THE USE OF PERSON DEIXIS BETWEEN ENGLISH:...

THE USE OF PERSON DEIXIS BETWEEN ENGLISH: DONALD

TRUMP’S SPEECHES AND INDONESIAN: JOKO WIDODO’S

SPEECHES

(STUDY OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS)

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities

In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One (S1)

Written by:

Denisa Putri Khusnul Rahmawati

1113026000021

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2018

i

ABSTRACT

Denisa Putri Khusnul Rahmawati, The Use of Person Deixis between English:

Donald Trump’s Speeches and Indonesian: Joko Widodo’s Speeches (Study of

Contrastive Analysis). Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Department, Faculty of

Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta,

Desember 2017.

This research aims to identify the differences and similarities of deixis in English

and Indonesian. The research only focuses on the use of person deixis that is

compared between English and Indonesian by using contrastive analysis. The data

used in this research are the speech transcripts of Donald Trump and Joko Widodo.

The collected data are analysed by qualitative analysis based on the relevant

theories. After analysing, the researcher found that there are some similarities and

differences between English and Indonesian in deixis, especially person deixis. The

most prominent differences appear in the third person singular and first person

plural. Besides the differences, the researcher also found the similarities of deixis

use in English and Indonesian, i.e. in person deixis especially on first person

singular, second person and third person plural.

Keywords: Pragmatics, Contrastive Analysis, Deixis

ii

APPROVEMENT

THE USE OF PERSON DEIXIS BETWEEN ENGLISH: DONALD

TRUMP’S SPEECHES AND INDONESIAN: JOKO WIDODO’S

SPEECHES

(STUDY OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS)

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities

In Partial Fulfilment of Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One (S1)


1113026000021

Approved by:

Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd.

NIP. 19650919 200003 1 001

(Day/Date: / )

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2018

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best

knowledge and belief. It contains no materials previously publish or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institutes of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in text.

Jakarta, December 2017


v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, the most Beneficent

May peace and blessing of Allah by upon all of us.

All praises be to Allah SWT. The real writer’s guide, who is amazingly and

mysteriously guides and helps her in the process of making this thesis. Peace upon

the greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions, and adherents.

This thesis could not be completed without a great deal of help from many people.

Therefore, the researcher would like to give her sincerest gratitude to her beloved

parents (Mr Mansur and Mrs Sumini) who always give support morally and

materially. Their sacrifice will not be paid off with anything, this is a little gift from

me for all that they already provide. May Allah give them bless.

The researcher also wants to give her deep and sincere gratitude to her

advisor Dr. Muhammad Farkhan M.Pd. who had guided and supported the

researcher accomplish this thesis until finish. May Allah bless him and his families.

The researcher also would like to express her deepest gratitude to the following

persons:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag. as the Dean of Faculty of Letter and

Humanities.

2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd as the Head of English Letter Department.

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum as the Secretary of English Letters Department.

vi

4. All lecturers of English Letters Department for their valuable knowledge

who have educated the writer during her study at State Islamic University

Syarif Hidayahtullah Jakarta.

5. All her friends in English Letters Department, especially “Crowsa” and

“Linguistics Class” and everybody who gives their supports and kindness

during my study.

6. Her “Rahasia Team” Yussie Septiany, Wilda Aqthori, Siti Rahmah

Wahyuningtyas, Rizki Maulinawati, Febrina Wonosantoso, and Adila

Oktania, her beloved best friends who always accompany and provide

motivate her to finish this thesis.

7. Her friends in Angklung DEMA FAH. Thanks a lot for your supports,

laughs, experiences and togetherness for this four years.

8. Her “Merintis Team”. Thanks to Rani, Indri, Sarah and Kak Dea thanks for

your support and kindness.

May Allah gives His bless to them and also He gives them more than what they

have been given to me. Aameen.

Jakarta, December 2017

DPKR

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. i

APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................... ii

LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................... ii

DECLARATION ................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... vii

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1

A. Background of The Study ......................................................................... 1

B. Focus of Study .......................................................................................... 4

C. Research Question .................................................................................... 4

D. The Objective of the Research ................................................................. 4

E. Significance of the Study ............................................................................. 4

F. Research Methodology................................................................................. 5

1. The Method of the Research .................................................................... 5

2. Data Collection Technique ....................................................................... 5

3. Data Analysis Technique .......................................................................... 5

4. Unit of Analysis ........................................................................................ 6

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................. 9

A. Previous Research .................................................................................... 9

B. Pragmatics .............................................................................................. 10

viii

1. Definition of Pragmatics ........................................................................ 10

C. Deixis ...................................................................................................... 11

1. Definition of Deixis in English .............................................................. 11

2. Definition of Deixis in Indonesian ......................................................... 18

D. Contrastive Analysis ............................................................................... 25

1. Definition of Contrastive Analysis ......................................................... 25

2. Contrastive analysis between languages ................................................ 26

3. Aspects of Contrastive Analysis ............................................................. 27

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ............................................................. 29

A. Data Descriptions ................................................................................... 29

B. Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 33

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................... 44

A. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 44

B. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 45

WORKS CITED ................................................................................................... 46

APPENDIXES ...................................................................................................... 49

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1. The list of data findings ....................................................................... 28

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Study

Speech is the ability to pronounce the articulation sounds or words to

express or convey thoughts, ideas and feelings. It can be said that speech is a

system of signs or symbols. Speaking is a form of human behaviour that exploits

physical, psychological, neurological, semantic, and linguistic factors, so it can

be regarded as the most important human tools for social contact (Marsono

152).

In a speech, there must be a context of utterance used to contribute to the

interpretation of the hearer about what the speaker means by the given utterance.

Context of utterance has been understood in various ways, for example to

include the 'relevant' aspect of the physical or social setting of a speech (Leech

13). Context of an utterance must have meaning, the study that concerns about

meaning is called pragmatic. According to Leech (13) defined that pragmatics

is the study about meaning in the relation to speech situation. The situation

covers some elements such as, addressers or addressees, the context of an

utterance, the purpose of an utterance, and the utterance as a form of

illocutionary act. Moreover, pragmatics explores how linguistic utterances

could be interpreted differently as a result of different contextual forces and

communicative goals (Bataineh and Hussein 352). This means that the speaker

is necessarily bound to contextual meaning and how a particular context

2

influences what is uttered. The context comprises the addressee, the place, the

time and other circumstances.

To refer to an utterance that related to the context of speech, it can be done

by deixis analysis. Deixis is the most obvious way to describe the relationship

between language and context in the structure of the language itself (Levinson

54). Levinson (in Dylgjeri and Kazazi 88) stated that deixis refers to a

phenomenon in which the understanding of the meaning of certain words and

phrases in an utter contains the contextual information. It means that deixis

concerns on the interpretation of an utterance that depends on the analysis of

the context of utterance itself.

In English and Indonesian, there are obviously similarities and

dissimilarities between deixis itself. The study of similarities and differences in

languages is called contrastive analysis. According to Lado (in Salim 122),

contrastive analysis is a systematic branch of applied linguistics that deals with

linguistic descriptions of two different structures or languages. Besides, Rabadi

(16) added that contrastive analysis has a practical purpose to describe the

differences and similarities between the structures of the source language and

the target language in order to assert the distinction as a primary source in

learning foreign language. The comparison shows how languages differ in the

system of sound, grammar structures and vocabulary.

In this research, the researcher will analyse the use of deixis in English and

Indonesian which will be contrasted with contrastive analysis. This research

3

only focuses on the use of person deixis. It is because in a speech, the speaker

tends to use personal pronouns to designate an object or person. Therefore, the

analysis of person deixis is needed in a speech to find out who is the object or

person that being a reference. This research aims to complete the previous

discussion in depth about contrastive study and deixis, particularly in English

and Indonesian. This research uses the qualitative research method. According

to Farkhan (2), qualitative research method is a method that relies on verbal and

non-numerical data as basic analysis and problem solving that is being

examined, such as content analysis, discourse analysis and naturalistic research.

