SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST2008 7(3):527–540

The Vascular Flora of the Coon Creek Forever Wild Tract, Tallapoosa County, Alabama

T. Wayne Barger1,* and Dan Tenaglia2

Abstract - The Coon Creek Forever Wild Tract (CCFWT) is an area of approximately 130 ha that was purchased by the State of Alabama Forever Wild Program on Febru-ary 1, 1995. The CCFWT lies 45 km west of Auburn, AL with the main tributary, Coon Creek, dissecting the tract and eventually emptying into the Tallapoosa River. The site is managed by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources with an emphasis on recreational use, habitat management, and rare species protection. A fl oristic study of this area was conducted from March 2006 through May 2007. A total of 503 species from 319 genera and 114 families were collected, with 195 spe-cies being county records. Asteraceae was the largest family with 74 species. Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Fabaceae were the next largest families with 45, 31, and 31 species, respectively. Carex was the largest genus represented with 15 taxa.

Introduction

In 1992, the Forever Wild Program was established by an Alabama consti-tutional amendment (Satterfi eld and Waddell 1993) to provide a mechanism for purchasing land from willing landowners to provide public recreation and conservation of vital habitat. Since its inception, this program, managed by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (AL-DCNR), has purchased lands for general recreation, nature preserves, and additions to wildlife management areas and state parks. For each Forever Wild land tract purchased, a management plan laying out guidelines and recommendations for the tract must be in place within a year of acquisition. On February 1, 1995, the Coon Creek Forever Wild Tract (CCFWT) was purchased by the state of Alabama as the third Forever Wild property. This study represents the fi rst sys-tematic inventory of the vascular fl ora on the tract and provides many county records for the poorly surveyed fl ora of Tallapoosa County.

Description of the Coon Creek Forever Wild Tract

The 130-ha CCFWT is located in east-central Alabama in rural, southern Tallapoosa County (Fig. 1). Tallapoosa County had an estimated population of 40,717 in 2005 and has an area of 1860 km2 (US Census Bureau 2006). Located 6.4 km north of Tallassee (Elmore County) and 45 km west of Au-burn (Lee County), the CCFWT was acquired to provide the public with outdoor recreational opportunities, a nature preserve, and an environmental education study area.

1State Lands Division, Natural Heritage Section, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, 64 North Union Street, Montgomery, AL 36130. 21416 Victoria Avenue, Opelika, AL 36801. *Corresponding author - wayne_barger@yahoo.com.

Southeastern Naturalist Vol.7, No. 3528

The CCFWT is located just east of the Tallapoosa River with Yates Dam located 2.4 km to the south of the property. An old concrete boat ramp allow-ing access to narrow Yates Lake through the southern edge of the property is the only developed area on the site, with the exception of old woods roads and a narrow paved road along the southern section of the property. The northern portion of the study area can be accessed via a graded county dirt road that runs along a portion of the northern boundary. When compared to the surrounding area’s land use or other area lakes (such as Lake Martin), Yates Lake is relatively isolated and there is little encroaching development. This lack of development is partially due to the property having one mindful land steward from 1961 until the time of its purchase by the state in 1995. Though the CCFWT technically falls in the Piedmont (Southern Outer Piedmont Ecoregion), the tract has many characteristics common to the Coastal Plain (Fall Line Hills Ecoregion). The vegetation and terrain gener-ally consists of heavily wooded oak-hickory forest lands with rolling hills sloping into and surrounding the mouth of Coon Creek. Elevation ranges from 105 m to approximately 182 m above sea level, with slopes of near 15% present in places. The major soil association of the area is Gilead-Nor-folk-Greenville and is described as being comprised primarily of pacolet

Figure 1. Location of the Coon Creek Forever Wild Tract in Tallapoosa County, AL. Yates Dam (not shown on the map) backs up the Tallapoosa River to create Yates Lake.

T.W. Barger and D. Tenaglia2008 529

sandy loam surface soils with clay loam subsoil, and secondarily of sandy surface soils and loamy sand subsoil (USDA NRCS 2007). The climate for the area averages a July high of 33 oC and a January low of 1 oC; rainfall for the area is approximately 134 cm (54 inches) per year, with March being the wettest month and October being the driest (The Weather Channel 2007). The number of frost-free days (growing season) averages 234. Coon Creek is the main drainage through the CCFWT, fl owing east to west, and eventually emptying into the Tallapoosa River. Several smaller creeks also extend into the CCFWT’s boundary, each eventually emptying in to Coon Creek. Backwater from Yates Lake covers approximately 9 ha of the 130-ha tract, with approximately 4 additional hectares being marshland. Classifi cation of forested plant communities on the CCFWT in 1995 showed the following community-type percentages: 17% upland pine, 31% mixed pine/hardwood, 36% upland hardwood, 14% intermediate hardwood, and 2% bottomland hardwood (State Lands Division, Department of Conserva-tion and Natural Resources, Montgomery, AL, unpubl. data). This break-down accurately depicts the community types and percentages currently present. Oak-hickory is the primary climax forest, with scattered Pinus taeda L. (Loblolly Pine) being the predominant pine species. However, there is a natural inclusion of P. palustris P. Mill (Longleaf Pine) on the north side of the property.

