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The value chain of batteries: from material production to · BATMAN project Lithium ion BATteries -...
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The value chain of batteries: from material production to recycling initiativesHanne Flåten AndersenHead of Department, Battery Technology, IFE
UiO:Energy Forum28.11.2019
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IFE’s vision: Internationally leading research institute
Turnover:
1MRD
Annual publications:
120
Advanced laboratories:
24
International projects:
> 30%
Nasjonaliteter: 37
Forskere: 218
Employees:
600
PhDs: 105
1948: IFA
1980: IFE
Centres for renewable energy:
2
14.000Annual visitors
Nationalities: 32
Researchers: 218
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Better batteries- what are thechallenges?
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Battery value chain – where are we?
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Raw materials
Adaptedmaterials
Battery production
Modules
Application
2nd use and recycling
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Battery activities at IFE
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Silicon- based nanoparticle production
• Producing silicon based energy materials
• Free space reactors
• Gas-phase silane polymerization• Understanding the chemistry of silane• Production control• Flexibility in composition• Up-scaling
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Battery developmentlaboratory
How to optimize the battery
• Testing different material sources
• Preparing electrodes
• Research on all components in anode (binder, carbon)
• As well as other battery components such as electrolyte, cathode
• Electrochemical testing of cells• Largest lab scale facility in Norway
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Commercial batterytesting
Battery research for end-users
• Strong cooperation with norwegianmaritime industry
• Predicting life time of commercial batterycells and packs
• Evaluation of battery ageing throughexperiments and modelling
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How does the batterywork?
Li1-xMO2 LixCn
Positiv
e c
urr
ent
colle
cto
r
Separator/Electrolyte
Ne
ga
tive
cu
rren
t co
llecto
r
Li+ intercalation
Li+ intercalation
Li+ on charge
Li+ on discharge
Ve- on dischargee- on charge
Anode
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Silicon anodes
LTO Carbon Bi Sb Al Sn Mg Si
Specific capacity
Main motivation:• Graphite: LiC6
• Silicon: Li3.75Si-> 372 mAh/g-> 3579 mAh/g
C
Si
C C
C C C
Si Si
Si Si Si
Li
Li Li Li Li
Li Li Li Li
Li Li Li Li
Li Li Li Li Li
Li
Li
Li Li
Li
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Silicon market
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“It’s a race among the battery makers to get more and more silicon in”
- Jeff Dahn, 3M and Tesla
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Challenge
www.argonne.com
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SiliconX
• Using silicon nitride material produced at IFE
• Improvement of both capacity and lifetime
• Patent granted
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0
500
1000
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3500
1 51 101 151 201
Cap
acit
y /
mA
h/g
Lifetime
Pure silicon
SiliconX material
Market technology
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• Temperature inlet gas
• Temperature in reaction zone
• Length of reaction zone
• Amount of inlet gas
• Composition of gas (SiH4:NH3)
Production of SiliconX at IFE
Free Space Reactor Pyrolysis of silane and ammonia Particles as seen in TEM
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Copyrolysis
SiH4
NH3
Si-rich N-rich
Stoichiometry
Particle size
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Commercial battery testingCommercial battery testing
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Life time testing of commercial cells- The BattMarine project
• Cooperation with partners from the maritime industry• Fast growing sector in Norway• Hybrid solutions are necessary
• Safety and life time evaluation of large Li-ion cells and packs
• Develop new measurement techniques
• Risk reduction – physical and economical
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Li-ion battery ageing
• Calendar life – loss of capacity during storage• Factors: • Temperature• State-of-charge
• Cycle life – loss of capacity due to cycling• Factors:• Temperature• Current – charge and discharge• SoC
• Maximum• Minimum• Cycling window
• Mechanical pressure
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Recycling and reuse
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Recycling and reuse- motivation
• Large need for sustainable handling of used batteries
• Control material flow within Europe• Urban mining through recycling possibilities
• Norwegian industry wants to positionthemself within recycling
• Norway will be one of the first countries to get large volumes of spent EV-batteries goinginto recycling or reuse• 50 % of all new car sales in 2019 was electric• Second largest market worldwide for EVs
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Possible reuse of Li-ion batteries (2nd life)
• Starting research on safe and sustainable re-use ofbatteries
• Evaluating value, safety and cost-optimized use ofLi-ion batteries at End-of-Life (EOL)
• Open questions:• Economical feasibility (and at what battery cost)• Safety ensured in second life use?• Integration into current energy system
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BATMAN projectLithium ion BATteries - Norwegian opportunities within sustainable end-of-life MANagement, reuse and new material streams
• Project lead by Eyde Cluster
• Will establish the current Li-ion battery market in Norway, as well control of the material flow analysis
• Will give guidelines to how Norwegian industry should position themselves within battery recycling
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BATMAN projectThe existing ecosystem
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BATMAN projectPredictive model for material demand and secondary use/recycling volumes
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Future battery market
• Battery demand estimated to 2000 GWh in 2030
• Need for many new gigafactories
• Battery prices dropping
• New areas opening up with marketdevelopments:• Stationary storage• Recycling/urban mining• 2nd life batteries• Battery production
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Thank you!
Hanne Flåten AndersenBattery Technology
@energiteknikk