The data that will be used is qualitative data. By this method, the researcher

tries to describe the selected text, identify each discourse, and analyse the type

of person deixis. The researcher obtains the English data from some speech

transcripts of President Donald Trump and the Indonesian data from speech

transcripts of President Joko Widodo. The researcher takes the speech

transcripts of President Donald Trump and President Joko Widodo as the unit

of analysis because the researcher assumes that the data contained in those texts

have been considered representing the similarities and differences of person

deixis in English and Indonesian. Furthermore, the data will be analysed by

qualitative analyses based on the method, or relevant theories.

4

B. Focus of Study

This study focuses on the use of person deixis that will be compared with

English: Donald Trump’s speeches and Indonesian: Joko Widodo’s speeches

by using contrastive analysis.

C. Research Question

According to the background of the study and the focus of research, the

researcher tries to get the similarities and differences of deictic usage in person

deixis between English: Donald Trump’s speeches and Indonesian: Joko

Widodo’s speeches of between English and Indonesian deixis by following the

questions below:

1. How is the person deixis usage in English and Indonesian?

2. What are the similarities and differences of the person deixis used in

English and Indonesian?

D. The Objective of the Research

Based on the research questions, the objectives of this research are:

1. To analyse the person deixis usage in English: Donald Trump’s

speeches and Indonesian: Joko Widodo’s speeches.

2. To analyse the similarities and differences of the person deixis used in

English: Donald Trump’s speeches and Indonesian: Joko Widodo’s

speeches.

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E. Significance of the Study

In terms of theory, this research carries more contribution to develop the

previous discussion in depth about contrastive study and deixis, particularly in

English and Indonesian. However, practically, this research could be one of

useful reference materials for the readers and experts who are interested in

contrastive analysis and deixis. Besides, it can give information for readers

about contrastive analysis and deixis in text and give advantageous for

linguistics expert.

F. Research Methodology

1. The Method of the Research

This study uses the qualitative research method. According to Farkhan

(2), qualitative research method is a method that relies on verbal and non-

numerical data as basic analysis and problem solving that is being

examined, such as content analysis, discourse analysis and naturalistic

research. The researcher seeks to find out the similarities and differences of

deixis in English and Indonesian speech transcripts.

2. Data Collection Technique

As the main instrument, the researcher collects the data of linguistics

corpuses through steps. First, identifying the problem by reading the

selected transcripts of President Donald Trump and President Joko Widodo.

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Second, restricting the main problem of the research by picking the

sentences from President Donald Trump and President Joko Widodo that

indicates person deixis. Third, coding the sentences which contains person

deixis.

3. Data Analysis Technique

The collected data assumed to have representative act in comparing

deixis in English and Indonesian. The researcher begins to analyse the types

of person deixis in English; analyse the types of person deixis in Indonesian;

then, analyse the similarities and differences of person deixis in English and

Indonesian.

4. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this research is speech transcripts of President

Donald Trump and President Joko Widodo. The speech transcripts consist

of three speech transcripts of President Donald Trump, and five speech

transcripts of President Joko Widodo. Below are the speech transcripts of

President Donald Trump:

a. Donald Trump’s Victory Speech

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/us/politics/trump-speech-

transcript.html

b. Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/us/politics/trump-speech-transcript.html


7

From: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-

fix/wp/2017/01/20/donald-trumps-full-inauguration-speech-transcript-

annotated/?utm_term=.9126e0f5f1d5

c. Trump’s Speech on Afghanistan: President Trump addressed the nation

on Monday from Fort Myer military base in Arlington, Va., to lay out

his military plans for Afghanistan.

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/21/world/asia/trump-

speech-afghanistan.html

Then, the speech transcripts of President Joko Widodo:

a. Pidato Kemenangan Joko Widodo

From: https://pemilu.tempo.co/read/news/2014/07/22/269595082/Ini-

Isi-Pidato-Kemenangan-Jokowi-JK

b. Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo dalam Pembukaan World Peace

Forum (WPF) ke- 6, 1 November 2016, di Istana Negara, Jakarta

From: http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-dalam-

pembukaan-world-peace-forum-wpf-ke-6-1-november-2016-di-istana-

negara-jakarta/

c. Pidato Pelantikan Joko Widodo – Jusuf Kalla

From: https://news.detik.com/berita/2723911/ini-pidato-lengkap-

jokowi-saat-pelantikan-presiden

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/20/donald-trumps-full-inauguration-speech-transcript-annotated/?utm_term=.9126e0f5f1d5



https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/21/world/asia/trump-speech-afghanistan.html


https://pemilu.tempo.co/read/news/2014/07/22/269595082/Ini-Isi-Pidato-Kemenangan-Jokowi-JK


http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-dalam-pembukaan-world-peace-forum-wpf-ke-6-1-november-2016-di-istana-negara-jakarta/



https://news.detik.com/berita/2723911/ini-pidato-lengkap-jokowi-saat-pelantikan-presiden


8

d. Arahan Presiden RI Joko Widodo Pada Penerimaan Peserta Program

Pendidikan Reguler LEMHANAS, di Istana Negara, Jakarta, 18

November 2014

From: http://setkab.go.id/arahan-presiden-ri-joko-widodo-pada-

penerimaan-peserta-program-pendidikan-reguler-lemhanas-di-istana-

negara-jakarta-18-november-2014/

e. Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo pada Pertemuan Tahunan Bank

Indonesia 2016, 22 November 2016, di Jakarta Hall Convention Center,

Jakarta

From: http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-pada-

pertemuan-tahunan-bank-indonesia-2016-22-november-2016-di-

jakarta-hall-convention-center-jakarta/

http://setkab.go.id/arahan-presiden-ri-joko-widodo-pada-penerimaan-peserta-program-pendidikan-reguler-lemhanas-di-istana-negara-jakarta-18-november-2014/



http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-pada-pertemuan-tahunan-bank-indonesia-2016-22-november-2016-di-jakarta-hall-convention-center-jakarta/



9

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

The previous research is needed to identify the differences of this research

from the previous research. This chapter will expose some of the research that

is considered relevant to this research to provide a clear distinction between this

research and the previous research. Here are some previous research:

First is the research written by Nanda Anggarani Putri and Eri Kurniawan

(2013) entitled Person Deixis is USA Presidential Campaign Speeches. This

study analysed the use of person deixis in the presidential campaign speeches.

The data collected from six speech transcripts of Barack Obama and Mitt

Romney. The results of this study indicated that presidential candidates used

pronouns as a way to promote themselves well. In addition, the results of this

study suggested that the use of pronouns in speech allowed presidential

candidates to establish positive identities and realities.

Second, Analisis Deiksis Persona dalam Ujaran Bahasa Rusia written by

Heppy Leo Mustika (2012). This study analysed the use of person deixis in

Russian’s speech. This research used descriptive analysis method. The results

of this study indicated that the person deixis in Russian needs to refer to the

context of speech such as authors, readers, topics of conversation, and

background. In Russian there are several forms of pronouns that can show the

person deixis, such as personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative

10

pronouns, reflective pronouns, determinative pronouns, interrogative pronouns,

relative pronouns, negative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.

Third, Person Deixis in English Translation of Summarized Shahih Al-

Bukhari Hadith in the Book of As-Salat written by Siska Pratiwi (2018). This

research focused on person deixis which aimed to identify and classify kind of

person deixis in English translation of Summarized Shahih Al-Bukhari Hadith,

especially in the book of As-Salat (the prayer) that translated by Dr. Muhammad

Muhsin Khan. The result of this research showed the dominant of person deixis

used in Hadith was the third person singular deixis especially the word “He”

that dominantly refers to “Prophet Muhammad SAW in which shows that

Hadith is the media to reveal the action, provisions, approvals and utterances of

Prophet Muhammad SAW and his companions.