Historical Land Use

Historically, land use of the CCFWT was documented to have supported the turpentine industry that was once widespread across the longleaf forests of the southeastern US. Longleaf Pines were the species typically utilized for sap because of their plentifulness, long life span, prolifi c sap fl ow, and ability to withstand injury. From the mid-1800s until the turn of the century, collection of pine sap for use in conversion to turpentine or use in naval stores was a vast industry. This natural resource was primarily derived from the Longleaf Pines that covered the southeastern US, but sometimes also employed other species such as Pinus elliottii Engelm. (Slash Pine). The discovery of a “catface” (the name for the resulting marks made on pine trees in an effort to collect the sap) and several turpentine collection pans indicate that Longleaf Pines may have been more prevalent around the CCFWT than they are today.

Methods

The systematic collection within the CCFWT was conducted from March 2006 through May 2007. Methodology for surveying the study area was performed utilizing a modifi ed meandering method similar to that of Goff et al. (1982). When possible, plants were collected in a non-destructive (top-snatched) manner for plant populations that were sampled. Because of the relatively small size of the CCFWT, the natural divisions of the property, and the frequency of surveys, the entire tract was thoroughly sampled.

Southeastern Naturalist Vol.7, No. 3530

Voucher specimens were collected and identifi ed by the authors and sub-sequently deposited at the Anniston Museum of Natural History, part of the Jacksonville State University herbarium collections (JSU). Verifi cations were made by the museum’s curator of collections, Dan Spaulding. Dupli-cates were deposited at Troy Herbarium (TROY). Identifi cations were determined using the following: Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia and Surrounding Areas – online working draft version, August 9, 2006 (Weakley 2006); Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford et al. 1968); Manual of the Grasses of the United States. Volumes I and II (Hitchcock 1971); Guide to the Vascular Plants of the Florida Panhandle (Clewell 1985); Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the Southeastern United States. Monocotyledons (Godfrey and Wooten 1979); and Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the Southeastern United States. Dicoty-ledons (Godfrey and Wooten 1981).

Results and Discussion

Plant survey summary A total of 503 species representing 319 genera and 114 families were collected from the CCFWT. Of these, 195 were ascertained to be county records for Tallapoosa County (Kartesz 2007). Asteraceae was the largest family with 74 species. Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Fabaceae were the next largest families with 45, 31, and 31 species, respectively. Carex represented the largest genus with 15 taxa. Flowering plants comprised 96% of the fl ora, with dicots making up 72% and monocots comprising 24% (Appendix 1). Ferns and allies accounted for another 3%, and conifers made up 1% of the total vegetation sampled. Thirty-fi ve species, or 7% of the species composi-tion, were introduced species to the fl ora. No members of Lycopodiophyta were discovered during vegetation sampling.

Rare plant species Three species of special interest were collected during this study. They are: Matelea baldwyniana (Sweet) Woods. (Baldwin’s Milkvine), Croomia paucifl ora (Nutt.) Torr. (Croomia), and Baptisia megacarpa Chapman ex Torr. & Gray (Apalachicola Wild Indigo). These species are designated by NatureServe as G3, G3, and G2, species respectively (NatureServe 2007). The G3 designation indicates that a species is “vulnerable range-wide,” and G2 indicates that a species is “imperiled range-wide.” Matelea baldwyniana is a twining, perennial herbaceous vine that has mostly heart-shaped leaves that are opposite in articulation. The fl owers are approximately 1 cm wide with strongly to moderately twisted petals that are creamy-white. Anthesis for this site was mid-April. This species is typi-cally found on dry to slightly mesic slopes over calcareous bluffs and was once considered for listing as an endangered species. However, populations were considered too abundant for this designation. Baldwin’s Milkvine was historically found in four Alabama counties (Barbour, Clarke, Monroe, and

