEucalyptus macrorhyncha New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionEucalyptus polyanthemos New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionEucalyptus radiata New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region

Evolvulus alsinoides ssp. decumbens Range extension to Central Tablelands (CT) botanical region. Recorded from a single sitebut possibly more widespread. Timing of survey not ideal.

Glycine pacifica New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionGoodenia pinnatifida New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region

Grevillea obtusifolia ssp. fecunda New population of several hundred individual ramets further west of the previously knownmain populations.

Hibbertia vestita New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionHovea apiculata New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionHydrocotyle laxiflora New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionIxiolaena leptolepis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionLeptinella filicula New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionLeucochrysum albicans subsp.albicans var. albicans New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region

Leucopogon fraseri New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionLeucopogon hookeri New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionLomandra hystrix New record for both Botanical RegionsMarsdenia pleiadenia New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionMarsdenia viridiflora subsp. viridiflora New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionMaytenus cunninghamii New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionMelaleuca erubescens New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionMirbelia platylobioides New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionMurdannia graminea New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionNotelaea neglecta New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionOlearia alpicola New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionOplismenus imbecillis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionOpuntia stricta var. stricta New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPaspalidium distans New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPersoonia myrtilloides subsp.myrtilloides New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region

Phebalium bifidum New population found about 10km south from previous known extent. This more thantriples the total known geographic range of the species.

Pittosporum revolutum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPlantago cunninghamii New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPomaderris betulina subsp. betulina New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionProstanthera nivea New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPterostylis abrupta New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPterostylis concinna New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPterostylis grandiflora New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPterostylis nana New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPterostylis ophioglossa New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionPultenaea canescens New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionPultenaea cinerascens New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region


Regionally Significant Species ReasonRapanea variabilis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionRhodanthe diffusa subsp. leucactina New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionRumex dumosus New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionSicyos australis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionSida cunninghamii New record for both Botanical RegionsSigesbeckia australiensis New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionSolanum stelligerum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionSporobolus indicus New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionStellaria pungens New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionTeucrium racemosum New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionTeucrium species A New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region

Trachymene scapigera New populations found in several places, including the ‘lost’ likely type locality nearJenolan Cottages. Major range extension within the Kowmung and Jenolan catchments.

Triodia scariosa subsp. scariosa New record for the Central Coast Botanical RegionTylophora grandiflora New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionVittadinia dissecta var. hirta New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionVittadinia sulcata New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical RegionXanthorrhoea johnsonii New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Bidens pilosa New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Carduus nutans subsp. nutans New record for the Central Coast Botanical Region*Chenopodium ambrosioides New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Conyza parva New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Elytrigia repens New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Facelis retusa New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Medicago minima New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Phytolacca americana New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Polygala myrtifolia New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Pyrus communis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Salix nigra New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Salvia coccinea New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Soliva sessilis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region*Vicia hirsuta Range extension within CT.*Vulpia muralis New record for the Central Tablelands Botanical Region

(Data compared with DEC 2005).

4.4 A GUIDE TO FIELD IDENTIFICATION OF VEGETATION COMMUNITIESEach vegetation community profile includes a description of key identifying features and a list ofdiagnostic species. The diagnostic species list is presented to guide users in the process ofdifferentiating communities from one another or confirming the type of vegetation at a site of interest.The list of diagnostic species has been drawn from survey site data collected in this project as well as anumber of previously existing survey and mapping programs. They do not represent the total list presentat any given location or within any given community. The first thing to note is the number of sites thathave been used to describe the community. Vegetation communities that are described using fewer sitesare likely to be less accurate in the diagnostic species list than those with a high number of replicates.

The Fidelity Class column provides up to three classes for species: positive, negative and constant. Afourth type called ‘uninformative’ is not presented in this list but may be present in the Floristic Summarylist in the profile if it is a conspicuous species or a canopy species. Table 4.3 provides an example fromwhich to discuss the interpretation of the diagnostic species list.


TABLE 4.5: EXAMPLE DIAGNOSTIC SPECIES LIST

Species Name Group Score Group Freq. Non Group Score

Non Group Freq.

FidelityClass

Cassine australis var. australis 4 1.00 3 0.35 positive

Cayratia clematidea 2 0.55 1 0.24 positive

Croton verreauxii 3 0.82 3 0.23 positive

Diospyros australis 4 0.91 1 0.40 positive

Diospyros pentamera 1 0.09 0 0.00 positive

Doodia aspera 3 0.55 3 0.46 positive

Ficus superba var. henneana 5 0.09 0 0.00 positive

Pittosporum multiflorum 3 0.91 2 0.34 positive

Planchonella australis 4 0.73 4 0.10 positive

Streblus brunonianus 5 1.00 1 0.22 positive

Geitonoplesium cymosum 2 0.91 2 0.61 constantPandorea pandorana subsp. pandorana 2 1.00 2 0.61 constantEustrephus latifolius 1 0.91 2 0.65 negative

Livistona australis 0 0.00 2 0.52 negative

Pittosporum undulatum 1 0.82 3 0.62 negative

Group Score and Frequency: These refer to median cover abundance and the frequency at whichspecies have been recorded at sample sites that have been used to define the community. For examplein the table above it can be seen that Croton verreauxii occurred in 82 percent of sites and was recordedwith a median cover abundance score of 5-20 percent. Cover abundance scores are provided in Section2.4.

Non-Group Score and Frequency: These provide a comparative cover abundance and frequency ofoccurrence for this species in relation to all other sites not found in this community. In this example,Croton verreauxii has occurred in 23 percent of all other sites at a cover abundance of 5-20 percent.

Positive species are those that are recorded more frequently and at higher abundance within the givenvegetation community compared to all other communities. They may also be species that are unique tothat community, that is, they were not found amongst sites that defined any other community. In thisexample it is seen that Cassine australis var. australis occurs at 100 percent of the sites within thiscommunity at a mean cover abundance of 25-50 percent, while it occurred in only 35 percent of all othersites. It is also noted that Ficus superba var. henneana is unique to this community, and has not beenrecorded in any other sites (Non Group Frequency equals zero).

Negative species are the inverse of the positive species in that they are recorded less frequently and atlower abundance in the given community relative to all others. It may also be that the species has neverbeen recorded within the sites that were used to describe the given community. In this example it isnoted that Livistona australis has not been recorded at all in this community (Group Frequency score ofzero), and that it occurs in 52 percent of sites outside this community. Eustrephus latifolius has alsobeen recorded as a negative diagnostic species even though it has occurred in 91 percent of the siteswithin the community, though at lower cover abundance than at other sites. The Non Group scoresindicate that generally this species occurs with a higher abundance elsewhere than recorded within thisgroup so it is not an indicator species for this community.

Constant species are those that occur at relatively consistent frequency and abundance across allcommunities. As such they are not useful in differentiating vegetation communities but can however beuseful in describing them. In this example it can be seen that Pandorea pandorana subsp. pandoranahas occurred in 100 percent of sites within the community, at a mean cover abundance of two. This doesnot help to differentiate this community as the species was recorded in 61 percent of all other sites alsowith a mean cover abundance of two.

Diagnostic species are a guide only. They can be misleading in that species that appear as unique orabsent from a community may result from insufficient sampling. However, with communities that havebeen sampled by a larger number of replicates, diagnostic species can be used to identify particularcommunities from one another, only if identical field survey methods are employed. Reliability of


identification will increase with the greater number of positive diagnostic species identified at a site.Confidence can also be improved with an understanding of the habitat and structural characteristics ofthe vegetation community of interest.

4.5 MAP ACCURACY

4.5.1 Sources of Error

This report is accompanied by a map showing the predicted distribution of vegetation communities withinthe study area. This map should be interpreted with regard to the limitations inherent in the methodsused in its compilation. The delineation of vegetation community boundaries has relied on the allocationof API feature codes to map units, as guided by existing literature and analyses of floristic site data. It isinevitable that errors in spatial and textual information are present in the mapping coverage and usersshould be aware of the limitations.

The spatial or positional accuracy arises mostly from the conversion of API linework into a GIS layer.This conversion is relatively simple on flat or undulating terrain. However distortion in steep and ruggedlandscapes can be significant. This has generated spatial discrepancies of up to 40 metres betweenaerial photo layer and 1:25 000 topographic maps.

Errors may also arise during API, from misinterpretations of canopy patterns or interpretation difficulty.The latter can be assessed using the reliability code present in the digital coverage (Section 3.2, Map11). Coding error may also arise during the data transfer process. However a number of precautionarychecks are carried out to help minimise this occurrence. The reliability of the API is one method to reviewmap accuracy. Another is to use the distribution and sampling intensity of survey site data presented inMap 10.

The derived vegetation community map relied on spatial data layers that are compiled at smaller scales.The Geology and Soil Landscape layers are available at 1:100 000 and 1:250 000 scale and maythemselves contain spatial and attribution errors. This project has sought to overcome these problems byplacing greater emphasis on larger scale API work than on data derived from these smaller-scaled datasets.

Other studies (Keith & Bedward 1999; NPWS 2000c) have attempted to quantify the accuracy of derivedvegetation mapping for broad regions. Using the same review process both studies achieved similarlevels of accuracy ranging from 70 percent accuracy within 100 metres of a known point to 80 percentwithin 250 metres. No attempt has been made to quantify map accuracy for this project.

Finally, vegetation community boundaries rarely change abruptly. The transition between one communityand another tends to be gradual and as such a line used to separate the two can be misleading.However, despite these shortcomings qualitative field review of the mapped outputs indicate that thedelineation of vegetation community boundaries is accurate at scales of 1:25 000 or larger.

4.5.2 Common Misapplications

The most common misapplication is the use of mapping products at a scale for which it has not beendesigned. GIS systems make it easy for users to zoom into a small area and simply overlay thevegetation map on the area of interest. Mapping linework and attribution does not hold the sameaccuracy at a focused area of say 1:4 000 scale as it does at 1:25 000 scale.

The attribution of the mapping work varies in accuracy across the study area. This arises from accessconstraints, sampling intensity and so on. Users should at least review the API confidence score andproximity of field sampling sites to judge accuracy of vegetation mapping at any given point.

4.6 USING THE MAP AND REPORT

4.6.1 PVP and Native Vegetation Management

The primary purpose of the mapping is to provide detailed vegetation mapping for on the groundapplications for vegetation assessment tasks. Detailed information is provided in digital format for 1:25000 scale assessments. Relationships with regional and statewide vegetation classes are provided foreach community along with key benchmark data derived from fieldwork.


4.6.2 Fire Management

The information during this project now provides an opportunity for field data and vegetation mapping tobe applied to the development of fire management plans for the study area.

Vegetation community profiles provide an estimate of vegetation structure (height), cover andvegetation strata. Importantly, the characteristics of the vegetation associated with each communityare readily accessible. Broad fuel hazard classes associated with each vegetation type can beassessed using the floristic information contained within the profiles to complete a spatial coveragefor the reserves. These broad hazard classes may then be refined using site based assessmentssuch as those promoted by McCarthy et al. (1999) using bark hazard, elevated fuel hazard andsurface fine fuel hazard.

Planning for hazard reduction burns can utilise the array of information captured from API. Usefulfeatures include vegetation community boundaries, presence of rock outcrops, proportion of rockwithin each site, understorey characteristics and tree types present. Prominent landscape featuressuch as rainforests and heaths are easily recognised.

Each field sample site supports at least one digital photograph. These photographs can inform usersof the nature of the vegetation in the area of interest.

4.6.3 Conservation Assessment

Information provided in this report allows land managers to understand the conservation significance ofdifferent types of vegetation present within the study area. Mapping now delineates the extent of EECsat a scale of 1:25 000, the presence of endangered plant species found within each vegetationcommunity and nominates a regional reservation status. These are relevant for the preparation ofReviews of Environmental Factors (REFs).

4.6.4 Vegetation Disturbance Assessment

Information is now available that maps indicators of disturbance to native vegetation in the study area.Data has been recorded to indicate the intensity of these disturbances to native vegetation cover. Thisdata can be used to guide land use management practices, by highlighting areas that may require furtherinvestigation. This data may be queried to understand dominant disturbance types such as weedinfestations, regrowth forests, transmission lines, and roads and trails. Remnant patches of vegetationhave been mapped for areas greater than one hectare in size.

Disturbance indicators, as mapped, provide one measure of where vegetation condition may be effected.Conclusions about the condition of vegetation require close assessment of the patch of vegetation inquestion. Developing a detailed inventory of native species present and a review of the structuralintegrity of the vegetation is best achieved through a site inspection.


