The Use of Bamboo in Architecture Case Study Old Caldas Colombia

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THE USE OF BAMBOO IN ARCmTECTURECase Stndy: Old Caldas, Colombia

A Thesis Sllbmitted to the Facllity ofGraduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment orthe

Reqllirements for the Degree ofMaster ofArchitecture.

CESAR O. GONZALEZ

School of Architecture

McGiII University

Montreal

November 15th , [999.

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0-612-64113-9

The Use ofBamboo in Architecture

Abstract.

Bamboo has been one ofthe most important housing materials for familles ofail income-Ievels for

generations in Many parts of the world. Through an analysis of methods of construction used for

housing in the coffee region of Colombia, this thesis investigates the MOst important features of

the use of bamboo in the traditional and modem techniques used to build walls, noors and

structures.

In conducting this research 1 collected extensive graphie materia! such as pictures, sketches,

drawings and plans, from old and new town houses, rural houses, haciendas, and siums, in the

three main regians of Colombia, where bamboo is the MOst important natural resource for

construction.

The first part of the study gives a general overview of construction systems for walls, noors and

structures in housing using bamboo throughout the world, especially in Asia and America. The

second part is a study of one of the three regions in Colombia where environment, its

preservation, and its sustainability are the main issues, and it cantains an analysis of the data

coUected from the three regions. The main part of the thesis classifies and analyses new

techniques and systems that are applied in the construction of walls, floors and structures in the

region ofOld Caldas, Colombia.

AbstractIRsum u

The Use ofBomboo in Architecture

Rsum

Le bambou a t un des plus importants matriaux utiliss dans la construction de maisons pour

des familles de tous les niveaux socia-conomiques depuis des gnrations, dans beaucoup de

parties du monde.

Par l'analyse des mthodes de construction de maisons utilises dans la rgion de la culture du

caf en Colombie, cette thse examine les caractristiques les plus importantes des techniques

d'utilisation du bambou pour construire des murs, des planchers et des structures.

En effectuant cette recherche, j'ai rassembl de nombreux documents visuels tels que photos,esquisses, dessins et plans d'anciennes et de nouvelles habitations urbaines, rurales, d'haciendas et

de taudis, situs dans les trois principales rgions de Colombie, o le bambou constitue la plus

importante ressource naturelle pour la construction.

La premire partie de cette tude donne une vue d'ensemble des systmes de construction en

bambou des murs, des planchers et des structures de maisons travers le monde, spcialement en

Asie et en Amrique.

La deuxime partie est une tude sur l'une des trois rgions de Colombie o les principaux enjeuxsont: l'environnement, sa prservation et sa capacit se renouveler.

La partie principale de la thse classifie et analyse de nouvelles techniques et de nouveaux

systmes qui sont appliqus dans la construction des murs, des planchers et des structures dans la

rgion du Old Caldas en Colombie.

AbstroctIRsum ID


Acknowledgments.

Severa! years were spent on this research.. and many people helped by giving me the support and

encouragement 1needed.

First 1 want to thank my professor and advisor V1kram Bhatt, for bis guidance, support and

understanding during the process of this study. 1 thank very much my family in Colombi~ who

helped me get the information 1 needed in the early stages of the research. 1 want to thank my

family here in Canada for their unconditional support and encouragement, especially to Michael

Thomas for his patience and invaluable work on this paper, especially in dealing with corrections

and editing; to Virginia Thomas for her criticism and precise cornments; ta Mrs. Belva Thomas

for the wonderful energy she transmitted to me during the latest stages of my work.

1 would like ta give special posthumous thanks ta Prof Carlos Vergara (May He Rest in Peace)for giving me good advice and he sharing the results of his research with me, especially about the

Rice Husk wall system~ ta Professors Alvaro Thomas for his enthusiastic encouragement and for

providing me with extensive material, even when we were sa far away; to Ms. Marcia King for

her help in administrative matters and (or her wise advise and support when 1really needed them.

1 also want to thank Prof. Oscar Hidalgo and Simon Velez, the most important architects in

Colombia working with bamboo construction. They have inspired me since the beginning of my

career with their fascinating work and its development aver the years. Now the new generations

of architeets and engineers have the great advantage of this knowledge in the development of

bamboo architecture.

Finally, 1 want to thank my wife and best friend Ruth~ for her unconditional love and support

during this time. T0 her 1dedicate this work.

Acknowledgments IV


Table of Contents.

1. Chapter 1 : Introduction.

1.1. Preface.

1.2. Rationale.

1.3. Research Questions.

1.4. Scope ofthe Study.

1.5. Thesis Outline.

1.6. Terminology.

2. Cbapter II : Organic Materials for Housing

2.1. Introduction.

2.2. Current Use ofOrganic Materials.

2.3. Scarcity.

2.4. Response and Adaptation to Scarcity.

2.5. The Bamboo in Colombia.

2.6. Physical Properties ofBamboo.

2.6.1. Tensile and Flexion Resistance.

2.6.1. Compression Resistance.

2.7. Cure ofBamboo.

2.7.1. Natural cure.

2.7.2. Immersion cure.

2.7.3. Heating cure.

2.8. Advantages ofthe Use ofBamboo in Construction.

2.9. Disadvantages of the Use ofBamboo in Construction.

Table ofContents v


3. Chapter III : The Use of Bamboo in Asia and America, a General Overview.

3.1. Introduction.

3.2. The East Asian Region.

3.2.1. Japan.

3.2.1.1. Waiis.

3.2.1.2. Structure.

3.2.1.3. F1oors.

3.3 .1.1. WalIs.

3.3.1.1.1. Mat Walls.

3.3. L.l.2. Board Walls.

3.3.1.2. Strueture.

3.3.1.3. Floors.

3.3. The Middle Asian Region:

3.3.1. India.

3.3.1. I. Walls.

3.3.1.1.1. Mat Walls.

3.3.1.1.2. Board Walls.

3.3.1.2. Structure.

3.3. 1.3. Floors.

3.4. The Pacifie Island Region: Hawaii.

3.4.1. Walls.

3.4.2. Strueture.

3.5. Advantages.

3.6. Disadvantages.

Table a/Contents VI

The Use 0/Bamboo in Architecture

4. Chapter IV : The Use of Bamboo in Colombia.

4.1. Introduction.

4.2. Walls.

4.2.1. Bahareque Walls.

4.2.2. Earth-Filled Walls.

4.2.3. The Quincha Wall.

4.2.3.1. System A.

4.2.3.2. System B.

4.2.4. Weaving tlattened bamboo walls.

4.3. Structure.

4.4. Floors.

4.5. Advantages.

3.5.1. Walls.

4.5.1.1. Bahareqlle Walls.

4.5.1.2. Earlh-Filled Walls.

4.5.1.3. The Quiflcha WalIs.

4.5.1.4. Weaving Flattened Bamboo Walls.

4.5.2. Structure.

4.5.3. FIoors.

4.6. Disadvantages.

4.6.1. WaIIs.

4.6.1.2. Bahareque WaIls.

4.6.1.3. Earth-FilledWaIls.

4.6.1.4. The Quincha Wans.

Table afContents vii


4.6.1.5. Weaving Flattened Bamboo Walls.

4.6.2. Structure.

4.6.3. Floors.

S. Chapter V : The New Techniques of Construction with Bamboo in

Colombia.

5.1. Introduction.

5.2. Watts.

S.2.1. Rice Husk Waiis.

5.2.1.1. Production.

5.2.1.2. The mixing.

5.2.1.3. Physical characteristics.

5.2.1.4. Process of production.

5.2.1.5. Process ofassembly.

5.2.1.6. Comparative analysis.

5.2.2. The Tendit/oso Walls.

5.3. Structure.

S.3 .1. Prefabricated Three-dimensional Bamboo Structures.

5.3.2.1. Norms ofConstruetion.

5.3.2.2. Wooden triangular frames.

5.3.2.3. Assembly of the structure.

5.3.2.4. Application ofplaster as a roof.

5.3.2. Super-Structures with Concrete-Reinforced Bamboo. - Simon Velez

5.3.2.1. Km. 41 House, Manizales, Caldas - Colombia.

Table a/Contents viii


5.3.2.1.1. The Main Pavilion.

5.3.2.1.2. The Children's Pavilion.

5.3.2.1.3. The Stan Nol.

5.3.2.1.2. The Stail No 2.

5.2.2.1.3. The Social Area

5.3.2.2. The ZERI Pavilio~ Manizales.

5.3.2.2.1. Foundations.

5.3.2.2.2. The A/izo posts.

5.3.2.2.3. Bamboo beams and concrete reinforcedjoints.5.3.2.2.4. The Overhang.

5.4.1. Walls.

5.4.1.1. Rice Husk Walls.

5.4.1.2. The Tendinoso Walls.

5.4.2. Structure

5.4.2.1. Prefabricated Three-dimensional Bamboo Structures.

5.4.2.2. Super-Structures with Concrete-Reinforced Bamboo.

5.4. Advantages.

5.4.1. Walls.


5.4.1.2. The Telldinoso Walls.

5.4.2. Structure.

5.4.2.1. Prefabricated Three-dimensionaI Bamboo Structures.

5.4.2.2. Super...structures with Concrete...reinforced Bamboo.

5.5. Disadvantages.

Table ofContents IX


5.5.1. Walls.


5.6.1.2. The Telldi1loso Walls.

5.5.2. Structure.

5.6.2.1. Prefabricated Three-dimensional Bamboo Structures.

5.6.2.2. Super-Structures with Concrete-Reinforced Bamboo.

6. Chapter VI : Conclusions.

7. Bibliography.

Table afContents x


1. Chapter 1: Introduction.

1.1. Preface.

Since the dawn of civilizatio~ bamboa has been widely utilized in various and ingenious

ways. lapan, China, India, Philippines, Indonesia, and many other Asian countries, have

used this marvelous grass in the construction of bridges, town and rural bouses, sewers,

water canals, in the production of paper, musical instruments, and many other items. It is

an aImast infinitely usefuI materia! with new applications being discovered every day in the

fields ofMedicine, pharmaceuticaIs, and chemistry.