T.W. Barger and D. Tenaglia2008 531

Wilcox), however each of those populations are considered extirpated (Mohr 1901). Ironically, Mohr (1901) recognized this taxon as being among the rarest in the south. Verifi cation of this species in Tallapoosa County marks a state record for rediscovery of the species. Prior to this study, the plant was only known in Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and two Florida counties. Croomia paucifl ora is an herbaceous perennial member of the Stemona-ceae, which is comprised of four genera and approximately 35 species. There are only 3 species of Croomia worldwide, with C. paucifl ora being the sole species found within the US (Whetstone 1984). Currently, C. paucifl ora has a limited distribution outside Alabama, occurring in only one Louisiana par-ish, two Florida counties, and eight Georgia counties. In Alabama, Croomia occurs in 25 counties, extending from the upper Coastal Plain to Harper’s discovery in the lower Appalachians (Harper 1942). Found mostly in moist, rich forests with common mesophytic forest indicators such as Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (Beech) and Tilia americana L. (Basswood), anthesis for Croomia in our area is mid to late-April. Croomia was also once a candidate species for federal listing under provisions of the Endangered Species Act; however, listing was denied because the plant was found to be too abundant in Alabama (Patrick et al. 1995). In 1983, Kral noted Baptisia megacarpa as a “rare or threatened plant species.” Occurring mostly in moist forest fl oodplains and lower wet slopes, Apalachicola Wild Indigo is endemic to three Georgia counties, seven Flori-da counties, and 10 Alabama counties. It is considered imperiled or critically imperiled throughout its distribution and is regarded as being particularly susceptible to disturbance (Nelson 2005). The present discovery is near the northern limit for the distribution of the species, with only one known loca-tion lying further north. Anthesis for B. megacarpa is early to mid-May for this location. Relatively little information has been published regarding this uncommon species. Other species of interest, because of state or distributional rarity, in-cluded: Agalinis tenella Pennell (Ten-lobe False Foxglove) G4; Celastrus scandens L. (American Bittersweet) G5; Crataegus pulcherrima Ashe (Beautiful Hawthorn) G3; Sida elliottii Torr. & Gray (Elliott’s Fanpetals) G4; and Verbesina aristata (Ell.) Heller (Coastal-plain Crownbeard) G4.

Exotic plant species Thirty-fi ve non-native plant species were collected on the CCFWT. This group accounts for approximately 7% of the total species observed. Other regional fl oras have had slightly higher percentages of non-native plant spe-cies; however, the areas surveyed were generally much larger than the 130 ha from the present study: 2528 ha of Lake Guntersville State Park yielded 17% non-natives (Spaulding 1999); 28,329 ha of Talladega Ranger District, Talladega National Forest yielded 12% non-natives (Ballard 1995); and 1101 ha of Cheaha State Park yielded 10% non-natives (Bussey 1983). While this study did not focus on quantitative measurements of plant coverage, the observed land area covered by these non-native plants was relatively

Southeastern Naturalist Vol.7, No. 3532

small. The most commonly encountered non-native plant species, in order of abundance, were: Albizia julibrissin Durazzini (Mimosa), Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus (Japanese Stilt Grass), Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don (Chinese Lespedeza), Melia azederach L. (Chinaberry), Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. (Kudzu), Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet (Chinese Wisteria), and the combined Trifolium spp.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Curtis Hansen and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments in crafting this manuscript. Numerous fi eld assistants were also very help-ful in the collection of specimens for this project. Special thanks are extended to Dan Spaulding for his gracious assistance with plant specimen identifi cation and to John Kartesz for verifi cation of county record data.

Literature Cited

Ballard, J.M. 1995. A vascular fl ora of the Talladega Ranger District of the Talladega National Forest, Alabama. M.Sc. Thesis. Jacksonville State University. 270 pp.

Bussey, M.G. 1983. Flora of Cheaha State Park, Alabama. M.Sc. Thesis. Jacksonville State University. 90 pp.

Clewell, A.F. 1985. Guide to the Vascular Plants of the Florida Panhandle. University Presses of Florida, Tallahassee, FL. 605 pp.

Godfrey, R.K., and J.W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States. Monocotyledons. The University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA. 712 pp.

Godfrey, R.K., and J.W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States. Dicotyledons. The University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA. 933 pp.

Goff, F.G., G.A. Dawson, and J.J. Rochow. 1982. Site examination for threatened and endangered plant species. Environmental Management 6:307–316.

Harper, R.M. 1942. Croomia: A member of the Appalachian fl ora. Castanea 7:109–113.

Hitchcock, A.S. 1971. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. Volumes I and II. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY. 1051 pp.

Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland, 2nd Edition, Volume 1. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 622 pp.

Kartesz, J.T. 2007. Draft of a synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attri-butes for the vascular fl ora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Second Edition. In J.T. Kartesz (Ed.). Floristic Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. Unpublished draft.