Concerning with the previous study, this study focuses on the use of person

deixis that will be compared with English and Indonesian by using contrastive

analysis. This research aims to complete the previous discussion in depth about

contrastive study and deixis, particularly in English and Indonesian.

B. Pragmatics

1. Definition of Pragmatics

According to Levinson (9), pragmatics is a study of the relation between

language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure

of language. Besides that, Leech (13) defined that pragmatics is the study

11

about meaning in the relation to speech situation. The situation covers some

elements such as, addressers or addressees, the context of an utterance, the

purpose of an utterance, and the utterance as a form of illocutionary act.

Later, Yule (3) stated four definition of pragmatics, namely (i) pragmatics

is the study of speaker meaning; (ii) pragmatics is the study of contextual

meaning; (iii) pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than

is said; and the last (iv) pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative

distance. Moreover, pragmatics explores how linguistic utterances could be

interpreted differently as a result of different contextual forces and

communicative goals (Bataineh and Hussein 352). This means that the

speaker is necessarily bound to contextual meaning and how a particular

context influences what is uttered. The context comprises the addressee, the

place, the time and other circumstances.

C. Deixis

1. Definition of Deixis in English

According to Levinson (in Dylgjeri and Kazazi 88) deixis refers to a

phenomenon in which the understanding of the meaning of certain words

and phrases in an utterance contains the contextual information. It means

that deixis concerns on the interpretation of an utterance that depends on the

analysis of the context of utterance itself. Levinson also added that every

words or phrases that contain contextual information is deictic. In addition,

he thought that deixis is the domain of pragmatics because it deals with the

12

relationship between the structure of languages and the contexts when it is

used.

The current researchers, Dylgjeri and Kazazi (88) developed the theory

of Levinson on deixis. They stated that deixis is a verbal pointing that shows

the different meanings of each word depending on the context of the

utterance. They also defined deixis as "verbal pointing" which means it is

pointing using language. Meanwhile, Pangaribuan, et al. (172) stated that

deixis is the study about how to encode the grammatical feature in the

context of the utterance, and how to interpret the utterances depending on

analysis of the context. Thus, deixis has function to determine an identity,

time, or location from the point of view of the speaker to listener in

situations where the communication occurs (Pangaribuan, et al. 171).

As the current research on modern linguistics, Dylgjeri and Kazazi (88)

explain that deixis is not only serves as a grammatical constituent, but also

serves to show different meanings in words. In the certain conditions, words

are used in the same way, yet in different conditions. However, in the

context of speakers on deixis, there is a fundamental difference between

"near to the speaker" (proximal) and "far away from the speaker" (distal).

Proximal deixis expressions include this, here, and now. While distal deictic

expressions include that, there and then. In proximal expressions, it

generally interprets objects that are related to the speaker location or deictic

centre. Dylgjeri and Kazazi (88) added if deixis has a relationship with

indexicality and anaphora. Indexicality tends to lexemes and implies the

13

wider ways of transmitting the message and the various marks used, while

anaphora is used to referring something that has been mentioned previously.

1.1. Types of Deixis in English

1.1.1. Person Deixis

Al Aubali (119) describes that grammatically person deixis

refers to the speaker and addressee, as well as the objects that are not

referring to the speaker and addressee. The three roles of the person

deixis are known by the first person, second person, and third

person. However, the third person does not participate because he or

she has no active role in communication process. Similarly, Dylgjeri

and Kazazi (91) stated that person dexis related to personal

grammatical identification that refer to speaker and hearer. Person

deixis consist of personal pronouns, and personal pronouns itself

divided into first person, second person and third person.

a. First person is used by speaker to refer themselves. It is known as

I and we. First person deixis is deictic expressions refers to the

speaker or both speaker and addressee grouped with the speaker

(Pangaribuan et al. 173).

Example (1) (Flores-Ferrán 80):

14

Trump: “I’m not getting millions of dollars from all of these

special interests and lobbyist and donors that once they get it they

literally do whatever the politicians want”.

By the example above, the pronoun I was used for

positioning himself against other candidates and self-referencing.

b. Second person uses you that has function to refer the addressee.

Example (2) (Quinto 8):

President Benigno Aquino: “I am asking you for a few minutes of

your time in order to bring clarity to these issues”.

The example contains second person pronouns you to refer

the Filipino people. The President Aquino’s utterance directly

addresses to the Filipino people and seems to establish a near-

each-other relationship.

c. Third person refers to the object that different from the speaker

and hearer. It is commonly using pronouns he, she and it.

Example (3) (Rosmawaty 62):

Speaker: “Full name Akhmad Taqiyaddin Sheikh Abdul Majid,

young priest who had been close to me. He never hid his smile

each time met with me. He was young, he was only thirty one, and

only half of last year he earned Masters in Islamic History from

the University of Al- Azhar.”

15

The example indicates third person he that refers to Akhmad

Taqiyaddin Sheikh Abdul Majid. The pronoun he is as an

anaphoric in the utterance.

1.1.2. Spatial or Place Deixis

Spatial deixis identifies referents based on the location of the

utterance (Al Aubali, 120). The proximal expressions generally

interpret the objects that are related to the speaker location or deictic

center. In the context of speakers on spatial deixis, there is a

fundamental difference between "near to the speaker" (proximal)

and "far away from the speaker" (distal). Proximal deixis

expressions include this and here. While distal deictic expressions

include that and there (Dylgjeri and Kazazi 92).


Speaker: “Many stationery stores, where copy and computer supply

stores in Hadayek. If not here, usually in Shubra El Khaima.”

By the example above, the proximal distance here refers to a

city, because Hadayek and Shubra El Khaima indicated as a place.

1.1.3. Time Deixis

Temporal deixis is expressed by the adverb of time and tense

markers on verb (Dylgjeri and Kazazi 93). The elements that assert

16

the time deixis are tomorrow, yesterday, today, now, and then. In

English, time deixis is applied in the uses of tenses, such as present,

past and future.

Example (5) (Quinto 10):

President Aquino: “for the past three years and five months, in the

fourth quarter of 2011, today, in the wake of Typhoon Sendong, now

and tonight”.

The example above gives the time-referring expression

related to the past and present. The deictic expressions that used in

the utterance are for the past, today, now and tonight. All time deixis

expressions refer to the context of the period of time before the

present of Aquino's administration.

1.1.4. Social Deixis

Flores (902) indicated that social deixis is a deictic expressions

that concerning on the status of social speaker, hearer, third person or

other entities that including honorific system. According to Flores,

social deixis includes social class, relationship relativity, age, gender,

profession, and ethnic groups.


Speaker: “Mas Fahri, the air is too hot. The weather is too bad. What

you should not just rest at home?”

17

The example contains social deixis in word Mas. The word

Mas is an Indonesian that commonly used for honorific greetings,

especially for men who are elder.

1.1.5. Discourse Deixis

Discouse deixis is generally used for referring the expressions

that include the utterance itself (Dylgjeri and Kazazi, 94). According

to Lyons (in Dylgjeri and Kazazi, 94), discourse deixis is expressed

with deictic and anaphoric at the same time. To distinguish both

deictic and anaphoric, it can define from what the expression refers to.

If the reference refers to the same item within the utterance, it is called

anaphoric. Anaphora is used to refer something that has been

mentioned (Al Aubali 122). Then, if the reference refers to a piece of

discourse, it is a deictic expressions.

Example (7) (Pangaribuan et al. 175):

Speaker: “That was funniest movie.”

Example (8) (Pangaribuan et al. 175):

Speaker: “I bet you have not heard this story.”

In the example (7), the expressions of that can be used to refer

to a precise portion, and it can be called as anaphoric. However, the

example (8) shows a forthcoming of the discourse, so that it is called

deictic.