In Colombia there is a particular class of bamboo, with the scientific Dame Guadua

Angustifolia, commanIy called glladua. This special type of grass is round in theMountains where coffee grows in fenile sail, along rivers and creeks where the

temperature is between 12 and 25 degrees Celsius.

During La Violencia (the civil war) in the 1940's in Ca(ombi~ thousands of families troman extensive territory called Antiaquia fled, seeking refuge from the violence. They

migrated to the least colonized and remate valleys of the Andes Mountains. The

colonization of these fertile lands is called the IlAntioquian Colonizationtf and the

architecture derived trom this period has a special characteristic forming part of the

historie legacy ofthe country.

The colonizers took advantage of the rich land and staned ta utilize guadua as the main

material in building their towns, rural houses, and haciendas. Snce then, the popularity of

this type of bamboo has been growing, especially among the poor, who use it as a very

economic and versatile construction material. After the arrivai of cement and concrete in

the country, people began ta replace the guadua with what they thought were more

"durable and resistant" materials for their homes, and bamboo lost its importance in

construction; yet in siums and squatter settlements guacfua was still the material par

Chapte,. 1 l


excellence for the poorest farnilies. As a result, the idea ofbuilding with bamboa became

associated with low socio..economic status.

ln the beginnings of the 80'sy a young architect named Simon Velez, a man fascinated by

local architecture, realized the beauty of bamboo and started ta experiment with new

systems, uses and designs. A graduate from the Universidad Nacional (the NationalUniversity), and a recognized structural designer, he gained popularity, especially amongwealthy families for his creations ofdesigns for country homes.

ln bis study Bambao Building, D. Darrel shows how Velez introduces extremely

innovative structural features, 5uch as "Roof cantilevers of 28 feet! He arranges the

bamboo in truss-lke configurations, with every member in tension where possible, then for

the few shear and compression bolted joints.. fills the bamboo with concrete. Not only doesthe roof cantilever that far, but it's covered with a mesh made of palm tree sUces holding

I" of mortar and very heavy Spanish tiles. The drawings are incredibly sparse, freehand

plan and section, then he stays on the job site where only ms same workers build theseworks of real beauty. (do 1 sound tao bubbly?) 1 was extremely impressed that thesestructures exis~ and even more when 1found that they expressly forbid construction with

bamboo in Colombia .. even though they don't enfarce the nlles on him. ft l

While building these luxury projects, new ideas and techniques emerged for theincorporation and application of bamboo in lower-income and middle..incorne family

houses. New professionals, architects and engineers, learning from Velez's experience,

designed and built housing complexes for families of all socio..economic levels, using

guadua as the basic materiaL Realizing the inherent popuJarity ofbamboo, the government

began to provide housing (oans to low..incerne famifies for construction with this material,something that had been prohibited in the past because of the Jack of laboratory testing

information about the properties ofbamboo-

1 DarreI D. 1996.

ChapterI 2


1.2. Rationale.

In the cultures of the past human beings created shelter out of the local materials that

surraunded them, and the result of this creative pracess was an interactive relationship

between people and their natura! environment. Vemacular architecture was integrated

with the environment, and people were able to work with their own hands and few tools,

for example, ta transform a tree into a post or a beam to build their houses.

Organic materials have been used for shelter since the earliest fonns of civilization

emerged around the warld. Today~ sorne ofthese groups still survive with all the customs,

building traditions and indigenous local knowledge of former times. In Africa, eotire tnlles

depend on local organic materials for their survival, as these materials have Many domestic

and constructive uses. [n Many parts of the developing world, organic materials areintensively used far shelter. Unfortunately, statistics have shown an alarming decrease in

the availability of these materials due ta their overuse and uncontrolled harvesting,

especially in arid regions. Because of the population explosion and since these sources are

not ooly used for construction, but also for industrial and other domestic purposes,

scarcity and the danger of extinction are the principal factors that national institutions,

international organizations and non-governmentai foundations are attempting to address.

Development has otrered Many the possibility of raising their standard of living with new

technologies for construction that facilitate the building ofa home more quicldy and easily.

But what are the consequences ofthese new technologies for the environmen~ and for the

relationship between man and nature? Are these technologies appropriate for crearing

housing for the paor? Unfonunately, in my opinio~ feware, because ofthe high costs, the.

disappearance of the customs of traditional and vemacular architecture, as weil as the

potential environmental damage. These factors will be addressed in greater detail in the

Chapterl 3


second chapter ofthe thesis.

On the other hand~ traditional construction materials provide an alternative path toward

development and present the following three main advantages:

They involve the protection of environmental resources (for example, forest and soilconservation) over the long-term, for the sustainability ofnatural resources. They proteet the link to the traditional techniques developed in the past, while alIowing

scope for innovation and change.

They can be implemented at lower cost under Many circumstanees, or at comparable

costs to other technologies.

Bamboo is the construction material used in Many developing countries. Its light weight,

high resistance, law-cast and wide availability, make it desirable and atrordable - especially

ta law-incarne familles. Commonly used in Asian countries, like lapan. The Philippines,

India, Thailand, and Indonesia, and in Latin America, in Ecuador and Colombia, bamboo

is one of the natural resourees that allows people to improve their living conditions while

preserving their naturai environment. hs roots hold water and preserve the soil, giving it

an important function near rivers and creeks on fann lands. Its fast growth is also one of

the most important advantages ofthis material.

In Colombia bamboo is used in housing with great success by poor communities. The

Guadua AlIgustifolia, a local species of bamboo, is widely used in the construction ofsiums, because of its great resistance, its ease of handling, Iightness, abundance, and low

priee. That is the reason why it was syoonymous with poverty, and people had rejeeted itsuse for other purposes. Ho\vever recent generations of architects in tbis country have

developed new techniques of construction with bamboo that represent the fusion of the

old systems with the new ideas. This has attracted the interest ofthe upper classes.

The intention of this researcn is to investigate and analyze new building techniques using

bamboo, especially in structures, walls and floars (the mast cammon uses ofbamboo), in

Chapte,/ 4


Old CaIdas~ a bamboo-growing region ofColomhia. From 1991-1994~ 1 was involved inbuilding law-cast housing with hamboo: a total of eight houses for poor families~ fourwarehouses~ two kiosles and one auditorium for a school were built. l used bamboo as the

main materia! for the construction ofwalls~ structures and floors, as weil as for scafFolding

in the construction of the auditorium.

My experience raised many doubts and questions about the best way to buiId with

bamboo; for example, how ta create spaces more dynamically using cantilevers ta span

large distances, how ta incorporate new materials and systems ta make bamboo more

resistant and durable, how ta proteet it from bugs and insects commonly affecting

bamboo, etc. In the literature, l have found answers ta sorne of these questions, but

unfortunately almast no information about new technologies based on the old techniques

which l had round sa fascinating during my visit to new homes made of bamboo, which l

had seen in Old Caldas.

These experiences raised sorne important questions which helped to develop this research.

ChapterI 5


1.3. Research Questions.1. What new methods ofbamboo construction are currently being used in the domestic

architecture (ID particular ta build walls, f100rs and structures) ofOlrl Caldas?Keywords:

Building construction, structural joint cutting, structural joint classification, jointassembly, structural and physicaI properties, durability, and maintenance for walls, tloors

and structures, environmental factors.

2. What are the advantages ofbuilding with bamboo and how can they be best

exploited?

Key words:

StructuraI resistance, joint reinforcement, cost effectiveness, sustainability,maintenance.

3. What are the disadvantages ofbuilding with bamboo and how can they be overcome?

Keywords:

Tension and compression properties and weaknesses, immunization and treatment,

cutting ofbamboo, time and edge, maintenance, durability

ChapterI 6


1.4. Scope of the Study.This research is limited ta the analysis of the physical and technological aspects of

construction with bamboo.. and although casts and statistics are touched on, it does not

intend ta go deeply in the economic aspect. Issues such as environmental factors and

sustainability are also described but not analyzed in detail. The thesis looks at Old Caldas~

a region of Colombia,. where bamboo has been the mast important material for

construction throughout several generations.