Kral, R. 1983. Fabaceae. Pp. 617–680, In A report on some rare, threatened, or en-dangered forest-related vascular plants of the south. Vol. 1, T.P. RB-TP2. USDA-Forest Service, Atlanta, GA.

Mohr, C.T. 1901. Plant Life of Alabama. Geological Survey of Alabama. Govern-ment Printing Offi ce, Washington, DC.

NatureServe. 2007. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web ap-plication]. Version 6.1. NatureServe, Arlington, VA. Available online at http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. Accessed August 20, 2007.

T.W. Barger and D. Tenaglia2008 533

Nelson, G. 2005. East Gulf Coast Coastal Plain Wildfl owers. Globe Pequot Press, Guilford, CT. 264 pp.

Patrick, T.S., J.R. Allison, and G.A. Krakow. 1995. Protected Plants of Georgia. Georgia Natural Heritage Program. Georgia Department of Natural Resources. Social Circle, GA. 246 pp.

Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 1183 pp.

Satterfi eld, W.H., and G.G. Waddell. 1993. A history and analysis of Alabama’s “For-ever Wild” constitutional amendment. Alabama Law Review 44:393–419.

Spaulding, D.D. 1999. The vascular fl ora of Lake Guntersville State Park, Marshall County, Alabama. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 70:163–204.

US Census Bureau. 2005. State and county quick facts. Available online at http://quickfacts.census.gov. May 1, 2007.

US Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA NRCS). 2007. Soil survey of Tallapoosa County, Alabama. Available online at http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/Manuscripts/AL123/0/Tallapoosa.pdf. May 1, 2007.

USDA NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS database. Available online at http://plants.usda.gov. Accessed May 1, 2007. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA.

Weakley, A.S. 2006. Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia, and surrounding areas [Online Draft Version]. Available online at http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/fl ora.htm. Accessed August 9, 2006. 1014 pp.

Whetstone, R.D. 1984. Notes on Croomia paucifl ora (Stemonaceae). Rhodora 86:131–137.

The Weather Channel. 2007. Records for Tallassee, AL. Available online at http://www.weather.com. Accessed May 1, 2007. Atlanta, GA.

Southeastern Naturalist Vol.7, No. 3534

Appendix 1. Annotated checklist of the fl ora of the Coon Creek Forever Wild Tract, with breakdown of the fl oristic survey by taxa level and native vs. exotic species of the Coon Creek Forever Wild Tract, Tallapoosa County, AL. The nomenclature, in most cases, follows Kartesz (1994). Synonymy, authorities, common names (for labels), and nomenclature were verifi ed using the United States Department of Agriculture’s Plants Database (USDA NRCS 2006). Arrangement of the checklist is by division, then alphabetically by family, genus, and specifi c epithet. An asterisk (*) after the authority indicates a non-native species. Species followed by (-) are species of special concern. Collection numbers listed are those of the fi rst author and are not lifetime collection numbers, but rather are specifi c to the current fl ora of Coon Creek.

PTERIDOPHYTAAspleniaceae Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes 71

Blechnaceae Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore 2

Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. pseudo-

caudatum (Clute) Heller 41

Dryopteridaceae Athyrium fi lix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. aspleni-

oides (Michx.) Hultén 42Onoclea sensibilis L. 100Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott

17

Ophioglossaceae Botrychium dissectum Spreng. 399Botrychium virginianum (L.) Swartz 8

Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea L. 131O. regalis L. 168

Polypodiaceae Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews &

Windham 38

Pteridaceae Adiantum pedatum L. 28

Thelypteridaceae Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Ching

* 207Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée 228

CONIFEROPHYTACupressaceae Juniperus virginiana L. 94

Pinaceae Pinus echinata P. Mill. 223P. palustris P. Mill. 224P. taeda L. 244

Taxodiaceae Taxodium distichum (L.) Richard 102

MAGNOLIOPHYTAAcanthaceae Justicia americana (L.) Vahl 487Ruellia caroliniensis (J.F. Gmelin) Steudel

201Ruellia purshiana Fern. 67

Aceraceae Acer negundo L. 429Acer rubrum L. 233Acer saccharum Marsh. var. leucoderme

(Small) Rehd. 7

Agavaceae Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. 160Yucca fl accida Haw. 216

Amaryllidaceae Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville 12

Anacardiaceae Rhus copallina L. 213R. glabra L. 319Toxicodendron pubescens P. Mill. 149T. radicans (L.) Kuntze var. radicans 360

