The value of family routines for adolescent academic success in low-income, urban neighborhoods
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Transcript of The value of family routines for adolescent academic success in low-income, urban neighborhoods
The value of family routines for adolescent The value of family routines for adolescent academic success in low-income, urban academic success in low-income, urban
neighborhoodsneighborhoods
Kathleen M. RocheKathleen M. Roche
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Sharon R. GhazarianSharon R. GhazarianJohns Hopkins School of MedicineJohns Hopkins School of Medicine
Paper presentation for Paper presentation for 22ndnd Annual LEAH Health Disparities Conference Annual LEAH Health Disparities Conference, December , December 4, 20094, 2009
BackgroundBackground Longstanding concern regarding urban poverty Longstanding concern regarding urban poverty
has led to research documenting ways in which has led to research documenting ways in which low-income, urban youth and families experience low-income, urban youth and families experience risk and adversityrisk and adversity
Overshadows positive adaptation of poor, urban Overshadows positive adaptation of poor, urban youth and their familiesyouth and their families
Academic success during adolescence provides Academic success during adolescence provides critical foundation for positive youth transitions critical foundation for positive youth transitions into work, family, civic lifeinto work, family, civic life
Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000; Jencks & Peterson, 1991Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000; Jencks & Peterson, 1991
Lerner, Phelphs, Forman & Bowers, 2009Lerner, Phelphs, Forman & Bowers, 2009
Crosnoe & Elder, 2004; Obradovic & Masten, 2007Crosnoe & Elder, 2004; Obradovic & Masten, 2007
BackgroundBackground
Present study consider how positive Present study consider how positive family social processes, namely family social processes, namely family routines, shape the family routines, shape the academic success of adolescents in academic success of adolescents in poor central city neighborhoodspoor central city neighborhoods
Value of Family RoutinesValue of Family Routines Regularity in rhythms of daily family life Regularity in rhythms of daily family life
benefit youth by providing structure, benefit youth by providing structure, family cohesion, and behavioral family cohesion, and behavioral regulation, and sense of family identityregulation, and sense of family identity
Permanence and stability especially Permanence and stability especially valuable for youth faced with family valuable for youth faced with family economic uncertainty, social contextual economic uncertainty, social contextual stress & developmental changestress & developmental change
Boyce, Jensen, James, & Peacock, 1983; Fiese & Kline, 1993 Boyce, Jensen, James, & Peacock, 1983; Fiese & Kline, 1993
Value of Family RoutinesValue of Family Routines Routines research mostly focuses on Routines research mostly focuses on
families with young childrenfamilies with young children
Small number of studies with Small number of studies with adolescents find that stressors adolescents find that stressors associated with fewer routines and, in associated with fewer routines and, in turn, with adverse adolescent turn, with adverse adolescent adjustmentadjustment
Hair, Moore, Garrett, Ling, & Cleveland, 2008;Hair, Moore, Garrett, Ling, & Cleveland, 2008; McLoyd, Toyokawa, & Kaplan, 2008; McLoyd, Toyokawa, & Kaplan, 2008; Prelow, Loukas, & Jordan-Green, 2007; Taylor et al. 2004Prelow, Loukas, & Jordan-Green, 2007; Taylor et al. 2004)
Brody & Flor, 1997; Evans, Gonnella, Marcynyszyn, Gentile, & Salpekar, 2005; Brody & Flor, 1997; Evans, Gonnella, Marcynyszyn, Gentile, & Salpekar, 2005; Koblinsky, Kuvalanka, & Randolph, 2006; Sytsma, Kelley, & Wymer, 2001; Koblinsky, Kuvalanka, & Randolph, 2006; Sytsma, Kelley, & Wymer, 2001; Wildenger, McIntyre, Fiese, & Eckert, 2008Wildenger, McIntyre, Fiese, & Eckert, 2008
Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework
Family Routines
Academic Achievement
Grades in School
Educational Aspirations
Early Early AdolescenceAdolescence
Middle Middle AdolescenceAdolescence
Late Late AdolescenceAdolescence
Academic Achievement
Educational Aspirations
Family Routines
Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework
Family Routines
Academic Achievement
Grades in School
Educational Aspirations
Early Early AdolescenceAdolescence
Middle Middle AdolescenceAdolescence
Late Late AdolescenceAdolescence
Academic Achievement
Educational Aspirations
Academic Achievement
Educational Aspirations
Family Routines
Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework
Family Routines
Academic Achievement
Grades in School
Educational Aspirations
Early Early AdolescenceAdolescence
Middle Middle AdolescenceAdolescence
Late Late AdolescenceAdolescence
Academic Achievement
Educational Aspirations
Academic Achievement
Educational Aspirations
Family Routines
Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework
Family Routines
Academic Achievement
Grades in School
Educational Aspirations
Early Early AdolescenceAdolescence
Middle Middle AdolescenceAdolescence
Late Late AdolescenceAdolescence
Academic Achievement
Educational Aspirations
Academic Achievement
Educational Aspirations
Family Routines
Theoretical BackgroundTheoretical Background
Elder, 1998; Elder, 1998;
ResiliencResiliencee