1.5. Thesis Outline.

The thesis is organized in six chapters:

The first chapter introduces and states the problem under investigation; it gives a short

historie description orthe use ofbamboo in housing in Colombia and introduces the recent

work ofsorne architects involved in developing new technologies.

The second chapter deals with the use of organic materials in housing~ their scarcity~ and

their adaptation.

Chapter three descnoes construction techniques to build walls.. floors and structures from

lapan, India and Hawaii.

Chapter four deals with Colombia, analyzing the traditional systems of bamboo

construction used since the Antioquian Colonization period~ a time when bamboo was

considered material par excellence for construction.

The tifth chapter deals with the new technologies and systems for construction of walls~

floors and struetures~ the analysis of the building process~ structural and physical

properties~ joint classification.. joint assembly and joint reinforcement. This principalchapter a1so includes a comparison of the Colombian techniques with those in the Asian

countries.

Finally~ chapter six concludes the research by summarizing the findings.

ChapterI 7


1.6. Terminology.

1. Alizo: A very resistant wood used for large structures.

2. Bahareque: Olrl construction technique for making walls.

3. Esterilla: Flattened bamboo. hs interior and soft bark is removed ta obtain a light and

multi...use material for construction.

4. F1ute Supports: Type ofjoint assembly~ which consists ofa concrete corbel and capitalwith bamboo Bute supports embedded in concrete at the moment of the concrete pouring.

The bamboo is beautifully placed like a f1ute~ without the help of any column or vertical

support.

5. Guai/ua: Common name ofthe Colombian barnboo ... Bambusa...Guadua Angustifolia.

6. Bone-Tail: Japanese styled bamboo ceiling.

7. Karakasatei or Umbrella Harbour: Represents the structure ofa kiosk roofin Japan.

8. Ply-bamboo: Woven bamboo matting glued tagether like traditianal plywood.

9. Quincha Wall: One of the most important and traditional methods ofwaU-making inLatin America, which consists ofwoven bamboo and plastered walls.

10. Rice Husk Walls: Porous walls made with riec hus~ a waste product fram rice

factories.

Il. Sekkatei Arbour: Rattan-thatch garret ceiling.

11. Tendinoso: Low-cost, ecologically-sound building material for walls.

13. Three-dimensional Structures: One of the systems for roof construction with a

prefabricated framework ofbamboo.

Chapeerl 8


2. Chapter fi: Organic Materials for Housing.

2.1 Introduction.

In Many parts of the world~ organic materials are the principal resource for housing

construction. These materials are inexpensive, easy to obtain and to transport. They are

Iightweight and relatively durable, depending on the type of material. Because people

associate them with poverty, shelters built with such materials are expected ta be

upgraded with 'modem and better' ones.

Because ofthe overuse of these natural resources, they are getting scarce in Many parts of

the world. Timber and bamboo seem ta be disappearing rapidly, especially in Asia. Efforts

are being made to alleviate the problem by promoting the use of alternate building

materials and encouraging tree planting.2

2.2. Current Use of Organic Materials.

Timber: Timber is the best known and MOst used material for construction not only in

developed countries but also in the third world. Universally it is recognized as a resistan~

durable and beautiful material, which is also easy to work with. It is appreciated by the

wealthy, and this gives it a high value in the market and it is in great demand world-wide.

It is utilized in MOst countries as a structurai material for walis and roof. In low-cost

buiIdin& timber is used in its naturaI state, known as round timber, country timber, or

pales. A comman form of law-cast construction is a framework of pales covered with

mud.

Bamboos and canes: These are commonly used in American and Asian counties like

Hawaii, Colombia Jap~ and India,. Their (ow cast and availability make them excellent2 Wells J. 1995.

Chapteril 9


material par excellence for construction.

Grasses and leaves: Globally. this organic matenal is used for roofs and walls

particularly in Senegal, Venezuela, Peru~ Iraq, North Central Sumatra., Zare and Brazil.

ln western countries, grass and reeds are used for roofs, together with timber. Palm leaves

are used in Brazil, Philippines, Thailand and Colombia.

Another type ofgrass is the straw which is used in North America and Mexico for animal

feed. Today it is used in construction with excellent results: it is very cheap, light weight,

and a good thermic and acoustical insulator. Straw baie construction has been used in

Canada and the USA with timber. 3

Jute is another kind of grass used for law-cast construction. In Colombia it is used to

make cotfee sacks, one of the components of the Tendinoso wall descnbed in chapter V.

Agricultural residues: Like the riee husk. they are used as building materials for walls,

as descnoed in chapter V.

2.3. Scarcity.

An alanning scarcity of natural building materials has been observed in Mrica, Asia and

the Americas. Deforestation and environmental degradation have several causes, the tirst

ofwhich is the expanding population in settlements where the domestic demand for timber

for fuel and construction is concentrated.

The supply of bamboo is diminishing in several Asian countries like Iodia, Iapan and

Colombia. In Many parts ofthe world, grasses like reeds, straw and palm Ieaves are widely

used for thatching, creating an increasing scarcity. In sorne countries of Africa it is

becoming more expensive to roof a house with thatch than with eorrugated iron.4

3 Steen A... Steen B~ David B. 1994:4 Wells 1. .. 1995:81

Chapteril 10


2.4. Response and Adaptation to Scarcity.

The breakdown of sustainable praetices, like the restriction on cutting materials during

certain seasons or times of the year, is being countered far example by the use of fines,

taxes and fees levied in India, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh to prevent the irresponsible and

non-sustainable use oftimber or bamboo.S

The seasaning and preservation of timber and bamboo have been intraduced in arder ta

prevent excessive cutting. Although many experiments have been made ta preserve

bambaa chemically, for example, in Bangladesh, they were ineffective because of the

toxicity ofthese chemicals, and the resultant increase in the cost orthe material.6

Changing building techniques is another response by people who can afford to switch

from organic ta manufactured materials 5uch as bricks. But brick-making increases the use

oftimber not ooly for pales but also for fuel to bake the bricks.7

Another response is to switch from organic ta other indigenous materials. For instance in

Niger a system was introduced from Iran and Egypt using unbaked earth for walls with

very little use oftimber. This method was very weil received and easily assimilated into the

local tradition.8

The movement to plant trees. Although it requires time ta grow trees, tree planting is a

very good solution to the problem of scarcity. It has been applied in severa! countries like

Calombia, and especially with bamboo, because ofits rapid growth.9

s Wells 1. .1995:826 Wells 1. .1995:837 Wells J. ,1995:84a Wells J. ,1995:859 WeUs 1. ,1995:85

ChapterlI 11


2.S. Bamboo in Colombia.In the middle of this century~ bamboo was extensively used in the coffee region of

Colombia ta build towns such as ManizaIes, Dos Quebradas, Cartago and many others.Over the years the supply of bamboo was seriously depleted. National agencies and the

private sector realized the danger of glladua disappearing and started infonnation

carnpaigns and programs encouraging severa! types of cultivation. Sorne of these were

rapidly assimilated because of their simplicity (bamboo grown using culms), but atherswhich were equally important but more complex scientifically (bamboo grown inlaboratory), were implemented as weil.The bamboo in Colombia has been recognized by new generations of architeets and

engineers, as a building material for the poor and for the rich, from squatter settlements to

big town and country houses. Seminars, lectures, courses and advertisements for many

years promoted the plantation of bamboo. Preservation and sustainabiIity have been

encouraged by the government which imposes ta.xes and issues special pennits for cutting

and transporting bamboo.

1.6. Physical Properties of Bamboo.2.6.1. Tensile and Flexion Resistance.

Bamboo can be used without concrete reinforcement. when spans and post distances do

not exceed the 3 ~ described further in chapter rv. Together with concrete and steel,

bamboo is a material that can be used for tension purposes in overhangs, beams~ and

trusses exceeding that distance, and can be applied as ilIustrated in chapter V. The naturaI

tension strength ofbamboo is due to the fine fibers that caver its skin between each knot.

The knots are the elements that give the continuity and the strength to the fibers. The

distances between knots vary between 0.05 M and 0.30 M. The flexibility of bamboo

provides anti-seismic properties when it is used together with fibers, cement and barbed

wire (Tendinoso Wall).

Chapterii 12


Tensile Resistance

Between knots

Maximum

Minimum

In theKnot

Maximum

Minimum

Flexion Resistance

Maximum

Minimum

3.515,5 kg/cm2 (50.000 PSI)

1.828 kg/cm2 (26.000 PSI)

3.480)4 kg/cm2 (49.500 PSI)2.265~58 kglcm2 (18.000 PSI)

2.760 kg/cm2 (39.255 PSI)763 kg/cm2 (10.852 PSI)

2.6.2. Compression Resistance.

The knots and the fibers, as in tensio~ provide great advantages when building multi-story

structures for housing on steep terrain.

Maximum 863 kglcm2 (12.274,29 PSI)Minimum 562,48 kglcm2 (8.000 PSn10

2.7. Cure of Bamboo.

2.7.1. Natural cure.

Bamboos not younger than 3 years must not be cut for construction purposes. White spots

on their surfaces determine their age. The more white spots the bamboo culm has the aider

it is.