5 REFERENCESBedward, M., Keith, D.A. and Pressey, R.L. (1992) Homogeneity Analysis: Assessing the Utility ofClassifications and Maps of Natural Resources. Australian Journal of Ecology 17: 133–139.Belbin, L. (1994) PATN Pattern Analysis Package. CSIRO, Canberra.Bell, S. (1998) Wollemi National Park Vegetation Survey. Volume 1. A Fire Management Document.Unpublished Report to NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Upper Hunter District.Benson, D. and Howell, J. (1994) Hawkesbury – Nepean Catchment Studies. Draft Explanatory Notes forthe Wollongong 1:100 000 Vegetation Map Sheet. Ecology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.Benson D.H.and Keith D.A. (1990) Natural Vegetation of the Wallerawang Area. Cunninghamia 2, 305-335.Benson, J. (1999) Setting the Scene: The Native Vegetation of New South Wales: A background paper ofthe Native Vegetation Advisory Council of New South Wales. Background Paper Number 1. NativeVegetation Advisory Council NSWBriggs, J.D. and Leigh, J.H. (1995) Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. Centre for Plant BiodiversityResearch, CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra.Brunker R.L. and Rose G. (1967) Sydney Basin 1:500 000 Geological Sheet (Special). Gological Surveyof New South Wales, Sydney.Bryan, J.H. (1966) Geology of the Sydney 1:250 000 Map Sheet. Geological Survey of New South Wales.Bureau of Meteorology (2005) Summary Climatic Data for Selected Weather Stations accessed fromwww.bom.gov.au/observations accessed on October 30, 2005DEC (2005) PlantNET and Flora Online. Accessed on the internet at http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au on22nd September 2005.DLWC (2002) Soil Landscapes of the Sydney Catchment Authority Hydrological Catchments. A jointproject undertaken by Department of Land and Water Conservation (DLWC) and Sydney CatchmentAuthority (SCA).EcoGIS (2002) “Vegetation Mapping for Turon River and Gardens of Stone National Park” Unpublishedconsultants report to the Blackheath Office of the National Parks and Wildlife ServiceFEWG (1997) Issues and Options for Forest Classification and Mapping as an aid to Forest EcosystemDefinition in New South Wales. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Working Group to the Environment andHeritage Technical Committee.Fisher, M., Ryan, K. and Lembit, R. (1995) The Natural Vegetation of the Burragorang 1:100 000 MapSheet. Cunninghamia 4(2):143-215.Fisher, M. and Ryan, K. (1993) The Natural Vegetation of the Oberon-Taralga 1:100 000 Map Sheets.Draft Notes on Vegetation Communities, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney.Hamilton, G.J. (1976) The Soil Resources of the Hawkesbury River Catchment, New South Wales.Journal of the Soil Conservation Service of NSW 32:204-229.Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1990-1993) The Flora of New South Wales. Volumes 3-4. New South WalesUniversity Press, Kensington.Harden, G.J. (ed.) (2000-2002) The Flora of New South Wales. Volume 1-2 (Revised Edition) New SouthWales University Press.Hazelton, P.A. and Tille, P.J. (1990) Soil Landscapes of the Wollongong-Port Hacking 1:100 000 MapSheet. Soil Conservation Service of NSW, Sydney.Herbert, C. and Helby, R. (eds) (1980) A Guide to the Sydney Basin. Geological Survey of NSW, Bulletin26, NSW Dept. of Mineral Resources, Sydney. 603pp.Keith, D.A. (2004) Ocean Shores to Desert Dunes, the native vegetation of New South Wales and theACT. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, Sydney.Keith, D.A. and Bedward, M. (1999) Native Vegetation of the South East Forests region, Eden, NewSouth Wales. Cunninghamia 6(1):1-218Keith, D.A and Benson, D.H. (1988) The Natural Vegetation of the Katoomba 1:100 000 Map Sheet.Cunninghamia 2(1):107-144.


King D.P. (1993) Soil Landscapes of the Wallerawang 1:100 000 Map Sheet. Department ofConservation and Land Management, Soil Conservation Service, Sydney.King D.P. (1994) Soil Landscapes of the Katoomba 1:100 000 Map Sheet. Department of Conservationand Land Management, Soil Conservation Service, Sydney.Kovac M. and Lawrie J.A. (1990) Soil Landscapes of the Bathurst 1:250 000 Sheet. Soil ConservationService of NSW, Sydney.Kovac M. and Lawrie J.A. (1991) Soil Landscapes of the Singleton 1:250 000 Sheet. Soil ConservationService of NSW, Sydney.Mayne S.J., Nicholas E., Bigg-Wither A.L., Rasidi J.S. and Raine M.J. (1974) Geology of the SydneyBasin – A review. Bulletin 149, Department of Minerals and Energy, Canberra.McCarthy G.J., Tolhurst K.G. and Chatto K. (1999) Overall Fuel Hazard Guide, Fire ManagementResearch Report No.47, Third Edition. Natural Resources and Environment, Victoria.NPWS (1991) Kanangra – Boyd Wilderness Assessment Report. NSW National Parks and WildlifeService, Sydney.NPWS (1998) The Greater Blue Mountains Area: World Heritage Nomination. Nomination of the GreaterBlue Mountains Area for inscription on the World Heritage List by the Government of Australia. Preparedby the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service in association with Environment Australia.NPWS (2000) Forest Ecosystem Classification and Mapping for the Southern CRA Region, Volume IIAppendices. A report undertaken for the NSW CRA/RFA Steering Committee, Project Number NS 08EHNPWS (2003) The Native Vegetation of the Warragamba Special Area. Part A: Technical Report and PartB: Vegetation Community Profiles. Unpublished Report. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service,Hurstville.Payne, R. (2001) Unpublished Vegetation Survey Data. Collected for the NSW National Parks andWildlife Service (NPWS) for use in modeling potential habitat areas for the Broad Headed Snake.Poore, M.E.D. (1955) The use of photosociological methods in ecological investigations. I. The BraunBlanquet System. Journal of Ecology 43: 226-244Royal Botanic Gardens (2005) NSW Flora Online. Published online by the Royal Botanic Gardens,Sydney http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/floraonline.htm, accessed as required in 2004 – 05 for surveypurposes.Sivertsen D.P. & Smith P.L. (eds) (2001) Guidelines for mapping native vegetation: version 2.1 –Guidelines and Appendices. Unpublished report, NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation,Sydney.Smith, P.J. and Smith, J.E. (1996) Vegetation Survey of the Kedumba Valley. Unpublished reportprepared for the Sydney Catchment Authority.Thackway, R. and Cresswell, D. (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia: aframework for setting priorities in the national reserves system cooperative program. Australian NatureConservation Agency, Canberra.Tindall, D, Pennay C, Tozer, M, Turner, K and Keith D (2004) The Native Vegetation Map Report series,number 4.Version 2.2 Araluen, Bateman’s Bay, Braidwood, Burragorang, Goulburn, Jervis Bay,Katoomba, Kiama, Moss Vale, Penrith, Port Hacking, Sydney, Taralga, Ulladulla and Wollongong 1:100000 Mapsheets. Version 2.2 Department of Environment and Conservation and Department ofInfrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources, SydneyWalker, J.S. and Hopkins, M.S. (1990) Vegetation. In ‘Australian soil and land survey field handbook’second edition. McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (Eds.) InkataPress, Melbourne.Westhoff V. and van der Maarel E. (1978) “ The Braun Blanquet Approach” in Whittaker R.H (1978) ed.“Classification of Plant Communities” Dr W. Junk b.v. Publishers The Hague

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dgu

llies,

not e

ntren

ched

as10

21

1026

7E.

fasti

gata

, E

.da

lrym

plean

a, E

.bla

xland

ii+ / -

E. ra

diata

Shelt

ered

aspe

cts,

mode

ratel

y inc

lined

gullie

s.No

t entr

ench

ed

243

7

1030

NEW

NES

PLAT

EAU

MONT

ANE

TALL

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

asso

ciate

d wi

th en

riche

d Tr

iassic

sand

ston

e ( E

. blax

landi

i / E.

dalr

ympl

eana

/ E. r

adiat

a / E

. ore

ades

)Ne

wnes

Plat

eau

Trias

sic S

SUn

dulat

ing sl

opes

and r

ises

on en

riche

d san

dston

esab

ove 1

050 m

. Loc

alise

dpa

tches

of E

. ore

ades

domi

nant

fores

t pre

sent

Tall t

o ver

y tall

, ope

n for

est

1030

26 E

. blax

landii

, E. r

adiat

a,E.

dalr

ymple

ana,

E.

orea

des

E. si

eber

i, E. m

annif

era

subs

p. m

annif

era,

E.

dives

E. s

clero

phyll

a

E. p

iperit

a ra

re or

abse

nt.En

riche

d san

dston

e soil

s,hig

h elev

ation

New

nes

platea

u

619

41

1030

7Ne

wnes

Plat

eau

Trias

sic S

SDe

eper

enric

hed s

oils.

Tall t

o ver

y tall

, ope

n for

est

1031

7E.

ore

ades

E.

blaxla

ndii+

/ -E.

radia

ta, o

cc E

.sie

beri

E. o

read

es ty

picall

y for

msdo

mina

nt ca

nopy

sp. S

parse

dry s

hrub

s with

Poa

sp.

prom

inent

219

76

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Sligh

tly sh

elter

ed br

oad

terra

cing o

ff main

ridge

lines

.

Tall t

o ver

y tall

, ope

n for

est

1032

26E.

blax

landii

, E.

dalry

mple

ana+

/ -

E.

radia

ta+

/ - E

. sieb

eri+

/-

E. m

annif

era,

E. d

ives,

E. o

read

esE.

dalr

ymple

ana,

E. r

adiat

afre

quen

tly co

domi

nant

but

can b

e loc

ally a

bsen

t. High

lyva

riable

comp

ositio

n due

topa

st log

ging.

E. o

read

es ca

nbe

loca

lly co

domi

nant.

Spar

se dr

y shr

ubs w

ith P

oasp

. pro

mine

nt. T

all E

.bla

xland

ii and

E.

dalry

mple

ana (

when

pres

ent)

abov

e a sm

aller

tree l

ayer

415

24

1032

7

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns66Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Cres

ts an

d rise

s whe

re so

ilsar

e sha

llowe

r and

rock

ierTa

ll to v

ery t

all, o

pen f

ores

t10

3426

E. si

eber

i, E. r

adiat

a+ / -

E. b

laxlan

dii, E

.m

annif

era,

E. o

read

es,

E. sc

lerop

hylla

, E. d

ives

E. b

laxlan

dii ab

sent

or oc

c.on

ly. E

. man

nifer

a oc.

codo

mina

nt.

158

9

1040

MONT

ANE

TALL

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

asso

ciate

d wi

th b

road

ridg

es an

d slo

pes o

n Tr

iassic

sand

ston

e ( E

. blax

landi

i / E.

ore

ades

/ E. p

iper

ita+

/ - )

Newn

es P

latea

uCa

perte

e Vall

eyTr

iassic

SS

Shelt

ered

slop

es an

dgu

llies

Mid h

igh to

tall,

open

fore

st10

4029

E. ra

diata

, E. b

laxlan

dii,

E. p

iperit

a, E

. ore

ades

,E.

sieb

eri

E. d

ives

E. sc

lerop

hylla

Shru

bby t

o fer

ny to

dens

eLo

man

dra s

p.. E

. spa

rsifo

liara

re or

abse

nt. G

rade

s to

1030

grou

p as s

oils b

ecom

ede

eper

and 1

070 g

roup

towar

d edg

e of p

latea

u or

wher

e soil

s bec

ome m

ore

sand

y or s

hallo

w / r

ocky

(e.g.

towa

rd pa

goda

forma

tion)

412

65

Newn

es P

latea

uCa

perte

e Vall

eyTr

iassic

SS

Shelt

ered

slop

es an

dgu

llies.

Varia

nt do

mina

tedby

the s

tringy

bark

at he

ads

of gu

llies

Tall,

open

fore

st10

4129

E. b

laxlan

diiE.

radia

ta, E

. dive

s, E.

piper

ita, E

.cy

pello

carp

a, E

.or

eade

s

Shru

by oc

c. fer

ny3

1586

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Freq

uentl

y occ

urrin

g on

steep

slop

es de

scen

ding

from

Newn

es P

latea

u, wi

thE.

orea

des d

ense

and

domi

nant

Tall,

open

fore

st10

4226

E. o

read

esE.

radia

ta, E

. blax

landii

,E.

dive

s, E

. pipe

rita,

E.

siebe

ri, E

. cyp

elloc

arpa

Exten

ds to

lowe

r limi

ts for

E.

orea

des.

Over

laps w

ith10

70. D

ry sh

rubs

occ.

ferny

316

27

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Broa

d san

dston

e ridg

es an

dsh

elter

ed as

pects

with

deep

er so

ils.

Mid h

igh to

tall,

open

fore

st10

4329

E. p

iperit

aE.

sieb

eri, E

. spa

rsifo

liaoc

c E. b

laxlan

dii, E

.or

eade

s, E.

dive

s

110

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

1044

26E.

blax

landii

, E.

sieb

eri,

E. ra

diata

+ / -

E.

orea

des+

/ -

E. p

iperit

a, E

.m

annif

era,

E. d

ives

136

0

1050

NEW

NES

PLAT

EAU

MONT

ANE

/ SUB

ALPI

NE E

UCAL

YPT

FORE

ST A

ND W

OODL

ANDS

asso

ciate

d wi

th co

ld h

ollo

ws o

n Tr

iassic

sand

ston

e ( E

. man

nife

ra / E

. pau

ciflo

ra / E

. scle

roph

ylla /

E. d

alrym

plea

na )

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Expo

sed s

lopes

and r

idges

and e

xpos

ed ge

ntle

depr

essio

ns an

d fro

stho

llows

of hi

gh el

evati

onpla

teau.

Cold

air dr

ainag

e

Low

to mi

d high

, woo

dland

toop

en w

oodla

nd10

5026

aE.

man

nifer

a, E

.pa

uciflo

ra, E

.da

lrym

plean

a, E

.sc

lerop

hylla

E. o

read

es, E

. dive

s,E.

radia

ta45

0

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns67

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

and s

inks

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Expo

sed g

entle

depr

essio

ns, fr

ost h

ollow

san

d low

grad

ient g

ullies

ofhig

h elev

ation

plate

au

Low

to mi

d high

, woo

dland

toop

en w

oodla

nd10

5114

E. m

annif

era,

E.

pauc

iflora

, E.

dalry

mple

ana,

E. o

read

es, E

. dive

s,E.

scler

ophy

lla, E

.ra

diata

Expo

sed g

ullies

and

drain

age l

ines.

Unde

rstor

eyva

ries f

rom

dens

eLe

ptos

perm

um th

icket

toop

en fo

rbs a

nd tu

ssoc

kgr

ass.

1023

used

whe

regu

llies a

re m

ore e

ntren

ched

in sa

ndsto

ne

160

3

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Expo

sed s

lopes

and r

idges

.Of

ten le

ading

to te

a tre

ethi

cket

drain

age l

ines.

Soils

shall

ow an

d roc

ky

Low

to mi

d high

, woo

dland

toop

en w

oodla

nd10

5226

aE.