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2. Definition of Deixis in Indonesian

A word can be said as deixis when the referent moving or changing,

depends on who is the speaker and also depends on the time and the place

when the utterance occur (Purwo 1). So it can be said that deiksis is an

element whose reference can be identified by observing the identity of the

speaker at the time and place when the utterance happend. Purwo (19) stated

that there are three types of deixis in Indonesian, namely person deixis,

spatial deixis, and time deixis.

2.1. Type of deixis in Indonesian

2.1.1. Person Deixis

Person deixis is the term for personal pronouns. Substantively,

among the three of personal pronouns, only the first and second

person states the person, while the third person's pronouns asserts

the person or thing including the animal (Purwo, 19). The referent

that pointed by personal pronouns is always changing, depends on

the role of the speaker. Speaker is the person who is talking, so the

speaker gets role as first person. Then, hearer is referred as the

second person. While the person who is not in the place of the

conversation is called as the third person (Purwo, 22).

There are three types of person deixis (Purwo, 23), namely:

19

a. First person singular, that is aku and saya. Deictic aku is used

by speaker in informal situations. While deictic saya is used in

formal situations. Then, the first person plural form, that is kami

and kita. In addition, first person plural in Indonesian has an

exclusive and inclusive form (Purwo, 24). The exclusive form

is a combination of the first and third person, as in deictic kami.

The exclusive form kami in written language can be used as an

editorial form. Besides, deictic kami can be used as pronouns

saya in spoken language (eg. speech). While the inclusive form

is a combination of the first person and the second person, that

is deictic kita.

Example (9) (Nur Riza and Santoso 276):

Context: Habib Syech is discussing the event of haul of

Habib Syech’s father.

“Dateng pagi, jam Sembilan sampai jam sepuluh. Jadi jam

sepuluh sudah sampai sini, sebelum Zuhur dah pulang, Zuhur

jamaah. Haulnya abah saya kan tanggal lima belas. Paling tidak,

bisa dilukir, tanggal empat belas di sini, tanggal lima belas di

kanzus. Oleh karena itu, lima belas pagi, dan saya ini ingin, Solo

ini mau saya buat kota ziarah.”

In the utterance, it is found two first person singular, i.e.

saya. Deictic saya in the utterance refers to Habib Syech,

20

because it is spoken by him. The referent of deictic saya can be

changing when it is spoken by others.

b. Second person in the singular form is kamu, engkau, and anda.

Deictic kamu and engkau are used among the participants who

are intimate. While deictic anda are used in formal situations.

Then, the second person plural, ie kalian. Deictic kalian is used

to mention more than two participants of speech. In addition, the

second person form in the Indonesian language has many

varieties, including saudara, bapak, ibu, kakak, and so forth.


Context: Habib discusses about love, and then Habib Haidar

is pleased to say something

“Saya tanya, ketika cinta awal, betu-betul suasana cinta, Anda

mempunyai tuntutan terhadap orang yang Anda cintai? Enggak.

Engak menuntut apa-apa. Bahkan diri Anda, Anda serahkan

total untuk dia. Ya,”

In the utterance above, there is a second person form of

person deixis, that is anda. There are four utterences that use

deictic anda, and the speech refers to the same person because

they are only repeated, as in the words “Anda mempunyai

tuntutan”, “Anda cintai?”, and “Bahkan diri Anda, Anda

serahkan total untuk dia.” The deictic anda refers to the

21

participants of the workshop. It is not only about one of the

participants of the workshop, but all of participants of the

workshop attended the event. Deictic anda should refer to a

second person singular. However, in this context, it refers to the

second person plural. This phenomenon is called a deixis

reversal, that is a deixis form whose reference does not

appropriate to the properly reference.

c. Third person singular, that is ia, dia, and beliau. Deictic ia and

dia are used as informal situation to mention objects except

speaker and hearer, while deictic beliau used in formal

situations. Then, the third person plural, i.e. mereka. Deictic

mereka are used to mention the objects besides speaker and

hearer that more than two persons.


Context: Habib discusses about someone’s love.

“Padahal kalau Anda mencintai betul, ikut membimbing, kamu

ngene wae, kamu ngene wae, iku urusanmu, aku gak melu-melu.

Ono koncoku seng nggono. Ono koncoku seng ngono gak

kawin-kawin. Dia punya pacar, kok temennya tertarik sama dia,

dia bilang “yowes nak kuwe gelem pek kono wae. Aku gak yo

gak popo, aku mencintaine wes khusuk ngono kae. Bar-bare

saking khusuke ora kanggo gawe.”

22

In the utterance, there is third person singular form, that is

deictic dia. There are three utterances that use dia that refers to

different references. Two forms refer to a man, while the other

refer to a woman. In the context, the speaker talks about their

friends and their girlfriends. Deictic dia in the utterance “Dia

punya pacar” and “dia bilang..” refers to speaker’s friend, that

is a man. Meanwhile, deixis dia in the speech “kok temennya

tertarik sama dia” refers to friend's girlfriend. The three deictic

are in the same context, but refer to different references.

1.2.2. Spatial Deixis

According to Purwo (43), the demonstrative pronouns system

in Indonesian is not parallel with the place pointing. In Indonesian,

demonstrative pronouns is only known by two distinctions, ini and

itu. Demonstrative ini is used to refer to a place that near to the

speaker, and the demonstrative itu is used to point at a place that far

away from the speakers. Deictic ini and itu has a similarity with the

demonsntrative sini, situ and sana. Deicitic situ and sana used to

refer to a place that far from the speaker, whereas deictic sini is used

as the same as demonstrative ini which refers to a place that near to

the speaker. The demonstrative pronouns of place sini, situ and sana

respectively coupled with the preposition di-, ke-, or dari-, so it will

be di sini, di sana, di situ, ke sini, kesana, etc (Purwo 44).

23


Context: Habib discusses the participants' answer which was

slightly deviated from the topic of discussion.

“Lho, kosek-kosek. Ndak..ndak.., ini persoalan karena pakai idiom-

idiom fiqih. Mutawatir ya? Serius-serius, gak popo. Luweh soko

tiga. Tiga itu siapa? Kamu, temenmu, ini, tiga ini mutawatir ndak?

Hah?”

Deictic ini in the utterance refers to different references.

Deictic ini in the utterance “Ndak..ndak.., ini persoalan” refers to the

issue that being discussed, then, deictic ini in the utterance “kamu,

temanmu, ini” refers to the participants of the workshop or the third

person singular. Meanwhile, deictic ini in the utterance “tiga ini

mutawatir tidak?” refers to the three persons appointed by the

speaker. The three utterance of deictic ini are spoken by the same

person at the same place. However, these three forms refer to

different references.

1.2.3. Time Deixis

Time deixis can be a deixis when the reference is the speaker

(Purwo 71). For example, deictic sekarang dotted when the speaker

reveals the word (in a sentence), or called when the utterance

happened. Then, deictic kemarin dotted on the day after the speech

24

occurred, as well as the deictic besok dotted on the day before the

speech occurred. To determine deictic kemarin, besok and sekarang,

it is determined by calculation based on the unit of calender.

Meanwhile, for the determination of other deictic such as dulu, tadi,

and nanti are not certainty and relative. The deictic dulu and tadi

dotted to the time before the speech occurred. Deictic dulu pointed

further into the past than the deictic tadi. Meanwhile, deictic nanti

dotted at the time after the speech occurred. Deictic nanti point to

the future.


Context: Habib discussed the truth in times that were falling

apart.

“Nah, sekarang, zaman sekarang, karena ada potensi itu, ya tow?

Kesadaran bahwa setiap kebenaran itu, dalam kebenaran K kecil ya!

Bisa dipersoalkan orang, maka, orang sistemnya keroyokan.”