10 Hidalgo. 1974:84

Chapterll 13


Bamboo must he cut before sunrise when the moon is waning. This anaent custom has

been proven effective due to the natural process ofplants during this period oftime.

Once bamboo is eut it must be placed at the most vertical angle possible against the uncut

ones~ without removing the branches. The bamboo must be raised from the soil by stone

supports to avoid moisture. According to weather conditions, bamboo culms must be kept

in this position for a 4 to 8 week-period.

This is the MOst recommended system because with i~ the bamboo keeps its natural color~

it does not crack, and is not attacked by insects or bugs. Tests have shown that this natural

process of immunization yields a 91% greater probability of freedom from attach by

inseets or bugs. II

2.7.2. Immersion cure.

This system consists in immersing the barnboo in a tank with water during a 4 week

period then dried out for use. Even though it is very widely used, this method makes

bamboo lighter than required and very often resu[ts in cracking. Il

2.7.3. Beating cure.

In tbis system eut bamboo must be rotated over a tire without burning it. In tbis way, bugs

and insects are killed and the exterior layer ofbamboo is strengthened. Il

2.8. Advantages of the Use of Bamboo in Construction.

Due to its hollow sections and circular configuratio~ bamboo is very light, easy to

transport and store, allowing rapid construction oftemporary and permanent structures.

Due to its great lightness~ bamboo can he handled very easily~ (one man can carry severaI

11 Hidalgo~ 1974:9212 HidaJgo~ 197-&.:9313 Hidalgo~ 1974:93

ChapterIl 14


barnboo pieces). The ease ofcutting is also an advantage, especially when it done just afterits natura! period ofcure.

Bamboo has knots in each sectio~ which makes it rigid without cracking when it bends;

because of this~ bamboo is an ideal material for anti-seismic construction.

The natural surface ofbamboo is smooth and clea~ bas a beautiful color and it does not

require to be painted or polished. Varnish can be used to enhance its appearance and

beauty.

Bamboo is a very law-cast material which can he used by lo\v-income families ta build

their homes.

2.9. Disadvantages of the Use of Damboo in Construction.

The permanent contact with the soil rots the bamboo and it is attacked by termites and

other insects; therefore~ it is not recommended for use in foundationst unless it is treated.

Once bamboo is cut~ it is attacked by insects 5uch as the Dinoenls Mimi/lis which builds

large galleries in its walls~ weakening il.

When it is dry~ bamboo is a high combustible material, 50 it must be tire proofed or

protected from tire.

Bamboo does not have a regular diameter aIong its body and its variable width causes

difficulties in the construction process.

When it is dried, bamboo contracts and its diameter is reduced~ causing difficulties in the

construction proceS5.

Bamboo cannot he fastened with nails, the way it is used with timber, due to its tendency

to crack, but it can be tied with ropes or screwed steel bars.

Chapter Il 15


3. Chapter ID : The Use of Bamboo in Asia andAmerica, a General Overview.

3.1 Introduction.

Tls chapter deals with the main bamboo construction techniques used in Iapan and India,

the Americas, and the Hawaiian Islands. These are the places where a considerable amount

of work has been done on the use of bamboo. The emphasis in tms study is on the

construction of walls, floors and structures. On analyzing these three elements and

indicating where bamboo gives its best performance with respect to resistanee to tension

and compression, versatility, ease ofhandling and eeonomy.

The first country ta be studied is lapan. In the analysis ofJapanese bamboo architecture,

the building techniques of walls, floors and structures for housing, such as those used in

the traditional ways of building with bamboo, and in the implementation of new

techniques, are addressed. These new techniques are evaluated to show the relative

advantages, as weIl as the possible disadvantages ofusing bamboo. The traditional and the

new techniques are eompared with those used in Colombia in ehapters li and IV.

In general, the literature from Iodia emphasize the use ofbamhoo in housing for the poor.

rn Hawaii the popular use of bamboo links it ta the Asian cantext and provides another

interesting ease study. In lapan by way of contrast, bamboo has been and still is, the

material used for the housing of the wealthy, and the traditional methods afbuilding with

bamboo have survived the advance of modem technology and have became a symbol of

status, refinement and beauty.

The information has been drawn from an extensive review ofthe available literature on the

use of bambao in these countries. Graphie material such as drawings, sketches, and

pietures are used ta clearly illustrate and concretize the practiees described. Basically this

ChapterIll 16

The Use ofBanlboo in A,.chitecture

chapter demonstrates in detail, how bamboo has been used for Many purposes in the

construction field: low incarne families have utilized it as a principal, inexpensive and

versatile material for the construction of their dwellings and, as in the case ofJap~ it is

valued for its aesthetic qualities above the economic ones. this chapter summarizes the

main trends and techniques of domestic architecture built with bamboo pointing out

significant differences, but also revealing the important common elements of housing

construction.

3.2. The East Asian Region.

3.2.1. Japan.

For centuries, Japanese architecture has refleeted a deep appreciation of local materials,

especially bamboo. Bamboo has had the most impressive development in arts and crafts

such as weaving, e.g. basket making and in [he creation of fans, musical instruments, andmany other applications. In homes, bamboo is found in water canals, wall frames,

structures, floors, and ceilings. (Fig.3.01). For many generations, bamboo in Japan hasbeen the material preferred by emperors and weU-to-do families, for its beauty, color, and

texture.

This section gives a general context for sorne of the mast important bamboo construction

techniques, especially in the domestic architecture of lapan. The focus is on the building

systems of walls, structures (including roof and ceiling structures), and Boors; these arethe most representative uses ofbamboo in the lapanese house. With the help of drawings

and pictures, the most important forms of joint assembly and cutting and carvingtechniques are descnoed. (Fig. 3.02)

Chapte,. III 17


Fans

Baskets

Flutes

Kiosks

Figs.3.01

Source (http://www.omnics.co.jp/myhmtwnlshiroishilprocesslpaintwalIlpaintwaIl-E.html)

ChapterllI 18


Japanese gate Garden ofthe bouse

Figs. 3.02 (Source: Austin R.& Ueda K., 1970:59 and 68)

Chapterm 19


3.2.1.1. Walls.

According to Hidalgo 14 and Yoshida15y in developed countries~ modern materiaIs forconstruetio~ such as cement and other synthetic produets~ have been replacing clay as a

plastering material for walls; taday, clay is only used in isolated rural areas or in low

incorne family homes. However in Japan, the most developed country in Asi~ where the

most modem techniques ofconstruction have been applied, the traditional clay wall is still

being used, not only for housing but for new steel and concrete buildings. In sorne of these

buildings, walls, f100rs and ceilings are constructed using the same materials and

techniques utilized in the Middle Ages ta build luxurious homes. This tradition is

maintained because of the coloring and beauty of the texture of clay, as weil as its

resistance to weather changes, aJthough it lacks resistance to impact and wear.

The clay wall is built within a wooden frame, which is part of the structure, of beams,

props, and columns. Into tms wooden frame, a net made of very thin bamboa strips is

inserted, reinforced by waaden sticks, as shown in the Fig. 3.03.

Once this frame is made, 3-5 layers of specially prepared clay are applied to each side of

the wall. The bamboo net is made by stems varying from 8-13 mm. in diameter or by

sticks eut from wider bamboos. The principal ones are plaeed every 30 cm. horizontally

and vertically, and their edges are tied ta the main frame, The secondary sticks are placed

between the main ones every 2.5 to 4.0 cm, and tied with a 5mm-diameter straw rope

called "Kaki-Nawa". Fig. 3.03

14 Hidalgo, 1974:222-225IS Yoshida, 1954:135

Chapte,. III 20


Figs. 3.03 Details ofthe clay wall constructiol\ and its bamboo frame

The wall is built with 3-5 layers of clay, each one of them having a different composition

and process of preparation. These layers are placed on each side of the wall~ and the

bamboo aets as reinforcement. The final layer is made of different kinds of clay and the

type of finishing depends on the weather and local tradition. The initial layer is made of

clay of different colars and consistency, rnixed with other produets such as fibers, glues~

and sand, which give the wall resistance and durability. The second layer ofclay is applied

with more fine components in its mixture and the last one is a layer made of rnortars There

is a variety in their appearance, color and texture, and sorne examples of these mortars

are:

ltTsuchi-Kabe". A colored clay, sand and glue mixture

"Ootsu-Kabelf Colored clay, fine sand and lime

"Shikkui-Kabe". Lime and water

ItSuna-Kabe". A mixture ofcolored clay and gluel6

An example of these traditional Japanese clay walls is shawn with great splendor in the

Kojuro Katakuras castle tawn of Shiroishi; the wall called Takekomai is an old style ofwall construction in Japan in which the frame, made of bamboo pales bound together, is

coated with layers ofclay and finished with white plaster. 17 Figs. 3.04

Il http-.J/www.omnics.co.jplmyluntwnlshiroishilprocesslpaintwalVpe1intwall..E.htmI17 http-.J/ww\V.omnics.co.jplmyluntwnlshiroishilprocesslpaintwalllpaintwalI..E.html