E. m

annif

era

E.sc

lerop

hylla

E. d

ives,

E. o

read

es, E

.pa

uciflo

ra, E

.da

lrym

plean

a, E

.ra

diata

. (E

. pipe

rita+

/ -

)

Shru

bby i

nclud

es B

.sp

inulos

a, A

.nan

a. M

allee

soc

pres

ent (

E. g

regs

onian

a,E.

mult

icauli

s) E.

pipe

rita o

ccpr

esen

t to ea

st

158

6

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Expo

sed s

lopes

and r

idges

1053

52E.

pau

ciflor

aE.

man

nifer

a, E

.da

lrym

plean

a2

71

1053

14Ne

wnes

Plat

eau

Trias

sic S

SEx

pose

d slop

es an

d ridg

es.

1055

26a

E. sc

lerop

hylla

, E.

dalry

mple

ana

E. o

read

es, E

. dive

s23

1

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Expo

sed s

lopes

and r

idges

.Of

ten le

ading

to T

ea-tr

eethi

cket

drain

age l

ines.

Soils

shall

ow an

d roc

ky.

1056

26a

E. m

annif

era,

E.

dives

+ / -

E

. ore

ades

+ / -

E. s

ieber

i+ / -

E. sc

lerop

hylla

, E.

pauc

iflora

E. d

ives s

ometi

mes a

ssoc

only

226

8

1070

MONT

ANE

DRY

EUCA

LYPT

FOR

EST

AND

WOO

DLAN

DS as

socia

ted

with

ridg

es o

n Tr

iassic

sand

ston

e ( E

. pip

erita

/ E. s

ieber

i / E.

scler

ophy

lla u

suall

y pre

sent

; E. b

laxlan

dii /

E. ra

diat

a rar

e or a

bsen

t)Ne

wnes

Plat

eau

Cape

rtee V

alley

Trias

sic S

SEx

pose

d slop

es an

d ridg

es.

Mid h

igh to

tall,

wood

land t

o ope

nfor

est

1070

32E.

pipe

rita,

E. s

ieber

i, E.

scler

ophy

lla, E

.sp

arsif

olia,

A.lit

tora

lis(lo

cal)

E. m

annif

era,

E.

orea

des (

at low

erlim

its),

E. b

laxlan

dii /

E. ra

diata

rare

or ab

sent.

High

elev

ation

sand

stone

s. Ne

ar lim

it of E

.or

eade

s. Lo

w sh

rubs

tohe

athy.

E. p

uncta

taes

senti

ally a

bsen

t on

Trias

sic sa

ndsto

ne.

719

26

1070

30

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns68Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Expo

sed u

pper

slop

es an

drid

ge to

ps. O

ften s

warm

ingpo

st fire

regr

owth

on na

rrow

ridge

lines

. Low

thin

diame

ter tr

ees

Mid h

igh to

tall,

open

fore

st10

7130

E. si

eber

i, E. p

iperit

a+ /

- E

. spa

rsifo

liaE.

pipe

rita s

ometi

mes a

ssoc

.sh

rubb

y1

1019

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

comm

only

occu

rring

onex

pose

d roc

ky en

ds of

ridge

lines

lead

ing to

heath

land o

r esc

arpm

ent

cliffs

Low

to tal

l, woo

dland

to op

enwo

odlan

d10

7328

E. sc

lerop

hylla

E. si

eber

i, E. p

iperit

a, E

.sp

arsif

olia,

E. o

read

esSh

rubb

y to h

eathy

with

L..

trine

rvium

, B. s

pinulo

sa et

c.E.

pipe

rita

occ.

co-d

omina

nt.

419

55

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Mid h

igh to

tall,

wood

land t

o ope

nfor

est

1074

28E.

sieb

eri, E

.sc

lerop

hylla

E. p

iperit

a, E

.m

annif

era,

E. d

ives,

E.ra

diata

, E

. ore

ades

Comm

on on

ridge

s adja

cent

to hig

hway

lead

ing in

toLit

hgow

, E. o

read

es at

lowe

rlim

its

112

4

Newn

es P

latea

uCa

perte

e Vall

eyTr

iassic

SS

Expo

sed u

pper

slop

es an

drid

ge to

psMi

d high

to ta

ll, wo

odlan

d to o

pen

fores

t10

7530

E. p

iperit

a, E

.sp

arsif

olia,

E. s

ieber

i+ /

-

E. sc

lerop

hylla

, E.

punc

tata

E. sp

arsif

olia s

ometi

mes

asso

c. on

ly3

2826

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Expo

sed u

pper

slop

eLo

w to

tall, o

pen f

ores

t10

7630

A.litt

orali

s1

7Co

xs V

alley

(Ben

Bull

en S

FNt

h)

Trias

sic S

SEx

pose

d upp

er sl

opes

and

broa

d ridg

e top

sLo

w to

tall, w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t10

7732

E. sc

lerop

hylla

, E.

spar

sifoli

a, E

. sieb

eri,

E. m

acro

rhyn

cha

/ E.

cann

onii,

E. m

annif

era,

E. d

ives,

E. p

uncta

ta

E. sc

lerop

hylla

, E.

spar

sifoli

a, E

. sieb

eri+

/ -pr

edom

inant

on br

oad r

idge

tops a

nd P

ermi

an sl

opes

.Sp

p. oc

c. pr

esen

t nea

red

ges g

radin

g to 1

120.

247

7

Coxs

, Wolg

anVa

lleys

Perm

ian sh

ales +

sand

stone

collu

vium

Edge

s of T

riass

icsa

ndsto

ne an

d esc

arpm

ent

uppe

r slop

es. C

ommo

n as a

comm

unity

occu

rring

onsa

ndsto

ne co

lluviu

m ov

erup

per P

ermi

an se

dimen

ts(b

elow

cliff f

aces

)

Mid h

igh to

tall,

wood

land t

o ope

nfor

est

1079

27E.

pipe

rita,

E. s

ieber

i, E.

punc

tata

E. m

acro

rhyn

cha

/ E.

cann

onii,

E. ro

ssii

620

21

1079

30Sp

lit for

floris

tic as

semb

lage

1100

TALL

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

asso

ciate

d wi

th se

mi-s

helte

red

Perm

ian ta

lus s

lope

s ( E

. pun

ctat

a )

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns69

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Wolg

an /

Cape

rtee

Valle

ys

Perm

ianSh

elter

ed sl

opes

and g

ullies

of es

carp

ment

slope

sTa

ll to v

ery t

all op

en fo

rest

1100

3E.

cype

lloca

rpa,

E.

punc

tata

, A.flo

ribun

da,

E. e

ugen

ioide

s, E

.sp

arsif

olia,

E. b

laxlan

dii,

E. vi

mina

lis

E. m

elliod

ora

E.po

lyant

hem

os, E

.bla

kelyi

, E. f

astig

ata

Shru

bby a

nd fe

rny

283

6

Wolg

an /

Cape

rtee

Valle

ys

Perm

ianSh

elter

ed sl

opes

and g

ullies

of es

carp

ment

slope

sTa

ll to v

ery t

all op

en fo

rest

1101

3E.

cype

lloca

rpa,

E.

punc

tata

, A.flo

ribun

daE.

eug

enioi

des,

E.

mell

iodor

a, E

. fas

tigat

a,E.

poly

anth

emos

Shru

bby a

nd fe

rny.

Moist

.4

548

Wolg

an V

alley

Perm

ian +

sand

stone

/ sha

leco

lluviu

mSh

elter

ed sl

opes

and g

ullies

of es

carp

ment

slope

soc

cupy

ing co

lluvia

l ben

ches

resu

lting f

rom

mass

move

ment

(slum

ping)

Tall t

o ver

y tall

open

fore

st11

023

A.flo

ribun

da, E

.eu

genio

ides,

E.

punc

tata

E. vi

mina

lis, E

.m

elliod

ora

Moist

to in

terme

diate.

110

4

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ianSh

elter

ed to

semi

-shelt

ered

esca

rpme

nt slo

pes

Tall t

o ver

y tall

open

fore

st11

033

E. p

uncta

ta, A

.flo

ribun

daE.

blak

elyi, E

.m

elliod

ora

Down

strea

m fro

m Gl

enDa

vis3

434

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ianSh

elter

ed to

semi

-shelt

ered

esca

rpme

nt slo

pes

Tall t

o ver

y tall

open

fore

st11

043

E. p

uncta

ta, E

.sp

arsif

olia

/ E. c

anno

nii,

E. m

elliod

ora

E. p

olyan

them

os,

Inter

media

te-dr

y. Le

ss dr

ytha

n 114

6. E.

mell

iodor

aoc

c. as

soc.

only.

339.3

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ianSh

elter

ed to

semi

-shelt

ered

esca

rpme

nt slo

pes.

Prob

ably

on co

lluviu

m

Tall t

o ver

y tall

open

fore

st11

053

E. p

uncta

ta, E

.bla

xland

iiE.

cann

onii

Inter

media

te-dr

y.1

274

Perm

ian +

sand

stone

/ sha

leco

lluviu

mSh

elter

ed sl

opes

and g

ullies

of es

carp

ment

slope

s on

Trias

sic sa

ndsto

neco

lluviu

m

Tall t

o ver

y tall

open

fore

st11

063

E. si

eber

i, E.

blax

landii

,E.

pipe

rita,

E. p

uncta

taE.

cype

lloca

rpa,

E.

orea

des (

Cox’s

Vall

ey),

E. m

elliod

ora,

E.

polya

nthe

mos

115

6

1140

DRY

EUCA

LYPT

FOR

EST

asso

ciate

d wi

th P

erm

ian ta

lus s

lope

s ( E

. pun

ctat

a / E

. pol

yant

hem

os )

Wolg

an /

Cape

rtee

Valle

ys

Perm

ianDr

y esc

arpm

ent s

lopes

onPe

rmian

sedim

ents

below

Trias

sic sa

ndsto

ne

Mid h

igh to

tall o

pen f

ores

t11

4021

E. p

uncta

ta, E

.m

acro

rhyn

cha

/ E.

cann

onii /

spar

sifoli

a, E

.po

lyant

hem

os, E

.m

elliod

ora,

E. f

ibros

a,E.

ross

ii,

E. a

lbens

A.flo

ribun

da, E

. blak

elyi,

E. cr

ebra

,

Callit

rissp

p.

E. p

olyan

them

os, E

. albe

ns, E

. mell

iodor

a, E

. fibr

osa

comm

on on

ly in

Cape

rtee

and W

olgan

Vall

eys

223

20

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns70Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ianDr

y esc

arpm

ent s

lopes

onPe

rmian

sedim

ents

below

Trias

sic sa

ndsto

ne

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

4140

E. fib

rosa

E. p

uncta

ta, E

.m

acro

rhyn

cha

/ E.

cann

onii,

E. ro

ssii,

E.po

lyant

hem

os, E

.m

elliod

ora

285

6

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ianDr

y esc

arpm

ent s

lopes

onPe

rmian

sedim

ents

below

Trias

sic sa

ndsto

ne

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

4332

E. p

uncta

ta, E

. ros

sii, E

.sp

arsif

olia

E. m

elliod

ora,

E.

polya

nthe

mos

, E.

man

nifer

a, E

. dive

s

Drier

, gen

erall

y mor

e ope

ntha

n 114

6. Hi

gher

elev

ation

> 80

0m oc

c. E.

man

nifer

aan

d E. d

ives o

n upp

erslo

pes /

ridge

top.

E. ro

ssii

can b

e loc

ally d

omina

nt in

drier

area

s

174

1143

21Ca

perte

e Vall

eyPe

rmian

Dry e

scar

pmen

t slop

es on

Perm

ian se

dimen

ts be

lowTr

iassic

sand

stone

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

4438

E. p

uncta

ta, E

. fibr

osa

E. cr

ebra

, E. s

pars

ifolia

,Ca

llitris

1015

29

1144

41Ca

perte

eVa

lley,

Wolg

an V

alley

Perm

ianDr

y esc

arpm

ent s

lopes

onPe

rmian

sedim

ents

below

Trias

sic sa

ndsto

ne

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

4621

E. p

uncta

ta, E

.sp

arsif

olia

/ E. c

anno

nii,

E. p

olyan

them

os

E. m

elliod

ora,

E. r

ossii

,E.

albe

nsE.

poly

anth

emos

varie

s,so

metim

es do

mina

nt /

codo

mina

nt an

d som

etime

sas

soc.

Grad

es in

to 11

61 an

d11

63. M

ore d

ry tha

n 110

4.Si

milar

to 15

94 bu

t SS

abov

e and

E. p

uncta

tapr

esen

t in 11

46

1125

88

Occu

rs at

chan

ge of

grad

e.Gr

ades

to S

hoalh

aven

grp?

1148

21E.

poly

anth

emos

, E.

blake

lyi, E

. mell

iodor

aE.

pun

ctata

, E. c

anno

niiCo

mmon

ly oc

curs

below

1146

, Gra

des i

nto 15

95. E

.bla

kelyi

usua

lly pr

esen

t

119

7

1160

CAPE

RTEE

DRY

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

asso

ciate

d wi

th lo

wer P

erm

ian se

dim

ent r

idge

s ( E

. pun

ctat

a / E

. spa

rsifo

lia / E

. ten

ella )

Wolg

an /

Cape

rtee

Valle

ys

Lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

Ridg

es (o

n Per

mian

cong

lomer

ate?)

exten

ding

from

steep

er P

ermi

anslo

pes g

radin

g to D

evon

ianme

tased

imen

ts

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

6038

E. p

uncta

ta, E

.sp

arsif

olia

/ E. t

enell

a,E.

mac

rorh

ynch

a / E

.ca

nnon

ii, E

. cre

bra

/fib

rosa

, E. r

ossii

,Ca

llitris

, E. n

ubila

E. p

olyan

them

os, E

.m

elliod

ora,

E.

molu

ccan

a / E

. albe

ns,

E. a

lbens

, E. d

ealba

ta+

/ -

Ridg

e top

s and

uppe

rslo

pes.

Fine l

eave

d strin

gy(E

. ten

ella?

) and

E. p

uncta

tatyp

ically

pres

ent.