From the utterance above, there is deiktic sekarang and

zaman sekarang. The two deictic forms are words and phrases. The

form of phrase zaman sekarang is actually the repetition of the

deictic sekarang. However, the references of the two forms are

different. The reference of deictic sekarang is the time when the

utterance occur, i.e. Saturday night, April 16, 2016. Meanwhile, the

25

phrase zaman sekarang refers to the period that is wider. The phrase

refers not only to Saturday night, but to the times of the year of 2016.

D. Contrastive Analysis

1. Definition of Contrastive Analysis

The theory of contrastive analysis (CA) was first introduced by Fries

and then developed by Lado in linguistics across culture book. Lado (in

Salim 2013) states that contrastive analysis is a systematic branch of applied

linguistics that deals with linguistic descriptions of two different structures

or languages.

Lado (in Parera 107) provided three procedures in contrastive analysis:

a. Place one of the best structural descriptions of the language.

Descriptions should include form, meaning and distribution.

b. Summarize all the structures in an overview. A linguist should

summarize all possibilities on every level of analysis of language that

is studied and compared.

c. Compare these two languages structure by structure.

In contrastive analysis, there are interference and transfer terms (Parera

105). Interference arises because of the non-familiarization of first-language

speaker with the second language that being studied. Lado (in Parera 106)

uses interference terms for second language learning and other languages.

Meanwhile, the term of transfer is used to refer to a process of using

26

experience that automatically tries to respond the new challenges. There are

two types of transfers, namely negative transfer and positive transfer (Perera

106). Negative transfer occurs when an old behaviours or forms are not

present in new situations, whereas positive transfer occurs when the old

habits and new habits have similarities.

2. Contrastive analysis between languages

Contrastive analysis between languages has two forms, namely

contrastive analysis of micro linguistic and contrastive analysis of macro

linguistic.

2.1. Contrastive Analysis of Micro Linguistic

Micro linguistic analysis is adapted with pure linguistic subsystems,

i.e. phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic subsystems

(Parera 110). In other words, micro lingustic analysis is a linguistic field

that studies about language from the inside of the language structure itself

(Tarigan 124).

2.2. Contrastive Analysis of Macro Linguistic

The macro linguistic analysis compares the elements of language as

a signalling system that becomes the basis for doing analysis in-depth

(Parera 112). In other words, macro linguistic analysis is a linguistic

science used to study about utterance based on situation (Tarigan 172).

27

According to Parera (112), there are three principal features of

microlinguistic contrastive analysis:

a. Fields that related to communication skills

b. Fields that associated with linguistic events within the scope of

extra-linguistic.

c. Fields that related to linguistic arrangement that exceed the sentence

units.

From those three basic characteristics, Tarigan (176) extends the

scope of contractive analysis of macro linguistic, that is vertically and

horizontally. Vertically, the analysis is used to enlarge the linguistic

units. While horizontally, the analysis is done to include the social

cultural background in linguistic.

The extended of the scope of this analysis can be achieved in two

ways, namely text analysis and discourse analysis (Tarigan 177). Text

analysis begins with linguistic forms and is questioned in contexts where

they are compatible. While discourse analysis begins with an outer

frame which moves in to find formal linguistic variables that correlate

with situational variables.

3. Aspects of Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive analysis has two aspects, namely linguistic aspects and

psychological aspects (Tarigan 19). The linguistic aspect deals with the

problem of bilingual comparisons. In this case, there are two important

28

things: what to compare, and how to compare. Meanwhile the psychological

aspects of contrastive analysis include learning difficulties, how to arrange

teaching materials, and how to deliver teaching materials.

To know the differences between two languages, there is one

prerequisite that must be fulfilled, namely the availability of descriptions of

the two languages. The description was obtained through an accurate and

explicit comparison. In addition, the comparison should be consistent with

the linguistic theories used (Tarigan 20).

29

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Descriptions

This chapter explains the analysis of the speech transcripts of Donald Trump

and Joko Widodo with applying contrastive analysis as indicator in data

analysis. The theory is used to know the differences and similarities of person

deixis in English and Indonesian.

The data was found from speech transcripts of Donald Trump and Joko

Widodo that obtained from some sources, such as New York Times,

Washington Post, Pemilu.tempo, News.detik, Sekertaris Kabinet Republik

Indonesia. There are six data found in English and six data in Indonesian.

Table 3.1. The list of data findings

Data

No. English No. Indonesia

1a Trump: “It’s time. I pledge to every

citizen of our land that I will be

president for all Americans, and this

is so important to me.”

1b Joko Widodo: “Pertama-tama, saya

mengucapkan terima kasih dan

penghargaan tinggi kepada bapak

Prabowo Subianto dan bapak Hatta

Rajasa yang telah menjadi sahabat

dalam kompetisi politik untuk

mendapatkan mandat rakyat untuk

30

memimpin negeri ini lima tahun ke

depan.”

2a Trump: “The forgotten men and

women of our country will be

forgotten no longer. Everyone is

listening to you now. You came by

the tens of millions to become part

of a historic movement, the likes of

which the world has never seen

before.”

2b Joko Widodo: “Saya sangat percaya

bahwa World Peace Forum yang ke-6

ini, akan dapat menghadirkan dialog

yang produktif dan memperkuat

usaha kita bersama dalam

menghadirkan kedamaian di negara

kita masing-masing dan tentunya

perdamaian dunia. Di sini ada

pemuka agama, ada pembuat

kebijakan, ada pakar, ada politikus,

ada aktivis dari berbagai belahan

dunia. Anda semua adalah pembela

perdamaian, Anda semua adalah

cahaya-cahaya moral kami, dan kami

semua berutang kepada Bapak, Ibu,

dan Saudara-saudara semuanya

karena telah tanpa pamrih

mempromosikan dan

memperjuangkan perdamaian di

dunia.”

31

3a Trump: “We have a great economic

plan. We will double our growth and

have the strongest economy

anywhere in the world. At the same

time, we will get along with all other

nations willing to get along with us.

We will be. We’ll have great

relationships. We expect to have

great, great relationships. No dream

is too big, no challenge is too great.”

3b Joko Widodo: “Baru saja kami

mengucapkan sumpah, sumpah itu

memiliki makna spritual yang dalam,

yang menegaskan komitmen untuk

bekerja keras mencapai kehendak kita

bersama sebagai bangsa yang besar.”

4a Trump: “The men and women of our

military operate as one team, with

one shared mission and one shared

sense of purpose. They transcend

every line of race, ethnicity, creed

and color to serve together and

sacrifice together in absolutely

perfect cohesion. That is because all

service members are brothers and

sisters. They’re all part of the same

family. It’s called the American

family. They take the same oath,

fight for the same flag and live

4b Joko Widodo: “Kita berikan contoh

sekarang, seperti Singapura, sudah

terlalu jauh melewati kita. Apa yang

dia punya? Menurut saya kuncinya

Singapura itu di sumber daya

manusianya. Mereka betul-betul

memperhatikan itu.”

32

according to the same law. They’re

bound together by common

purpose, mutual trust and selfless

devotion to our nation and to each

other.”

5a Trump: “I’ve just receive a call from

Secretary Clinton. She

congratulated us – it’s about us – on

our victory, and I congratulated her

and her family on a very, very hard-

fought campaign. I mean, she — she

fought very hard. Hillary has

worked very long and very hard

over a long period of time, and we

owe her a major debt of gratitude for

her service to our country. I mean

that very sincerely.”

5b Jokowi: “Kita masuk ke hal yang

berkaitan dengan ekonomi, dengan

pembangunan. Kita lihat pada saat

pemilihan Presiden di Amerika.

Presiden terpilih Donald Trump

dipastikan menang. Semua orang

kaget, kalau saya ya biasa saja.

Kekagetan itu kata orang, ini kata

orang, menyebabkan ketidakpastian.