ChapterIII 21


Kojuro Katakura's Castfe Town

Kojuro Katakura's Castle Town

Chapter III 22

The Use ofBambou in Architecture

This kind of wall is composed of a frame of green bamboo that has a thickness of 3 cm

with bamboo stems within the frame separated every 10 cm. Poles are lied together with

helm-palm rope forming a large frame. Large knots ofthis rope are alIowed to hang down

tram the frame while it receives its first coating of plaster. The clay is extracted trom a rice

field near the Family Cemetery of Lord Katakura. Ta prevent crackingy shredded straw is

mixed with the clay. In arder to strengthen the matenaI, the mixture is set aside to age and

settle for one year before using il. Finally, layers of white plaster are applied to the wall

until it reaches a thickness ofapproximately 24 cm. Fig.3.0S

Construction process of the traditional Japanese clay wall

Figs. 3.05 (Source:(http://www.omnics.co.jp/myhmtwnlshiroishilprocesslpaintwaIVpaintwall-E.htmI)

ChapterIIl 23


Figs. 3.05 (Source:(http://www.omnics.co.jp/myhmtwnlshiroishilprocesslpaintwalVpaintwall-E.html)

Continuation

ChapterIII 24


3.2.1.2. Structure.

3.2.1.2.1. Trusses and beams

According to Hidalgo11 and Yoshida19~ the trusses~ beams and ceilings construeted withbamboo are the only traditional structural elements represented in Japanese architecture.

These elements appear on the roofofthe traditional Japanese Tea House. As is the custom

and legacy ofcenturies, trusses are tied with the traditional helm-palm rope, representing a

deep knowledge of the capacity ofbamboo: when bamboo is tied with steel wire or nails,

it tends to show longitudinal cracks that eventually become dangerous to the structural

frame. These cracks could even lead to a coUapse depending on their extent, on the load

that this piece ofbamboo has to bear and on the position that the piece occupies within the

truss. These cracks not only pose the potential danger of collapse but they allow insects

and bugs ta penetrate the body ofthe bamboo, adding to the likehood ofa short life ta the

structure, as weil as a decrease in structural resstance. The traditional Japanese roofstructure avoids these problems by tying joints with helm-palm ropes, which give thebamboo a longer life-span by protecting it against cracking, and provides the structure

with a more natural and authentic finish and beauty.

3.2.1.2.2. Ceilings

Harmonizing with the wooden structure, bamboo is used in the entire ceiling in severa!

styles, as in Colombia and Hawaii. According ta Kitao and Janssen, the traditional ceiling

of the Tai-an Hermitage and the ceiling of the Vuin use "tlattened bamboos or green

bamboo culm opened on one side with a knife and then unfolded till flat. The diaphragms

are removed. A 100 mm diameter bamboo results in a flattened bamboo surface about 320

mm wide. This is laid on top of the joists, and lashed to them or nailed.,,20 AlI the ceiling

11 HidaIgo~ 1974:222-22519 Yoshi~ 1954:13520 Janssen, 1988:29

ChapterIII 25


area uses flattened bamboo~ placed a10ng the joists of thin bamboo~ 5 and 7 cm indiameter, polished with sand paper, and placed facing the outermost surface, along the

truss and tied with tmn helm-palm rope.21(Fig.3.06). As shown in the images, the thicknessof several kinds of wood used in the &anle is a perfeet fit with the long and thin pieees of

bamboo.

The other type of bamboo ceiling uses long and very thin bamboo branches 2 cm in

diameter, which are tied with galvanized wire and placed together: a thatch type ceiling is

laid a10ng the bamboo structure of the tmss and tied with rope.

Two examples are the ceiling of the Karakasatei or Umbrella Arbour in the precincts of

Takadaiji Temple Higashiyama in Kyoto, which represents the structure of a kiosk root:and the ceiling of Sekkatei Arbour~ an example of rattan-thatch garret ceiling, thatched on

the lattice ofthe Hokedake bamboo beam and lateral bamboo poles crossed together. (Fig.3.07). Another very simple but beautiful example of ceiling used in the tea house is called

"Horse-tail Styled Bamboo Ceiling", where the intermediary bamboo rafters are tied with

wisteria vne. This farro is popular for the ceiling over the dirt-tloor of the private house22

which uses thick pieces ofbamboo (10 ta 12 cm) tied together aiong the wooden structurewith rope. AIthough it is a heavier root: it is supported by large wooden beams which are

embedded into the walls, and supported by the posts and columns of the structured frame.

(Fig. 3.08)The last two systems of ceiling construction are first~ that used in the Tea-Ceremony

House representing ail the above-mentioned techniques. Combined with other wood

structures, these bamboo ceilings integrate all thickness and lengths of severa! types of

bamboo, including the thin branches, as weil as in manually woven ceilings. Second is the

hurdled ceiling, made completely with bamboo~ with trusses not exceeding 8 cm in

diameter, and ceilings of4 cm in diameter as shown in the illustrations. (Fig.3.09)

21 IGtao, 1958:58-6922 IGtao~ 1958:127

ChapterIlI 26

The Use ofBamhoo in Architecture

Figs. 3.06 The ceiling oCthe Yuin (Source: Kitao, 1958).

The ceiling aCTai-an Hermitage

3.2.1.2.3. Joints.

There are several types ofjoints depending on the function and load of the beam, truss orjoist that they carry. The first type is the MOst commonly used, specially on trusses andstructural members orthe roof. Two barnboo stems are pfaccd perpendicularly and tied with a rope

giving the bamboo its total capacity and resistance; in this case bamboo is not cut or

transformed to gain structural resistance. (Figs. 3.07)Severa! types of carving and cutting to level and secure the joints, are used in thetraditional Japanese bamboo structure. The stems are cut or carved depending on the

position and function that they have within the truss. As shawn in the drawings, cuttings

can be made between two knots of the bamboo stell\ or else on the edges to adjust the

ChapterIlI 27


joint completely to the joist.. the cut following the bamboo's circular contour. (Fig. 3.10)Figs.3.07

The celling oflCarakasatei or UmbreUa Harbour

Figs. 3.09.

Hurdled Ceiling

Figs.3.10. Bamboojoint assemblage. (Source: Kitao~ 1958:(7)

ChapterIII 28

The Use ofBamboo in A,chitecture

3.2.1.3 Floors.

Bamboo floors in the Japanese house are works of art and beauty. Prestigious homes like

the Imperial Katsura Palace, use bamboo in the terraces facing the garden as Tesuro

Yoshida describes in bis book The Japanese House and Garden.23 Bamboo tloars are used

mainly in the contemplation places of the house, verandahs, and railings, commonly facing

the garden or a pond.

Long bamboo stems of approx. 3 cm diameter are placed across the wooden frame of the

platform. Bamboo is held to this platform with nails as in the case of the Katsura Palace,

or sometimes with a wire or a rope.

The bamboo verandahs could vary in thickness and color depending on the interior design,

and their location and function. For example, in the bamboo verandah of Sekkatei Arbour

in the precinets of Kinkakuji Temple of Kyoto, the Susudake strips are arranged in ahorse-tail style. The colors and texture of the surrounding space are integrated and

combined to produce an effect ofintimacy, local expression, and tradition.

The bamboo hurdled verandah, installed in front of a tea-ceremony house, rises from the

ground to meet the threshold. Beautifully cut, these pieces of bamboo of approx. 8 cm

diameter, are attached to the walls, and give acce~s to the entrances of the house. The

irregularly arranged Madake bamboo verandah is constructed in a horse-tail style. (Fig.3.11)

23 Yoshida, 1954:47,. 51,57. 135.

Chapter III 29


Fil'.. 3..11. (Source: Kitao, 1958)

Bamboo veranda of

Sekkatei Arbour

Bamboo hurled veranda

Figs. 3.11 Continuation

Washroo~ Imperial Katsura

Palace

Bamboo terrace, Imperial Katsura Palace

Bamboo terrace and raiIin~ Imperial Katsura Palace

(Source: Kitao.. (958)

Chapter III 30


3.3 The Middle Asian Region.3.3.1. India.

In Indi~ bamboo is a material ofdaily use, especially as a construction matenal.

Manual bamboo weaving is a traditional way of creating walls, partitions, floors and

structures. Extracted from the tropical fores~ the Indian bamboos are sorne of the

strongest in Asia.; the impressive diameter the IlDendrocalamus giganteus" make it suitable

for creating large structures, as in the case of, (Fig. 3.(2), an Indian specie of largebamboo.

Transportation of bamboo is accomplished by horse or bullock carts, or by river, which

provides an easy and economical way to bring them to sites where housing production by

manual and/or mechanical means is carried out. Fig. (3.13a-b). One characteristic ofbamboo construction in India is the value that people place upon traditional architecture,

especially in the rural areas. where tradition is still an important element of the social and

culturallife. Fig. (3.13.a)Fig. 3.12a. (Source: United Nations, 1972:8)

ChapterllI 31


Fig. 3.12. Dendrocalamus Giganteus. A large diameter bamboo(Source: United Nations, 1972:3)

Fig. 3.12b. Bamboo transportatio~ Kerala, India. (Source: United Nations, 1972:7)

ChaplerIIl 32

The Use ofBamboo in A,.chitecture

3.3.1.1. Walls.

3.3.1.1.1. Mat waUs.

As in Indonesia, bamboo mat walls in India are made by plaiting splits. These mats are

made in a variety ofshapes and patterns. The strips are usually woven by hand, but lately

small machines have been used to do the same job. Mats are used to enclose houses, (Figs.3.14.) one very common method used is called ply-bamboo, and consists of wovenbamboo matting glued together like traditional plywood. This is glued with phenol...

fonnaIdehyde, malamine...formaldehyde hot-press resins, casein and urea-formaldehyde.