223

94

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns71

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Wolg

an an

dCa

perte

eVa

lleys

Lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

Ridg

es on

lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

exten

ding f

rom

steep

erPe

rmian

slop

es gr

ading

toDe

vonia

n meta

sedim

ents

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

6138

E. p

uncta

ta, E

.sp

arsif

olia

/ E. t

enell

a?,

E. m

acro

rhyn

cha

/ E.

cann

onii+

/ - E

. cre

bra

/fib

rosa

+ / -

E. m

elliod

ora,

E.

molu

ccan

a / E

. albe

ns,

E. p

olyan

them

os, E

.alb

ens,

E. ro

ssii,

Callit

ris

Fine c

anop

y tex

ture.

Ironb

ark i

s usu

ally E

. cre

bra.

E. ro

ssii o

cc. c

odom

inant

orloc

ally d

omina

nt in

place

s.

414

61

Wolg

an an

dCa

perte

eVa

lleys

Lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

Ridg

es on

lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

exten

ding f

rom

steep

erPe

rmian

slop

es gr

ading

toDe

vonia

n meta

sedim

ents

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

6238

E. p

uncta

ta, E

. cre

bra

E. te

nella

Fine c

anop

y tex

ture,

occu

rring

on rid

ge to

ps9

Wolg

an an

dCa

perte

eVa

lleys

Lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

Ridg

es on

lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

exten

ding f

rom

steep

erPe

rmian

slop

es gr

ading

toDe

vonia

n meta

sedim

ents

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

6438

E. fib

rosa

E. p

uncta

ta, E

. ten

ella,

E. p

olyan

them

osFin

e can

opy t

extur

e,loc

alise

d on r

idge t

ops.

Tend

s to o

ccur

towa

rd en

dsof

ridge

s tha

t dro

p into

stee

pgu

llies o

r gor

ges.

Perh

aps

part

of 15

93 or

1596

?

147

Wolg

an an

dCa

perte

eVa

lleys

Lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

Ridg

es on

lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

exten

ding f

rom

steep

erPe

rmian

slop

es gr

ading

toDe

vonia

n meta

sedim

ents

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

6538

E. ro

ssii

E. te

nella

, E.

mac

rorh

ynch

a / E

.ca

nnon

ii

Very

dry o

pen p

atche

s1

18

Wolg

an an

dCa

perte

eVa

lleys

Lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

Ridg

es on

lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

exten

ding f

rom

steep

erPe

rmian

slop

es gr

ading

toDe

vonia

n meta

sedim

ents

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

6638

E. p

uncta

ta, E

.sp

arsif

olia

/ E.

tene

lla?,

Callit

ris

On rid

ge to

ps, u

suall

y sma

llcro

wns o

ccur

ring w

ithin

1161

270

1

Cape

rtee

Valle

ysLo

wer P

ermi

an se

dimen

ts(co

nglom

erate

?)Ri

dges

on lo

wer P

ermi

anse

dimen

ts (co

nglom

erate

?)ex

tendin

g fro

m ste

eper

Perm

ian sl

opes

grad

ing to

Devo

nian m

etase

ds

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

6739

E. n

ubila

, E.

fibro

sa /

creb

ra, C

allitr

is+ /

-E.

albe

ns, E

. dea

lbata

,E.

molu

ccan

a, E

.pu

ncta

ta

433

8

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns72Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Cape

rtee V

alley

Lowe

r Per

mian

sedim

ents

(cong

lomer

ate?)

Tran

sition

al ge

ology

. Stee

plow

er P

ermi

an si

de sl

opes

grad

ing to

Dev

onian

metas

edim

ents.

Alt >

500m

at W

side

of va

lley

Low

to mi

d high

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1168

38E.

albe

ns,

E.

punc

tata

+ / -

E

. cre

bra

/ fibr

osa+

/ -

Callit

ris, E

. mell

iodor

a,E.

dea

lbata

(loca

l)Tr

ansit

ional

wbx t

ype.

Simi

lar to

1593

but

trans

itiona

l Per

mian

grad

ingto

Devo

nian m

etase

dimen

ts(1

593=

Perm

ian on

ly)Tr

ansit

ional

with

1271

but E

.pu

ncta

ta pr

esen

t. 118

0 grp

used

if E.

pun

ctata

isun

likely

and E

. dea

lbata

ismo

re ab

unda

nt (st

eep d

ryop

en an

d Call

itris

pres

ent)

420

13

1170

TALL

OPE

N EU

CALY

PT F

ORES

T as

socia

ted

with

Per

mian

sedi

men

t gul

lies (

Box

- Gu

m S

pecie

s )W

olgan

and

Cape

rtee

Valle

ys

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianGu

llies d

raini

ng fr

omPe

rmian

esca

rpme

nt foo

tslo

pes o

n Per

mian

sedim

ents

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

7021

E. b

lakely

i, E.

mell

iodor

a, E

.br

idges

iana,

E.

vimina

lis, E

. spa

rsifo

lia,

E. p

uncta

ta

E. ca

nnon

ii, E.

polya

nthem

os35

5

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianGu

llies d

raini

ng fr

omPe

rmian

esca

rpme

nt foo

tslo

pes o

n Per

mian

sedim

ents

Tall t

o ver

y tall

open

fore

st11

7213

E. vi

mina

lis, E

.br

idges

iana,

E. b

lakely

ii,E.

mell

iodor

a

E. po

lyanth

emos

,A.

florib

unda

383

2.5

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianMa

jor gu

llies d

raini

ng fr

omPe

rmian

esca

rpme

nt foo

tslo

pes

Tall t

o ver

y tall

open

fore

st11

7313

E. vi

mina

lisPe

rhap

s mer

ge w

ith 11

72.

Both

alluv

ial an

dint

erme

diate-

moist

131

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianGu

llies d

raini

ng fr

omPe

rmian

esca

rpme

nt foo

tslo

pes o

n Per

mian

sedim

ents

Tall t

o ver

y tall

open

fore

st11

7420

E. b

lakely

ii, E.

mell

iodor

a, E

.br

idges

iana

+ / -

, E.

punc

tata

+ / -

E. a

lbens

, A.flo

ribun

da,

E. vi

mina

lis6

1686

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianSh

elter

ed to

semi

-shelt

ered

esca

rpme

nt an

d foo

t slop

egu

llies.

Exten

ds w

ell do

wnslo

pe to

meta

seds

Tall t

o ver

y tall

open

fore

st11

7521

E. vi

mina

lis,

E.

punc

tata

, E. s

pars

ifolia

(NS)

E. b

laxlan

dii,

E.

blake

lyi, E

. brid

gesia

naNe

eds s

ampli

ng. ?

Mudg

eeR1

2 / 38

.20

0

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianMo

unt A

irly. S

helte

red s

ideslo

pes a

nd gu

llies

1176

3E.

vim

inalis

, E.

cype

lloca

rpa

17

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns73

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianSh

elter

ed to

semi

-shelt

ered

esca

rpme

nt an

d foo

t slop

egu

llies.

1177

41E.

pun

ctata

domi

nant

E. b

lakely

ii, E.

mell

iodor

a, E

. cre

bra

/fib

rosa

21

1180

DRY

EUCA

LYPT

AND

PIN

E W

OODL

ANDS

asso

ciate

d wi

th P

erm

ian / D

evon

ian co

mpl

ex ri

dges

and

gorg

es (

E. al

bens

/ E. d

ealb

ata /

C. e

ndlic

heri

)Ca

perte

e Vall

eyDe

vonia

nSt

eep a

nd ex

pose

d(D

evon

ian?)

side

slop

esLo

w to

mid h

igh w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

8042

E. d

ealba

ta, E

. albe

ns,

C. e

ndlic

heri,

E. c

rebr

a+/ -

B. p

opuln

eus,

E.fib

rosa

, E. c

anno

nii, E

.m

olucc

ana

Grad

es in

to 12

7155

9

Cape

rtee V

alley

Devo

nian

Stee

p and

expo

sed

(Dev

onian

?) si

de sl

opes

Low

to hig

h woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1181

42E.

albe

nsE.

dea

lbata

E. c

rebr

a /

fibro

sa, C

allitr

is, E

.m

olucc

ana

E. a

lbens

domi

nant.

Use

1271

for v

alley

ridge

s / s

ideslo

pes a

nd un

dulat

ing r

ises.

If E. p

uncta

ta lik

ely an

d les

sex

pose

d us

e 159

3

314

40

Cape

rtee V

alley

Devo

nian

Expo

sed (

Devo

nian?

) dr

yrid

ge to

ps an

d side

slop

esLo

w to

mid h

igh w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t11

8242

E. a

lbens

C. e

ndlic

heri,

E. d

ealba

ta+

/ -,

E.

creb

ra+

/ -

E. ca

nnon

ii, B.

popu

lneus

Use i

f Call

itris

abun

dant

and

E. d

ealba

ta pr

esen

t. If ta

ller

site h

eight

and E

. dea

lbata

not a

bund

ant c

onsid

er 12

71.

If E. p

uncta

ta lik

ely us

e15

92.

538

83

Devo

nian

Stee

p and

expo

sed

(Dev

onian

?) si

de sl

opes

Low

to mi

d high

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1183

42E.

dea

lbata

, E. c

rebr

aC.

end

liche

riLo

cally

obse

rved a

t'W

aterva

le'48

1190

MT W

ALKE

R SH

ELTE

RED

TALL

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

asso

ciate

d wi

th D

evon

ian m

etas

edim

ents

( E.

fast

igat

a / E

. vim

inali

s )Co

xs V

alley

(Mou

nt W

alker

)De

vonia

nSh

elter

ed as

pects

, gull

iesTa

ll to v

ery t

all, o

pen f

ores

t11

9034

E. vi

mina

lis, E

.fa

stiga

ta, E

. dive

sE.

dalr

ymple

ana,

E.

pauc

iflora

11

1190

4Co

xs V

alley

(Mou

nt W

alker

)De

vonia

nSh

elter

ed as

pects

, gull

iesTa

ll to v

ery t

all, o

pen f

ores

t11

9134

E. vi

mina

lis, E

. dive

sE.

dalr

ymple

ana,

E.

pauc

iflora

313

2

Coxs

Vall

ey(M

ount

Walk

er)

Devo

nian

Shelt

ered

aspe

cts, g

ullies

Tall t

o ver

y tall

, ope

n for

est

1192

4E.

fasti

gata

,E.

dalr

ymple

ana,

E.

pauc

iflora

117

1200

MT V

INCE

NT T

ALL

OPEN

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

asso

ciate

d wi

th T

ertia

ry b

asalt

capp

ing

( E.

vim

inali

s )Ca

perte

e Vall

eyTe

rtiary

Basa

ltBa

salt c

apTa

ll to v

ery t

all, o

pen f

ores

t12

009

E. vi

mina

lisE.

pau

ciflor

a30

2

1230

COX

VALL

EY D

RY E

UCAL

YPT

WOO

DLAN

DS as

socia

ted

with

Per

mian

/ Dev

onian

ridg

es (

E. r

ossii

/ E. m

anni

fera

)

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns74Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Coxs

Vall

ey(L

idsda

le -

Moun

t Walk

er)

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianDr

y slop

es an

d ridg

e top

smi

d high

to ta

ll, wo

odlan

d to o

pen

fores

t12

3034

E. ro

ssii,

E. m

annif

era,

E. d

ives,

E. b

ridge

siana

,E.

sieb

eri (l

ocal)

E. m

elliod

ora,

E.

pauc

iflora

, E.

dalry

mple

ana,

E.

rubid

a, E

.m

acro

rhyn

cha

/ E.

cann

onii,

Gene

ral <

1000

. E. s

ieber

iloc

alise

d occ

urre

nces

)1

1273

Coxs

Vall

ey(L

idsda

le -

Moun

t Walk

er)

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianDr

y slop

es an

d ridg

e top

smi

d high

to ta

ll, wo

odlan

d to o

pen

fores

t12

3134

E. ro

ssii,

E. m

annif

era,

E. d

ives

E. b

ridge

siana

, E.

mell

iodor

aE.

brid

gesia

na m

ay be

locall

y cod

omina

nt in

less

expo

sed s

ites.