Kalau saya tidak. Banyak orang

mengatakan nanti presiden terpilih

Donald Trump menjadi proteksionis,

bunga bank The Fed fund rate akan

melonjak, dilonjakkan sangat tinggi.

Saya kira presiden terpilih Donald

Trump bukan seperti yang kita

bayangkan. Saya kira dia mempunyai

penciuman bisnis, penciuman

33

ekonomi yang sangat tajam. Tidak

mungkin secara sembrono melakukan

hal-hal yang dibayangkan orang-

orang seperti yang kita lihat sekarang

ini, tidak. Saya masih meyakini

bahwa yang akan dilakukan adalah

hal-hal yang baik, baik untuk

Amerika Serikat sendiri, maupun juga

untuk dunia”

6a Trump: “We, the citizens of

America, are now joined in a great

national effort to rebuild our country

and restore its promise for all of our

people. Together, we will determine

the course of America and the world

for many, many years to come. We

will face challenges, we will

confront hardships, but we will get

the job done.”

6b Joko Widodo: “Kita bersama sama

bertanggung-jawab untuk kembali

membuktikan kepada diri kita,

kepada bangsa-bangsa lain, dan

terutama kepada anak-cucu kita,

bahwa politik itu penuh keriangan;

politik itu di dalamnya ada

kegembiraan; politik itu ada

kebajikan; politik itu adalah suatu

pembebasan.”

B. Data Analysis

In data analysis, the researcher analyses the data by using qualitative

analyses based on the relevant theories.

34

Datum 1a

Context of the sentence: Donald Trump's victory speech

Trump: “It’s time. I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be

president for all Americans, and this is so important to me.”

In that utterance, there is the use of first person singular form that is spoken

by Trump, i.e deictic I. Deictic I is first person singular form that has function

as self-referencing. It is because the deictic I used by speakers or people who

is speaking. Deictic I in the speech refers to Donald Trump. Because Trump

acts as a speaker so deictic I in the utterance “I pledge to every citizen ..” and

utterance “I will be president ..” is referring to himself.

Datum 1b

Context of the sentence: Pidato kemenangan Joko Widodo

Joko Widodo: “Pertama-tama, saya mengucapkan terima kasih dan

penghargaan tinggi kepada bapak Prabowo Subianto dan bapak Hatta

Rajasa yang telah menjadi sahabat dalam kompetisi politik untuk

mendapatkan mandat rakyat untuk memimpin negeri ini lima tahun ke

depan.”

In the utterance above, there is the use of first person singular form used by

Jokowi, that is saya. Deictic saya is a form of first person singular used to

designate a person who is speaking or called speaker. In this case, deictic saya

in utterance “Pertama-tama, saya mengucapkan terima kasih..”" refers to

35

Jokowi as the person who is speaking. In Indonesian, generally, deictic saya is

used in formal situations.

From the analysis of the first person singular usage in person deixis in datum

1a and 1b, it can be compared that the use of first person singular in English

and Indonesian is equal or comparable, because both are equally used as self-

referencing which refers to the speakers. However, the referent of first person

forms may change if it is spoken by others.

Datum 2a

Context of the speech: Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech

Trump: “The forgotten men and women of our country will be forgotten no

longer. Everyone is listening to you now. You came by the tens of millions

to become part of a historic movement, the likes of which the world has

never seen before.”

In the utterance, it is found the use of second person deictic, that is you.

Deictic you are the second person form used to appoint hearers or the

audiences. From the utterance, it can be seen that there are two uses of deictic

you. First, deictic you in speech “Everyone is listening to you now” acts as an

object. Secondly, deictic you in the sentence “You came by the tens of millions

...” acts as the subject, however, the referent of both deictic you are same. It

refers to the audiences who is coming at the inauguration of Donald Trump.

Datum 2b

36

Context of the sentence: Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo dalam Pembukaan

World Peace Forum (WPF) ke- 6

Joko Widodo: “Saya sangat percaya bahwa World Peace Forum yang ke-6

ini, akan dapat menghadirkan dialog yang produktif dan memperkuat usaha

kita bersama dalam menghadirkan kedamaian di negara kita masing-masing

dan tentunya perdamaian dunia. Di sini ada pemuka agama, ada pembuat

kebijakan, ada pakar, ada politikus, ada aktivis dari berbagai belahan dunia.

Anda semua adalah pembela perdamaian, Anda semua adalah cahaya-

cahaya moral kami, dan kami semua berutang kepada Bapak, Ibu, dan

Saudara-saudara semuanya karena telah tanpa pamrih mempromosikan dan

memperjuangkan perdamaian di dunia.”

In the utterance above, it is found the use of second person deictic, that is

anda. In Indonesian, deictic anda is generally used in formal situations. Same

as English, deictic anda is a second person form that is used to appoint a hearer

or the audiences. From the utterances above, there are two uses of deictic anda.

The use of deictic anda in the uterances “Anda semua adalah pembela

perdamaian”, and “Anda semua adalah cahaya-cahaya moral kami” refers to

the same referent, as it has been mentioned, that is religious leaders,

policymakers, experts, politicians and activists.

From the analysis of second person usage in person deixis in datum 2a and

2b, it can be compared that the use of second person in English and Indonesian

37

is comparable, because both of the deictic usage are equally used to refer to

hearer or audiences.

Datum 3a

Context of the sentence: Donald Trump’s Victory Speech

Trump: “We have a great economic plan. We will double our growth and

have the strongest economy anywhere in the world. At the same time, we

will get along with all other nations willing to get along with us. We will be.

We’ll have great relationships. We expect to have great, great relationships.

No dream is too big, no challenge is too great.”

In that utterance, it is found the use of first person plural deictic, i.e. we.

Deictic we is the first person plural form used to designate groups including the

speakers themselves. From the utterances above, there are six utterances that

use deictic we that is “We have a great economic plan, “We will double our

growth ...”, “We will be”, “We'll have great relationships”, and “We expect to

have great ...” refers to the same referent, namely President Trump as a speaker

and the people of American.

Datum 3b

Context of the sentence: Pidato Pelantikan Joko Widodo – Jusuf Kalla

Joko Widodo: “Baru saja kami mengucapkan sumpah, sumpah itu memiliki

makna spritual yang dalam, yang menegaskan komitmen untuk bekerja

keras mencapai kehendak kita bersama sebagai bangsa yang besar.”

38

In that utterance, it is found the use of first person plural deictic, that is kami.

Deictic kami is an exclusive first person plural form that is used to refer to the

first person and the third person. In a speech, deictic kami can be used instead

of deictic saya. From the utterances above, there is one deictic usage of deictic

kami in speech “Baru saja kami mengucapkan sumpah…” that refers to

President Jokowi as a speaker

From the analysis of the first person plural usage in datum 3a and 3b, it is

can be compared that the use of first person plural in English and Indonesian

languages is slightly different, since the use of deictic we refers to a group with

the speakers themselves, whereas deictic kami refers not only to speakers and

the third person but also refers to the speaker- itself (in a speech).

Datum 4a

Context of the sentence: Trump’s Speech on Afghanistan: President Trump

addressed the nation on Monday from Fort Myer military base in Arlington, Va.,

to lay out his military plans for Afghanistan.

Trump: “The men and women of our military operate as one team, with one

shared mission and one shared sense of purpose. They transcend every line

of race, ethnicity, creed and color to serve together and sacrifice together in

absolutely perfect cohesion. That is because all service members are

brothers and sisters. They’re all part of the same family. It’s called the

American family. They take the same oath, fight for the same flag and live

39

according to the same law. They’re bound together by common purpose,

mutual trust and selfless devotion to our nation and to each other.”

In the utterance above, it is found the use of third person plural, that is they.