Annonaceae Asimina parvifl ora (Michx.) Dunal 6A. triloba (L.) Dunal 96

Apiaceae Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fern. 336Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. 104Cicuta maculata L. var. maculata 493Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. var.

yuccifolium 204Hydrocotyle umbellata L. 400H. verticillata Thunb. 116Ligusticum canadense (L.) Britton 16Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. 500Sanicula canadensis L. 242S. smallii Bickn. 58Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Gray var. aureum

Britt. 333Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern. 90

T.W. Barger and D. Tenaglia2008 535

Apocynaceae Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. var. salici-

folia (Pursh) Woods. 13Apocynum cannabinum L. 133

Aquifoliaceae Ilex opaca Aiton 78I. verticillata (L.) Gray 345I. vomitoria Aiton 221

Araceae Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott 155A. triphyllum (L.) Schott 4Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. 101

Araliaceae Aralia spinosa L. 202

Arecaceae Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. 64

Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia serpentaria L. 179Hexastylis arifolia (Michx.) Small 9

Asclepiadaceae Asclepias amplexicaulis Small 181A. tuberosa L. 214A. variegata L. 153Matelea baldwyniana (Sweet) Woods. 70 -M. carolinensis (Jacq.) Woods. 136

Asteraceae Ageratina aromatica (L.) Spach 430Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 249Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H.E.

Robins. 120Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gray) Britt. 434B. frondosa L. 369Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Ell. 391Cirsium horridulum Michx. 475Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC. 454Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. 420Coreopsis auriculata L. 40C. major Walt. 280Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. 353Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch 190E. tomentosus L. 312Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. 359Erigeron pulchellus Michx. 477E. strigosus Muhl. 272Eupatoriadelphus fi stulosus (Barratt) King

& H.E. Robins. 303Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small 211E. hyssopifolium L. 343E. rotundifolium L. 191E. serotinum Michx. 240Gamochaeta chionesthes G.L. Nesom * 97G. coarctata (Willd.) Kerguélen * 81Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock var.

amarum 314

H. autumnale L. 315Helianthus hirsutus Raf. 320H. resinosus Small 330H. strumosus L. 325Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var.

gracilis (Nutt.) Gandhi & Thomas 169Hieracium venosum L. 56Krigia caespitosa (Raf.) Chambers 259Lactuca canadensis L. 331L. fl oridana (L.) Gaertn. 465Liatris elegantula (Greene) K. Schumann

414Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. 124Packera anonyma (Wood) W.A. Weber & A.

Löve 273Pityopsis aspera (Shuttlw.) Small var. ad-

enolepis (Fern.) Semple & Bowers 387P. graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. var. gramini-

folia 385Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. 455Pluchea foetida (L.) DC. var. foetida 380Polymnia uvedalia L. 185Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh 390Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hill-

iard & Burtt 407Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC. 318Rudbeckia hirta L. 326R. laciniata L. var. digitata (P. Mill.) Fiori

373Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. laciniata 236Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) BSP. 180Silphium compositum Michx. var. venosum

(Small) Kartesz & Gandhi 208Solidago altissima L. 416S. arguta Aiton 335S. auriculata Shuttlw. 238S. caesia L. 277S. curtisii Torr. & Gray 446S. odora Aiton 246S. petiolaris Aiton 463S. rugosa P. Mill. 209S. ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd 452Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) Nesom

372S. dumosum (L.) Nesom var. dumosum 431S. laterifl orum (L.) A. & D. Löve var. lateri-fl orum 443

S. patens (Aiton) Nesom 419S. pilosum (Willd.) Nesom 442S. puniceum (L.) A. & D. Löve var. puni-

ceum 424S. shortii (Lindl.) Nesom 324S. undulatum (L.) Nesom 376S. urophyllum (Lindl.) Nesom 444Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. 199Verbesina aristata (Elliott) Heller 194 -V. helianthoides Michx. 497

Southeastern Naturalist Vol.7, No. 3536

V. occidentalis (L.) Walt. 395Vernonia angustifolia Michx. 328V. fl accidifolia Small 370

Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis Meerb. 358

Berberidaceae Podophyllum peltatum L. 19

Betulaceae Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. 79Betula nigra L. 503Carpinus caroliniana Walt. 72Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch 227

Bignoniaceae Bignonia capreolata L. 48Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. 175

Boraginaceae Cynoglossum virginianum L. 157Lithospermum tuberosum Rugel 203

Brassicaceae Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.)

B.S.P. 479Barbarea verna (P. Mill.) Aschers. * 488

Buddlejaceae Polypremum procumbens L. 342

Caesalpiniaceae Cercis canadensis L. 59

Calycanthaceae Calycanthus fl oridus L. var. fl oridus 310

Campanulaceae Lobelia cardinalis L. 307L. puberula Michx. 381Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC.