In mo

res

expo

sed s

ites E

. ros

siityp

ically

domi

nates

716

90

Coxs

Vall

eyMo

unt W

alker

Devo

nian

Expo

sed u

pper

slop

es an

drid

ge to

psTa

ll, op

en fo

rest

1236

34E.

sieb

eri

E. ro

ssii,

E. m

annif

era,

E. sp

arsif

olia

121

1240

COX

VALL

EY D

RY E

UCAL

YPT

FORE

ST as

socia

ted

with

par

tly sh

elter

ed sl

opes

and

min

or w

ater

cour

ses (

E. d

ives /

E. b

ridge

siana

)Co

xs va

lley

(Cox

Riv

/Fa

lnash

)

Perm

ianMi

nor w

aterco

urse

s, Dr

ypa

rtly sh

elter

ed sl

opes

and

gullie

s

Very

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fore

st12

4036

E. vi

mina

lis, E

.br

idges

iana,

E.

mell

iodor

a, E

. dive

s, E.

man

nifer

a. E

.da

lrym

plean

a

E. b

lakely

i23

8

Coxs

Vall

ey(L

idsda

le -

Moun

t Walk

er)

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianDr

y par

tly sh

elter

ed sl

opes

and g

ullies

mid h

igh to

tall,

wood

land t

o ope

nfor

est

1241

36E.

dive

s, E.

brid

gesia

na,E

. ros

sii, E

. man

nifer

a2

79

Coxs

Vall

ey(L

idsda

le -

Moun

t Walk

er)

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianDr

y par

tly sh

elter

ed sl

opes

and g

ullies

mid h

igh to

tall,

wood

land t

o ope

nfor

est

1242

36E.

mell

iodor

a, E

.m

annif

era

E.br

idges

iana

E. ro

ssii,

E. d

ives

166

Coxs

Vall

eyPe

rmian

Dry p

artly

shelt

ered

slop

esan

d gull

iesTa

ll woo

dland

/ for

est

1243

35E.

dalr

ymple

ana,

E.

dives

E. m

annif

era,

E.

mac

rorh

ynch

a / E

.ca

nnon

ii, E

. ros

sii, E

.pa

uciflo

ra

129

7

1250

COX

VALL

EY E

UCAL

YPT

WOO

DLAN

DS as

socia

ted

with

hig

h ele

vatio

n rid

ges (

E. r

ubid

a / E

. dalr

ympl

eana

)Co

xs V

alley

Perm

ianVa

lley f

loor r

emna

nts on

gentl

y und

ulatin

g slop

esan

d rise

s. Hi

ghly

modif

iedlan

ds (c

leare

d / se

mi-

clear

ed fo

r gra

zing)

,

Tall t

o ver

y tall

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1250

12E.

rubid

a, E

.da

lrym

plean

a E.

pauc

iflora

, E. v

imina

lis,

E. d

ives,

E. m

annif

era

E. ro

ssii,

E. b

ridge

siana

Mostl

y > 90

05

557.8

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns75

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

1250

33Co

xs V

alley

(Faln

ash )

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianDr

y slop

es an

d ridg

e top

sMi

d high

to ta

ll, wo

odlan

d to o

pen

fores

t12

5133

E. d

ives,

E. m

annif

era

E. ro

ssii,

E. ru

bida,

E.

mell

iodor

a, E

.br

idges

iana,

E.

pauc

iflora

, E.

dalry

mple

ana

253

8

1270

CAPE

RTEE

GRA

SSY

EUCA

LYPT

WOO

DLAN

DS as

socia

ted

with

low

eleva

tion

slope

s and

rise

s ( E

. alb

ens /

E. m

ellio

dora

/ E. m

oluc

cana

)Ca

perte

e Vall

eyPe

rmian

/ Dev

onian

Valle

y floo

r rem

nants

onge

ntly u

ndula

ting s

lopes

rises

and l

ow gr

adien

tdr

ainag

e line

s. Ty

picall

ylan

ds hi

ghly

modif

ied(cl

eare

d / se

mi-cl

eare

d for

graz

ing),

Tall t

o ver

y tall

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1270

19E.

mell

iodor

a, E

.m

olucc

ana,

E. a

lbens

,E.

blak

elyi, A

.florib

unda

,E.

creb

ra

B. p

opuln

eus,

Callit

ris10

80

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianVa

lley f

loor r

emna

nts on

gentl

y und

ulatin

g slop

es /

rises

and r

esidu

al rid

ges.

On hi

ghly

modif

ied la

nds

some

elem

ents

remo

ved

leavin

g box

/ iro

nbar

kwo

odlan

d / op

en w

oodla

nd.

Ironb

ark a

nd C

allitri

s mor

eab

und o

n rise

s. E

ast o

fMo

unt A

irly.

Tall t

o ver

y tall

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1271

19E.

albe

ns,

E.

mell

iodor

a, E

.m

olucc

ana,

E. c

rebr

a+/ -

, C

allitr

is+ /

-

E. b

lakely

i,B.

popu

lneus

,A.

florib

unda

, E

.de

albat

a+ / -

Vario

us co

mbina

tions

due t

ocle

aring

/ fra

gmen

tation

. E.

alben

s typ

ically

domi

nant

orco

domi

nant,

partic

ularly

inpa

ddoc

k / pa

sture

impr

oved

area

s (eg

csr>

4 and

distur

b=29

). E

. cre

bra,

Callit

ris so

metim

es ab

sent

orv s

parse

in 'p

astur

eim

prov

ed la

nds'.

Com

mon

on re

sidua

l Per

mian

rises

/rid

ges i

n E pa

rt of

valle

y.Gr

ades

into

drier

1180

E.

dealb

ata g

rp. E

. mell

iodor

aloc

ally d

omina

nt or

codo

mina

nt. G

rade

s into

1180

grp a

nd 15

93.

343

22

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns76Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Wolg

an /

Cape

rtee

valle

ys

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianVa

lley f

loor r

emna

ntsoc

cupy

ing lo

w gr

adien

tslo

pes a

nd dr

ainag

e line

s.Hi

ghly

modif

ied la

nds

(clea

red /

semi

-clea

red f

orgr

azing

),

Tall t

o ver

y tall

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1275

19E.

molu

ccan

aE.

blak

elyi

215

7

Wolg

an /

Cape

rtee

valle

ys

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianGu

llies a

nd si

de sl

opes

adjac

ent w

aterco

urse

s12

7720

A.flo

ribun

daE.

albe

ns, E

.m

olucc

ana,

E. c

rebr

a,Ca

llitris

121

1274

CAPE

RTEE

GRA

SSY

EUCA

LYPT

WOO

DLAN

DS as

socia

ted

with

low

grad

ient w

ater

cour

ses (

E. b

lakely

i / E.

mell

iodo

ra / A

.flor

ibun

da )

Wolg

an /

Cape

rtee

valle

ys

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianVa

lley f

loor r

emna

ntstyp

ically

occu

pying

deep

ermo

re m

oist s

oils o

n low

grad

ient s

lopes

and

drain

age l

ines.

Also

occu

rson

stre

amsid

e slop

es.

Tall t

o ver

y tall

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1274

20E.

mell

iodor

a, E

.bla

kelyi

, A.flo

ribun

da+

/-

E. a

lbens

, E.

molu

ccan

a, E

. vim

inalis

,E.

creb

ra, E

.br

idges

iana

E. m

elliod

ora s

ometi

mes

domi

nant

in hig

hly m

odifie

dlan

ds. E

. side

roxy

lonoc

casio

nally

pres

ent o

nad

jacen

t foot

slope

s.

336

91

1280

CAPE

RTEE

GRA

SSY

EUCA

LYPT

WOO

DLAN

DS as

socia

ted

with

limes

tone

/ mar

l ( E

. mol

ucca

na / E

. alb

ens )

Cape

rtee V

alley

Limes

tone /

mar

lFo

ot slo

pes,

inter

mitte

ntlin

ear li

mesto

ne / m

arl

outcr

ops

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t12

8016

E. m

olucc

ana,

Xant

horrh

oea

E. cr

ebra

, B. p

opuln

eus,

Callit

risGr

assy

(Spin

ifex s

ometi

mes

pres

ent)

52

Cape

rtee V

alley

Limes

tone /

mar

lFo

ot slo

pes,

inter

mitte

ntlin

ear li

mesto

ne / m

arl

outcr

ops

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t12

8116

Xant

horrh

oea

E. m

olucc

ana,

B.

popu

lneus

Gras

sy (S

pinife

x som

etime

spr

esen

t)2

57

Cape

rtee V

alley

Limes

tone /

mar

lFo

ot slo

pes,

inter

mitte

ntlin

ear li

mesto

ne / m

arl

outcr

ops

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t12

8218

E. m

olucc

ana

Xant

horrh

oea,

E.

creb

ra, B

. pop

ulneu

s,Ca

llitris

Gras

sy (S

pinife

x som

etime

spr

esen

t)2

741

Cape

rtee V

alley

Limes

tone /

mar

lSE

part

of Ca

perte

e Vall

ey12

8318

E. m

olucc

ana,

E. c

rebr

aCa

llitris

, Strin

gyba

rk (E

.sp

arsif

olia?

),A.

florib

unda

Not s

ure i

f mar

l. Inte

rgra

dewi

th re

sidua

l Per

mian

ridge

s? P

erha

ps re

class

as15

99?

141

5.7

1300

TALL

RIP

ARIA

N FO

REST

( E.

vim

inali

s / C

asua

rina c

unni

ngha

mian

a )Co

xs / W

olgan

/Ca

perte

eva

lleys

Perm

ian? /

Dev

onian

Coxs

, Wolg

an, C

aper

teeRi

vers

and m

ajor t

ributa

ries

Very

tall c

losed

to op

en fo

rest

1300

54E.

vim

inalis

,A.

florib

unda

,C.

cunn

ingha

mian

a, E

.

E. te

retic

ornis

, E.

mell

iodor

a, S

tringy

bark

(E. e

ugen

ioide

s?)

140

6

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns77

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

blake

lyi, E

. brid

gesia

na

Coxs

/ Wolg

an /

Cape

rtee

valle

ys

Perm

ian? /

Dev

onian

Coxs

, Wolg

an, C

aper

teeRi

vers

and m

ajor t

ributa

ries

Very

tall c

losed

to op

en fo

rest

1301

54E.

vim

inalis

+ / -

,A.

florib

unda

, E

.bla

kelyi

, E. b

ridge

siana

C.cu

nning

ham

iana,

E.

mell

iodor

a1

296

1301

54Co

xs / W

olgan

/Ca

perte

eva

lleys

Perm

ian? /

Dev

onian

Major

tribu

taries

Very

tall c

losed

to op

en fo

rest

1302

56E.

vim

inalis

+ / -

A.flo

ribun

da, C

.cu

nning

ham

iana

E. b

lakely

iSi

milar

to 12

74 bu

t stre

ammo

re de

velop

ed an

d car

ries

E. vi

mina

lis

558

8

1302

54W

olgan

Rive

r13

0356

E. vi

mina

lis, E

.eu

genio

ides

E. b

lakely

i, E.

mell

iodor

a27

1304

55E.

vim

inalis

, E.

bridg

esian

a, E

.da

lrym

plean

a, C

.cu

nning

ham

iana

E. p

aucif

lora,

E.

stellu

lata

Cox V

alley

SW

of M

ount

Walk

er1

54

1320

MONT

ANE

MALL

EE C

OMPL

EX as

socia

ted

with

Tria

ssic

sand

ston

eNe

wnes

Plat

eau

Trias

sic S

Sve

ry ex

pose

d bro

ad fla

tcre

sts sh

allow

soil,

abov

e11

00. G

rade

s into

tree

malle

e in p

laces

Tall t

o ver

y tall

mall

ee w

oodla

ndto

open

mall

ee w

oodla

nd13

2045

E. st

ricta

, E. m

ultica

ulis,

E. a

picula

ta,

B.sp

inulos

a

E. p

aucif

lora.

E.

dalry

mple

ana,

A.n

ana

Open

sedg

y und

etore

y, dr

yhe

ath2

98

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

very

expo

sed b

road

flat

crests

shall

ow so

il, ab

ove

1100

. Gra

des i

nto tr

eema

llee i

n plac

es

Tall t

o ver

y tall

mall

ee w

oodla

ndto

open

mall

ee w

oodla

nd13

2145

E. st

ricta

, E. m

ultica

ulis,

E. m

annif

era

145

1330

MONT

ANE

HEAT

HLAN

D CO

MPLE

X as

socia

ted

with

Tria

ssic

sand

ston

eNe

wnes

Plat

eau

Trias

sic S

SEx

tensiv

e hea

th. E

xpos

edsk

eletal

soils

Mid h

igh to

tall h

eathl

and t

o ope

nhe

athlan

d13

3046

B.er

icifo

lia, A

. nan

a,Ha

kea

tere

tifolia

, E.

apicu

lata

Malle

es, E

. man

nifer

a,E.

scler

ophy

lla1

495

1330

44Ne

wnes

Plat

eau

Trias

sic S

SSk

eletal

soils

on ex

pose

das

pects

. Exte

nsive

A.na

nahe

ath ty

picall

y dom

inates

orco

domi

nant.

Mid h

igh to

tall h

eathl

and t

o ope

nhe

athlan

d13

3144

A. n

ana

Malle

es, E

. man

nifer

a,E.

scler

ophy

llaSo

ils sk

eletal

. Exp

osed

rock

not e

xtens

ive,

192

1331

47

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns78Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Expo

sed r

ock t

erra

ces.

Comm

only

asso

ciated

with

1340

and 1

350

Mid h

igh to

tall h

eathl

and t

o ope

nhe

athlan

d13

3244

A. n

ana,

Hak

eate

retifo

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anks

iaer

icifo

lia

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picula

taEx

pose

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k ter

race

s4

910.6

1340

MONT

ANE

ROCK

COM

PLEX

asso

ciate

d wi

th T

riass

ic sa

ndst

one

Newn

es P

latea

uTr

iassic

SS

Rock

comp

lex th

at inc

ludes

vario

us gr

owth

forms

(not

feasib

le to

map a

s disc

rete

units

).

Rock

comp

lex13

4044

Callit

ris rh

ombo

idea,

Alloc

asua

rina s

pp.,

Lept

ospe

rmum

spp.,

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a te

retifo

lia, e

tc

E. sc

lerop

hylla

Rock

outcr

ops n

ear p

agod

as2

787

1340

2913

50RO

CKLA

NDRo

cklan

d (>7

5% ro

ck)

1350

43Ro

ckTy

picall

y <10

veg c

over

.10

5Ne

wnes

Plat

eau

Trias

sic S

SEs

senti

ally s

ands

tone

pago

da ro

ck fo

rmati

on13

5143

Rock

417

97

1360

NEW

NES

PLAT

EAU

MONT

ANE

GULL

Y SW

AMP-

HEAT

H CO

MPLE

X as

socia

ted

with

Tria

ssic

sand

ston

eNe

wnes

Plat

eau

Trias

sic S

SDr

ainag

e line

habit

at. Lo

wgr

adien

t, imp

eded

drain

age

Tall t

o ver

y tall

shru

bland

1360

50L.

obo

vatu

m, B

.sp

inulos

aSw

amps

and S

edge

lands

739

4

1370

NEW

NES

PLAT

EAU

MONT

ANE

HANG

ING

SWAM

P CO

MPLE

X as

socia

ted

with

Tria

ssic

sand

ston

eNe

wnes

Plat

eau

Trias

sic S

SAs

socia

ted w

ith se

epag

ear

eas o

n sha

llow

soils

over

rock

, typic

ally o

n mod

erate

to ste

ep gr

adien

ts.Co

mmon

ly oc

cupy

ingse

epag

e ove

r roc

k sca

rps

and a

bove

cliff

lines

.

Mid h

igh to

tall s

hrub

land

1370

51Le

pidos

perm

a lim

icola,

L. ju

niper

inum

,Gl

eiche

nia et

c

E. g

regs

onian

a

Newn

es P

latea

u13

7151

Lepid

ospe

rma

limico

la,L.

junip

erinu

m,

E. g

regs

onian

a2

270

Newn

es P

latea

u13

7251

Gleic

henia

etc.