One-ply bamboo is made by applying pressure at 30 kglcm2 and 140C: the results ofthis

process are mats containing 15 per cent phenol-formaldehyde resins which have great

resistance to termites and weather.24

Bamboo matting

24 United Natio~ 1972:32

Chapterlll 33


Another technique used in India is called the plastered bamboo mat waIl; it is a wall made

using a thin bamboo mat which is nailed on bath sides ofa braced tmber frame, thenattached to the timber ofthe bamboo frame and the strips are plaited horizontally between

vertically stretched wires. Plaster is then applied to one or both sides. For plastering, cow

dung, mud, sand, lime and portland cement are used alone or in combination. These

bamboo mats are used for Iight partitions and walls, which are suspended from rafters on

verandahs as protection against the sun. wind and rain.25 (Fi s. 3.15 & 3.16)

Fig. 3.15. Mat wans. (Source: U. N., 1972:63-64

~~ TM~ t4 Fr M~ er-n

Figs. 3.16. Structural details for floors and post &beams. (Source: U. N., 1972:63-64)2.3.1.1.2. Board Walls.

Board walls or unrolled bamboo wa[)s, are made from a culm that is eut and unfolded untilit is aImost tlat. This type of technique is used in Indonesia as weil, and consists of"panels

placed vertically and lashed or pinned to horizontal round members which in tum are fitted

to mortises made in the vertical bamboo framing pales ofthe structure. To make it

weather-tight it is covered with c10sely plaited matting. Outer walls are finished with

plaster on one or bath sides."26

2S United Nations. 1972:5326 United Nations.. 1972:53

ChapterIlI 34

The Use ofBamboo in Architeclure

3.3.1.2. Structure.

In India, bamboo and reeds are usually used for both roof traming and ro06ng. "The

simplest faon ofbamboo roofcovering is made ofhalved bamboo tiles running full length

from the overhangs to the ridge (Fig. 3.17). Large diameter culms are split into twohalves, the diaphragm scooped out and the tiles seasoned in a sheltered place.....27 in this

way bamboo is used as a tHe as "vell as in the structure.

Another example is bamboo shingle rooting. Bamboo shingles are made from mature but

still green culms of maximum diameter. "The shingles being formed ofsplit segments 34

cm wide are dried in the shade. The maximum length is equal to the distance between

nodes. A 'hanging-split' is formed on the outside ofthe shingle at the oode end and the

tiles are fixed to split bamboa battens by hooking this haoging-split over them. ,,21 (Fig.3.18)

In general, bamboo framing and structure are used in [ndia with the same designs andcharaeteristics as traditionaI waaden or timber structures. " The individual structural

elements that compose the frame ofa conventional ali-bamboo house correspond closely

to those found in an all-timber frame: Corner posts., girders or plates, joists, studs, strotsor braces, tie beams, king posts~ purlins, ridge pales., rafters, sheathing and so forth.....29

3.17. Bamboo tile roof Fig.3.l8. Bamboo shingle roof(Source: United Nations~ 1972:4647)

n United Nations~ 1972:4521 United Nations. 1972:4529 United Nations. 1972:42

Chapterlll 35


Fig. 3.19. Structural details for trusses (Surce: United Nations, 19).(Source: United Nations.. 1972:66)

Chapterlll 36


Bamboo trusses are tied together with ropes and joints are made with simple unions ofwell-cut and carved bamboo poles to frame the structure.

Figs. 3.20. Structural details (Source: United Nations, 1972:65, 67)In these examples, two systems of joint assembly for trusses are ilIustrated: one is thesimple rape joint explained previously and shown above; the other shawn below, createsthe joint by making small holes, which together with bamboo sticks, form the joint_ As isshawn in the Hawaiian examples (Figs. 3.27, 3.28, 3.29), this type of union provides the

Chapter III 37


joint with greater stability and strength and also provides a level support for the beams.The tight fit ofthe joint protects the bamboo from both cracking and insects.

, J ".,I.J 1..L,,;

r:'\.._~

Il'1Il

\~

Figs. 3.20, continuation. (Source: United Nations, 1972:68)These examples show the ditferent types ofjoint assembly for structures of trusses, postsand beams, as made in India and in sorne other Asian countries, such as Indonesia and the

Philippines.

Chapterll1 38


3.3.1.3 F1oon.

In India many bamboo houses have no floor. The surface of the soil is used and it is raised

by tilling with compacted earth to prevent flooding. The surface of the soil is usually

paved with bamboo boards, generally fastened down by the use of thin strips of bamboo

secured ta the supporting members by thongs, wiee lashings, or small nails. Another

example is ofthe house raised above the ground. This raised flocr is mast suitable not only

for hygienic but for functional purpases: it pravides a sheltered space below the Boar

which has many patential uses. These raised floars are made entirely ofbamboo, including

the supporting beams and tloor covering.

ChapterllI 39

The Use a/Bamboo in Architecture

3.4. The Pacifie Island Region: Hawaii.

Hawaii is a group of islands where bamboo has been used as a traditional architectural

element, especially for walls and structures. In wall-making, it is important ta emphasize

the relation of the Hawaiian and Colombian traditional bamboo architecture. Perhaps they

are related due ta the influence ofa European tradition in architecture for rural areas.

Many houses are built entirely of bamboo, with woven bamboo walls, board bamboo

walls, and pole walls. The following are sorne examples extracted from a web site where

mainly Hawaiian architecture is shown.30 These examples of houses show the most

important elements in the bamboo wall and structure construction, especially those

involving traditional architecture - the board bamboo walls, woven bamboo walls, bamboo

pole walls, structures, detaiIs ofjoints, and ways ofassembling and tying.

3Q Bain C. and Coll E.:1995.bttp://wwwlkatmi.netlbambooweblbambooslideslbambooslideslbambooslides.htn

Chapter III 40

The Use ofBalllboo in Architecture

3.4.1. WaUs.

A great similarity between the wall techniques ofHawaii and those employed in Colombia

is round especially in the fabrication of walls that resemble the Bahareqzle wall of the

traditional Colombian technique. This tS a technique that is also based on flattened board

bamboo which ts placed horizontally onto a bamboo frame. To apply the bamboo board a

very thin wire is used~ because of its flexibility and ease of handling. This wire is placed

along the vertical bamboo post with nails. (Figs. 3.24) The next step is ta apply chickenwire to the horizontal tlattened bamboo ta facilitate the adhesion of the plaster. The

plaster could be clay or other materials such as sail-cement~ cement plaster or mud. (Figs.3.25) The final process is the painting that cauld he the clay, or commercial paiot ornatural colorants.

Sorne walls in Hawaii are made entirely of barnboo~ held together and vertically tied by a

bamboo beam and a bamboo base. These walls are supported by timber foundation beams,

and these beams are supported by stone foundatians. Figs. 3.26. Almost all the structures

are raised above the ground to avoid contact with humid soil~ enhancing the ventilation

and creating an additional space with multiple functions below the floor.

Another technique used by the Hawaiians is woven bamboo walls, which strongly

resemble those in Asian bamboo architecture~ and the same principles of construction are

applied in these ancient techniques; bamboa is flattened and then eut in long strips to

weave the waiL [n contrast ta the Asian example, waven bamboo walls in Hawaii havesimple design patterns, and a characteristic feature is the bamboo or waoden stair to the

entrance ofthe house.

Chapterlll 41


Figs. 3.24 Flattened or board bamboo walls(Source:

http://www/kauai.netlbambooweblbambooslideslbambooslideslbambooslides.html)

Chapter III 42


ChapterlII 43


Figs.3.26 Bamboo pole wall

Model

Bamboo hut

Figs. 3.25 Madels orthe process for the construction ofthe board bamboo wall

(Source: http://wwwlkauai.netlbambooweblbambooslidesJbambooslideslbambooslides.hbnl)

Chapter III 44

The Use ofBanrboo in Architecture

3.4.2. Structure.

In Hawaii thece are sorne particular structural details where rope is used as a tie elemen~

and pieces of bamboo sticks are crassed through the bamboo members to adjust andcaMect bamboa posts, beams. jaists and trusses. (Fig. 3.27) This is sunilar to the Indianexamples shawn previously.