* 260

Caprifoliaceae Lonicera japonica Thunb. * 47Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R.

Bolli 499Viburnum rufi dulum Raf. 146

Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Thuillier. * 99Silene stellata (L.) Aiton f. 235S. virginica L. 93Stellaria media (L.) Vill. * 480S. pubera Michx. 18

Celastraceae Celastrus scandens L. 229 -Euonymus americana L. 62

Clusiaceae Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.)

Torr. & Gray 299

H. hypericoides (L.) Crantz. 198H. mutilum L. 329H. punctatum Lamarck 197Triadenum walteri (J.G. Gmel.) Gleason

404

Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Burm. f. var. diffusa 436Murdannia keisak (Hassk.) Hand.-Maz. *

375Tradescantia hirsutifl ora Bush 52T. ohiensis Raf. 152T. virginiana L. 368

Convovulaceae Calystegia spithamaea (L.) Pursh 73Dichondra carolinensis Michx. 471Ipomoea pandurata L. 322Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. 313Stylisma humistrata (Walt.) Chapm. 417S. patens (Desr.) Myint ssp. patens 311

Cornaceae Cornus amomum P. Mill. 118C. fl orida L. 218C. foemina P. Mill. 69

Cuscutaceae Cuscuta campestris Yuncker 344C. compacta Juss. 121

Cyperaceae Carex blanda Dewey 283C. complanata Torr. & Hook. 266C. crinita Lam. 106C. debilis Michx. 122C. digitalis Willd. var. fl oridana (L.H. Bai-

ley) Naczi & Bryson 114C. festucacea Schkuhr 384C. fl accosperma Dewey 265C. intumescens Rudge 111C. leptalea Wahlenb. 286C. lupulina Muhl. 253C. lurida Wahlenb. 115C. muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var.

muehlenbergii 276C. nigromarginata Scwein. 117C. striatula Michx. 258C. umbellata Schkuhr 290Cyperus fl avescens L. 468C. haspan L. 406C. strigosus L. 450C. virens Michx. 364Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. 397Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & J.A.

Schultes 403E. obtusa (Willd.) J.A. Schultes 469Fimbristylis littoralis Gaud. 472F. miliacea (L.) Vahl 361

T.W. Barger and D. Tenaglia2008 537

Kyllinga pumila Michx. 428Rhynchospora corniculata (Lam.) Gray 231R. miliaceae (Lam.) Gray 192R. mixta Britt. 456Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C.

Gmel.) Palla 457Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth 178Scleria oligantha Michx. 110

Cyrillaceae Cyrilla racemifl ora L. 504

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea villosa L. 35

Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana L. 182

Ericaceae Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. 170Rhododendron canescens (Michx.) Sweet

478Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. 278V. elliottii Chapm. 135V. stamineum L. var. sericeum C. Mohr 55

Euphorbiaceae Acalypha gracilens Gray 432A. rhomboidea Raf. 433Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small 458C. nutans (Lag.) Small 377Cnidoscolus stimulosus (Michx.) Engel. &

Gray 68Croton capitatus Michx. 323C. glandulosus L. 441Ditrysinia fruticosa (Bartr.) Govaerts &

Frodin 219Euphorbia corollata L. 350E. mercurialina Michx. 495E. pubentissima Michx. 159Phyllanthus urinaria L. * 352Tragia urticifolia Michx. 255

Fabaceae Albizia julibrissin Durazzini * 83Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. 162Apios americana Medicus. 171Baptisia megacarpa Chapm. ex Torr. &

Gray 264 -Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth. 316Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench ssp.

nictitans 301Clitoria mariana L. 210Desmodium glabellum (Michx.) DC. 378D. laevigatum (Nutt.) DC. 256D. marilandicum (L.) DC. 268D. panciulatum (L.) DC. 422D. rotundifolium DC. 269D. viridifl orum (L.) DC. 348Gleditsia triacanthos L. 498

Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don * 89L. procumbens Michx. 271L. repens (L.) W. Bart. 275L. virginica (L.) Britt. 389Psoralea psoralioides (Walt.) Cory 140Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. * 357Robinia pseudo-acacia L. 295Schrankia microphylla (Dry.) J.F. Macbr.