313

90MO

NTAN

E GR

AMMI

NOID

SW

AMP

x13

9053

Gram

mino

id sw

amp

Poa

labilla

rdier

i, Car

exetc

Poa

lab, C

arex

etc.

297

1400

MT W

ALKE

R SU

BALP

INE

EUCA

LYPT

WOO

DLAN

D as

socia

ted w

ith hi

gh el

evati

on D

evon

ian rid

ges (

E. v

imina

lis / E

. pau

ciflor

a )Co

xs V

alley

(Mou

nt W

alker

)De

vonia

nUp

per s

lopes

, ridg

e top

sMi

d high

to ta

ll, op

en fo

rest

1400

14E.

vim

inalis

, E.

pauc

iflora

E. d

alrym

plean

a,A.

falci

form

is, E

. dive

s

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns79

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Coxs

Vall

ey(M

ount

Walk

er)

Devo

nian

Uppe

r slop

es, r

idge t

ops

Low

to Mi

d high

, ope

n for

est

1401

14E.

pau

ciflor

aE.

vim

inalis

, E. s

ieber

i,E.

dive

s, E

.da

lrym

plean

a

14

1402

14E.

vim

inalis

, E.

pauc

iflora

17

1410

COX

VALL

EY M

ONTA

NE / S

UBAL

PINE

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

/ WOO

DLAN

D as

socia

ted

with

cold

air d

rain

age f

lats a

nd w

ater

cour

ses (

E. p

aucif

lora

/ E. d

alrym

plea

na / E

. vim

inali

s, E.

aggr

egat

a )Co

xs V

alley

(Lids

dale

-Fa

lnash

)

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianDr

ainag

e line

s and

flats

with

cold

air dr

ainag

e and

sink

sTa

ll to v

ery t

all, w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t14

1011

E. vi

mina

lis, E

.da

lrym

plean

a E.

bridg

esian

a, E

.pa

uciflo

ra, E

. ste

llulat

a,E.

agg

rega

ta

E. m

elliod

ora

E. d

ives,

E. m

acro

rhyn

cha

/ E.

cann

onii,

E. ru

bida

423

5

Coxs

Vall

eyPe

rmian

Valle

y floo

r rem

nants

occu

pying

low

grad

ient

drain

age l

ines a

nd fla

ts.Hi

ghly

modif

ied la

nds

(clea

red /

semi

-clea

red f

orgr

azing

),

Tall t

o ver

y tall

ope

n for

est

1411

15E.

agg

rega

ta, E

.da

lrym

plean

aE.

rubid

a, E

. pau

ciflor

a,E.

stell

ulata

, E. d

ives,

E.vim

inalis

800-

900

116

1

Coxs

Vall

eyPe

rmian

Valle

y floo

r rem

nants

occu

pying

low

grad

ient

drain

age l

ines a

nd fla

ts.Hi

ghly

modif

ied la

nds

(clea

red /

semi

-clea

red f

orgr

azing

),

Tall t

o ver

y tall

ope

n for

est

1412

11 E

. dalr

ymple

ana

E. ru

bida,

E. p

aucif

lora,

E. d

ives,

E. a

ggre

gata

800-

900

237

1

Coxs

Vall

eyPe

rmian

Valle

y floo

r rem

nants

occu

pying

low

grad

ient

drain

age l

ines a

nd fla

ts.Hi

ghly

modif

ied la

nds

(clea

red /

semi

-clea

red f

orgr

azing

),

Tall t

o ver

y tall

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1413

15E.

agg

rega

taE.

rubid

a, E

.da

lrym

plean

a, E

.pa

uciflo

ra, E

. ste

llulat

a,E.

vim

inalis

800-

900

124

Coxs

Vall

ey(L

idsda

le -

Falna

sh)

Perm

ian / D

evon

ianMa

in wa

terco

urse

s with

cold

air dr

ainag

e and

sink

sVe

ry tal

l, woo

dland

to op

en fo

rest

1414

11E.

vim

inalis

, E.

dalry

mple

ana

E.br

idges

iana,

E.

pauc

iflora

E. m

elliod

ora

E. d

ives,

E. st

ellula

ta, E

.m

acro

rhyn

cha

/ E.

cann

onii

>800

673

9

1414

35

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns80Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Coxs

valle

yW

aterco

urse

s with

cold

airdr

ainag

e and

sink

sMi

d high

to ta

ll ope

n for

est

1416

15E.

pau

ciflor

a, E

.ste

llulat

aE.

brid

gesia

na1

10

1420

COXS

VAL

LEY

DRY

OPEN

EUC

ALYP

T W

OODL

ANDS

asso

ciate

d wi

th P

erm

ian es

carp

men

t slo

pes a

nd ri

dges

( E

. ros

sii / E

. dive

s / E

. can

noni

i )Co

x Vall

eyPe

rmian

Dry e

scar

pmen

t slop

es on

Perm

ian se

dimen

ts .

Easte

rn pa

rt of

valle

yoc

curs

below

Tria

ssic

sand

stone

, Lim

ited

pres

ence

of re

sidua

lTr

iassic

sand

stone

atW

ester

n side

of va

lley (

E. g.

Ben B

ullen

)

Mid h

igh to

tall o

pen f

ores

t14

2037

E. m

acro

rhyn

cha

/ E.

cann

onii,

E. ro

ssii,

E.div

es

E. m

annif

era,

E. r

ubida

,E.

spar

sifoli

a4

1378

Coxs

Vall

ey(B

en B

ullen

SF

Sth)

Perm

ian14

2137

E. ro

ssii,

E. d

ives,

E.

mac

rorh

ynch

a / E

.ca

nnon

ii+ / -

E.m

annif

era+

/ -

E. sp

arsif

olia

1510

67

Coxs

Vall

ey(B

en B

ullen

SF

Sth)

Perm

ianDr

y exp

osed

slop

es an

drid

ge to

ps. L

ittle o

r no S

Sab

ove

Low

to tal

l, woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1423

37E.

ross

iiE.

dive

s, E.

mac

rorh

ynch

a / E

.ca

nnon

ii, E.

man

nifer

a,E.

rubid

a

E. d

ives o

cc. c

odom

inant

with

E. ro

ssii

219

9

Coxs

Vall

ey(B

en B

ullen

SF

Sth)

Perm

ianSe

mi sh

elter

ed as

pects

1424

33E.

mac

rorh

ynch

a / E

.ca

nnon

ii, E.

dive

s, E.

man

nifer

a

E. ro

ssii

167

1427

32E.

spar

sifoli

aE.

man

nifer

a, E

. ros

siiLid

sdale

slop

es an

d ridg

es14

1430

MONT

ANE

/ SUB

ALPI

NE E

UCAL

YPT

FORE

ST / W

OODL

AND

asso

ciate

d wi

th h

igh

eleva

tion

ridge

tops

and

sem

i-she

ltere

d slo

pes (

E. p

aucif

lora

/ E. d

alrym

plea

na / E

. rad

iata )

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d to s

emi-s

helte

red

ridge

tops

and

slope

s14

306

E. p

aucif

lora,

E.

dalry

mple

ana,

E.

radia

ta

E. ru

bida,

E. v

imina

lis,

E. d

ives,

E.da

lrym

plean

a, E

.fa

stiga

ta

286

0

1430

14Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Expo

sed t

o sem

i-she

ltere

drid

ge to

ps an

d slo

pes

1431

14E.

pau

ciflor

a,E.

rubid

a, E

. vim

inalis

,E.

dive

s, E.

dalry

mple

ana

219

5

Gurn

ang -

Expo

sed t

o sem

i-she

ltere

d14

386

E. d

alrym

plean

a, E

.E.

pau

ciflor

a, E

. dive

s,6

735

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns81

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Jeno

lanrid

ge to

ps an

d slo

pes

radia

taE.

fasti

gata

, E.

cype

lloca

rpa,

E.

vimina

lis14

40MO

NTAN

E / S

UBAL

PINE

DRY

GRA

SSY

WOO

DLAN

DS as

socia

ted

with

exp

osed

hig

h ele

vatio

n rid

ges (

E. d

ives /

E. r

ubid

a / E

. vim

inali

s )Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Expo

sed d

ry rid

ge to

ps an

dslo

pes

1440

14E.

dive

s, E

. rub

ida, E

.pa

uciflo

ra, E

.da

lrym

plean

a, E

.vim

inalis

E. ra

diata

133

2

1440

31Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Expo

sed d

ry rid

ge to

ps an

dslo

pes

1443

31E.

dive

sE.

pau

ciflor

a, E

.da

lrym

plean

a, E

.ra

diata

, E. v

imina

lis

129

8

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d dry

ridge

tops

and

slope

s14

4431

E. d

ives,

E.da

lrym

plean

aE.

radia

ta, E

. vim

inalis

417

4.8

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d dry

ridge

tops

and

slope

s14

4514

E. p

aucif

lora,

E. r

ubida

213

2

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d dry

ridge

tops

and

slope

s14

4614

E. ru

bida

E. p

aucif

lora

32

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d dry

ridge

tops

and

slope

s14

4731

E. d

ives,

E. ru

bida

E. vi

mina

lis2

259

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d dry

ridge

tops

and

slope

s14

4831

E. vi

mina

lisE.

rubid

a, E

. dive

s1

282

1450

MONT

ANE

DRY

EUCA

LYPT

FOR

EST

/ WOO

DLAN

D as

socia

ted

with

expo

sed

high

elev

atio

n ri

dge t

ops (

E. s

ieber

i / E.

radi

ata )

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanNo

t san

dston

e. On

gran

ite?,

Silur

ian m

etase

dimen

ts?Ri

dge t

ops,

spur

s and

uppe

r slop

es14

5025

E. si

eber

i, E. r

adiat

aE.

dive

s, E.

cype

lloca

rpa,

E.

blaxla

ndii

212

0

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanNo

t san

dston

e. On

gran

ite?,

Silur

ian m

etase

dimen

ts?Ri

dge t

ops,

spur

s and

uppe

r slop

es14

5125

E. si

eber

iE.

radia

ta, E

. dive

s2

31

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanNo

t san

dston

e. On

gran

ite?,

Silur

ian m

etase

dimen

ts?Ri

dge t

ops,

spur

s and

uppe

r slop

es14

5225

E. ra

diata

E. si

eber

i, E. d

ives

255

1460

TABL

ELAN

DS T

ALL

EUCA

LYPT

FOR

ESTS

asso

ciate

d wi

th se

mi s

helte

red

aspe

cts a

nd g

ullie

s ( E

. dalr

ympl

eana

/ E. r

adiat

a )Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Semi

-shelt

ered

to sh

elter

edas

pects

and g

ullies

1460

6E.

dalr

ymple

ana,

E.

vimina

lisE.

fasti

gata

, E. r

adiat

a,E.

dive

s, E.

pau

ciflor

a2

804

Gurn

ang -

Semi

-shelt

ered

to sh

elter

ed14

626

E. d

alrym

plean

aE.

pau

ciflor

a, E

. dive

s,2

45

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns82Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Jeno

lanas

pects

and g

ullies

E. ra

diata

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSe

mi-sh

elter

ed to

shelt

ered

aspe

cts an

d gull

ies14

6511

E. vi

mina

lisE.

dive

s, E.

dalry

mple

ana

329

3

1470

MONT

ANE

TALL

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

- as

socia

ted

with

shelt

ered

aspe

cts a

nd g

ullie

s ( E

. fas

tigat

a )Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Shelt

ered

aspe

cts an

dgu

llies

1470

5E.

fasti

gata

, E.

dalry

mple

ana,

E.

vimina

lis, E

. rad

iata

E. p

aucif

lora

487

8

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSh

elter

ed as

pects

and

gullie

s14

715

E. fa

stiga

taE.

dalr

ymple

ana

219

0.8

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSh

elter

ed as

pects

and

gullie

s14

725

E. fa

stiga

ta, E

.da

lrym

plean

aE.

radia

ta, E

. pau

ciflor

a12

1203

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSh

elter

ed as

pects

, gull

iesan

d cre

eks

1474

5E.

fasti

gata

, E. v

imina

lisE.

pau

ciflor

a1

63

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d to s

emi-s

helte

red

ridge

s14

755

E. fa

stiga

ta, E

.da

lrym

plean

a, E

.ra

diata

E. p

aucif

lora

Sligh

tly dr

ier va

r tha

n 147

24

319.2

1490

MONT

ANE

/ SUB

ALPI

NE E

UCAL

YPT

FORE

STS

/ WOO

DLAN

D as

socia

ted

with

gul

lies a

nd m

ajor w

ater

cour

ses (

E. p

aucif

lora

/ E. d

alrym

plea

na / E

. vim

inali

s )Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Gullie

s and

majo

rwa

terco

urse

s14

9011

E. p

aucif

lora,

E.

dalry

mple

ana,

E.

vimina

lis

E. st

ellula

ta E

. rub

ida10

0

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanGu

llies

1491

11E.

pau

ciflor

a, E

.da

lrym

plean

aE.

stell

ulata

, E.

fasti

gata

, E.

vim

inalis

211

6

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanLo

w gr

adien

t stre

ams /

river

s14

9311

E. vi

mina

lis, E

.da

lrym

plean

aE.

stell

ulata

, E.

pauc

iflora

, E. r

adiat

a22

8

1500

SUBA

LPIN

E EU

CALY

PT F

ORES

T / W

OODL

AND

asso

ciate

d wi

th co

ld ai

r dra

inag

e flat

s and

wat

erco

urse

s ( E

. ste

llulat

a )Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Cold

air dr

ainag

e sink

s and

water

cour

ses

1500

15E.

stell

ulata

, E.

pauc

iflora

E. ra

diata

, E.

dalry

mple

ana

133

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanCo

ld air

drain

age s

inks a

ndwa

terco

urse

s15

0115

E. st

ellula

taE.

pau

ciflor

a, E

. rad

iata,

E. d

alrym

plean

a2

54

1510

ACAC

IA C

OMPL

EX as

socia

ted

with

pre

vious

dist

urba

nce (

vario

us sp

p. )

x15

1058

Vario

us sp

p.19

7Ob

eron

1511

58A.

dea

lbata

20Je

nolan

1512

58A.

falci

form

is13

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns83

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Cape

rtee

Dry r

idge t

ops (

Box-

Ironb

ark-P

ine)

Tree

grow

th for

m re

gera

ted fr

ompa

st cle

aring

1513

58A.

chee

lii2

67

1514

58A.

ixiod

esTy

picall

y low

and d

ense

,as

soc w

ith se

vere

distur

banc

e. O

ccur

s as

dens

e us a

s well

asdo

mina

nt co

mmun

ity.