Deictic they are the third person plural form used to refer to the object or person

more than two persons without distinguishing a gender, and without involving

the speakers. From the utterances above, there are four utterance that use deictic

they, which have different references. The use of deictic they in the speech of

“They transcend every line of race...” refers to the men and women in American

military. Then, in the utterance “they're all part of the same family” the deictic

they refers to the service members. And the utterance “They take the same

oath…” and “They’re bound together by common purpose,..” refers to the

American Family.

Datum 4b

Context of the sentence: Arahan Presiden RI Joko Widodo Pada Penerimaan

Peserta Program Pendidikan Reguler LEMHANAS

Joko Widodo: “Kita berikan contoh sekarang, seperti Singapura, sudah

terlalu jauh melewati kita. Apa yang dia punya? Menurut saya kuncinya

Singapura itu di sumber daya manusianya. Mereka betul-betul


In the utterance, it is found the use of third person plural, i.e. mereka. Deictic

mereka is a third person plural form that is used to refer to objects other than

speakers and hearers whose numbers are more than two. From the utterance

40

above, there is only one usage of deictic mereka, which is in the utterance

“Mereka betul-betul memperhatikan itu”. Deictic mereka in the utterance refers

to the Singaporean people.

From the analysis of the use of third person plural in datum 4a and 4b, it can

be seen that the use of third person plural in English and Indonesian language

has similarities, because the use of both deictic refers to the same object or

person except speakers and hearers that more than two, without distinguishing

gender.

Datum 5a

Context of the sentence: Donald Trump’s Victory Speech

Trump: “I’ve just receive a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated

us – it’s about us – on our victory, and I congratulated her and her family

on a very, very hard-fought campaign. I mean, she — she fought very hard.

Hillary has worked very long and very hard over a long period of time, and

we owe her a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country. I mean


In the utterance, it is found the use of third person singular deictic, namely

she. Deictic she is a third person singular form that is used to point to the object

that is different from the speaker and hearer. Deictic she is only used to refer

to female. From the utterances above, there are two utterance that use deictic

she, such as “She congratulated us”, and “she fought very hard” which are both

refers to Hillary Clinton.

41

Datum 5b

Contect of the sentence: Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo pada Pertemuan

Tahunan Bank Indonesia 2016

Jokowi: “Kita masuk ke hal yang berkaitan dengan ekonomi, dengan

pembangunan. Kita lihat pada saat pemilihan Presiden di Amerika. Presiden

terpilih Donald Trump dipastikan menang. Semua orang kaget, kalau saya

ya biasa saja. Kekagetan itu kata orang, ini kata orang, menyebabkan

ketidakpastian. Kalau saya tidak. Banyak orang mengatakan nanti presiden

terpilih Donald Trump menjadi proteksionis, bunga bank The Fed fund rate

akan melonjak, dilonjakkan sangat tinggi. Saya kira presiden terpilih

Donald Trump bukan seperti yang kita bayangkan. Saya kira dia

mempunyai penciuman bisnis, penciuman ekonomi yang sangat tajam.

Tidak mungkin secara sembrono melakukan hal-hal yang dibayangkan

orang-orang seperti yang kita lihat sekarang ini, tidak. Saya masih meyakini

bahwa yang akan dilakukan adalah hal-hal yang baik, baik untuk Amerika

Serikat sendiri, maupun juga untuk dunia”

In the utterance above, it is found the use of third person singular deictic,

that is dia. Deictic dia is a third person singular form that is used informally to

mention objects except speakers and hearers, without differentiating a gender.

From the speech above, there is one utterance that uses deictic dia, which is in

the utterance “Saya kira dia mempunyai penciuman bisnis,..”. Deictic dia in

the utterance refers to Donald Trump.

42

From the analysis of the use of third person singular in datum 5a and 5b, it

can be seen that the use of third person plural in English and Indonesian have

differences. In English, third person singular deictic distinguishes a gender,

such as deictic she only refers to female. However, in Indonesian, deictic dia

can refer to male and female, without distinguishing a gender.

Datum 6a

Context of the sentence: Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech

Trump: “We, the citizens of America, are now joined in a great national

effort to rebuild our country and restore its promise for all of our people.

Together, we will determine the course of America and the world for many,

many years to come. We will face challenges, we will confront hardships,

but we will get the job done.”

In that utterance, it is found the use of first person plural deictic, i.e. we.

Deictic we is the first person plural form used to designate groups including the

speakers themselves. From the utterances above, there are five utterance that

use deictic we. The use of deictic we can be found in the uterances “We, the

citizens of America…”, “we will determine the course of America…”, “We

will face challenges”, “we will confront hardships”, “we will get the job done”

refers to the same referent, that is President Trump as a speaker and the citizen

of America.

Datum 6b

Context of the sentence: Pidato kemenangan Joko Widodo

43

Joko Widodo: “Kita bersama sama bertanggung-jawab untuk kembali

membuktikan kepada diri kita, kepada bangsa-bangsa lain, dan terutama

kepada anak-cucu kita, bahwa politik itu penuh keriangan; politik itu di

dalamnya ada kegembiraan; politik itu ada kebajikan; politik itu adalah

suatu pembebasan.”

In that utterance, it is found the use of first person plural deictic, that is

deictic kita. Deictic kita is an inclusive first person plural form that is used to

refer to the first person and the second person. From the utterances above, there

are three utterances that use deictic kita that is, in the utterances “Kita bersama

sama bertanggung-jawab…”, “untuk kembali membuktikan kepada diri kita”,

and then “dan terutama kepada anak-cucu kita” referring to President Jokowi a

speaker with the Indonesian people. In addition, the deictic kita in the utterance

“Kita bersama sama bertanggung-jawab…” has a role as a subject. Then, dictic

kita in utterance “untuk kembali membuktikan kepada diri kita”, and “dan

terutama kepada anak-cucu kita” acts as an object.

From the analysis of the first person plural usage in datum 6a and 6b, it can

be described that the use of first person plural in English and Indonesian

languages is slightly different, since the use of deictic we in English is not like

in Indonesian which is distinguished by exclusive and inclusive forms.

Indonesian has exclusive form kami, and inclusive form kita.

44

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

Contrastive analysis is an analysis that pointed out the differences and

similarities between the source language and the target language. Meanwhile,

deixis is a phenomenon in which the understanding of the meaning of certain

words and phrases in an utterance contains the contextual information. It means

that deixis concerns on the interpretation of an utterance that depends on the

analysis of the context of utterance itself.

Based on the analysis in the previous chapter, it is known that there are some

similarities and differences between English and Indonesian in deixis,

especially person deixis. The most prominent differences appear in the third

person singular and first person plural. Third person singular in English has two

forms of deictic used to distinguish male and female, such as deictic he only

refers to male and deictic she refers to female. Meanwhile, Indonesian only has

one form of third person singular that is called dia, without differentiating a

gender. Then, first person plural in Indonesian has two forms, that is exclusive

and inclusive. The exclusive form is for deictic kami, and the inclusive form is

for deictic kita. Meanwhile, English only has one deictic in first person plural,

that is we.

45

Besides the differences, the researcher also found the similarities of deixis

use in English and Indonesian, i.e. in person deixis especially on first person

singular, second person and third person plural.

B. Suggestions

The researcher would like to suggest other researchers to develop and find

another materials to be analysed such as movie transcripts and novels. Besides,

the researcher hopes to further researchers to develop a theory of contrastive

analysis (CA) and deixis that is easy to understand by students who want to

learn the theory. In addition, the researcher hopes the coverage of the further

research can be more expanded and better as unit analysis in order to have an

extra comprehensive research in contrastive analysis and deixis.