150Stylosanthes bifl ora (L.) Britton 195Tephrosia spicata (Walt.) Torr. & Gray 262T. virginiana (L.) Pers. 125Trifolium campestre Schreber * 105T. incarnatum L. * 50T. repens L. * 502Vicia caroliniana Walt. 11Wisteria frutescens (L.) Poir. 462W. sinensis (Sims) Sweet * 88

Fagaceae Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 51Quercus alba L. 65Q. falcata Michx. 147Q. marilandica (L.) Muenchh. 212Q. muehlenbergii Engelm. 163Q. nigra L. 139Q. phellos L. 77Q. rubra L. 289Q. stellata Wangenh. 138Q. velutina Lam. 340

Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum L. 143

Halograceae Myriophyllum brasiliense Camb. * 87

Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana L. 25Liquidambar styracifl ua L. 24

Hippocastanaceae Aesculus pavia L. 33

Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea quercifolia Bartram 85

Hydrophyllaceae Hydrolea quadrivalvis Walt. 130

Iridaceae Iris brevicaulis Raf. 447I. cristata Aiton 92Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bickn. 98

Juglandaceae Carya glabra (P. Mill.) Sweet 239C. tomentosa (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. 226

Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus Michx. 252J. effusus L. 248

Southeastern Naturalist Vol.7, No. 3538

Luzula acuminata Raf. 230L. bulbosa (Wood) Smyth & Smyth 145

Lamiaceae Blephilia ciliata (L.) Benth. 281Clinopodium georgianum Harper 374Collinsonia canadensis L. 379Hyptis alata (Raf.) Shinners 401Lycopus rubellus Moench 449L. virginicus L. 351Prunella vulgaris L. 296Pycnanthemum loomisii Nutt. 383Salvia lyrata L. 45S. urticifolia L. 95Scutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng. var.

elliptica 250S. laterifl ora L. 382S. ovata Hill 291Trichostema setaceum Houtt. 393

Lauraceae Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume 183Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 29

Liliaceae Aletris aurea Walt. 225Allium canadense L. var. canadense 156Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray 132Hymenocallis occidentalis (J. Le Conte)

Kunth 304Medeola virginiana L. 3Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. 14Uvularia perfoliata L. 482U. sessilifolia L. 297

Loganiaceae Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Aiton 161Mitreola petiolata (J.F. Gmel.) Torr. & Gray

305Spigelia marilandica L. 74

Lythraceae Ammannia coccinea Rottb. 445Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne 356

Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera L. 54Magnolia grandifl ora L. 61M.tripetala L. 66M. virginiana L. 75

Malvaceae Sida elliottii Torr. & Gray 413 -S. rhombifolia L. var. rhombifolia 347S. spinosa L. 470

Meliaceae Melia azedarach L. * 189

Menispermaceae Calycocarpum lyonii (Pursh) Gray 154Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. 279

Monotropaceae Monotropa unifl ora L. 440

Moraceae Morus rubra L. 57

Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 176

Oleaceae Fraxinus americana L. 151Ligustrum sinense Lour. * 80

Onagraceae Ludwigia alternifolia L. 341L. decurrens Walt. 302L. leptocarpa (Nutt.) Hara 306L. palustris (L.) Ell. 474Oenothera fruticosa L. 267

Orchidaceae Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray 274Tipularia discolor (Pursh.) Nuttall 76

Orobanchaceae Conopholis americana (L.) Wallroth 27Epifagus virginiana (L.) W. Bart. 60

Oxalidaceae Oxalis priceae Small ssp. colorea (Small)

Eiten 34O. violacea L. 31

Papaveraceae Sanguinaria canadensis L. 22

Passifl oraceae Passifl ora incarnata L. 200P. lutea L. 134

Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. 317

Platanaceae Platanus occidentalis L. 49

Poaceae Andropogon ternarius Michx. 402Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. 215Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng var.

songarica (Rupr. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Celarier & Harlan * 451

Bromus pubescens Muhl. 421Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates 82C. sessilifl orum (Poir.) Yates 366Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. * 392Danthonia sericea Nutt. 243Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould &

C.A. Clark var. acuminatum 284D. boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark 148D. commutatum (Schult.) Gould ssp. commu-

tatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould 142D. dichotomum (L.) Gould ssp. microcarpon

(Muhl.) Freckmann & Lelong 367

T.W. Barger and D. Tenaglia2008 539

D. laxifl orum (Lam.) Gould 144D. ovale var. villosissimum (Ell.) Gould &

C.A. Clark 141D. ravenelii (Scribn. & Merr.) Gould 261Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. * 467Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. * 466E. muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata 435Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. * 461Elymus glabrifl orus L. var. glabrifl orus 337Eragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nees 263E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. 412Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. 426L. virginica Willd. 365Lolium perenne L. * 282Melica mutica Walt. 109Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus

* 288Panicum anceps Michx. 411P. rigidulum Bosc ex. Nees ssp. elongatum

(Pursh) Lelong 363P. rigidulum Bosc ex Nees ssp. rigidulum

473Paspalum notatum Flueggé 332P. urvillei Steud. * 334Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi 418Poa annua L.* 113Saccharum baldwinii Spreng. 405S. giganteum (Walt.) Pers. 388Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash 338Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer & J.A.