Nails are used on the inside of the bamboo board wall, but for the outer structure which is

visible, bamboo nails and bamboo sticks are designed to adjust joints as shawn in thedrawings and photographs. (Fig. 3.28) Two holes are made crossing the cafter or thecross bea~ and inside, the bamboo sticks are introduced to support the double beam. This

beam is tceated the same way as the post, but now these sticks do not have a load-bearing

function Iike the post" cather they help to adjust and affirm the stability of the cross beam.(Fig. 3.29)The other example of structural assembly is the structure tied with natura! copes, which

enhances the bamboo members' resistance ta attack by termites or inseets. This is not the

case with the previously-mentianed stick holders. (Fig. 3.30) In this example the beam issupported by posts and braces~ in South America it is called "pie de amigo" . Trusses are

simple bambao joists placed separated every 50 cm.Complex bamboo structures, as in the example in Figs. 3.31, can he implemented

comhining other timber structures, and reach double and triple heights. To ereate 50ch

structures it is necessary ta eover the house with a light root: sueh as thatch or leavest in

arder ta avoid overloading the structure.

The pasts of the structure in the Hawaiian example are very weil grounded and weil

5Opported. It is of the utmost importance to prevent the direct contact of the bamboo post

with the soiL It is advisable to support posts with a concrete or a stone base in arder ta

proteet them from humidity and rotting. (Figs. 3.32)

ChapterIll 45


Fig. 3.27

Fig. 3.29

(Source: httpJ/www/kauai.netJbamboowebibambooslidcslbambooslidesibambooslides.htmI)

Chapter III 46


(Source: http://www!'&1lk1.nelibambooweb/bambooslidesibambooslideslbambooslides.btml)

ChaplerIII 47

The Use ofBnnlboo in Architecture

Concrete foundation

(Source: http://w\Vwlkauai.neribambooweblbambooslidesibambooslidesibambooslides.htmI)

ChapterIII 48


3.S. Advantages.

The advantages of using these ancient and traditional bamboo construction techniques is

evident in their continuai and wide spread use throughout many countnes.

3.5.1. Walls.

The bamboo walls have the enormous advantage of being very light. This alIows very

easy handling for manual work.

Bamboo is proteeted by the clay from weather and temperature changes, especially

during the winter season.

The helm...palm rope gives bamboo the flexibility to resist seismic movements, and aIso

avoids cracking when tying and assembling the wall frames.

The clay wall't because of its natural charaeteristics, is a good insulator and maintains a

comfortahle and even temperature in the interior spaces.

Because young bamboo poles can be 50 thin and light, they are used as frames for the

traditional Japanese paper sliding doors and walls.

The tire risk of building with bamboo is diminished by the clay and plaster applications

to its surfaces.

The extraordinary capacity of the Japanese bamboo to grow and resist ail kinds of

weather through the seasons makes it an unusuaI natural building material.

When partitions are made with woven bamboo't they are highly mobile, which helps in

case ofseismic movements.

The richness in the mat walls design is one of the most important charaeteristics of the

architecture ofbamboo in Indi~ giving rise to hundreds ofdifferent varieties.

The use ofbamboo in wall making allows the application ofa great variety oftraditionai

techniques: for example the use ofmud~ cow dun& lime and/or other organic elements, on

ChapterIII 49


the bamboo frame.

These wall techniques are suitable for rural areas where the avaiJability of barnboo is

greater than in urban areas.

The application ofvarious chemical substances ta the bamboo wall, structure) and floor,tan successfully prevent termites and insects from attacking the bamboo.

New and simple machinery is now used in the fabrication of mats for walls and floors)wmch allows the possibility of standardization and industrialization of the traditional

construction techniques.

Bamboo matting is fixed to wall frames with bamboo battens and given a coat of coaI

tar that gives the walls greater durability.

The application of chicken wire ta the board bamboo wall provides better adherence ta

plaster, cement, clay or mud.

3.5.2. Structure.

The lightness, resistance, and ease ofhandling of bamboo makes it a perfeet materia! ta

caver larger spans, taller ceilings, and more spacious interior rooms.

The Hem-Palm and the Kaki-Nawa ropes give protection to bamboo from bugs, cracks,

and fissures in the tying of the joints and overlapping structural members of the truss. In arder to level and adjust the joints together, carving and cutting of the bamboo isnecessary. It enriches the possibilities ofmultiple styles ofassemblage and tlexibiIity.

The combination ofseveral degrees ofbamboo thickness give the structures and ceilings

enormous possibilities ofinterior and exterior design.

The use of ropes and reeds ta tie the joints of the structural members of the bamboohouse in India gives bamboo better possibilities ofa longer structurallife.

There is almost no use of nails and metal elements ta tie joints together: this providesbetter performance and less likelihood ofbamboo eaters and insects attacking the culms.

ChaplerlII 50


The separation of bamboo from humid soil in the case of stone foundations, gives

protection and a longer life ta the culm.

Steep roofstructures for rainy seasons are covered with thatch or leaves, making them

light and easy to replace.

3 to 5 layers of plaster and clay make the Japanese wall very strong and resistant to

compression, as weil as weather conditions and humidity, so that it can last for many

years.

3.S.3. Floon.

In lapan, barnboo floors have the advantage ofbeing made on top of wooden platforms,

avoiding contact with the soil~ and preventing premature decomposition.

Bamboo tloors have a great number of possibilities of design, because of the variety of

lengths, diameters, colors, and textures.

When the floor is raised above the ground, it provides excellent cross-ventilation, and

separates the fioor from the eart~ which helps in cases of flood. It also provides an extra

space to the house for storage.

Chapterm SI

The Use olBomboo in Architecture

3.6. Disadvantages.

3.6.1. Walls.

The time-consuming process ofmanual wall making roeans that tabor costs are high and

it takes longer to produce 5uch waIls than it does with modem techniques.

Eventually, problems ofhumidity can create defective wall performance, especially when

the clay wall is placed facing the exterior or kitchen and bathroom areas.

The exposure to rain and sun could reduce the life ofbamboo walls and structure last a

shorter time than expected when bamboo is not proteeted or is used outdoors.

My experience has shown me that chicken wire used to help in the adherence of plaster,

can be omitted to reduce the costs, because when the rough part of the bamboo board is

placed facing the exterior it provides a suitable texture for the plaster to adhere to.

3.6.2. Structure.

In arder to tie the bamboo sticks to the exterior platforms, it is necessary to apply nails

and metal wires, which increase the risk of cracks and insect attacks and reduces

durability and resistance.

When cutting and carving is necessary, there is a high p05sibility of cracking and

fissuring, which could diminish the performance of the structure and eventually could lead

ta collapse if the bamboo piece is not replaced in time.

Because of the physical charaeteristics of bamboo, structures are highly tlammable,

especially when they are not covered or embedded in walls ofplaster or clay.

The use of certain bamboos is made difficu(t by the crookedness of the cu~ theprominence of the nodes, the unevenness of the intemodes and the rate of taper. This

unevenness and the taper~ which is more marked toward the tip of the culm, may make it

Chapterlll 52


difficult ta achieve tigh~ weatherproof, vermin proofconstruction. 31 The costs of the house depend principally on the manual labor; the longer the house

takes ta be completed. the more expensive it becomes.

Using nails and wires in the junctions and jointst especially when making bamboo boardwallst is a potential danger to the whole structure, because it could create cracks and

fissures, and even result in collapse ifthe piece or pieces are not replaced in time.

The hales made in the cross beam and rafters in the structure allow easy access to

insects and bugs which eat the inside part of the barnboo culm.

Ali the load of the roof is given to the bamboo sticks. which do not always have the

capacity ta support the weight.

3.6.3. Floors.

Bamboo floors in Japan are principally used in the exterior terraces and verandahs. Due

to its permanent outdoor location, the inclemency of weather conditions, wood-eating

inseets, such as termites and post beetles, there are high possibilities of a very short

durability and resistance.

Bamboo can not be placed in contact ,vith the sail, 50 the foundations must be on top of

solid stone or concrete for the exterior walls.

It is good to use bamboo on raised floors. however, it raises the costs ofconstruction.

II Colonial Building Notes, 1957:13

ChapterlIl 53


4. Chapter IV : The Use of Bamboo in Colombia

4.1. Introduction

In this chapter, important bamboo construction techniques used in Colombia for Many

generations are analyzed. These methods are still in use in Many parts of the country.

Many improvements in the construction assembly of joints and unions made completelywith bamboo. The main objectives of this chapter is ta introduce the MOst advancedcurrent techniques to build walls, tloors and structures out ofbamboo. This chapter of the

thesis is also devoted ta understand of the Colombian context as it relates ta bamboo

architecture.

The following is a selection of traditional systems used in the construction of walls, flaors

and structures with bamboo in Colombi~ which have existed since the pre-Columbian

period. Sorne of them have been improved ta address the specifie necessities of modern

lire, using new materials such as concrete, steel, and sorne chemical substances ta make

bamboo more durable and iosect resistant.

Guadua, as this family of bamboo is called, grows along the shores of the rivers and

creeks in the lush green environment oftropical Colombia, with its hot and humid cmate.

The soil is so fertile that beside the bamboo forests, cotfee is planted, and this coifee is

commonly considered ta be the best in the world. This sail yields Many fruits and bamboo

is one of them: abundant and tall, this strong plant grows with an the advantages of a

climate with an average year-round-temperature of 12C ta 25C. This environment is

ideal for the growing of bamboo. The versatility of bamboa permits a tremendously wide

variety ofuses, especially in the field ofconstruction.