Grad

es in

to ma

rl as w

ell as

E. d

awso

nii15

20W

OLGA

N-CA

PERT

EE T

ALL

FORE

ST as

socia

ted

with

stre

amsid

e flat

s and

esca

rpm

ent f

oot s

lope

s ( E

. pun

ctat

a / A

.flor

ibun

da )

Cape

rtee a

ndW

olgan

Vall

eys

Perm

ianlow

er fo

ot slo

pes a

djace

ntrip

arian

comm

unitie

s alon

gCa

perte

e and

Wolg

anRi

vers

Tall t

o ver

y tall

open

fore

st15

2054

E. p

uncta

ta,

A.flo

ribun

da, E

. blak

elyii

410

9

1540

MT A

IRLY

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

asso

ciate

d wi

th T

riass

ic sa

ndst

one (

E. p

iper

ita / E

. spa

rsifo

lia )

Cape

rtee V

alley

(Mou

nt Ai

rly)

Trias

sic S

SSh

elter

ed to

semi

-shelt

ered

sites

comm

only

occu

rring

betw

een s

ands

tone

outcr

ops

1540

27E.

pipe

rita,

E.

spar

sifoli

a, E

. can

nonii

,E.

man

nifer

a

118

Cape

rtee V

alley

(Mou

nt Ai

rly)

1541

29E.

pipe

rita

212

9

1541

27Ca

perte

e Vall

ey(M

ount

Airly

)15

4227

E. p

iperit

a, E

.sp

arsif

olia,

E. m

annif

era

Domi

nant

comp

ositio

nva

ries,

one m

ay be

loca

llyab

sent.

322

1

1550

TALL

OPE

N EU

CALY

PT F

ORES

T AN

D W

OODL

AND

asso

ciate

d wi

th sm

all re

sidua

l Ter

tiary

bas

alt ca

ppin

g ( E

. can

noni

i / E.

vim

inali

s )Ca

perte

e Vall

eyTe

rtiary

basa

ltBa

salt c

apTa

ll to v

ery t

all, o

pen f

ores

t15

5010

E. vi

mina

lis, E

.ca

nnon

ii, E

. man

nifer

aE.

poly

anth

emos

, E.

cype

lloca

rpa

87

Cape

rtee V

alley

Tertia

ry ba

salt

Basa

lt cap

Tall t

o ver

y tall

, ope

n for

est

1552

10E.

vim

inalis

E. ca

nnon

ii, E.

polya

nthe

mos

, E.

cype

lloca

rpa

328

Cape

rtee V

alley

Tertia

ry ba

salt

Basa

lt cap

Tall t

o ver

y tall

, ope

n for

est

1553

10E.

cann

onii,

E.m

annif

era

121

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns84Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Cape

rtee V

alley

Tertia

ry ba

salt

Basa

lt cap

Tall t

o ver

y tall

, ope

n for

est

1554

10E.

poly

anth

emos

E. vi

mina

lis, E

. can

nonii

4

1560

CAPE

RTEE

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

asso

ciate

d wi

th re

sidua

l san

dsto

ne ca

ppin

g ( E

. pun

ctat

a / E

. spa

rsifo

lia )

Cape

rtee V

alley

Trias

sic S

SUp

per s

lopes

and b

road

ridge

tops

Low

to tal

l, woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1560

21E.

pun

ctata

, E.

spar

sifoli

aE.

pipe

rita,

E. c

anno

nii2

463

Cape

rtee V

alley

Trias

sic S

SSe

mi-sh

elter

ed to

shelt

ered

gullie

sLo

w to

tall, w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t15

6121

E. p

uncta

taE.

spa

rsifo

lia, E

.pip

erita

, E. c

anno

niiFin

e spli

t, per

haps

merg

e156

1 and

1560

126

1590

CAPE

RTEE

TRA

NSIT

IONA

L DR

Y EU

CALY

PT F

ORES

T / W

OODL

AND

asso

ciate

d wi

th lo

wer P

erm

ian se

dim

ents

gra

ding

to D

evon

ian si

de sl

opes

and

ridge

s ( E

. pun

ctat

a / E

. alb

ens i

nter

grad

e )Ca

perte

e Vall

eyPe

rmian

grad

ing to

Dev

onian

Perm

ian / D

evon

ian si

deslo

pes a

nd re

sidua

l ridg

es.

Low

to mi

d high

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1590

38E.

pun

ctata

, E

.sp

arsif

olia

/ E. c

anno

nii,

E. cr

ebra

/ fib

rosa

+ / -

,Ca

llitris

,

E.

alben

s, E.

ross

ii

E. m

olucc

ana,

E.

polya

nthe

mos

Gene

rally

larg

er cr

owns

than

1160

grp.

E pu

ncta

tatyp

ically

pres

ent.

210

59

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianPe

rmian

/ Dev

onian

side

slope

s and

resid

ual ri

dges

.Lo

w to

mid h

igh w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t15

9121

E. p

uncta

ta,

E.

spar

sifoli

a, E

. cre

bra

/fib

rosa

+ / -

E. a

lbens

, Call

itris,

E.

polya

nthe

mos

E. p

uncta

ta us

ually

domi

nant.

Also

comm

on in

shelt

ered

gullie

s with

in fin

ecro

wn rid

ge sy

stem.

216

60

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianPe

rmian

/ Dev

onian

ridge

san

d side

slop

es. A

lt > 50

0mat

mid v

alley

(e.g.

'Wate

rvale'

)

Low

to mi

d high

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1592

38Ca

llitris

, E. p

uncta

ta,

E. sp

arsif

olia

/ E.

cann

onii,

E. cr

ebra

/fib

rosa

+ / -

E. a

lbens

, E.

molu

ccan

aCa

llitris

co-d

omina

nt or

locall

y dom

inant.

Use

1180

grp f

or st

eepe

r drie

r site

slik

ely to

have

E. d

ealba

ta

290

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ian.

Mostl

y Per

mian

.Lo

w to

mid h

igh w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t15

9317

E. a

lbens

, E

.pu

ncta

ta+

/ -

E. c

rebr

a/ fi

bros

a+ / -

E. b

akely

i, A.flo

ribun

da,

E. sp

arsif

olia

/ E.

cann

onii,

Callit

ris,

E.

mell

iodor

a, E

. dea

lbata

(loca

l), E

. side

roxy

lon

Tran

sition

al wb

x typ

e.Si

milar

to 11

68 bu

t occ

urrin

gon

Per

mian

geol

only

(116

8gr

ades

to D

evon

ianme

tased

s) Oc

curri

ng m

id to

lower

Per

mian

slop

es, o

cc.

Trias

sic sa

ndsto

ne ab

ove.

Tran

sition

al wi

th 12

71 bu

t E.

punc

tata

pres

ent. A

lsooc

curs

SE C

aper

teePe

rmian

talus

lowe

r / m

idslo

pes.

314

89

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns85

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianOc

casio

nally

sand

stone

abov

e. O

ccur

ring a

t the

chan

ge in

grad

e fro

mPe

rmian

shale

slop

es to

resid

ual lo

wer P

ermi

anva

lley r

idges

(cong

lomer

ate?)

. Slig

htly

deep

er so

ils. G

rade

s to

1160

grp a

nd 12

71 gr

p in

place

s.

Low

to mi

d high

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1594

38E.

pun

ctata

, E.

cann

onii,

E. cr

ebra

/fib

rosa

+ / -

, E.

ross

ii

E. a

lbens

, E. b

lakely

ii,E.

poly

anth

emos

, E.

mell

iodor

a

Tran

sition

al Pe

rmian

shale

slope

s to P

ermi

anco

nglom

erate

(116

0 grp

) etc.

Less

stee

p tha

n159

5.Gr

ades

up to

1595

and

down

(alon

g) to

1160

.Pe

rhap

s mer

ge.

368

4

Cape

rtee a

ndW

olgan

Vall

eys

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianRe

sidua

l Per

mian

slop

es,

sand

stone

abov

e sca

nt or

abse

nt (n

ot ma

ssive

).Ty

picall

y situ

ated a

bove

1593

and 1

594.

On W

side

occu

rs ge

nera

lly ab

ove

650m

Low

to mi

d high

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1595

32E.

creb

ra /

fibro

sa+

/ -,

E. p

uncta

ta+

/ -,

E.sp

arsif

olia

/ E. c

anno

nii,

E. p

olyan

them

os, E

.m

elliod

ora,

E. r

ossii

E. m

annif

era,

E. d

ives,

E. a

lbens

Vario

us co

mbina

tions

.St

ringy

bark

and S

cribb

lyGu

m pr

obab

ly mo

reco

mmon

as a

sub t

ype.

Strin

gyba

rk alw

ays p

rese

nt.Oc

c. E.

man

nifer

a and

E.

dives

> 80

0m. O

cc. E

.alb

ens <

700m

. Com

mon o

nwe

stern

rim re

sidua

lPe

rmian

slop

es e.

g.Ca

perte

e are

a. Iro

nbar

kten

ds to

occu

r in lo

calis

edpa

tches

in m

ore e

xpos

edsp

urs a

nd as

pects

as an

open

fore

st wo

odlan

d.Sc

ribbly

Gum

- St

ringy

bark

comm

only

domi

nant

onre

sidua

l Per

mian

plate

au(sa

ndsto

ne?)

sites

e.g.

south

from

Cap

ertee

.Gr

ades

into

1594

and 1

160.

1021

06

1595

21

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns86Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ianSt

eep e

xpos

ed si

de sl

opes

asso

ciated

with

lowe

rPe

rmian

(con

glome

rate?

)va

lley r

idges

typic

ally

capp

ed by

1160

grp.

W si

deof

valle

y. Si

milar

to 15

93bu

t just

abov

e wbx

line.

Prob

ably

still o

n Per

mian

sedim

ents.

Low

to mi

d high

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1596

38E.

fibro

sa, E

. ros

sii, E

.pu

ncta

ta+

/ -E.

albe

ns, E

. can

nonii

95

Wolg

an V

alley

Perm

ian gr

ading

to D

evon

ian15

9821

E. m

elliod

ora

E. p

olyan

them

os1

61Ca

perte

e Vall

eyPe

rmian

grad

ing to

Dev

onian

Stee

p low

er P

ermi

an si

deslo

pes g

radin

g into

Devo

nian m

etase

ds.

Usua

lly be

low 11

60 gr

p. A

lt>

500m

at W

side

of va

lley

1599

38E.

creb

ra /

fibro

sa, E

.m

olucc

ana,

Call

itris

E. a

lbens

, E. s

pars

ifolia

184.8

1600

JENO

LAN

/ TUG

LOW

LIM

ESTO

NE R

OCK

SCRU

B - E

UCAL

YPT

WOO

DLAN

D CO

MPLE

X ( B

ursa

ria / D

odon

aea )

Rock

comp

lex th

at inc

ludes

vario

us gr

owth

forms

(not

feasib

leto

map d

iscre

te gr

owth

forms

).

1600

E. d

alrym

plean

a, E

.bic

osta

ta, B

ursa

riaDo

done

aeGu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Jeno

lan lim

eston

eRo

ck/sh

rub c

omple

x16

0123

Burs

aria,

Dod

onae

aB.

pop

ulneu

s3

29

1601

48Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Jeno

lan lim

eston

eRo

ck/w

oodla

nd co

mplex

1602

23E.

dalr

ymple

ana,

Burs

aria,

Dod

onae

aB.

pop

ulneu

s56

1602

48Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Jeno

lan lim

eston

eRo

ck/w

oodla

nd co

mplex

1603

23E.

bico

stata

, Bur

saria

,Do

dona

ea2

1603

48Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Limes

tone o

utcro

pping

Rock

comp

lex16

0448

Unide

ntifie

d roc

k, sh

rub,

gras

s etc.

27

1610

JENO

LAN

MONT

ANE

DRY

EUCA

LYPT

FOR

EST

asso

ciate

d wi

th ex

pose

d rid

ge to

ps an

d slo

pes (

E. b

laxlan

dii )

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d dry

ridge

tops

and

slope

s16

1024

E. b

laxlan

dii, E

. rad

iata,

E. cy

pello

carp

aE.

sieb

eri, E

. pun

ctata

,E.

vim

inalis

19

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns87

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d dry

ridge

tops

and

slope

s16

1124

E. b

laxlan

diiE.

radia

ta, E

. pun

ctata

133

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d dry

ridge

tops

and

slope

s16

1224

E. b

laxlan

dii, E

. rad

iata

E. si

eber

i, E.

cype

lloca

rpa

325

2

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d dry

ridge

tops

and

slope

s16

1324

E. b

laxlan

dii, E

.cy

pello

carp

aE.

radia

ta, E

. vim

inalis

392

1620

JENO

LAN

GORG

E DR

Y EU

CALY

PT F

ORES

T ( E

. pun

ctat

a / E

. eug

einoi

des )

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSe

mi-sh

elter

ed to

shelt

ered

slope

s16

2022

E. e

ugen

ioide

s, E.

punc

tata

, E.

cype

lloca

rpa

E. m

elliod

ora

117

.9

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSe

mi-sh

elter

ed to

shelt

ered

slope

s16

2122

E. e

ugen

ioide

s, E.

punc

tata

E. m

elliod

ora

293

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSe

mi-sh

elter

ed to

shelt

ered

slope

s16

2222

E. e

ugen

ioide

s, E.

cype

lloca

rpa

113

3

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSe

mi-sh

elter

ed to

shelt

ered

slope

s16

2322

E. e

ugen

ioide

s, E.

punc

tata

, E.

cype

lloca

rpa

E. m

elliod

ora

165

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanEx

pose

d slop

es16

2422

E. e

ugen

ioide

s, E.

punc

tata

, E. m

elliod

ora

Expo

sed,

more

open

varia

ntof

1620

27

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lan16

2522

E. cy

pello

carp

aE.

eug

enioi

des,

E.pu

ncta

ta3

1640

JENO

LAN

DRY

EUCA

LYPT

FOR

EST

asso

ciate

d wi

th p

roxim

ity to

Jeno

lan lim

esto

ne (

E. b

icost

ata )

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSi

lurian

meta

sedim

ents

and

limes

tone,

ripar

ianSh

elter

ed sl

opes

1640

24E.

bico

stata

, E.

blaxla

ndii

Prox

imity

to lim

eston

e22

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSi

lurian

limes

tone

Shelt

ered

slop

es16

4124

E. b

icosta

ta1

6

1650

JENO

LAN

RIPA

RIAN

TAL

L EU

CALY

PT A

ND R

IVER

OAK

FOR

EST

Gurn

ang -

Jeno

lanSi

lurian

meta

sedim

ents

and

limes

tone,

ripar

ianRi

paria

nVe

ry tal

l ope

n for

est

1650

55E.

bico

stata

+ /

-, E.

dalry

mple

ana,

C.

cunn

ingha

mian

a

Prox

imity

to lim

eston

e (in

alluv

ium?)