46

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Donald Trump’s Victory Speech. From:

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/us/politics/trump-speech-

transcript.html

Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech. From:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/20/donald-

trumps-full-inauguration-speech-transcript-


Trump’s Speech on Afghanistan: President Trump addressed the nation on Monday

from Fort Myer military base in Arlington, Va., to lay out his military

plans for Afghanistan. From:

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/21/world/asia/trump-speech-

afghanistan.html

Pidato Kemenangan Joko Widodo. From:

https://pemilu.tempo.co/read/news/2014/07/22/269595082/Ini-Isi-

Pidato-Kemenangan-Jokowi-JK










48

Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo dalam Pembukaan World Peace Forum (WPF)

ke- 6, 1 November 2016, di Istana Negara, Jakarta. From:

http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-dalam-pembukaan-

world-peace-forum-wpf-ke-6-1-november-2016-di-istana-negara-

jakarta/

Pidato Pelantikan Joko Widodo – Jusuf Kalla. From:

https://news.detik.com/berita/2723911/ini-pidato-lengkap-jokowi-saat-

pelantikan-presiden

Arahan Presiden RI Joko Widodo Pada Penerimaan Peserta Program Pendidikan

Reguler LEMHANAS, di Istana Negara, Jakarta, 18 November 2014.

From: http://setkab.go.id/arahan-presiden-ri-joko-widodo-pada-

penerimaan-peserta-program-pendidikan-reguler-lemhanas-di-istana-

negara-jakarta-18-november-2014/

Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo pada Pertemuan Tahunan Bank Indonesia 2016,

22 November 2016, di Jakarta Hall Convention Center, Jakarta. From:

http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-pada-pertemuan-

tahunan-bank-indonesia-2016-22-november-2016-di-jakarta-hall-

convention-center-jakarta/












49

APPENDIXES

No. Speech transcripts of President Donald Trump

Donald Trump’s Victory Speech

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/us/politics/trump-speech-

transcript.html

1 Trump: “I’ve just receive a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated

us – it’s about us – on our victory, and I congratulated her and her family

on a very, very hard-fought campaign. I mean, she — she fought very hard.

Hillary has worked very long and very hard over a long period of time, and

we owe her a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country. I mean


2 Trump: “It’s time. I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be

president for all Americans, and this is so important to me.”

3 Trump: “We have a great economic plan. We will double our growth and

have the strongest economy anywhere in the world. At the same time, we

will get along with all other nations willing to get along with us. We will

be. We’ll have great relationships. We expect to have great, great

relationships. No dream is too big, no challenge is too great.”

Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech

From: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/20/donald-

trumps-full-inauguration-speech-transcript-


4 Trump: “We, the citizens of America, are now joined in a great national

effort to rebuild our country and restore its promise for all of our people.






50

Together, we will determine the course of America and the world for many,

many years to come. We will face challenges, we will confront hardships,

but we will get the job done.”

5 Trump: “The forgotten men and women of our country will be forgotten no

longer. Everyone is listening to you now. You came by the tens of millions

to become part of a historic movement, the likes of which the world has

never seen before.”

Trump’s Speech on Afghanistan: President Trump addressed the nation on

Monday from Fort Myer military base in Arlington, Va., to lay out his

military plans for Afghanistan.

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/21/world/asia/trump-speech-

afghanistan.html

6 Trump: “The men and women of our military operate as one team, with one

shared mission and one shared sense of purpose. They transcend every line

of race, ethnicity, creed and color to serve together and sacrifice together

in absolutely perfect cohesion. That is because all service members are

brothers and sisters. They’re all part of the same family. It’s called the

American family. They take the same oath, fight for the same flag and live

according to the same law. They’re bound together by common purpose,

mutual trust and selfless devotion to our nation and to each other.”



51

No. Speech Transcripts of President Joko Widodo

Pidato Kemenangan Joko Widodo

From: https://pemilu.tempo.co/read/news/2014/07/22/269595082/Ini-Isi-Pidato-

Kemenangan-Jokowi-JK

1 Joko Widodo: “Pertama-tama, saya mengucapkan terima kasih dan

penghargaan tinggi kepada bapak Prabowo Subianto dan bapak Hatta

Rajasa yang telah menjadi sahabat dalam kompetisi politik untuk

mendapatkan mandat rakyat untuk memimpin negeri ini lima tahun ke

depan.”

2 Joko Widodo: “Kita bersama sama bertanggung-jawab untuk kembali

membuktikan kepada diri kita, kepada bangsa-bangsa lain, dan terutama

kepada anak-cucu kita, bahwa politik itu penuh keriangan; politik itu di

dalamnya ada kegembiraan; politik itu ada kebajikan; politik itu adalah

suatu pembebasan.”

Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo dalam Pembukaan World Peace Forum

(WPF) ke- 6, 1 November 2016, di Istana Negara, Jakarta

From: http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-dalam-pembukaan-

world-peace-forum-wpf-ke-6-1-november-2016-di-istana-negara-jakarta/

3 Joko Widodo: “Saya sangat percaya bahwa World Peace Forum yang ke-6

ini, akan dapat menghadirkan dialog yang produktif dan memperkuat usaha

kita bersama dalam menghadirkan kedamaian di negara kita masing-

masing dan tentunya perdamaian dunia. Di sini ada pemuka agama, ada

pembuat kebijakan, ada pakar, ada politikus, ada aktivis dari berbagai





52

belahan dunia. Anda semua adalah pembela perdamaian, Anda semua

adalah cahaya-cahaya moral kami, dan kami semua berutang kepada

Bapak, Ibu, dan Saudara-saudara semuanya karena telah tanpa pamrih

mempromosikan dan memperjuangkan perdamaian di dunia.”

Pidato Pelantikan Joko Widodo – Jusuf Kalla

From: https://news.detik.com/berita/2723911/ini-pidato-lengkap-jokowi-saat-

pelantikan-presiden

4 Joko Widodo: “Baru saja kami mengucapkan sumpah, sumpah itu memiliki

makna spritual yang dalam, yang menegaskan komitmen untuk bekerja

keras mencapai kehendak kita bersama sebagai bangsa yang besar.”

Arahan Presiden RI Joko Widodo Pada Penerimaan Peserta Program

Pendidikan Reguler LEMHANAS, di Istana Negara, Jakarta, 18 November

2014

From: http://setkab.go.id/arahan-presiden-ri-joko-widodo-pada-penerimaan-

peserta-program-pendidikan-reguler-lemhanas-di-istana-negara-jakarta-18-

november-2014/

5 Joko Widodo: “Kita berikan contoh sekarang, seperti Singapura, sudah

terlalu jauh melewati kita. Apa yang dia punya? Menurut saya kuncinya

Singapura itu di sumber daya manusianya. Mereka betul-betul


Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo pada Pertemuan Tahunan Bank

Indonesia 2016, 22 November 2016, di Jakarta Hall Convention Center,

Jakarta

From: http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-pada-pertemuan-

tahunan-bank-indonesia-2016-22-november-2016-di-jakarta-hall-convention-

center-jakarta/









53

6 Jokowi: “Kita masuk ke hal yang berkaitan dengan ekonomi, dengan

pembangunan. Kita lihat pada saat pemilihan Presiden di Amerika.

Presiden terpilih Donald Trump dipastikan menang. Semua orang kaget,

kalau saya ya biasa saja. Kekagetan itu kata orang, ini kata orang,

menyebabkan ketidakpastian. Kalau saya tidak. Banyak orang mengatakan

nanti presiden terpilih Donald Trump menjadi proteksionis, bunga bank

The Fed fund rate akan melonjak, dilonjakkan sangat tinggi. Saya kira

presiden terpilih Donald Trump bukan seperti yang kita bayangkan. Saya

kira dia mempunyai penciuman bisnis, penciuman ekonomi yang sangat

tajam. Tidak mungkin secara sembrono melakukan hal-hal yang

dibayangkan orang-orang seperti yang kita lihat sekarang ini, tidak. Saya

masih meyakini bahwa yang akan dilakukan adalah hal-hal yang baik, baik

untuk Amerika Serikat sendiri, maupun juga untuk dunia”

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