Life Life coursecourse Social Social
connectionsconnections
Developmental Developmental timingtiming
Positive Positive adaptation in adaptation in face of face of adversityadversity
Context of stability valuable for youth Context of stability valuable for youth faced with significant developmental faced with significant developmental changechange
Call & Mortimer 2001Call & Mortimer 2001
Luthar , Ciccheti & Becker , 2001Luthar , Ciccheti & Becker , 2001
Urban Urban povertpovert
yy
MethodsMethods“Welfare, Children and Families: A Three Welfare, Children and Families: A Three
City Study”City Study” (Boston, Chicago, San (Boston, Chicago, San Antonio)Antonio)
1,147 mother-adolescent pairs in low-1,147 mother-adolescent pairs in low-income families, urban neighborhoodsincome families, urban neighborhoods
Interviewed at Interviewed at Time 1: 1999Time 1: 1999 Time 2: 2000/1Time 2: 2000/1 (88%)(88%) Time 3: 2005/06Time 3: 2005/06 (84%)(84%)
Family Routines MeasureFamily Routines MeasureHow much are the following things a routine in How much are the following things a routine in
the family?the family?1.1.Time during day / evening when everyone Time during day / evening when everyone talks talks
or plays quietlyor plays quietly; ;
2.2.Children do Children do homeworkhomework at same time of day / at same time of day / night; night;
3.3. Children Children go to bedgo to bed at the same time at night; at the same time at night;
4.4. Family eatsFamily eats dinner dinner at the same time each night at the same time each night
5.5. At least some of the family eatsAt least some of the family eats breakfast breakfast together in the morningtogether in the morning
(4- point Likert response “(4- point Likert response “almost never” to “always”) almost never” to “always”)
αα = .68 = .68
Academic Success MeasuresAcademic Success MeasuresAcademic AchievementAcademic Achievement
Woodcock-Johnson Applied Problems Scores Woodcock-Johnson Applied Problems Scores
Educational AspirationsEducational Aspirations
Youth report: “How far do you expect to go Youth report: “How far do you expect to go in school?”in school?”
(1 to 7: not finish high school to professional (1 to 7: not finish high school to professional degree)degree)
Grades in SchoolGrades in School
Youth report of grades on last report card…Youth report of grades on last report card…
(1 to 8: “Mostly Failing” to “Mostly As”)(1 to 8: “Mostly Failing” to “Mostly As”)
Background VariablesBackground VariablesAge, Gender, Race/ethnicity Age, Gender, Race/ethnicity (90% African (90% African
American & Latino), American & Latino), Family Structure Family Structure (66% (66% Mother only), Mother only), Household income-to-needs Household income-to-needs ratioratio
Mother-child closenessMother-child closeness, ,
Maternal psychological distressMaternal psychological distress
Analytic PlanAnalytic Plan
1. 1. Longitudinal structural equation Longitudinal structural equation modeling (modeling (Mplus 5.21Mplus 5.21))
2. 2. Missing data imputed using FIML Missing data imputed using FIML proceduresprocedures
3. 3. Mediation tested using Mediation tested using bootstrapping methodology bootstrapping methodology (Preacher & Hayes, 2008)
.12***.12***School grades
Expectations for schooling
Expectations for schooling
.09*.09*
.09**.09**
.16***.16***
School grades
.25***.25***
.11***.11***
Early Early AdolescenceAdolescence
Expectations for schooling
Late Late AdolescenceAdolescence
.09**.09**
.54***.54*** Academic achievement
Middle Middle AdolescenceAdolescence
n.s.n.s.
SummarySummary
Family routines may set adolescents on a Family routines may set adolescents on a
course of academic success during early course of academic success during early
phases of adolescence … early success phases of adolescence … early success
benefits youth into late adolescencebenefits youth into late adolescence
Academic success
Family routines
Academic success
Early Early AdolescenceAdolescence
Late Late AdolescenceAdolescence
Middle Middle AdolescenceAdolescence
SummarySummary
Benefits of routines emerged across Benefits of routines emerged across
diverse indicators of academic diverse indicators of academic
successsuccess
Self-reported grades in
school
Academic Achievement
Scores
Expectations for
educational attainment
SummarySummary Routines in middle adolescence unrelated to Routines in middle adolescence unrelated to
later changes in academic successlater changes in academic success
Stability especially salient during time of rapid developmental change … “arenas of comfort”
Early adolescents primed to reap benefits of routines due to 1.salience of achievement to identity during transition into adolescence2.family influences stronger in early adolescence … “life course theory-developmental timing”
Future ResearchFuture Research Identify mechanisms…Identify mechanisms…
Family Routine
s
Self-regulation Self-regulation
Sense of safety & Sense of safety &
predictabilitypredictability
Enhanced family cohesion, Enhanced family cohesion,
identityidentity
Affiliation with prosocial peersAffiliation with prosocial peers
ConclusionsConclusions
Although Family Routines largely Although Family Routines largely
overlooked in literature on family overlooked in literature on family
processes pertaining to adolescents, in processes pertaining to adolescents, in
many ways represents ideal integration many ways represents ideal integration
of the two dominant parenting of the two dominant parenting
constructs: constructs:
SupportSupport & & Behavioral ControlBehavioral Control