ChapterW S4


4.2. Walls.

Bamboo walls are common in Colombi~ specially using esterilla or flattened bamboo

construction. Two construction systems use esterilla as a main material: the first one is

called Bahareqlle. and the second is known as "earth-filled waUs". The Quincha wall ismade using waven laths ofbamboo.

4.2.1. Bahareque Walls.

The structure of the bahareqlle walls is formed by bamboo pasts of an average of 10 cm

in diameter, placed every 30 to 40 cm and framed by the superior and inferior beams.

Once these posts are fixed and tied together they are covered with esterilla panels in the

interior and on the exterior, placing them with the roughest part facing the exterior, in

arder to provide the best adherence for the plaster. There are two systems used to tie the

esteri/la panels: the first one is to place a thin 2 cm bamboo stick which is taken from the

external and strongest part of the bamboo culm, onto the eslerilla panel in the center of

each bamboo post with nails separated every 8 cm. The second system is ta use galvanized

wire, which is tied together with the nails before they are completely inserted into the

postS.32 (Figs 4.01)

12 Hidalgo, 1981:28

ChapterIV 5S


Figs. 4.01 (Source: Hidalgo, 1981:28)

PI~

Plast~r

~erillalt boards-__-I-_~~

Lowerbe:un

Chapter/V 56

The Use o[Bamboo in Architecturf!

When building a hahareque wall, it is important ta take into consideration the foUowing

recommendations :

The trapezoidal esterilla panels have one side wider than the other, and it is

recommended that these panels should be placed with the narrowest part on the wider one

and vice-versa.

The thickest panels must he placed onto the thinnest bamboo posts, and the thinnest

panels onto the thickest bamboo posts, ta create a flat and regular surface thickness.

Ifthe average esterilla panels are thi", it is necessary ta place the bamboo posts at a

smaller distancet at about 30 cm ofseparatio", otherwise the application ofany strong

pressure would crack the plastert putting at risk the stability of the wall.

The plastering of the hahareque walls is made by two layers ofsail and cow dung in a

proportion of 1:2 or two layers ofcement and sand in a proportion of 1:5.33

4.2.2. Earth-filled walls.

The frame of the earth-filled wallt as it is called in Colomhia, is built in the same way as

the bahareque wall. The ditlrence is that instead of panels of esterillat bamboo laths 4

cms wide are used: they are placed horizontally onto the bamboo posts, putting the rough

part towards the exterior ta provide sufficient adherence for the plastering. The laths are

separated every 8 c~ to facilitate the filling with sail, strawt and clay. The wall is tilled up

until the filling material reaches the Ievel of the lathst and then it is left on site to dry for

about a month~ at which time it is ready to be covered with twa layers of sail and cow

dung, as with the baharequf! \valls. [f the laths are very thin, the separation of the postsmust not he larger than 30 cm.

The bamboo laths could be placed with the interior and the exterior ones at the same

heigh~ or else the interior laths couId be placed in the center of the separation of the

lJ Hidalgo~ 1981:29

ChapterIV 57


exterior ones~ ta provide a better barrier when tiUing with sail, straw~ etc. When placing

the bamboo laths on two corner wa1Is~ they must he put at different heights~ in arder to

make the joint connect praperly, as shawn in the dra\vng.3-' (Figs 4.02)

Figs. 4.02. (Source: Hidalgo, 1981 JO)

Plan

IJamboo1Mu'" \\ ilh Siraw .~~

. P'~h:r

PerspectiveC~mi.wwilh 5U':Iw

P~wilhsail :usd a1W dwg

30l HicL'lIgo, 1981 :30

ChaplerlV 58


4.2.3. The Qllincha wall.

For many centuries this system of bamboo wall construction has been used in Latin

America, especially in Peru, Ecuador and the southem regions of Colambia. This type of

wall is used in the rural areas and for law-incorne family homes. This system of

construction can produce very thin and resistant waJls, using the bamboo posts, beams,

and structures which can be seen from the outside, just as in the traditional Japanese walland structures. (Figs 4.03). In the construction of the qllincha wall, two systems are used

according to the weaving direction ofthe laths to the posts.

4.2.3. [. System A.

The weaving of the lath is placed vertically, between the horizontal support bamboo

sticks previously fixed to the column (or post) and separated uniformly every 50 ta 70 cm.

4.2.3.2. System B.

The bamboo weaving laths are placed horizontally between the vertical support bamboo

sticks previously fixed to the superior and inferior beam, separated uniformly at the same

distance as in system A.

In the construction of the qllillcha wall, bamboo culms from 2 to 3 years old are used

because these are flexible enough to weave properly. Older bamboo culms are more

susceptible ta breaking when bending. If the laths are extremely flexible and thin, the

separation between the support bamboo sticks must be narrower.

At the time of the wall plastering, 2 to 3 layers of sail or cement are used, the most

advisable being the latter. The first layer ofpIaster must be appIied very strongly, pressing

hard towards the center in order to penetrate between the laths and obtain the union of the

plaster from each side.3S

35 Hidalgo, 1981:31

ChapterlV 59


Bam.booposts

Plaster

Bamboo osts

PIa..c;;ter

ChapterW

A

B

Figs~.03

Laths ofbamboo

omontal sUPp"0rtsof-bamboo

f-'l- Lower beam

Vertical supportsofbamboo

Laths ofbamboo

Lo\verbeam

60


4.2.4. Weaving flattened bamboo walls.

This system of bamboo wall construction is composed of a bamboo frame) posts) upperand lower bearns) and in betwee~ bamboo supports separated every 80 c~ as it is shownin the figure. (Figure 4.04)The bamboo weaving is made with tlattened bamboo or esterilla, between 5 and 20 cm in

width. Once the weaving is adjusted and weil cut at the edges, it is placed onto thebamboo frame: these woven panels are tied together to the beams and supports ofbamboo

with bamboo laths.

The wall is made is tinished with plaster, or else it is left as is, the latter especially in rural

areas where peasants and native tribes have used this method of construction for many

centuries. The plastering of this wall is done with cow dung, soil + cemen~ and thatcb, or

else cement mixed with sand. In each of these cases, 3 layers ofplastering are used.36

Figs. 4.04. (Source: Hidalgo, 1981:32).Bamboo weaving

36 Hidalgo. 1981:32

ChapterlV 61


4.3. Structure.

For many generations, the traditional bamboo structure has been the most important

construction system used in Colombia, especially in rural areas, and in low-cost-housing

on the peripheries of the cities.

In foundations, footing is constructed with stones, and on the stones bamboo is placed to

create raised floors. These structures are used especially in very steep terrain, and consist

of triangulated bamboo frames. Fig ~.05

Bamboo must be protected with bumt ail, applied to the area of the bamboo hase to he

covered with concrete. This preventive measure is taken because humidity and cement

contractions can damage the base of the bamboo posts. This is made before being

embedded into the concrete footing. As we have seen in the traditional system tbis

preventative measure is not taken, putting al risk the stability of the structure of the

foundation.

Bamboo posts are fused with the structure of the wall, creating a very resistant and strong

frame to receive the load of the trusses and roof. There are many ways ta combine

bamboo ta create joints~ Figs. 4.06 provide sorne examples of traditional methods of

bambao joint construction for structures.When building structures for roofs (trusses), 1. Janssen states that: "In many regionswhere bamboo is a familiar building material, such trusses are in traditional use but they

are often built with more bamboo than is necessary and are at the same time not always

structurally sound.1I37 On the other hand, according ta Hidalgo, in the construction of

bamboa trusses, the same principles and sorne of the same standard designs as for the

trusses made out of wood are used. He adds that due to the physicai form of bamboo,

sometimes it is not possible ta build certain types of trusses; however, the implementation

of new technologies (such as additional accessories like joints made of steel) permits

37 Janssen.. 1988:

ChapterIV 62


bamboo trusses to have the same standard designs as those made out ofdifferent kinds of

wood.JI

Up~rraft.:r

Diagonals

Woocbboard. or "esteriUa"

StruclLWOf'found4ltion

support raisedfrom tb~ ground

Figs.4.0S. (Source: Hidalgo~ 1981:38)

38 Hidalgo. 1981:38

ChapterIV 63


Ridgr:.Diagows

Cross-raftersRaftcr _.

ChapterIV

.Upp~rr:U\er

Rafler

King

caola----.'

Figs. 4.06. (Source: Hidalgo~ 1981:35)

Detail 6

Detail 7

64


A

A

A

B

B

B

Figs. 4.06. -Continuation- (Source: Hidalgo, 1981 :26 and 3.6.)

ChapterW 6S


Upper rafter- ---.

Cross mfters

b

a

ChapterlV 66

The Use ofBaniboo in Architecture

4.4. Floors.

The most common material used for floors is timber: however~ rural dwellings often use

esterilla in one of two ways. Either it is placed directly on the earth or onto raised floors

over the sub-flooring. According to Hidalgo~ the first is used in very

The Use of Bamboo in Architecture Case Study Old Caldas Colombia

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