16

1660

JENO

LAN

TALL

EUC

ALYP

T FO

REST

asso

ciate

d wi

th al

luvia

l rive

r flat

s ( E

. fas

tigat

a )Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Silur

ian m

etase

dimen

ts an

dlim

eston

e, rip

arian

Ripa

rian o

n rive

r flat

s.Je

nolan

Rive

r ups

tream

from

cave

s.

Very

tall o

pen f

ores

t16

605

E. fa

stiga

ta, E

.da

lrym

plean

a, E

.vim

inalis

Occu

rring

on al

luvium

.Pr

oxim

ity to

limes

tone

234

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns88Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

1670

JENO

LAN

GORG

E RO

UGHB

ARKE

D AP

PLE

FORE

ST (

A. fl

orib

unda

)Gu

rnan

g -Je

nolan

Semi

shelt

ered

to sh

elter

edslo

pes

1670

6A.

florib

unda

, E.

dalry

mple

ana

E. e

ugen

ioide

s, E.

fasti

gata

Adjac

ent to

majo

r stre

ams

(Jeno

lan R

iver)

13

1680

CAPE

RTEE

DRY

EUC

ALYP

T W

OODL

AND

asso

ciate

d wi

th ex

pose

d es

carp

men

t talu

s slo

pes (

E. m

ellio

dora

)Ca

perte

e Vall

eyPe

rmian

Dry e

scar

pmen

t slop

es on

Perm

ian se

dimen

ts be

lowTr

iassic

sand

stone

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t16

80E.

mell

iodor

a, E

.m

olucc

ana,

B.

popu

lneus

, Ficu

s spp

.

E. b

lakely

i, A.

florib

unda

, E. p

uncta

ta,

E. a

lbens

Unus

ual ty

pe, e

ast s

ectio

nCa

perte

e Vall

ey

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ianDr

y esc

arpm

ent s

lopes

onPe

rmian

sedim

ents

below

Trias

sic sa

ndsto

ne

Mid h

igh to

tall w

oodla

nd to

open

fores

t16

8217

E. m

elliod

ora,

E.

molu

ccan

aE.

blak

elyi, E

. albe

nsEa

st se

ction

Cap

ertee

Vall

ey1

45

1690

CAPE

RTEE

DRY

EUC

ALYP

T W

OODL

AND

/ FOR

EST

asso

ciate

d wi

th es

carp

men

t talu

s foo

t slo

pes (

E. d

awso

nii )

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ianMi

d to l

ower

slop

es on

Perm

ian se

dimen

tsex

tendin

g to v

alley

floor

Tall t

o ver

y tall

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1690

41E.

daw

sonii

, E. a

lbens

,C.

endli

cher

i, E.

mell

iodor

a, E

. cre

bra

E. p

uncta

ta, E

.sid

erox

ylon,

E. b

lakely

i,A.

florib

unda

Tran

sition

al be

twee

n stee

per

talus

slop

e and

valle

y low

ergr

adien

t vall

ey flo

or bo

x grp

.Co

mpos

ition w

ithin

this

grou

p var

ies du

e to

distur

banc

e ass

ociat

ed w

ithac

cess

ibility

.

161

7

Cape

rtee V

alley

Perm

ianMi

d to l

ower

slop

es on

Perm

ian se

dimen

tsex

tendin

g to v

alley

floor

Tall t

o ver

y tall

woo

dland

to op

enfor

est

1691

41E.

daw

sonii

, C.

endli

cher

i, E. a

lbens

E. p

uncta

ta, E

.m

olucc

ana,

E.

sider

oxylo

n, E

.m

elliod

ora,

E. c

rebr

a

Expe

ct E.

daw

sonii

was

utilis

ed in

past

and i

n man

yar

eas w

as p

revio

usly

more

abun

dant.

220

1

1700

COX

VALL

EY T

ALL

EUCA

LYPT

FOR

EST

asso

ciate

d wi

th s

helte

red

Perm

ian sl

opes

and

gullie

s ( E

. dalr

ympl

eana

/ E. f

astig

ata )

Cox V

alley

Perm

ianSh

elter

ed es

carp

ment

slope

s on P

ermi

anse

dimen

ts.

Mid h

igh to

tall o

pen f

ores

t17

008

E. d

alrym

plean

a, E

.bla

xland

ii, E.

fasti

gata

,E.

mac

rorh

ynch

a / E

.ca

nnon

ii, E.

spar

sifoli

a,E.

eug

enioi

des

E. vi

mina

lisUs

e 170

3 for

defin

ed gu

llies

and 1

700 f

or si

de sl

opes

164

5

1700

37Co

x Vall

ey(B

en B

ullen

SF

Sth)

1701

8E.

dalr

ymple

ana

E. b

laxlan

dii, E

.fa

stiga

ta40

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns89

Loca

lity

Geol

ogy

Topo

grap

hic P

ositi

on an

dHa

bita

tSt

ruct

ural

Form

atio

nAP

I Cod

eMa

p Un

itAl

loca

tion

CANO

PY 1

Com

mon

Dom

inan

t /

Codo

min

ants

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Coxs

Vall

ey(B

en B

ullen

SF

Sth)

Perm

ianRe

sidua

l Tria

ssic

sand

stone

in pr

oxim

ity? S

emi-

shelt

ered

sites

1702

37E.

blax

landii

, E.

mac

rorh

ynch

a / E

.ca

nnon

ii, E.

spar

sifoli

a,E.

eug

enioi

des

E. ro

ssii,

E. d

ives,

E.

bridg

esian

a1

217

1703

8E.

fasti

gata

, E.

dalry

mple

ana,

E.

cype

lloca

rpa

E. b

laxlan

dii63

9

2030

EXOT

ICS

x20

30Ex

otics

2031

60Ex

otic t

rees

(non

pine

,va

rious

spec

ies., W

illow

etc)

53

2032

60Ex

otic t

rees

(Syc

amor

e)10

x20

3359

Exoti

c tre

es (E

ucaly

pt /

Pine

mix,

Pine

> 30

%)

Exoti

c spe

cies i

ndica

ted by

distur

b fea

ture (

e.g. 3

4 for

pine)

280

x20

3459

Exoti

c tre

es (P

inepla

ntatio

n / w

oodlo

t /sh

elter

belt)

Includ

es in

frastr

uctur

esas

soc w

ith re

planti

ng /

harve

sted a

reas

etc

8611

2035

60Ex

otic s

hrub

/ scru

b(B

lackb

erry

etc)

Blac

kber

ry etc

.11

2060

RIPA

RIAN

COM

PLEX

Coxs

/ Wolg

an /

Cape

rtee

valle

ys

Perm

ian? /

Dev

onian

Coxs

, Wolg

an, C

aper

teeRi

vers

and m

ajor t

ributa

ries

Vario

us gr

owth

forms

inter

mixe

dwi

th ro

ck, w

ater a

nd gr

avel

beds

2060

5548

.5

Cape

rtee v

alley

Perm

ian? /

Dev

onian

Cape

rtee R

ivers

and m

ajor

tributa

ries

Ripa

rian s

crub

2061

57M

.linar

iifolia

etc.

31

2080

ROCK

COM

PLEX

- ge

neric

/ uni

dent

ified

Rock

comp

lex th

at inc

ludes

vario

us gr

owth

forms

(not

feasib

leto

map d

iscre

te gr

owth

forms

).

2080

4912

3000

INFR

ASTR

UCTU

RE -

vario

usx

3000

62Va

rious

20x

3010

62Tr

ansm

ission

Line

84

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns90Lo

calit

yGe

olog

yTo

pogr

aphi

c Pos

ition

and

Habi

tat

Stru

ctur

al Fo

rmat

ion

API C

ode

Map

Unit

Allo

catio

nCA

NOPY

1 C

omm

onDo

min

ant

/Co

dom

inan

ts

CANO

PY 2

Asso

ciate

s(S

ubsid

iary a

ndMi

nor)

Com

men

tsSi

tes

Area

Ease

ment

x30

2062

Road

and R

ailInf

rastr

uctur

es / V

erge

sInc

ludes

fire-

brea

ks13

7

x30

4062

Minin

g / Q

uarry

(and

Asso

ciated

Infra

struc

tures

)

220

x30

5062

Open

Wate

r (Da

msetc

.)51

.1

4000

CLEA

RED

/ SEV

EREL

Y DI

STUR

BED

LAN

DSx

4000

62Cl

eare

d lan

ds (t

ree

cove

r >5 C

SR)

Includ

es ve

ry sp

arse

lysc

atter

ed / i

solat

ed pa

ddoc

ktre

es i.E

. CSR

>5

949

099

4001

62Pi

onee

ring s

hrub

s /sa

pling

s pre

sent

94

4002

62Pl

anted

nativ

e spe

cies.

Eros

ion m

itigati

on et

c.16

Trias

sic S

SSa

ndsto

ne cl

iff, ro

ck fa

ll40

0362

Rock

550

00NO

T CL

ASSI

FIED

x50

0061

Not c

lassif

ied. R

efer t

oco

mmen

ts fie

ld7

112

5001

61No

t clas

sified

. Veg

remn

ants

< 1 h

a66

0

The

Veg

etat

ion

of th

e W

este

rn B

lue

Mou

ntai

ns91

APP

END

IX B

:PL

AN

T SP

ECIE

S LI

ST

Follo

win

g is

a li

st o

f the

nat

ive

and

exot

ic s

peci

es r

ecor

ded

from

sys

tem

atic

flor

a si

tes

from

the

stud

y ar

ea a

nd th

e ad

join

ing

envi

rons

with

in a

20

kilo

met

rera

dius

. Th

e lis

t is

sorte

d by

Div

isio

n, F

amily

and

then

by

Sci

entif

ic N

ame

of th

e sp

ecie

s.

A c

omm

on n

ame

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re o

ne h

as b

een

reco

gnis

ed in

exis

ting

liter

atur

e.

PTER

IDO

PHYT

AA

DIA

NTA

CEA

EA

dian

tum

aet

hiop

icum

Com

mon

Mai

denh

air

Adi

antu

m fo

rmos

umG

iant

Mai

denh

air

Adi

antu

m h

ispi

dulu

mR

ough

Mai

denh

air

Che

ilant

hes

aust

rote

nuifo

liaR

ock

Fern

Che

ilant

hes

dist

ans

Bris

tly C

loak

Fer

nC

heila

nthe

s si

eber

i sub

sp. s

iebe

riP

ella

ea c

alid

irupi

umP

ella

ea fa

lcat

aS

ickl

e Fe

rnP

ella

ea n

ana

Dw

arf S

ickl

e Fe

rnP

ella

ea p

arad

oxa

Asp

leni

acea

eA

sple

nium

aus

trala

sicu

m fo

rma

aust

rala

sicu

mB

ird's

Nes

t Fer

nA

sple

nium

bul

bife

rum

sub

sp. g

raci

llim

umM

othe

r Spl

eenw

ort

Asp

leni

um fl

abel

lifol

ium

Nec

klac

e Fe

rnA

sple

nium

tric

hom

anes

Ple

uros

orus

rutif

oliu

s

Ath

yria

ceae

Dip

lazi

um a

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le

Ble

chna

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chnu

m a

mbi

guum

Ble

chnu

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artil

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ern

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chnu

m in

dicu

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wam

p W

ater

Fer

nB

lech

num

min

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oft W

ater

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nB

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num

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shbo

ne W

ater

Fer

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lech

num

pat

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Stra

p W

ater

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nB

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num

wat

tsii

Har

d W

ater

Fer

nD

oodi

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pera

Pric

kly

Ras

p Fe

rnD

oodi

a au

stra

lisC

omm

on R

asp

Fern

Cya

thea

ceae

Cya

thea

aus

tralis

Rou

gh T

reef

ern

Cya

thea

leic

hhar

dtia

naP

rickl

y Tr

eefe

rn

Dav

allia

ceae

Arth

ropt

eris

tene

lla

Den

nsta

edtia

ceae

Den

nsta

edtia

dav

allio

ides

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Gro

und

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His

tiopt

eris

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saB

at's

Win

g Fe

rnH

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gla

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Hyp

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is m

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arsh

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und

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ridiu

m e

scul

entu

mB

rack

en

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kson

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aeC

aloc

hlae

na d

ubia

Com

mon

Gro

und

Fern

Dic

kson

ia a

ntar

ctic

aS

oft T

reef

ern

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ridac

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Last

reop

sis

acum

inat

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hiny

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eld

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Department ofEnvironment andConservation (NSW)

The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains · The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains i...

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Transcript of The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains · The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains i...