Schultes ssp. pumila * 355Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash 415S. secundum (Ell.) Nash 410Sphenopholis nitida (Biehler) Scribn. 127Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. 464Steinchisma hians (Ell.) Nash 460Tridens fl avus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. var. fl avus

349Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. 309

Polemoniaceae Phlox amoena Sims 177P. glaberrima L. 234

Polygalaceae Polygala grandifl ora Walt. 394

Polygonaceae Polygonum caespitosum var. longisetum

Blume 287P. glabrum Willd. 448P. hydropiper L. * 425P. pensylvanicum L. 339P. sagittatum L. 251P. setaceum Baldw. 232P. virginianum L. 293

Pontederiaceae Pontederia cordata L. 294

Portulacaceae Claytonia virginica L. 481

Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata L. 188L. lanceolata Walt. 217

Ranunculaceae Actaea pachypoda Ell. 129Clematis glaucophylla Small 494Hepatica acutiloba DC. 37Ranunculus bulbosus L. * 501R. recurvatus Poiret. 23Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Boivin 5Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail 206

Rhamnaceae Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch 184Ceanothus americanus L. 237Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray 165

Rosaceae Agrimonia microcarpa Wallr. 346Amelanchier arborea (Michx.) Fern. 123Crataegus intricata Lange 492C. iracunda Beadle 490C. pulcherrima Ashe 321 -C. spathulata Michx. 53Malus angustifolia (Aiton) Michx. 222Prunus americana Marsh. 164P. mexicana S. Wats. 491P. serotina Ehrhart 196P. umbellata Ell. 126Rosa carolina L. 409Rubus cuneifolius Pursh 427R. fl agellaris Willd. 220

Rubiaceae Cephalanthus occidentalis L. 308Diodia teres Walt. 300D. virginiana L. 270Galium aparine L. 103G. trifl orum Michx. 167G. unifl orum Michx. 257Houstonia caerulea L. 30H. pusilla Schoepf 476Mitchella repens L. 39Oldenlandia unifl ora L. 437

Rutaceae Ptelea trifoliata L. var. trifoliata 496

Salicaceae Populus deltoides Bartram 241Salix nigra Marsh. 396

Sapotaceae Sideroxylon lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. 119

Saururaceae Saururus cernuus L. 187

Southeastern Naturalist Vol.7, No. 3540

Saxifragaceae Heuchera americana L. var. americana 32Itea virginica L. 107Tiarella cordifolia L. 20

Scrophulariaceae Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell 386A. tenella Pennell 453 -Gratiola neglecta Torr. 371G. virginiana L. 254Mecardonia acuminata (Walt.) Small 362Micranthemum umbrosum (J.F. Gmel.)

Blake 398Mimulus alatus Aiton 245Pedicularis canadensis L. 91Veronica arvensis L. * 483

Smilacaceae Smilax bona-nox L. 86S. ecirrhata Engelm. var. hugeri (Small)

Ahles 15S. glauca Walt. 186S. herbacea L. 137S. laurifolia L. 285S. pumila Walt. 408S. rotundifolia L. 63

Solanaceae Physalis virginiana P. Mill. 172Solanum carolinense L. 327

Staphyleaceae Staphylea trifolia L. 484

Stemonaceae Croomia paucifl ora (Nutt.) Torr. 1 -

Styracaceae Halesia tetraptera Ellis. 26Styrax americanus Lam. 108S. grandifolius Aiton 128

Tiliaceae Tilia americana L. var. heterophylla (Vent.)

Loud. 166

Trilliaceae Trillium maculatum Raf. 44T. underwoodii Small 43

Typhaceae Typha latifolia L. 439

Ulmaceae Celtis laevigata Willd. 173C. occidentalis L. 174Ulmus alata Michx. 84U. americana L. 10

Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. 205Pilea pumila (L.) Gray 423

Verbenaceae Callicarpa americana L. 247Phryma leptostachya L. 292Verbena brasiliensis Vell. * 354V. rigida Spreng. * 485

Violaceae Viola palmata L. 193V. pedata L. 438V. pubescens Aiton var. eriocarpon 36V. sororia Willd. 21V. walteri House 112

Vitaceae Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne 459Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. 46Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. aestivalis 486V. rotundifolia Michx. 158

Xyridaceae Xyris jupicai L.C. Rich. 298